An analysis of the development of international cultural cooperation shows that some progress has been made in this area compared to previous decades. The processes that have taken place in the country have played a positive role in expanding international exchanges. There was a transition from strict ideological control to cooperation based on universal values, the right to existence of various styles and forms of creative expression and self-expression is recognized. At the same time, many negative phenomena have become aggravated in the sphere of culture, which were largely the result of the lack of an internal and external cultural policy that meets modern requirements (clearly defined priorities, their organizational and material support, etc.). Most of the adopted legislative acts are only declarations of intent in certain areas of culture. Almost the only document regulating state approaches to cultural policy remains the Law "On Culture in the Republic of Belarus", adopted almost ten years ago. However, many of its provisions are not implemented, are not provided with appropriate regulations. Questions legal regulation the formation of the art market, the protection of creative activity, the relationship between the state and cultural institutions are regulated by general laws, which do not always take into account the specifics of the cultural sphere. Many prisoners did not give the desired result international agreements. Slowly, specific measures were developed to implement the agreements reached, in some cases they lacked original proposals, the implementation of which could arouse the interest of not only the Belarusian, but also the foreign side, there was no specific mechanism for financing treaties and agreements in the republic. Compared to the first half of the 1990s there was a reduction in bilateral and multilateral treaties and agreements concluded by the republic with the countries of Central and Western Europe. A negative role in the development of foreign cultural contacts in Belarus was played by serious disagreements between the political leadership of the republic and pan-European structures, which escalated after 1996, between government structures and the opposition-minded part of society. So far, there is no comprehensive document in the republic that would formulate the priorities of the foreign cultural policy of Belarus. Separate provisions on international cultural cooperation are reflected in various official acts adopted in the country in the last decade. The theoretical support of foreign cultural policy lags behind existing needs. There is no reason to speak not only about the development of long-term prospects for international cultural cooperation, but also about a sufficient analysis of current processes. There are only contours of foreign cultural policy, and not an integral system. In this regard, the Republic of Belarus lags behind not only the states of Western Europe, but also its closest neighbors. For example, in March 2000 in Moscow, under the chairmanship of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation I. Ivanov, a meeting of the Council of Cultural, Scientific and Educational Workers, created in 1999 under the Russian Foreign Ministry, was held. The theses "Foreign cultural policy of Russia - the year 2000" were submitted for discussion by the meeting participants. Contrary to the declared course Russian diplomacy on the formation of a single effective policy in the field of cultural and intellectual exchanges, in the Regulations on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus (December 1998), which regulates the activities of the foreign ministry, the cultural vector in the foreign policy of the republic is not even indicated. Issues of development and coordination of cultural cooperation with foreign countries referred to the competence of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus. As in previous decades, the international cultural relations of Belarus experienced fluctuations in the foreign policy course. We can agree with Professor A. Rozanov's conclusion that "the foreign policy of Belarus produces an ambiguous impression. On the one hand, the strategic guidelines of this policy are officially proclaimed and regularly confirmed. On the other hand, there is still no convincing and intelligible articulation of the country's national interests in context of the changing international environment on the European continent". As the reason for the current situation, the scientist calls the lack of a detailed vision of the place and role of the Belarusian elites. young state in the system of modern international relations in Europe, a certain lack of creative foreign policy thought. The lack of a well-thought-out balanced external cultural position, the slow pace of formation of an effective system of international cultural cooperation in Belarus are the result of many problems, both general and specific. One of the main negative factors that hampered the international cultural contacts of Belarus is the deepening of the economic crisis, which strengthened the residual principle of financing the cultural sphere. The socio-cultural sphere took over main blow economic crisis that accompanies transition period in Belarusian society. So, in 1995-1996. budget expenditures of the Ministry of Culture amounted to only 0.6% of the expenditure part of the republican budget instead of 3% fixed in the Law on Culture. Even an increase in this indicator to 0.95% in 1997 could not seriously change the situation. Due to various reasons, the income from the sale of paid services remained low, for example, in 1997 it amounted to only 10% of the total financing of culture. The lack of necessary funds did not allow state and public organizations of the Republic of Belarus to organize large-scale events promoting Belarusian culture outside the country, creating even modest cultural and information centers at Belarusian foreign missions, where foreign citizens could receive the necessary information about the young European state. The lack of funds did not allow Belarusian representatives to take part in many international festivals, competitions, conferences and other events. The material base of cultural institutions was rapidly becoming obsolete. One of the last places in the republic was the wages of the creative intelligentsia. Symbolic in this regard is the question posed by the honored worker of arts, world-famous musician-restorer V. Puzynia: "I sometimes think: a carpenter earns more than a musician-restorer. Does Belarus really need me?" The market of cultural services of the republic was slowly formed. The absence of large state orders, the low solvency of the population led to the fact that many representatives of Belarusian art began to focus on the foreign market. Basically, only artists, musicians, performers of the republic, who managed to find their admirers outside of Belarus, were able to improve their financial situation, expand the material basis for their creativity. Due to reasons mainly of an economic nature, the problem of "leakage abroad" of workers in the field of art has become more acute. Many talented Belarusian musicians and artists left for permanent or temporary work in Germany, France, Poland and other countries. So, most of musicians of the orchestra of the National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater signed a long contract in Brazil, in the 90s. More than twenty soloists of the Belarusian ballet have left Belarus. As of 1998, out of one hundred and eleven members of the Belarusian Union of Composers, nine people left for permanent residence in foreign countries. In the early 90s. The prima of the Belarusian opera theater M. Guleghina (Muradyan) moved to Western Europe for permanent residence. The singer, who worked in Minsk after graduating from the Odessa Conservatory, was called "the soprano of divine beauty." She performs leading opera parts in the world's best halls (Milan's La Scala, London's Covent Garden, New York's Metropolitan Opera). A restraining role in the development of international cooperation is played by the low level of national self-awareness of the population, the lack of unity of views in the Belarusian society on the prospects for the development of national culture and language. A serious problem in the cultural life of the Belarusian society and the foreign cultural policy of the Republic of Belarus was the imbalance of the state language policy. If in the late 80s - the first half of the 90s. Since the main criterion for the activity of the creative intelligentsia was its contribution to the cause of cultural development, taking into account, first of all, the Belarusian national interest, after the May 1995 referendum, the positions of the Belarusian language began to unjustifiably decline. The political course towards "coexistence" as the state languages ​​of Belarus and Russian in practice failed to ensure real bilingualism, and led to a reduction in the scope of the use of the Belarusian language. This situation does not contribute to the consolidation of the Belarusian people, increases the split in society. The lack of a harmonious balance between the "international" and "national" components in the language policy has a negative impact both within the country and on the authority of Belarus abroad.

The big problem of the last decade was the painful overcoming of the stereotypes existing in the public consciousness, which were imposed by the opponents of the Belarusian identity for many years. It is hard for a large part of the population of the republic to realize that they no longer live in a large empire, which they knew and feared in the world, but in a small European state, that their country is "not the strongest and most progressive on the entire planet", but is located on one of the last places in Europe in terms of living standards. The feeling of "collective superiority", characteristic of the period of limited foreign contacts, has been replaced by a feeling of "collective pessimism", accompanied by a lack of faith in the future of one's state, idealization of life in the West, the desire of a large part of the population, and especially young people, to live and work in other countries of the world. etc. Negative Consequence"opening the floodgates" was an increase in the flow of low-grade products of "mass" culture (books, films, games, toys, etc.) into the post-Soviet republics, which are in great demand among the population, especially among young people. The reason for the "illegible" and "omnivorous" former Soviet citizens in the cultural market is the low level of art education and aesthetic education of a large part of the population compared to the industrially developed countries of the world. It will take a long period, large material and intellectual resources to bring this level to the common European standards. International cultural ties, as before, are in most cases "elitist" in nature, affecting only an insignificant part of the Belarusian society. The vast majority of contacts were in Minsk and regional centers where the main cultural institutions are concentrated. At the same time, residents of small towns and rural areas have much less chances to participate in international exchanges, get acquainted with foreign art, and demonstrate their creativity abroad. The problems noted above are a legacy of the past and will require a long period of time to catch up with the industrial level. developed countries. There are other problems, the solution of which lies in the political and managerial plane. It is impossible not to note the lack of wide experience in the republic in organizing foreign relations, especially at the commercial level (low level of knowledge of foreign languages, lack of a sufficient number of qualified specialists to work in the cultural services market, weak introduction of modern information technologies into the cultural sphere, etc.). In the process of concluding contracts and carrying out advertising activities, representatives of a young state often have to rely only on the competence and decency of foreign partners. There is a shortage of specialists in the management of commercial activities in the field of culture in the republic. At a low level, advertising and information work is being carried out on the cultural services market. The noted shortcomings lead to the loss by the Belarusian side not only of significant financial resources, but also of a certain prestige. Interest in Belarusian art in the West is due not only to the high level of skill, but also to the low cost of contracts. Western impresarios usually pay performers from Belarus much less than Western ones. Competition from Belarusian troupes, artists from other CIS countries causes considerable dissatisfaction with local theaters. One of the reasons that reduces the effectiveness of international cultural cooperation is the lack of coordination of this activity at the national level. Some events abroad are carried out by the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Education, State Committee for Youth Affairs, the State Press Committee, other ministries and departments, cultural institutions and funds financed from the state budget. Moreover, they carry out their international contacts mostly independently of each other. The inconsistency of the plans and actions of various participants in international exchanges leads to the dispersion of already limited funds, the absence of large-scale cultural events. In accordance with the Regulations on the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus, approved by the Council of Ministers, this department is assigned the function of coordinating international cultural cooperation. However, the real mechanism for performing this function has not been defined; the Ministry of Culture does not have the necessary funds and powers for this activity. In the implementation of foreign cultural policy, the official authorities of the Republic of Belarus make little use of the possibilities of various structures of the Belarusian diaspora, which have significant achievements in popularizing Belarusian culture abroad. Examples include the Museum of Belarusian Culture in Leimen (Germany), the F. Skaryna Library in London, the Belarusian Institute of Science and Art in New York and its branches in Europe, and other organizations and associations. There are other problems hindering the development of foreign cultural cooperation of the young state.

At the same time, the difficulties that the Republic of Belarus is experiencing at the present stage, including in the cultural field, should not serve as a reason for pessimistic moods. Being for centuries a space of collision and intersection of various cultural influences and traditions, having accumulated rich experience in preserving its national image, Belarus has all the necessary conditions for creating an open democratic society capable of ensuring progress in all spheres, including cultural life. Absorbing without any complexes and prejudices all the best that humanity has created, the Republic of Belarus has every chance to take a worthy place in Europe, while maintaining its national identity and originality. To achieve this goal, the Belarusian society needs, first of all, national consolidation, getting rid of the psychology of "second-rate" and the role of "cultural province" imposed for centuries.

In everyday life, when we talk about "culture", we often think of museums, theaters, books. But culture has scientific significance. Culture is a complex factor of human existence. She has various understandings. The study of culture is one of the most important problems of the science of society. It has not only a theoretical significance, but also a practical one, which today faces globalization with particular urgency.

The word "culture" comes from the Latin word cultur. Thus, at the very beginning, the term "culture" in the scientific language was a means by which the idea of ​​culture was expressed as a sphere of development of "humanity", "human nature", "the human principle in man" - as opposed to natural, elemental, animal being. .

In China, originally in Yin inscriptions on bones (XIV-XII centuries BC) wen(OD) meant a person with a painted torso, "paint", "pattern" of Confucius? "Lun Yong": Research., trans. from Chinese, comment. / L. S. Perelomov; Fax, text "Lun Yu" with commentary. Zhu Xi; RAN. Institute Dal. East. M., 1998. S. 148. By the time of Confucius wen is saturated with another meaning: that which is conveyed by the signs of writing; literature, culture Ibid. P. 149. As noted by the researcher of "Lun Yu" L.S. Perelomov, "wen" in the Confucian tradition is what a person acquires in the learning process, and everyone should strive to master the culture of their ancestors. Thus, only a representative of the Middle State could become a bearer of culture in this sense. When interacting with the barbarians, he had to spread the beneficial effects of his own culture, to ennoble neighboring peoples. As Confucius believed?, “Where a noble man settles, coarse morals should disappear!” There. P. 366 .. According to the teachings of Confucius, the ancient Chinese among the barbarians should be a role model: “Keep modest at home, treat business with respect, be sincere with people. Do not give up all these principles, even when you go to the barbarians”; “... In speeches, be sincere and truthful, in actions - honest and respectful, and even if they send you to the country of barbarians, behave in this way” Tamzhe.S.395, p.412 ..

The word "culture" first appeared in the work of the famous Roman orator Marcus Tullius Cicero "Tusculan conversations" and since that time has a new meaning - as the cultivation of the mind and soul of man. Therefore, the meaning of the word "culture" began to denote everything created by man, as opposed to created by nature? Thus, the concept of "culture" was opposed to another Latin concept - "nature", which means "nature". Since then, the world of culture has been perceived not as a consequence of the action of natural forces, but as a result of human activity.

V XVIII century this concept comes to Germany, where it soon acquires a new meaning. The word "culture" becomes synonymous with education and enlightenment. The merit of the new meaning of the term "culture" belongs to the German lawyer Samuel Pufendorf, who? in your own? work "On Natural Law" for the first time characterized culture as a set of positive qualities, as a result of his own? human? complementary activities? its external and internal nature. In this sense, the concept of "culture" is used in all European languages, including Russian. Thus, the term "culture" in the scientific language was a means by which the idea of ​​culture was expressed as a sphere of development of "humanity", "human? nature", "the human principle in man" - as opposed to natural, elemental, animal life.

The concept of "culture" entered the vocabulary in the middle of the 19th century. It was recorded for the first time in 1846-1848. in the “Pocket Dictionary of Foreign Words” by N. Kirillov. In the dictionary of V. Dahl, is this concept a characteristic? mental and moral development of a person. Dictionary edited? D. N. Ushakova clarifies the first meaning of the term, keeping the opposition between culture and nature: “Culture - the totality of human achievements? in the subordination of nature, in technology, education, the social system.

In 1871, the founder of the cultural anthropology E. Tei?lor Guan Shijie. “Intercultural Theory? communications". Beijing, 1995. P. 14 defined culture. Since that time, the controversy around this? problems begins, and in our age there are many definitions? culture. An example is the wording of E. Taylor, one of the founders? evolutionism and all? scientifically? anthropology: “From ideal? from the point of view of culture can be viewed as a general improvement of the human race through higher? organization of the individual and the whole society with the aim of simultaneously promoting the development of morality, strength and happiness of man. This is a theoretical definition of civilization in no small? degree corresponds to reality? civilizations, what? does it come into play when comparing the savage state with barbarism, and barbarism with the modern? civilization?" Thus, with one? hand, cultural Europeans and North Americans, on the other? - uncultured or uncultured "savages" A. A. Susokolov "culture and exchange". M. 2006. P.13.

B. Malinovsky? laid the foundations of a truly scientific approach to the study of culture.

"A. Culture is ?, essentially, instrumental? an apparatus that enables man to better cope with the specific problems he faces in the natural world? environment in the process of satisfying their needs?.

B. Is it a system of objects, activities and installations, each part of which? is a means to an end.

B. It is an integral whole, all parts of which are interconnected.

D. These activities, attitudes and objects, organized around vital tasks, form institutions such as the family, clan, local community, tribe, and also give rise to organized groups, united economic? cooperation?, political?, legal? and educational? activity.

D. With dynamic? point of view, that is, depending on the type of activity, culture can be analytically divided into a number of aspects - such as education, social? control, economics, system of knowledge?, beliefs? and morality, as well as various ways of creative and artistic expression.

Cultural? the process always presupposes the existence of people?, connected with each other by certain relationships, i.e. organized in a certain way, dealing with artifacts and each other in a certain way using speech or some other kind of symbolism. Artifacts, organized groups and symbolism are three closely related dimensions of the cultural process.

An attempt at a compact presentation of the main results of the theoretical discussion? about the definition of the essence of culture undertook well-known? american? anthropologist J. Murdoch, head of one of the most significant projects, known in science as “Ethnographic? atlas" Murdoch. He identified 7 main parameters of culture as a social phenomenon.

A. Kroeber and K. Kluckhohn proposed their own definition of culture: “Culture consists of expressed and hidden schemes of thinking and behavior, which are specific, isolating achievements of the human community?, embodied in symbols, with the help of which they are perceived and transmitted from person to person and from generation to generation” Grushevitskaya T.G., Popkov V.D., Sadokhin A.P. Fundamentals of intercultural? communications. M., 2002. P.20. .

American cultural anthropologists A. Kroeber and K. Yutakhon divided the definitions of culture into six main types: descriptive, historical, normative, psychological, structural, and genetic. In addition, researchers identify such types of definition? cultures as anthropological, value, adaptive, functional, semiotic, symbolic, hermeneutical, ideational, didactic, sociological, etc. Grushevitskaya T.G., Popkov V.D., Sadokhin A.P. Fundamentals of intercultural? communications. M., 2002. S. 18..

In our opinion, this definition of culture is successful, because, firstly, it contains an indication of the existence of local cultures, and secondly, it emphasizes the existence of a connection between culture and? and communication?, thirdly, culture is considered primarily as expressed and hidden patterns of thinking and behavior.

Human, or world, culture consists of many local cultures. One of the first who tried to describe and analyze various local cultures was A. Toy?nbi. Modern intercultural researchers? communications also offer various classifications of local cultures, focusing on the communicative differences that exist in them.

American anthropologist E. Hall distinguishes between high-context and low-context cultures. E. Hall compares cultures depending on their relationship to the context. He defines context as the information that surrounds and accompanies an event. The difference between them is manifested in the amount of information that is expressed in a communicative message. For example: a high-context culture has many non-linguistic contexts (hierarchy, status, appearance, etc.). And in low-context, most of the information is conveyed with the help of words. The desire and intentions of people do not imply understanding from the situation of communication. A comparison of the two types of cultures shows that each of them has specific features.

In terms of Hall, Wu Japan, China, Korea, Saudi Arabia high-context cultures. These countries are homogeneous in terms of accumulated historical experience. Therefore, due to tradition and development, these cultures do not change.

And in Germany, Canada, the USA, according to Hall, there is a low-context culture. They have little in common. Most information is contained in words, not in the context of communication. Both oral and written communication conveys great importance in their society.

Hall's theory helps us understand cultural communication patterns.

A.S. Karmin believes that culture is informational? process, which is a special type of information process. Information is passed on from one generation to the next. But each new generation needs to accumulate experience from the very beginning. Therefore, the amount of information from generation to generation does not increase.

With the advent of culture among people? special information appears, then people began to store and transmit information. In culture, information influences the sign system. And in this system, each person usually has his own thoughts and ideas, which differ by person. And man can get an independent existence. Yu. M. Lotman believes that culture is created? humanity mechanism having? the purpose of the development and storage of information Lotman Yu. M. Semiosphere. - St. Petersburg, 2001. - S. 395. . Culture includes signs and sign systems in which this information is reflected and stored. Do they become social? information?. Culture forms specifically human?, extragenetically? the "mechanism" of its inheritance is social heredity . With the help of culture, something becomes possible in society that is impossible in the animal world - the historical accumulation and multiplication of information.

In other words, culture is social information that is stored and accumulated in society with the help of symbolic means created by people.

The main functions of culture A.S. Karmin., "Culturology" M., 2005, S. 30 .:

Informational function. This function of culture ensures the process of cultural continuation and various forms of historical progress. Culture is a large information field in society. Culture gives society languages ​​- sign systems. Social memory is a necessary element of culture, which stores the spiritual achievements of mankind. It contains programs of human behavior that reflect the experience of many generations. Therefore, culture is the information support of society. Of course, society itself also creates its own information support.

Adaptive function- Culture enables a person to adapt a person's feelings. Because man lacks instincts, his biological organization is not adapted to any form of animal existence. In order to survive, a person needs to create a cultural environment for himself. Gradually, a person reduces dependence on nature, and becomes dependent on culture. The development of culture still provides a person with security and comfort. In a word, in order to live well in our world, a person must improve his own nature and inner spiritual life.

Communicative function- Culture constitutes the means of human communication, provides a condition for communication between people?, Saves the result. The condition means that only culture provides various forms and means of communication, for example: sign systems, languages. Through communication, people are given opportunities to create, maintain and develop culture. This is the result. Culture is a field of human communication that unites people?.

Integrative function- Culture connects people social groups, states. And every community has its own culture. Members of the same group share the same set of beliefs, values, and ideals. Therefore, members have a sense of belonging to the same cultural group. Differences in culture interfere with communication and mutual understanding of people. The integrative function of culture is aimed not at erasing cultural differences, but at uniting people? and ultimately to the realization of the unity of all mankind A.S. Karmin., "Culturology" M., 2005, p. 30 ..

Cultural exchange is a complex philosophical, sociological and cultural problem. At the very beginning, the theory of the problem of cultural exchange is closely connected with the philosophical interpretation of the historical process.

In the process of cultural interrelations, cultural exchange gradually moved from separateness and locality to globality. For a long time, cultural ties were spontaneous. In the 16th century, after the great geographical discoveries and the expansion of the European bourgeoisie, cultural exchange became more stable. In the 19th century, international relations in the field of culture became more intense and fruitful. Since that time, cultural exchange has occupied an important place in relation to different peoples, social groups and countries.

In this regard, it seems impossible to ignore a fact unique in the history of mankind, which is the influence of Europe on America. But this process later took on the opposite direction, when civilized Europe experienced the opposite effect. Without attempting to cover the entire range of issues related to this phenomenon, we only emphasize that this process continued for a long time. The cultural exchange between America and Europe contributed to the enrichment of the cultures not only of these two parts, but also of other regions.

The exchange of cultural values ​​has always occupied a fundamental place in international communication. If in previous eras cultural exchanges, mutual influences were spontaneous, promoted mainly trade, were carried out on the initiative of travelers, teachers of wisdom, navigators, then in modern conditions they are characterized by a high level of consciousness and organization.

In this way, culture is a complex factor of human existence. Many scientists are studying it. I agree with A.S. Karmin. He considers culture to be informational? process. It is a type of information process. We can say that culture is a field of human communication that unites peoples, social groups, and states. Cultural exchange has always occupied a fundamental place in international communication. V modern world in the era of integration, cultural exchange, intercultural communication, which is carried out at different levels, is of great importance.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SAINT PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International Humanitarian Relations Dean of the Faculty

Protocol No. ___________________________

Date_____________________________ _______________

head Department _____________________ "_____" ____________ 200___

Academic discipline program

Main problems and prospects

internationalscientificandculturalexchange

(Main problems and aspects of international scientific and cultural exchange)

Direction 030700 “International Relations – OPD. F 017

Developers: ,

Candidate of Historical Sciences,

assistant professor

Candidate of Historical Sciences

assistant professor

Reviewers:

Associate Professor, Ph.D. , Russian State Pedagogical University im. Herzen

Associate Professor, Ph.D. , St. Petersburg State University

Saint Petersburg

2008

Organizational and methodological section

Discipline "Problems and prospects of cultural exchange in the system of international relations" read in the 2nd year of the bachelor's degree in "International Relations" in the second semester (32 hours of lectures).

This course includes classes on the general problem of international cultural cooperation at the present stage. In addition to studying traditional forms, seminars involve practical acquaintance with specific examples of the organization of international cultural exchange at the present stage, taken out for independent work of students.

Relevance of the problems associated with international cultural exchange is reinforced by the importance that is now given to cultural issues by diplomats, politicians, businessmen and scientists around the world. It is culture, due to its huge human potential, that can become that unifying space where people of different nationalities, language, religion, age, professional affiliation will be able to build their communication without any boundaries solely on the basis of mutual understanding. At the same time, being part of the system of international relations, cultural exchange reflects its general patterns.

Purpose of the course– to acquaint students with the phenomenon of international cultural exchange as a specific form of international relations at the present stage.

The objectives of the course are:

1. Consideration of the main issues and problems related to the history, formation and development of international cultural cooperation;

2. Acquaintance with the current state, principles of organization, as well as with further trends in the development of international cultural exchange;

3. Identification of the main patterns of international cultural exchange at the present stage;

4. Study of the main forms and directions of international cultural exchange;

5. Identification of promising areas of cultural cooperation at the present stage.

Special attentionthe course focuses on the problem of Russia's participation in various areas and forms of international cultural interaction, work in governmental and non-governmental organizations, activities within the framework of various programs, multilateral and bilateral projects, etc.

Choice of destinations course is determined by the main provisions of the Foreign Cultural Policy of the Russian Federation, where the greatest attention is paid to the issues of multilateral and bilateral cultural cooperation of Russia, and in particular to such aspects as: science and education, sports and tourism, cinema, music and theater, modern computer technologies in the context of international cultural ties, as well as such forms of international cultural exchange as festivals and exhibitions, competitions and touring activities in various areas of international cultural contacts. The choice of these directions is also correlated with the expanded concept of culture, adopted in accordance with world practice and classification by the UNESCO General Assembly in 1982 in Mexico City. We also note that all these areas of cultural interaction contribute to the formation of a positive image of the state and thereby strengthen its political position in the world.

separate plot the course presents issues related to the important position of St. Petersburg in the international cultural space, its multilateral relations and prospects for their development.

Place of the course in vocational training . The course is designed for 64 hours (32 hours of lectures and 32 hours of seminars) in the 4th semester .

Reporting Form .

Interim reporting form - control work on the documents of international organizations, creative work on the formation of a political image and the image of states.

Form of current reporting - a written report on visiting an event of international status.

Final reporting form

Final reporting form : exam (in writing).

Basic requirements for the level of preparation for the exam. As a result, students need to possess a set of information on the theory, history and current state of international cultural exchange, master the basic concepts and categories of the subject, understand the place of international cultural contacts in the system of international relations and be able to express them in writing.

Exam Requirements

The number of questions in the ticket is two, including, including a number of questions - on the knowledge of the text of the documents that were considered at the seminars.

The time for preparing for the exam is set in accordance with general requirements accepted at St. Petersburg State University. The final grade consists of three components: grades for the exam, grades for work in seminars and grades for a report on attending an event in the field of international cultural and scientific exchange.

Criteria for assessing knowledge in the exam:

Fine- an exhaustive, complete answer, indicating a deep understanding of the material and the ability to use it, correctly presented in writing. For an "excellent" grade, the student must demonstrate knowledge of the factual material, the most important personalities, the main sources on the problems of international cultural relations, be aware of the largest scientific schools and theories that study international cultural exchange, show an understanding of cause-and-effect relationships and a vision of the role and place of cultural exchange in the system of international relations in the historical aspect and at the present stage.

Good- the correct answer, indicating a good understanding of the material and containing no more than one or two inaccuracies.

Satisfactorily - basically, the correct answer, but schematic, with inaccuracies, inconsistently presented, containing no more than three or four shortcomings.

unsatisfactory - misunderstanding of the topic, poor knowledge of the material, lack of logic in the presentation of the material, the presence of errors or more than five shortcomings.

The final grade for the course is the sum of :

Evaluation of the student's work in seminars, Assessments of student participation in the colloquium, Exam scores.

The volume and distribution of hours by topic and type of occupation

p/p	Name of topics and sections	Total hours (labor-capacity)	Auditory lessons Including	self- standing work
Lectures	Semina- Ry
	Theme I . Introduction to the subject. Sources and historiography of the course
	Theme II . Multilateral ties in international cultural exchange.
	Theme III . Bilateral ties in international cultural exchange.
	Theme IV . The problem of foreign policy images and ethnic stereotypes in international cultural exchange
	Theme V . The main directions and forms of international cultural exchange. International relations in the field of theater, music and cinematography.
	Theme VI . International exhibitions and fairs as the most important form of international cultural exchange.
	Theme VII . International relations in the field of sports and tourism.
	Theme VIII . International relations in the field of science and education
	Theme IX . Problems and prospects of international cultural exchange in the beginning. 21st century
	TOTAL

Topics of lectures .

TopicI. Introduction to the subject (4 hours) .

Lecture 1. Introductory lesson . Purpose, objectives and content of the course. The place of the course in the system of professional training of specialists in the field of international relations. The concept of international cultural exchange. General characteristics of international cultural cooperation at the turn of the XX - XXI centuries. Basic concepts and categories of the subject. Cultural ties as an instrument of the state's foreign policy. Bilateral and multilateral exchange. Interstate, state, non-governmental levels of exchange. The role of international organizations in cultural exchange.

Lecture 2. Sources and historiography of international cultural exchange . The main groups of sources on the problems of international cultural relations. The concept of the Foreign Cultural Policy of the Russian Federation: the main stages in the formation of the foreign cultural policy of Russia, directions (scientific, educational, artistic ties), forms, methods of implementation. Cultural policy of Western states (France, Great Britain, USA, Canada, Germany, etc.). historical aspect and state of the art. Scientific literature on the problems of the course. Foreign and domestic schools for the study of international cultural contacts.

Literature

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Paleeva, Oksana L. Exchange of cultural values: essence and mechanisms: dissertation ... candidate of cultural studies: 24.00.01 / Paleeva Oksana Leonidovna; [Place of protection: Mosk. state University of Culture and Arts].- Moscow, 2011.- 159 p.: ill. RSL OD, 61 11-24/46

Introduction

CHAPTER I. ESSENCE AND SPECIFICITY OF THE CONCEPT "CULTURAL VALUES": HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL ASPECT

1. The history of the formation of the concept of "cultural values" 20

2. Culturological essence and meaning of the concept of "cultural values" 37

Chapter II. MECHANISM FOR IMPLEMENTING THE EXCHANGE OF CULTURAL PROPERTY 55

1. Basic principles and forms of cultural exchange 55

2. International cooperation in the field of protection and preservation of cultural property 75

CHAPTER III. CULTURAL VALUES IN A SINGLE CULTURAL SPACE 94

1. Common cultural space as an environment for interaction with cultural values ​​94

2. The influence of cultural values ​​on the formation of cultural needs 107

CONCLUSION 122

LIST OF USED SOURCES 129

APPENDIX 158

Introduction to work

Relevance of the research topic. Assimilation of the cultural context of the common world space, awareness of the integrity, indivisibility of the world is a consequence of the formation of a qualitatively new state of culture, which is determined by the interaction of cultures of local civilizations of our time. The modern world is increasingly acquiring the features of a global community, leading to the expansion of interrelations between different countries, peoples and their cultures. This is confirmed by the opinion of Academician D.S. Likhachev that the 21st century will be the century of the humanities and the global dialogue of languages ​​and cultures of the peoples of our planet.

In this regard, the problem of the exchange of cultural values, its role in the processes of integration, familiarization with the cultural heritage of states, countries and peoples is of particular importance. The exchange of cultural values ​​is an essential factor in the development of the cultural and creative potential of peoples, intensification of the process of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures.

The continuity of the best achievements of artistic experience - regardless of geopolitics, differences in everyday life, psychological foundations, way of life - allows us to consider the exchange of cultural values ​​as an objective historical pattern. In addition, the history of the exchange of cultural values ​​is, of course, special part cultural history of every country, every people.

In addition to the cultural component, the exchange of cultural values ​​is an instrument of international cultural policy, contributing to the creation of conditions for dialogue and cooperation between states and peoples belonging to different cultural traditions. After all, cultural values ​​(works of art, scientific knowledge, cultural traditions) are the property of mankind, they are above borders and national barriers. Cultural property is the resource of cultural exchange that can and should be used in the interests of humanitarian cooperation throughout the world.

Cultural values, being the highest manifestations of world material and spiritual culture, concentrate the centuries-old experience of mankind. They directly perform a transformative function in relation to a person and society as a whole. The cultural life of society includes the legacy of the historical past, existing in the form of spiritual and material values, which are traditionally the subject of increased public interest, attracting attention as the focus of the creative potential of mankind, an indispensable part of the material world, which is the basis of cultural diversity. The rarity of antique items, the fact of preservation over the centuries, as well as history (belonging to a certain era, outstanding people) increase their value.

The problem of the preservation of cultural values ​​should be addressed as

nationally and internationally, which requires close cooperation between states. This task is of particular relevance in the modern world, when many unique works of art are increasingly moving from one country to another, contributing to the creation of conditions for peaceful dialogue and cooperation between states and peoples belonging to different cultural traditions. It is no coincidence that, considering the guidelines for the development of Russia, the President of our country D.A. Medvedev points out that the creation of a society with a new culture "will be formed on the basis of all our accumulated cultural wealth, and we must protect them in every possible way."

In the era of globalization, which is often perceived by many as a threat to national traditions, customs, beliefs and values, the idea of ​​preserving cultural diversity comes to the fore. In this regard, the search for technologies, mechanisms, and algorithms for improving the process of exchanging cultural values ​​is of particular relevance. At the same time, it is important to take into account the international initiatives of museums, libraries, archives, research centers, individuals, commercial corporations and "people's diplomacy", reflecting the diverse participation of citizens and civil society institutions in international cultural exchange. We emphasize that the backbone of modern society, its cultural policy is the synthesis of art, education and science.

The significance of the study of the problem of the exchange of cultural values ​​is also due to the fact that it is organically connected not only with the prospects for raising the status of national cultures and expanding the possibilities for their inclusion in the context of world culture, but also with the prospects community development generally. In this regard, cultural interaction, the exchange of genuine spiritual and moral values ​​that form the basis of the national cultures of different peoples, act as an effective factor in the consolidation of mankind, the humanization of interstate relations in general, and the development of cultural policy. All this determines the relevance of considering the essence and mechanisms of the exchange of cultural values ​​as cultural forms, artifacts.

The degree of scientific development of the problem. The exchange of cultural values ​​is the most important aspect and mechanism of the historical unity of cultures: this is also shown by the history of the formation of the concept of "cultural values", the disclosure of which we carried out by referring to works on philosophy, cultural studies, history, sociology, law, etc. Carrying out a historical retrospective of the formation of the concept "cultural values", we started with the idea of ​​the phenomenon of "value" by the ancient philosophers - Democritus, Plato, Protagoras, Aristotle, who identified values ​​with being itself, and included value characteristics in its concept.

Different historical epochs leave their mark on the understanding of values: in the Middle Ages they are associated with the divine essence.

stu, acquire a religious character; the Renaissance brings to the fore the values ​​of humanism, but the concept of "value" does not acquire the meaning of a philosophical category. In modern times, the development of science and new social relations largely determines the basic approach to considering objects and phenomena as values: F. Bacon, D. Hume. The concept of values ​​acquires fundamentally new dimensions in the works of I. Kant - "The Foundation for the Metaphysics of Morals" (1785), "The Critique of Practical Reason" (1788), "The Critique of Judgment" (1790), in which moral value determines the value of human individuality; value-in-itself becomes synonymous with personality; the whole world exists for the value of the individual.

Representatives of the Baden school of neo-Kantianism W. Windelband and G. Rickert declared the concept of "value" the main subject of philosophy. Following them, the concept of "value" was absolutized as philosophical category and substantiated the theological doctrine of values ​​by representatives of the phenomenological direction: M. Scheler, N. Hartmann, F. Brentano, A. von Meinong. The end of the 19th century is characterized by the penetration of value problems into all socio-humanitarian sciences (R.G. Lotze, G. Münsterberg, M. Weber, P. Sorokin, etc.).

In Russian philosophy, coming from the Christian tradition, the problem of values ​​has always been one of the main topics, as a result of which the works of N.Ya. Danilevsky, N.A. Berdyaev, G.P. Fedotova, V.V. Rozanova, V.S. Soloviev, N.O. Lossky, I.A. Ilyin.

The 20th century is the century of the expansion of the axiological approach in the sciences of man, culture, and society. At the same time, V.P. Tugarinov, who introduced the problem of values ​​into Soviet philosophy in his work “On the Values ​​of Life and Culture” (L., 1960).

In addition, in the course of our research, we analyzed the works of P.V. Alekseev, G.P. Vyzhletsov, P.S. Gurevich, O.G. Drobnitsky, A.G. Zdravomyslova, A.M. Korshunov, K.Kh. Momdzhyan, I.S. Narsky, B.V. Orlov, A.D. Sukhova, A.S. Panarina, V.A. Yadova and others.

The formation of the concept of "cultural values" occurred simultaneously with the process of human awareness of the need to protect cultural values. The publications of M.M. Boguslavsky, I.A. Isaeva, S.N. Molchanova, S.I. Sotnikova, V.A. Tomsinov.

When considering the culturological essence and meaning of the concept of "cultural values", the works of A.I. Arnoldova, M.S. Kagan, who substantiate the principle of a systematic approach to reveal the desired concept.

The functional analysis of the concepts "value of culture" and "cultural value" was carried out by us on the basis of materials from both foreign researchers - E. Durkheim, J. Dewey, K.I. Lewis, F. Nietzsche, T. Parsons, R.B. Perry, V. Koehler, K. Klakhona and F. Strodbek, as well as domestic researchers - L.P. Voronkova, E.I. Golovakha, O.G. Drobnitsky, D.M. Enikeeva, B.S. Erasova, D.S. Likhachev, N.N. Moiseeva, SV. Poro-

Senkova, A.P. Sadokhin, V.P. Tugarinov, A. Schweitzer, A.Ya. Flier.

The problems of defining cultural values ​​from the position of law are devoted to the works of such authors as M.M. Boguslavsky, R.B. Bulatov, V.G. Gorbachev, E.I. Kozlova, V.G. Rostopchin, S.A. Pridanov, A.P. Sergeev, V.N. Tishchenko, A.P. Chudinov, V. Shestakov, SP. Shcherba and others.

In addition, there is a sufficient layer of research that considers various aspects from the standpoint of philosophy, cultural studies, history and pedagogy. cultural heritage. The authors of these works are, for example, Yu.N. Alekseev, E.V. Andreeva, A.A. Mazenkova, A.A. Kopsergenova, A.V. Lissitzky, T.P. Moraru, A.P. Rozhenko, O.I. Sgibneva, E.N. Selezneva, N.A. Sizova, I.Yu. Khitarov and others.

In a number of modern legislative acts and documents, cultural values ​​are defined as some specific objects related to certain types of monuments and phenomena. In this work, we refer to cultural values ​​as "tangible or intangible cultural values ​​as a special type of values ​​that can to some extent satisfy the spiritual or aesthetic needs of a person and at the same time contain artistic or scientific, memorial or other cultural value."

The issues of international cultural exchanges are reflected in various philosophical, sociological concepts and theories: the theory of the historical cycle, the concept of social evolutionism, the concept of local cultures and civilizations, the concept of the unity of the world historical process. At the same time, we turned to the works of J. Vico, I. G. Herder, N. Ya. Danilevsky, M. Zh. Condorcet, L.G. Morgan, K. Levi-Strauss, P. Sorokin, A. D. Toynbee, E. B. Tylor, O. Spengler.

Diffusionism (F. Ratzel, L. Frobenius, F. Gröbner) should be especially singled out as a trend in cultural studies that put the problem of cultural innovations in the spotlight; studies on acculturation (W.H. Homes, F. Boas, J. McGee), studying the interaction of cultures as a concrete historical process.

When considering the mechanisms for the exchange of cultural values, determining the basic principles and forms of cultural exchange, the use of the concept of "exchange" in various spheres of human life was analyzed. In the economy, the exchange is reduced to the exchange of goods and initially proceeds from the fact that any thing has its own price, which is set by the market. The ideas about this phenomenon were taken by us from the works of A.Yu. Ashkerova, A.A. Gritsianov, K. Marx, K. Menger, E.A. Parshakov, W. Petty, A. Smith. Theories of social exchange have long roots, where the exchange of gifts is interpreted as a symbolic exchange - this thesis is revealed in the works of such authors as P. Blau, J. Baudrillard, K. Levi-Strauss, B. Malinovsky, J. Mead, M. Moss, D. Homans, M. Enaff.

When substantiating the essence, specificity, forms of cultural exchange, the works of A.A. Aronov, S.N. Artanovsky,

M.M. Bakhtin, N.M. Bogolyubova, V.I. Bely, E.V. Dvodnenko, S.N. Ikonnikova, S.G. Ter-Minasova, A.M. Khodjaev.

International cooperation in the protection and preservation of cultural property is analyzed in accordance with the norms of the Russian Constitution, the Federal Law "Foundations of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on Culture" of 1992, the UN Charter of 1945, the UN Charter for Cooperation in Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO) 1946 Declaration of Principles international law 1970 and the 1966 Declaration on the Principles of International Cultural Cooperation.

When considering a single cultural space as an environment for the interaction of cultural values, we relied on the works of F. Braudel, A.N. Bystrovoy, S.N. Ikonnikova, V.V. Mironov, A. Schweitzer. The single value foundation of the cultural universe is revealed in the works of E. Husserl, A. Maslow, L. Frank, M. Heidegger.

Russian scientists associate the idea of ​​a single cultural space with " creative memory humanity" (D.S. Likhachev), with the "noosphere" (V.I. Vernadsky), with "the integrity of the culture of all mankind" (A.A. Boev), with "space as a self-organizing system" (I.Prigozhin), with the "infosphere" (T.N. Suminova).

The works of R.G. Abdulatipova, A.A. Aronova, T.I. Afasizhev, G.G. Diligensky, L.N. Zhilina, A.G. Zdravomyslova, D.A. Kiknadze, R.Kh. Kochesokova, A.V. Margulis, N.N. Mikhailova, T.N. Suminova, Zh.T. Toshchenko, K.Kh. Unezh-va, SI. Efendiev and others.

The specificity of the realization of the artistic needs of the individual is reflected in such works as "A Man in the World of Artistic Culture" (M., 1982); "Artistic culture and personal development" (M., 1987).

Certain aspects of the problem of consumption of cultural goods, familiarizing the population with cultural values ​​are updated in the works of researchers of modern culture, globalization, cultural policy (R.G. Abdulatipov, G.A. Avanesov, V.V. Bychkov, S.L. Gertner, T. M. Gudima, A.I.Dontsov, VS Zhidkov, Y.E. Ziyatdinov, L.G.Ionin, Y.V. Kitov, A.V.Kostina, T.F. Kuznetsova, D.A. M. Mezhuev, A. A. Oganov, A. A. Pelipenko, K. E. Razlogov, V. A. Remizov, B. M. Sapunov, M. Ya. Saraf, K. B. Sokolov, T. N. Suminova, A.Ya. Flier, Yu.U. Foght-Babushkin, etc.).

The concepts of "value", "cultural values" and "value orientations", considered from the standpoint of various sciences - philosophy, cultural studies, jurisprudence, pedagogy, psychology, are devoted to a number of dissertation studies, for example, M.A. Alexandrova, M.V. Archipenko, V.A. Baskova, R.B. Bulatova, A.V. Bushmanova, O.G. Vasneva, V.V. Vershkova, L.B. Gabdullina, M.V. Glagoleva, K.A. Dikanova, S.G. Dolgova, E.Yu. Egorova, A.M. Zhernyakova, T.Ya. Kostyuchenko, S.A. Stepanova, V.P. Tugarinova, A.R. Usievich and others.

The problem of the restitution of valuables is covered in the works of M.M. Boguslavsky, L.N. Galenskaya, A.M. Mazuritsky, A.L. Makovsky.

Thus, despite a wide range of publications reflecting different points of view and judgments regarding cultural values ​​as a philosophical and cultural category, the problem of the exchange of cultural values ​​in the modern global cultural space, identifying its essence and mechanisms has not been studied enough, which led to our appeal to the stated topic. .

Object of study- cultural values ​​as a component of a single cultural space.

Subject of study- socio-cultural grounds for the exchange of cultural values.

Purpose of the study- to reveal the essence and mechanisms of the exchange of cultural values ​​in the modern world.

Research objectives:

consider the history of the formation of the concept of "cultural values";

to reveal, on the basis of a culturological approach, the essence and meaning of the concept of "cultural values";

analyze the basic principles and forms of cultural exchange;

reveal the essence, specifics and mechanisms of international cooperation in the field of protection and preservation of cultural values;

generalize ideas about a single cultural space as an environment for interaction with cultural values;

to identify the features of the influence of cultural values ​​on the formation of cultural needs.

Theoretical and methodologicalbasicsresearch.

The use of a systematic approach, widely used in cultural studies, made it possible to carry out a comprehensive study of the history, essence and mechanisms of the exchange of cultural values. In this case, a systematic approach required the application of the criterion of necessity and sufficiency to find out what kind of values ​​and why exactly and only they form the "axiosphere" of culture (M.S. Kagan), and also form a single cultural space.

An interdisciplinary approach was used as a significant one, uniting a number of areas of the problem under study - philosophical, sociological, anthropological, psychological, legal, economic, aesthetic, etc. comparison of various concepts) were necessary to study the problem of the exchange of cultural values ​​in the modern socio-cultural space.

The dissertation uses the concepts of such domestic and foreign researchers as R.G. Abdulatipov, A.I. Arnoldov, A.A. Aronov, J. Baudrillard, V.I. Vernadsky, K. Girtz, V.K. Egorov,

B.S. Erasov, M.S. Kagan, D. Clifford, D.S. Likhachev, Yu.M. Lotman, V.M. Mezhuev, E.A. Orlova, E. Sapir, T.N. Suminova, A.Ya. Flier and others.

Articles, materials of international conferences, forums, seminars, symposiums on the problems of cultural cooperation, program documents of UNESCO and other international organizations were important in the analysis of the problem under study.

Research methods. To ensure credibility
dissertation research, a number of methods were used:
dialectical, comparative, system modeling,

prognostic method (publication forecasting method), data analysis methods (content analysis, latent analysis), comparative analysis, etc.

Research hypothesis. The exchange of cultural values ​​as a historical and cultural regularity has a certain specificity, determined by the socio-cultural context, and economic and legal mechanisms of cultural policy, which have an effective influence on the formation of cultural needs, a common cultural space, the development of international cultural cooperation and dialogue of cultures.

Scientific novelty of the research. For the first time in domestic cultural studies, the dissertation explores the essence and mechanisms of the exchange of cultural values, and also analyzes the technologies of international cooperation in the field of protection and preservation of cultural values, which have received legal consolidation in international legal acts and are used in the cultural policy of Russia. Wherein:

Historical and cultural facts are analyzed and summarized
philosophical concepts of the formation of the concept of "cultural values";

the culturological essence and meaning of "cultural values" as cultural forms, artifacts that form the axiosphere of culture are revealed;

the conceptual approaches of philosophers, culturologists, ethnographers, sociologists, jurists to the definition of the basic principles and forms of cultural exchange as a historically natural and necessary condition for cultural and historical development, international cooperation and cultural policy are considered;

the essence, specifics and mechanisms of international cooperation in the field of protection and preservation of cultural values, which have received their legal consolidation in international sources of law and implementation in the cultural policy of Russia, have been studied;

The ideas about a single cultural space and
the potential possibilities of its existence as a holistic
environment of interaction of cultural values, taking into account social
cultural, educational, ideological trends and spiritual
moral standards;

It has been revealed that significant transformations in the nature of the influence of cultural values ​​on the formation of cultural needs are determined by the complex impact of the processes of informatization, globalization, virtualization and postmodernism.

Theoretical significance dissertation research lies in the fact that it opens up prospects for the implementation of a systematic approach in cultural studies in the analysis of the strategy and tactics of the exchange of cultural values, the generalization and development of scientific ideas about the mechanisms of the processes of international cultural exchange, the interaction of national cultures.

Practical significance of the study is that it can be useful for improving the scientific and methodological support for the activities of state bodies for the exchange of cultural values, including international cultural exchanges. The results of the dissertation research can be used to further study the interaction of cultures in the process of exchanging cultural values; can serve as a theoretical basis for training courses, methodological and teaching aids concerning the disclosure of the essence and mechanisms of the exchange of cultural values ​​in the context of international cultural cooperation and cultural policy. Separate sections and conclusions of the dissertation make it possible to develop scientifically based programs for the exchange of cultural values ​​for use in the activities of cultural institutions.

Compliance of the dissertation with the passport of the scientific specialty. The dissertation research devoted to the disclosure of the essence and mechanisms of the exchange of cultural values ​​corresponds to p. 9 "Historical continuity in the preservation and transmission of cultural values ​​and meanings", p. 12 "Mechanisms for the interaction of values ​​and norms in culture", p. 32 "The system of dissemination of cultural values and initiation of the population to culture "passport of the specialty 24.00.01 - Theory and history of culture (culturology).

The main provisions for defense:

1. Within the framework of modern socio-cultural reality/context
cultural approach allows you to consider the history
formation of the concept of "cultural values" as a unity of two
dynamic processes - the process of human awareness
the need to protect cultural property and cultural and historical
the process by which the concept of
value essence of culture and about values ​​in culture.

2. Cultural values ​​are the objectified result of human
activities that have a specific historical character, performing
social-integrative function and the function of personality formation,
its spirituality, acting as a link between various
epochs and civilizations, recognized as a national or universal
guideline for many generations. They are characterized

the following features: a) being one of the types of values ​​and types of culture, they are the result of human labor; b) are the best examples of human activity of a certain cultural and historical period, an indicator of the level of development of a person and his culture in various historical eras; c) at the basis of their existence is the principle of historical continuity; d) they have a social and integrative function, and they are aimed at improving the personality; e) are specific (including informational) in nature, which implies: firstly, the presence of individual objects of the material world or strictly defined and clearly expressed ideas; secondly, the specific content that reflects the achievements of a person in any area of ​​his life; thirdly, a specific author (figure), whose inner world, talent and skill are embodied in the phenomenon under consideration; f) the specified status is acquired only after a sufficiently long period of time has elapsed.

Exchange theories (economic, socio-anthropological, cultural) allow us to conclude that the problem of the exchange of cultural values ​​is based on the idea of ​​reciprocity, which determines the content of the actions taken and the fundamental principle of culture and human society. Symbolic and economic forms of exchange are components of sociocultural exchange, outside of which they do not exist. Exchange models are relevant to the cultures (or subjects of those cultures) between which the exchange takes place. The principle or basis leading to the exchange is the desire for the fullest possible satisfaction of needs. The status of values ​​existing in society, associated with the dominance of one or another type of exchange, determines the nature of all relations in society, which in turn determine the process of self-identification and make up its tools and context, subject and meaning. That is why any kind of exchange can be known and described from the point of view of its cultural-dialogical, economic, political, symbolic and other components.

Cultural values ​​are the most important element of communication, mutual understanding, which are the main criterion for supporting spirituality and the inseparable connection of generations. The loss of cultural values, their alienation from the peoples and nations that gave them life, have extremely negative consequences for the development of countries and peoples. The UNESCO International Conventions dedicated to the problems of the protection of cultural property have created an opportunity to take the problems of protecting cultural property beyond the scope of national interests and consider them as global ones that are of importance to all mankind. The logical continuation of the ratification of the Conventions was the improvement of national legislation on the protection of cultural property and cultural heritage. the Russian Federation

implements the convention norms into national legislation, taking into account the balance of domestic and international law on the protection of cultural property. However, for mutual and equal dialogue with Western countries, the development of international cooperation and cultural policy of Russia, it is necessary not only to bring the legislation in line with international conventions and customs of circulation, but also to directly create working mechanisms for implementing the provisions enshrined in them.

The transcendence of the values ​​of universal culture as an inherent attribute of society is the most productive cognitive principle for considering a single space as a kind of substratum of a planetary, civilizational culture. These values ​​are a system of interrelated universals that act as forms of storage and transmission of social experience, form a holistic picture of the world. This picture is a worldview structure that characterizes space, time, space, nature, man, goodness, justice, freedom, labor, etc. A single cultural space is distinguished by the spread, mutual agreement and mutual influence of the value regulators of people's activities on the processes taking place in society. Therefore, cultural values ​​as cultural forms, artifacts, forming the value dimension of reality, are the most important attribute of a single cultural space.

The formation of cultural needs is determined by the system of human needs, the goals of society, and specialized institutions of culture. The development of the principle of pragmatic utility leads to the transformation of cultural values. Hedonism, entertainment and entertainment transform the value system of modern society, deforming ideas about good and evil, humanity, the meaning of life, love. The revolution in the field of technology, the Internet lead to a high intensity of "virtual existence", there is a danger of replacing human interests and goals real life values ​​of the artificially created world. In the current socio-cultural situation, the importance and influence of traditional cultural values ​​on the development of cultural needs as a system of education and marketing are increasing.

Approbation of the research results. 1) The main provisions and results of the study were reflected in 8 publications, including 2 in publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

2) The materials and results of the dissertation research were tested at various scientific events: student scientific and practical conferences and "round tables" (Moscow State Law Academy, 2003/2004 academic year), "Science and Modernity - 2010": II International Scientific -practical conference (Novosibirsk, April 16, 2010), "The value system of modern society": XI International Scientific and Practical Conference (Novosibirsk, April 20, 2010).

The results of the dissertation research are implemented in studying proccess Department of Culturology and Anthropology of the Moscow State University of Culture and Arts in the development and teaching of the courses "Applied Culturology", "Mass Culture and Postmodern", "Historical Mentality", "Philosophical Problems of the 20th Century", "Culturology (Humanitarian Theory of Culture)".

dissertation structure, determined by the purpose and objectives of the study, it consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used and an appendix.

The history of the formation of the concept of "cultural values"

Culturology is a young emerging science, and therefore there are many controversial, unresolved problems in its content. Among them is the problem of values ​​in the structure and functioning of culture4.

Culture as a social phenomenon and a strategic resource of the 21st century is often defined through the values, value orientations of the society and the individual. Man differs from all other beings in that he constantly evaluates certain phenomena: the universe as a whole, the phenomena of social reality, the facts of his own life according to their significance. In this regard, we can say that the specificity of human existence lies precisely in the value attitude to the world. The idea of ​​the value essence of culture as a social phenomenon has so many supporters that over time it has developed into a whole scientific direction - axiology - the doctrine of the value of culture and values ​​in culture.

Already in the ancient world there were certain ideas about the essence and origin of values. Democritus believed that the good and purpose of life is happiness. Socrates considered wisdom to be a blessing and urged to know oneself. Epicurus considered the highest good pleasure, understood as the absence of suffering, and justice as non-harm to others, and physical and spiritual equanimity.

An attempt at a differentiated approach to values ​​is presented in the philosophy of Aristotle, who recognizes self-sufficient values, or "values ​​in themselves", but at the same time affirms relative nature most values. Aristotle refers to the self-sufficient values ​​of man, happiness, justice. Wisdom consists precisely in “comprehension by the mind of things by nature of the most valuable”6.

Different historical epochs leave their mark on the understanding of values. In the Middle Ages, they are associated with the divine essence, acquire a religious character. Among medieval philosophers and theologians, as well as among ancient thinkers, there are only scattered statements about different types values, but there is no holistic idea of ​​the nature of value as such, unified in the multitude of its specific modifications - absent for the simple reason that theologians know only one true value - God. All other values ​​- moral, aesthetic, political, even truth itself - are for religious consciousness only emanations of the Divine, manifestations of the other world, divine-spiritual energy.

The Renaissance forms an idea of ​​the earthly, and not the mystical nature of the moral, aesthetic, legal, political consciousness, thereby striving to understand the originality of each of these forms of a person’s relationship to the world - in L. Balla (on moral values), in L.B. Albert (on beauty as a specific value), N. Machiavelli (on values ​​in politics)7.

In modern times, the development of science and new social relations largely determines the main approach to considering objects and phenomena as values: the good is divided into public and private, while the public good should prevail over the personal good. The “moral sense” also occupies an important place in the anthropology of Hume, who sees the source of moral judgments and actions not in reason, but in the moral sense, in particular in philanthropy and justice. Justice is the basis of all truly valuable moral impulses. Hume's contribution to understanding the concept of value can be considered the most significant in the field of reflection in the entire pre-Kantian period. Among Hume's most "provocative" steps, one should recognize the elucidation of the criteria for the value of moral actions and the distinction between "value-for-oneself" and "value-for-the-other"9.

The concept of "value" acquires fundamentally new dimensions in the works of Kant ("Fundamentals of the Metaphysics of Morals", 1785; "Critique of Practical Reason", 1788; "Critique of the Ability of Judgment", 1790), which constructs solutions to this problem on the following grounds: the value of moral actions does not correspond to the “natural” dispositions of the soul for us, such as sympathy, but precisely to the opposition that the will directed by reason exerts on these dispositions. Kant introduces the concept of "absolute value (Wert)" of pure goodwill. The criterion of this "absolute value" is that true moral value is inherent only in those moral actions that are performed not even "according to duty", but only "in accordance with duty", i.e. everything has only that value which is determined by the moral law. Therefore, the value of the law itself is already an unconditional and incomparable value, which corresponds to the category of dignity. Only moral value determines the value of human individuality.

Basic principles and forms of cultural exchange

The logic of the study requires considering the essence and concept of the exchange of cultural values ​​as a phenomenon of social and cultural life, revealing the causes and foundations of the exchange, and tracing the historical retrospective of the change in the meaning formation of the concept.

Even Heraclitus of Ephesus, in his doctrine of dialectics, argued that everything is an exchange of opposites, that everything happens through struggle. As A.S. Bogomolov, "the origin of Heraclitus is a living fire, the changes of which are similar to the exchange of commodities: everything is exchanged for fire and fire for everything, as goods are exchanged for gold and goods for gold" .

This statement reveals to us the propositions about the existence of an exchange process in all spheres of the existence of matter, energy and spirit. Modern science explores material, energy, biological, informational, economic (market and non-market), intellectual, spiritual and other types of exchanges. For example, in biology, metabolism (metabolism) is the process of converting chemicals in the body that ensure its growth, development, activity and life in general, and in marketing it is “an agreement based on mutual benefit, as a result of which the buyer and seller exchange something something that is of value to them (value). Goods and services, information and even obligations can act as an exchange”69. Social knowledge interprets the essence social life“as an exchange of various types of activity, which, in turn, is understood as an exchange of something for something in acts of social interaction in order to satisfy the needs and interests of social subjects” .

In the economy, the exchange is reduced to the exchange of goods and initially proceeds from the fact that any thing has its own price, which is set by the market. In primitive society, with the dominance of collective production and direct distribution of products, there was an exchange of activities within the community associated with the age and sex division of labor. Between individual communities, the exchange at first was of a random nature. Products of labor were exchanged not in accordance with the amount of labor (working time) spent on their production, i.e. not in accordance with the economic law of value, but on a completely different basis, on the basis of the utility of the exchanged products of labor, real or imaginary.

K. Menger, one of the founders of the subjective theory of marginal utility, refers to the analysis of the features of exchange relations, saying that “the principle that leads people to exchange is the same that guides them in general in all their economic activity, i.e. striving for the fullest possible satisfaction of their needs. The pleasure experienced by people in the economic exchange of goods is that general feeling of joy that takes possession of people when, due to some circumstance, the satisfaction of their needs is provided better than it would be in its absence.

The growth of the social division of labor makes it ever more necessary to develop the exchange of goods and turn it into a regular social process. Production arises specifically for exchange, commodity production. Everything that is subject to economic exchange, as it were, proves to us its relativity. “Exchange-value is first of all presented as a quantitative ratio, as a proportion in which use-values ​​of one kind are exchanged for use-values ​​of another kind, a ratio that is constantly changing according to time and place. Exchange value therefore seems to be something accidental and completely relative, while the internal exchange value inherent in the commodity itself (valeur intrinseque) appears to be something contradictio in adjecto).

W. Petty sees in labor the investment of the forces of an individual person (or individuals), forces aimed at manufacturing certain objects ... the natural high cost or low cost depends on whether more or less hands are required to satisfy natural needs. Thus, bread is cheaper if one produces for ten than if he can only supply bread to six. Adam Smith, in turn, already consciously examines the labor invested by any people in the creation of the total national wealth: years and always consisting either of the direct products of this labor, or of what is acquired in exchange for these products from other peoples.

Common cultural space as an environment for interaction with cultural values

Awareness of the integrity, indivisibility of the world is a consequence of the formation of a qualitatively new state of culture, which is determined by the interaction of cultures of local civilizations of our time. The dialogue of national cultures, aimed at conjugation of cultural meanings and values ​​of each of them in the name of the survival of mankind, the disclosure of its spiritual potential and freedom in certain spatial parameters, acquires a semantic expression in the form of a single cultural space. Evidence of the objectivity of its existence are the trends of unification, convergence, integration in all spheres of society. The new reality significantly actualizes the issues of culture, transfers them to the epicenter of human existence and raises the problem of the formation of a single cultural space as one of necessary conditions survival of world civilization.

Among those who first used the concept of cultural space was F. Braudel, in his work on civilization, who noted that civilization is “a region, a cultural space, a collection cultural characteristics and phenomena." However, it is noticeable that for Braudel cultural space is associated exclusively with the localization of certain phenomena, with the territory of their distribution.

The spatial characteristics of culture make it possible to identify and substantiate the integrity of culture, deploying the diversity of its constituent elements, the connections and relationships between them. Category of cultural space in Lately becomes a structure-forming principle of research, ordering,

the essence of culture that harmonizes the entire system of the human world and represents the cultural space as a systemic integrity, consisting of four levels - institutional, communicative, activity and axiological.

Cultural space acts as a very real physical space, in the territories of which cultural institutions are localized. From this point of view, the cultural space is clearly localized in space and is set, in particular, by the administrative framework - this is the institutional aspect. The communicative and activity characteristic includes not only the creation, but also the storage, transformation and consumption of cultural values. In this case, the content of the cultural space is the activity of individuals and groups - creators and consumers of cultural values. Within the framework of the third semantic aspect, the concept of "cultural space" is approaching the concept of "cultural aura", a special spirit or even "soul" 45. This aspect of cultural space at the level of spiritual culture is associated with special values, ideals and traditions, at the level of material culture - finds its expression in the features of the architectural and planning environment.

V.L. Kurguzov defines cultural space as "the most complex territorial-historical and demographically conditioned, natural-scientific, philosophical, socio-psychological, cultural and ethnological conglomeration of things, objects, ideas, values, moods, traditions, ethical standards, aesthetic, political and social views in a certain cultural situation that manifests itself within the boundaries of a particular area and time”146.

The cultural space is wider than the physical one. For example, the cultural space of any country extends after cultural ties and extends far beyond the borders of the administrative location. The space is the vital and socio-cultural sphere of society, the "receptacle" and the internal volume of cultural processes. It has a certain territorial extent and includes areas of distribution of national-ethnic languages ​​of communication and spiritual values, traditional forms of everyday life and way of life, semiotics and semantics of architectural and religious monuments, regional centers of folk and professional art, protected landscapes. It outlines the contours of the capital and the periphery, cities-museums and university complexes, memorable places of historical events.

1. The concept of multilateralism
cultural exchange.
International agreements in
cultural exchange.
2. The concept of "soft power" and
US-European relations.
3. International conflicts:
concept and reasons
14.Ethnic
stereotypes
v
international
cultural
interaction
5. Main sources and mechanisms
stereotyping
6.Competencies
managers
international cultural relations
7. Documentation and the process of its execution
for
touring
activities
per
outside the Republic of Belarus.
28. Organization of reception of foreign
delegations
9. Sources of funding and work with
sponsors in organizing
international cultural events
10. Innovation management: goals and
tasks
3

Question 1 The concept of multilateral cultural exchange

The priority direction of the foreign policy of the Republic
Belarus is multilateral diplomacy and effective participation in
activities of international organizations. On the this moment
the Belarusian state is a full member of more than 100
international organizations as universal in nature
activities and membership, as well as regional and
specialized.
United Nations
In 1945 Belarus became one of the founders of the Organization
United Nations. The Republic has always been among those countries that
most resolutely fought for the preservation of the UN's key role in
maintaining international peace and security, solving other
urgent problems.
Regional organizations
The Republic of Belarus is a co-founder of a large
regional organization Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS), which includes 11 countries of the former Soviet Union. The headquarters (Executive Committee) of this organization is located in
Minsk. Since March 1994, the CIS has had observer status with the UN.
4

Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian
Federation are members of the Customs Union, which began
operate from January 1, 2010. Currently
Troika states are working to further deepen
mutually beneficial cooperation within the Common Economic
space, which was launched on January 1, 2012.
An important component of the foreign policy of the Belarusian state
is participation in the processes of regional security. Primarily,
we are talking about the membership of Belarus in the Collective Treaty Organization
security (CSTO), which, in addition to our country, includes
Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
Cooperation between Belarus and NATO within the existing
mechanisms of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) and
the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program aims to develop
constructive dialogue in the interests of strengthening the European and
international
security.
5

Belarus is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement. Together with partners in the Movement, Belarus opposes the practice of applying double

Belarus is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement. Together
with partners in the Movement Belarus opposes the practice of applying
double standards in world politics, stands for building
fair
international
economic
order.
In April 2010, the Republic of Belarus acquired the status
Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
(SCO), which provides the ability to connect to
activities of the SCO a wide range destinations, including
strengthening of regional security, activation of trade and economic,
credit and investment
and
banking
cooperation, effective development of transit potential,
education
and
row
others.
International
economic
organizations
The integration of Belarus into the world economy directly depends on
cooperation with various international organizations, in
first with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Groups
World Bank and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD).
6

INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL COOPERATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS (1991-2011)

http://elib.bsu.by/bitstream/123456789/17335/1/2011_4_JILIR_snapkovsky
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2016 in Belarus - Year of Culture
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International agreements in cultural exchange. International cultural cooperation of the Republic of Belarus within the framework of the CIS and the Union State.

In the multilateral cooperation of the participating states
Commonwealth of Independent States growing in importance
acquires the sphere of cultural interaction.
In accepting the Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the heads
States have agreed that they create conditions for the preservation and
development of the cultures of all the peoples of the Member States and to achieve
goals of the Commonwealth build their relations on the basis of spiritual
unity of peoples, which is based on respect for their identity,
close cooperation in the preservation of cultural property and
cultural exchange.
One of the first documents in the further development
cultural interaction within the CIS was the Agreement on
cooperation in the field of culture of May 15, 1992. Taking this
document, the heads of government proceeded from the parity of the inalienable
individual rights to cultural identity, freedom of creativity,
cultural activities, satisfaction of spiritual needs and
familiarization with cultural values. It should be noted that the agreement
the availability of existing collections, collections and other
cultural values ​​that form the library, museum and
archival funds of independent states, for citizens of states -
parties to the Agreement to the same extent and under the same conditions as for
their citizens.
8

This direction of cooperation is not only preserved, but also
constantly improving and developing, preserving the traditional
friendship and brotherhood among nations. Dialogue of cultures and cultural
policies are invariably considered by member states
CIS as one of the most important factors for strengthening friendship and
trust between the peoples of the member states of the Commonwealth.
In this regard, a solid experience of practical
interactions,
and traditionally an important role belongs to the Council for Cultural
cooperation between the CIS member states. Council were
initiated and developed the Concept of cooperation between states -
members of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the field of culture and
The concept of the development of education in the field of culture and art
member states of the CIS, which are approved by the Council of Heads
Commonwealth governments on May 19, 2011.
The main objectives of the Concept of cooperation between countries
Commonwealths in the field of culture are the creation of favorable
conditions for the dissemination of common humanistic values
peoples of the CIS member states, including tolerance,
friendship and good neighborliness, culture of peace, interethnic and
interfaith harmony, respect for culture, languages ​​and
traditions of other nations.
9

10.

Good practice established within the Commonwealth
cooperation of states, aimed at the real formation
common cultural space of the CIS countries. For the purpose of its further
development at a recent meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth,
held on May 29, 2015 in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the leaders
the governments of our countries approved the main activities
cooperation between the CIS member states in the field of culture on
2016–2020. This document, developed by the Council for
cultural cooperation between the CIS member states and
past
domestic
procedures
agreement,
unites eleven sections reflecting the main directions
and specific tools for the implementation of the Concept of cooperation in
the field of culture. It includes more than 120 shares of international and
national character, providing for a whole range of activities
to deepen cooperation in the theater and concert field, in
music and library fields, as well as in areas such as
cinema, science, education, visual arts, information
activities and joint training.
10

11.

Strengthening mutual understanding and expanding friendly ties
between the peoples of Belarus and Russia, broad and objective
information coverage of integration processes within the
The Union State contributes to the annual celebration of 2 April
Day of unity of the peoples of Belarus and Russia.
Cross-border countries are actively cooperating in the field of culture
regions of Belarus and Russia. An illustrative example of a regional
cultural cooperation between Smolensk and the Smolensk region with
regions of Belarus.
Of great importance in the preservation and development of cultural
space of the Union State has cooperation in the field
library business. In 2008, an agreement was signed on
cooperation between the Russian State Library and
National Art Museum of the Republic of Belarus
contains obligations to exchange exhibitions of books, posters,
samples of applied art, as well as experience in
ensuring the preservation of rare and valuable library collections and
museum exhibits.
11

12.

An important social and cultural event was
creation in 2009 of the Union of Writers of the Union
states.
Belarusian-Russian relations are developing dynamically
cooperation in the field of film and video art.
Russian filmmakers annually take
participation in the International film-teleforum of ecological
cinema "ECOMIR", International Film Festival
animated films "Animaevka" in Mogilev and
Minsk International Film Festival Listapad. Show
the best works of Russian masters of cinema
tradition forms the basis of the data program
film forums.
12

13. Organizational structures and directions of international cultural relations of the Republic of Belarus with European countries.

Organizational structures and
directions of international cultural
relations of the Republic of Belarus with the countries of Europe.
If during the existence of the USSR intercultural interaction
developed mainly with the socialist countries, then after 1991
the republic began to establish cooperation with countries around the world
communities, including the European Union.
At the state level, agreements were signed on
cooperation with Germany, Poland, Great Britain, Lithuania, Italy,
designed to expand knowledge about the culture of their countries, to encourage cultural
cooperation and preservation of historical heritage.
Within the framework of government agreements, specialized
ministries, administrations of regional and regional levels implement
concrete projects and initiatives. Only regional centers
today have concluded cooperation agreements or signed
agreements of intent with 49 cities in Great Britain, Poland, France,
Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Serbia, the Netherlands, Bulgaria, Sweden.
Liberalization of the administrative system of the Republic of Belarus
contributed to an increase in the number of non-governmental organizations
sectors implementing diverse projects in the field of education,
culture and art.
13

14.

This work, together with Belarusian partners, is carried out by
Institute. Goethe, Minsk International Educational Center
them. J Rau, COOO Italian-Belarusian Center for Cooperation and
Education "Sardinia" (Minsk), Polish Institute in Minsk, etc.
Possibility of independent establishment of foreign contacts
were received by organizations and institutions of culture and education, which
served to intensify the development of this direction. For example:
Belarusian State Academy of Arts in the period from 1991 to
2011 signed cooperation agreements with specialized
institutions from Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Germany, Czech Republic,
Poland, UK. Exchange of exhibitions, internships for students
and employees, lectures, master classes and other
activities under these agreements contribute to
familiarization, adaptation and creative processing by Belarusian
masters of stylistic devices and characteristics of European
artistic movements, the integration of Belarusian art into
European
informational
space.
14

15.

A new phenomenon in the cultural space of Belarus
the activity of representative offices of international
structures,
foreign
state
and
non-governmental organizations and foundations. main goal
cultural and information
activities
foreign
institutions in the republic is the formation of a positive
ideas about their countries, about the culture living in them
peoples.
In the implementation of foreign cultural policy
official
authorities
Republic
Belarus
use
the possibilities of various structures of the Belarusian diaspora,
who have significant achievements in popularizing
Belarusian culture abroad. As an example, you can
bring the museum of Belarusian culture in Leimen (Germany),
F. Skaryna Library in London, Belarusian Institute
Arts and Sciences in New York and its branches in Europe, others
organizations and associations.
15

16.

Further
strengthening
cooperation
our
republics with the countries of the European Union is confirmed
accession to the UN Convention on Education,
science and culture "On the protection and promotion of the diversity of forms
cultural expression". In 2013 Belarus joined
to the publication of the White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue,
approved by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Member States
Council of Europe at the 118th session of the Committee of Ministers in Strasbourg
(the book was translated into Belarusian).
Analysis of cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and countries
European Union in the field of culture and art shows
that intercultural interaction is developing as
state level, as well as at the level of specific organizations
and private initiatives. Belarusian culture and art
constantly interact with the European cultural
process, and this dialogue promotes mutual enrichment
national cultures and strengthening the image of Belarus in
pan-European
community.
16

17. ISS RB with the countries of Asia and Africa

The Republic of Belarus has established diplomatic relations with
more than 80 countries of the region, and in 14 countries - traditional and
promising partners (United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Egypt,
Israel, India, Indonesia, Iran, China, South Korea, Libya,
Nigeria, Syria, South Africa, Japan) has its own diplomatic
representations. At the same time, Belarusian ambassadors
are accredited in some countries concurrently, i.e., having
residence in one state, they perform their functions in
several countries.
Increasingly, the practice of working in various countries through
institute of honorary consuls. Interests of the Republic of Belarus
defended by the honorary consuls of our country in a number of countries
Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific,
including Australia, Israel, India, Jordan, Iraq,
Republic of Korea, Lebanon, Mongolia, Myanmar, Ghana, Nepal, Oman,
Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Syria, Sudan, Philippines and
Japan.
Belarusian enterprises and organizations actively participate in
international exhibitions and fairs held in countries
Asia, Africa and the Middle East.
17

18.

On the high level relations between Belarus and India. Our
countries successfully cooperate in trade, economic, scientific and technical, educational (including within the framework of the ITEC program) and other
spheres, provide mutual support within the framework of international
organizations and forums. Started investment
cooperation.
Belarus has a strong tradition of cooperation with
developing countries in the field of education. In Belarusian universities
hundreds of future graduates are trained annually
professionals from Asia and Africa.
Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Belarus and
People's Republic of China were established in January 1992
of the year.
Cultural cooperation
Joint exhibitions and other events are held. In Minsk
there are two Confucius Institutes - under the Belarusian State
University and at the Minsk State Linguistic
university. The opening of the first (in 2007) was called
“to promote mutual understanding and friendship between
the peoples of China and Belarus”; in 2011 the second institute was opened.
In addition, several thousand Chinese students study in
universities of the Republic of Belarus.
18

19.

With India. It has become a good tradition for the Department
International Center of the Roerichs in Belarus to hold round
tables together with the Belarus-India Society, scientists and
public figures of Belarus on the topic of cultural
cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of
India (Round table "Cultural unity of Belarus and India").
Every ten years a book of Indian
writers, and in the latest issues of the literary magazine "Neman"
new translations of literary works will be published
Indian writers.
with Iran. Iran presents its culture at the forum
"Slavianski Bazaar" in Vitebsk. So, for example, in July 2005 on
this international cultural event Tehran
miniaturist Alireza Agamiri opened his exhibition
paintings entitled "Iran - the historical cradle of art" and
even gave A. Lukashenko one of his paintings "Iris" XVII. V
November 2005 Iran took part in the XII International
film festival "Listopad" in Minsk, where the picture "Left, left,
left!" (dir. Kazem Masumi) won the prize for the best
script, and the film "Life" (dir. Gholam-Reza Ramazani) received
awards
straightaway
v
three
nominations.
19

20.

It has become a good tradition for the Department of the International Center
Roerichs in Belarus to hold round tables together with
Society "Belarus-India", scientists and public
figures of Belarus on the topic of cultural cooperation between
Republic of Belarus and Republic of India (Round table
"Cultural unity of Belarus and India").
with Iran. Iran presents its culture at the forum "Slavic
Bazaar" in Vitebsk. So, for example, in July 2005 on this
international cultural event Tehran miniaturist Alireza Agamiri opened his exhibition of paintings under
the title "Iran - the historical cradle of art" and even gave
A. Lukashenko one of his paintings "Iris" XVII. November 2005
Iran took part in the XII International Film Festival
"Leaf fall" in Minsk, where the painting "Left, left, left!" (dir.
Kazem Masumi) won the Best Screenplay award.
With Egypt. In August 2004, a protocol was signed on
cooperation between the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and
Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research. In the same year it was
the Belarusian-Egyptian agreement on cultural
cooperation. In September 2005, Belarus hosted
Days of Egyptian Culture, in April 2007, reciprocal cultural
Belarusian events were held in Egypt.
20

21. Organizational structures and directions of international cultural relations with the countries of America.

Most of the Latin American countries were in
similar to Belarus transitional phase of development and in the long term
in the future, solves tasks of the same type with the Belarusian state in
different
spheres.
V
basis of relations between Belarus and countries
Latin American region is based on a system of common values,
overlapping long-term development objectives.
An important step in the development of contacts between our state
with the countries of the Latin American region was the visit of the President
Republic
Belarus A.G. Lukashenko to the Republic of Cuba. Row
mutually beneficial joint projects, a catalyst for the implementation
which was the meeting of the leaders of the two states, testify to
volume,
what
v
Belarusian-Cuban relations
prevailed
pragmatic, constructive beginning.
21

22.

An important direction of foreign policy
Republic of Belarus in this region is
deepening of all-round cooperation with
Venezuela, where in a short time it was possible
significantly strengthen and develop bilateral
relationship. Here, joint
various projects.
Full cooperation with the United
States of America in all directions
meets the national interests of Belarus.
The Belarusian side is in favor of development
bilateral interaction with the United States on
principles of mutual respect and equal rights
partnerships.
22

23.

An important place in the implementation of cooperation plans
devoted to the use of modern technologies. Completed
Work
on
meaningful
filling
Internet resource
"Greetings
Belarus",
oriented
on the
lighting
interactions with compatriots. In order to expand
Belarusian
informational
presence
started
broadcasting
international satellite TV channel "Belarus-TV", created
National State Television and Radio Company of the Republic
Belarus for foreign TV viewers, primarily for Russian and
Belarusian-speaking residents of the post-Soviet space. On air
informational and informational-analytical
programs,
socio-political
projects,
documentaries, history and culture of the Belarusian people,
sports, musical entertainment and children's programs. Since 2007
the channel's programs were rebroadcast to Europe, the Middle East and
North Africa. Since 2008, the Belarus-TV channel began broadcasting on
North America, Mexico, Guatemala, Cuba,
Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico.
23

24. Intercultural communication through the UNESCO strategy in education and science

According to the Association of International Organizations, about 200
intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations are engaged in
sphere of international legal regulation of cooperation
subjects
international
rights
v
sphere
Sciences,
culture and health. Of these, the most significant is
United Nations Educational Organization,
science and culture (UNESCO).
The Charter of this Organization was approved at the Ministerial Conference
education November 16, 1945 in London. The charter entered into force 4
November 1946, and this day is considered the official founding date
UNESCO, which is specialized agency UN.
The organization aims to promote peace and
international security through enhanced cooperation
peoples in the field of education, science and culture in the interests of
ensuring universal respect, justice, legality and the rights
human being, as well as the fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the UN Charter
for all peoples without distinction of race, sex, language or religion.
24

25.

UNESCO promotes rapprochement and mutual understanding of peoples
through the use of all media and recommends with this
purpose of concluding international agreements, encourages the development
public education and dissemination of culture, and
offers educational methods most suitable for
instilling in the children of the whole world a sense of the responsibility of free
person. The organization helps to maintain, increase and
dissemination of knowledge, publications and works of art.
In accordance with the UNESCO Charter, each country creates
national commissions for UNESCO. Their task is to coordinate within the country the activities of organizations and
institutions of relevance to UNESCO and
willing to participate in one way or another in the implementation of its
programs.
The main activities of UNESCO are presented in
five program sectors: education, natural sciences,
social and human sciences, culture, communication and
information.
guiding
authorities
UNESCO
are
General
conference, Executive Board and Secretariat.
25

26.

Coordinates
cooperation
With
UNESCO
Interdepartmental National Commission of the Republic
Belarus for UNESCO (NK RB) (in Belarus 1956
G.). The Tax Code of the Republic of Belarus provides a link between the Government of the Republic of Belarus and
UNESCO, informs the organization of the needs and
priorities of Belarus in the field of education, science and
culture, provides consulting, information
and cultural assistance to public authorities
management,
ministries
and
departments,
public
and
public
organizations
republics that work in the field of education,
science, culture and communication.
Commission
guided
national
the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, the charter and documents of UNESCO,
the charter of the National Commission for UNESCO,
adopted in 1993, the regulation on the National Commission
for UNESCO, adopted by the decision of the Council
Ministers of the Republic of Belarus September 17, 1997
The foundation of UNESCO's work in the field of culture is
promotion of cultural diversity based on
human relationships. In 1972, as part of
UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Protection of the World
cultural
and
natural
heritage.
BSSR
joined
To
conventions
26

27.

in October 1988. According to the provisions of the Convention, the participating countries are jointly responsible for that part of the cultural and
natural heritage, which according to the international
the public has a special universal value.
The Convention also aims to complement and encourage
national initiatives.
More than 800 inscribed on the World Heritage List
objects. The presence of monuments of a particular country in it
contributes to its international prestige and attracts
tourists, which is economically beneficial.
The World Heritage List includes sites
located on the territory of Belarus - National
park "Belovezhskaya Pushcha" (together with Poland, 1992),
castle complex "Mir" (2000), "Architectural and cultural complex of the residence of the Radziwills in
Nesvizh (2005), points of the Struve geodetic arc
(2005).
27

28.

28

29.

,
decision on the inclusion of the rite "Carol Tsars" in the List of intangible
culture-
29

30. Question 2 The concept of "soft power" and US-European relations. Nye Jr. "Soft power" and US-European relations

Question 2
The concept of "soft power" and American-European relations.
Nye, Jr. "Soft power" and American-European relations
Soft power is the ability to get what you want
on the basis of the voluntary participation of allies, and not with
through coercion or handouts.
At the end of the 20th century, American political scientist Joseph Nye
shared the opportunities available in this regard
states into two categories: "hard" (hard power) and
"soft" power (soft power). Under "hard power"
understood the ability to provide their
foreign policy interests at the expense of military and
economic power of the country; under "soft power" is the ability of the state to attract with its culture, its
social and political values.
30

31.

Using the concept of "force" in his earlier work
Professor J. Nye, Member of the American Academy of Arts and
sciences of the US Diplomatic Academy, gradually developed
own theory of force, setting it out in his book "Soft
strength” / “Soft Power” (2004). According to his theory,
"soft power" - "the ability to convince others to want the same thing
do you want or as an indirect/involving (co-optive) method
exercise of power"
That is, “soft power” is the ability to receive
desired, attracting, not forcing. Therefore, you can do
the conclusion that “soft power” is not only, in fact, “influence”
(influence), but also "attractiveness" (attractive power). According to
J. Nye, "soft power" resources in international relations
are all those methods that "inspire and attract" to
source of the corresponding impact, allowing the one who
seeks to control it, to achieve the desired result.
Thus, engaging power is based on
attractiveness of ideas, and the ability to form
preferences traditionally associated with intangibles
resources such as culture, ideology and institutions.
Accordingly, the "soft" method of influence is
as a counterbalance to the "hard" power that is usually associated with such
material resources such as military power and economic
potential.
31

32.

According to Nye's concept, the first "pillar" of the American
resource base of "soft power" - attractiveness
American culture and lifestyle. The author points to
US leadership in terms of numbers
accepted emigrants, the volume of produced television products,
the popularity of American music, the number of foreign
students in the USA and the number of Americans among
Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry and economics.
The second “pillar of soft power” of the United States is the American
political ideology that resonates with many
countries. In the understanding of most researchers, the main
the values ​​of the United States constitute today the liberal
democracy and market economy.
It is this normative-ideological complex of the United States and
trying to spread to other countries through
"soft power", that is, not imposing them by force, but
offering them as a more attractive alternative.
For this, according to J. Nye, “the US State Department
should encourage cultural and exchange programs that
allow people to be reminded of non-commercial aspects
American values ​​and culture. Equally TV and
U.S. government radio broadcasts to other states
should contribute to the growth of confidence in America and
American soft power.
32

33.

In addition to the arsenal of "public diplomacy" in the concept
"soft power" J. Nye also includes, for example,
"diplomatic efforts" to resolve the crisis,
contrasting them with the use of sanctions or military
strength."
According to Nye's theory, the basis of "soft power" is
painstaking, everyday work "in the field", and not
"from the outside", aimed at building long-term
trusting relationships. At the same time, special emphasis
American political scientist makes on 'activities
lobbying NGOs
interests of the state abroad.
Nye, in particular, believes that "from Hollywood to
higher education civil society is doing
more for representing the US to other nations than this
does the government. Hollywood often portrays
consumer society and violence, but he also promotes
values ​​of individualism, social mobility and
freedoms (including freedoms for women). These values
do
America attractive in the eyes of many
people abroad.
33

34.

Finally, within the concept of Nye, the exclusive role
dissemination
"soft
strength"
assigned
information communications. J. Nye conducts
connection between the information age and the advent of
"soft power" as a "practical tool in
world politics." He believes that the meaning of "soft
forces" in relation to the military and economic
has risen in the information age, "based on
rapid technological advances in communications and
computer software"
All these levers of "soft power" of the United States, from the point of view of J.
Naya, must use to spread not
by force, but due to their own attractiveness
principles such as personal freedom, mobility
and dynamism
society, competition in
power and policy formation, openness,
becoming
trait
national
character,
accessibility of higher education, political
the culture of society.
34

35.

Europe is the most serious competitor
United States in terms of soft power.
European art, literature, music, design, fashion
and cuisine have long been perceived in the world with
benevolent interest. Many European countries
have a strong cultural appeal:
ten most widely spoken languages ​​in the world
half are European. Spanish and
Portuguese link the Iberian Peninsula with
latin
America
English
is an
generally accepted in the vast British Commonwealth, and
representatives from almost 50 countries gather at meetings where
they are united by the French language.
Thus, more and more people began to talk about a certain
balance of "soft" and "hard" power, which entered into
international lexicon as "smart power" / smart power.
It is this new political phenomenon that should, according to
in the opinion of its supporters, to replace "soft power"
United States, unable to balance the "hard"
foreign policy of the country.
35

36. Question 3 International conflicts: concept and causes

Can
highlight
several
major
reasons
international
conflicts:
imperfection
human nature; poverty and inequality in
welfare of peoples different countries; socio-economic and political structure of states, level
its culture and civilization; disorder
international relations.
So now international relationships still remain
sphere
inconsistencies
interests,
rivalry,
unpredictability, conflict and violence. Can
claim that international conflict is
collision of two or more oppositely directed forces
the purpose of realizing the goals and interests in the conditions
counteraction.
The subjects of international conflict can be
states,
interstate
associations,
international
organizations,
organizational
formalized socio-political forces within
state or international
arena
36

37.

Understanding the nature of international conflicts and
finding ways to solve them requires, in addition to explaining
their causes, elucidation of the depth and nature of the
conflict, are largely achieved through their
classification common in the West, traditional
typology of conflicts, according to which there are:
international crisis;
conflicts of low intensity, terrorism;
civil war and revolution, acquiring
international character;
war and world war.
37

38.

An international crisis is a conflict situation in which:
the vital goals of actors are affected
international politics, to make a decision, the subjects have
extremely limited time, events usually develop
unpredictable; the situation, however, does not escalate into an armed
conflict.
Conflicts
small
intensity
Relationship
between
by state and non-state actors quite often
marred by petty skirmishes at the borders, individual or
with a little gang violence, their dangers began to be understood
only today. It lies in the fact that, firstly,
the conflict could escalate into a full-blown one. Secondly, at
modern military weapons, even a small conflict
intensity can cause great damage. Thirdly, in
conditions of close interconnection of modern independent states
disruption of peaceful life in one region affects all others.
Terrorism. Its main goal is to resolve the dispute. Many
states support terrorist activities - Iran,
Libya, Syria. All of them deny their involvement in terrorism.
38

39.

Civil War and revolution is conflicts in
the state itself between two or more parties due to differences of opinion regarding the future system
this state or clan contradictions, in
civil wars, usually at least one of the belligerents
parties receives support from foreign political
forces, and external political actors are often vital
interested in a particular outcome.
Contemporary conflicts have become one of the leading
factors of instability in the world. Being bad
manageable, they tend to
growth, connecting more and more
participants, which poses a serious threat not only to those
who are directly involved in the conflict, but also to everyone
living
on the
Earth.
39

40. Question 4 Ethnic stereotypes in international cultural interaction

The beginning of the study of ethnic stereotypes dates back to the 20s of the twentieth century.
For the first time this term began to be used in typographical
deed to denote the set of the entire line or page
text.
V
foreign
historiography
this
term
v
sociological significance was first introduced
American publicist, journalist and sociologist Walter
Lippmann in his work "Public Opinion", published in
New York in 1922. Lippmann did not share the concept
image, image, stereotype, did not single out foreign policy
stereotypes. For his research, he used
sociological material and methodology.
W. Lippman gave the first definition of a stereotype, which
he denoted as an image existing in the head of a person,
that comes between him and reality. By
According to Lippmann, the stereotype is a special form
perception of the surrounding world, which
certain influence on our sense data even before
how this information reaches our consciousness.
40

41.

Ethnic
(National)
stereotype
–
schematized image of any people, ethnic
generality, usually simplified, sometimes inaccurate or
even
distorted,
expressing
knowledge
or
ideas about psychological, behavioral and
household characteristics of representatives of any other
nation.
There are other definitions of ethnic stereotypes:
1) The totality of expectations for characteristic
traits and behavior of representatives of social, ethnic
groups, whole nations,
2) A schematized image of one's own or someone else's ethnic
generality, which reflects a simplified, and sometimes
distorted knowledge about psychological features and
behavior of representatives of a particular people and on the basis of
whom
develops
stable,
emotionally
the colored opinion of one nation about another or about itself.
The basis of a stereotype is, as a rule, some
noticeable sign - skin color, character traits, external
features, demeanor, etc.: Italians -
eccentric and emotional, the British are thin,
Scandinavians are blond.
41

42.

V
culture
everyone
people
worked out
certain ideas about their own and other peoples.
These representations are the basis of intercultural
communication.
Ethnostereotype of the national character of the representative
a particular nation is the standard, in accordance with
which a person motivates his own behavior and
expects a certain type of behavior from real
ethnic
prototypes.
Knowledge
ethnic stereotypes
national
characters
allows
build
assumptions about the causes and possible consequences
own and other people's actions, correct behavior.
42

43.

Scholars identify several main types
stereotypes:
1. According to the level of assimilation by human consciousness, they distinguish
among stereotypes, opinions and judgments are singled out.
Opinion stereotypes are stereotypes that are easily
can be applied when new information arrives.
Stereotypes-beliefs are stereotypes that have
great motivating force, resilience, which
can motivate human behavior.
2. According to the perceived object, I single out hetero- and
autostereotypes. Heterostereotypes - representations
peoples about other peoples, ethnic groups (as
as a rule, they are dominated by negative characteristics).
Autostereotypes are stereotyped ideas of peoples about
themselves (positive qualities predominate here)
43

44.

3. In terms of quality, there are positive and
negative stereotypes. As a rule, stereotypes
are very complex phenomena, combining
all of the above groups. Such
stereotypes are called ambivalent.
4. According to the degree of variability, some scientists distinguish
basic or modal stereotypes that are associated with
leading features of the ethnic character and do not change
under the influence of circumstances. Superficial stereotypes
- ideas about this or that people, which
conditioned
historical
factors
international relations, domestic political
situation and time factors. They change into
depending on changes in the world, society, and how
usually linked to historical realities.
44

45.

His
appearance
stereotypes
obliged
intercultural or interethnic contacts,
when the most typical features are revealed,
characteristic of a particular people or
culture, and depending on these characteristic
characteristics and qualities, they are divided into
groups
(categories).
So
gradually
add up
ethnocultural
stereotypes,
representing
yourself
generalized
ideas about the typical features, characteristic
for any people or culture.
Based on stereotypes, an ethnic
image - a form of description of an ethnic group, in which
the most significant and typical
properties,
and
which
based
on the
sensory perception of one's own or someone else's
ethnos. The ethnic image serves as a standard, in
according to which a person motivates his
own behavior and expectations of others
people.
45

46. ​​Question 5 Main sources and mechanisms of stereotyping

The formation of ethnic stereotypes is
influenced by factors such as climate, territory of the country,
features of national character, life, religion,
education, family, social composition of society,
political and administrative system, historical
features of society.
No less serious influence on the nature of ethnic
stereotypes render interstate relations,
the presence or absence of interethnic conflicts. So,
for Russians, Germans have long been associated with
image of the enemy due to the long wars waged by these
peoples.
The mechanisms of stereotyping are determined
features of historical development, social and
political interaction and psychological make-up
people.
On the
throughout
human
stories
there was a kind of polar attitude towards others
cultures. On the one hand, there is interest in
representatives of other communities and cultures, on the other
hand, the desire to fence off from the incomprehensible,
dissimilar customs, do not accept
their.
46

47.

A prerequisite for the formation of stereotypes is the ability
human thinking to consolidate information about homogeneous
phenomena, facts and people in the form of stable ideal formations.
Stereotypes contain social experience, they are the product of
collective, group consciousness. On the formation of ethnic
stereotypes are also influenced by such a basic personality quality as
ethnocentrism associated with the idea that one's own
ethnic group is the center of everything, and all the rest
are grouped around it, which in consequence forms a feeling
superiority of one's own ethnic group over others.
Insufficient information about the cultural life of other nations
is also a factor influencing the formation of ethnic
stereotypes, because the unknown in the minds of people quickly
overgrown with mystical rumors.
An important role in the process of stereotyping, especially in
modern society, play the dominant ideology,
propaganda, art, media. Media information can influence
people's thoughts and change their individual attitudes.
Another prerequisite for the formation of stereotypes is
psychological quality of a person, as the need to cope with
information overload, process and simplify it,
classify into more convenient models, which become
stereotypes.
47

48. Question 6 Competencies of managers of international cultural relations

http://repository.buk.by:8080/jspui/bitstream/123
456789/3701/1/UPRAVLENCHESKAYA%20KOMPE
TENTNOST"%20V%20SFERE%20MEZHDUNAROD
NYIH%20KUL"TURNYIH%20OTNOSHENIY.pdf
48

49. Question 7. Documentation and the process of its execution for touring activities outside the Republic of Belarus.

http://repository.buk.by:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456
789/4085/1/Gastrol%27nokoncertnaya%20deyatel%27nost%27%20organizacio
nno-pravovyie%20aspektyi.PDF
49

50. Question 8. Organization of the reception of a foreign delegation

In Belarus, even a stranger is received so
hospitably and sincerely, that he is gladly ready
come back again and again. And when it comes to
thoroughly
prepared
admission
foreign
delegation, everything here must be of the highest order.
At the moment, from the ability to win over
significant foreign business partner depends
the most important
component
commercial
success
institutions.
The business protocol regulates the procedure for conducting
all types of meetings and negotiations, signing contracts and
agreements, business correspondence, organization
representative events.
50

51.

Among the documents issued in connection with the arrival
foreign delegation, the following:
petition of a legal entity to invite members
foreign delegation;
order appointing a person responsible for
Events;
program of stay of a foreign delegation;
cost estimate for the reception and servicing of foreign
delegations;
act of write-off of expenses for reception and service
foreign delegation.
Stay program
Shortly before the arrival of the delegation, it is necessary to draw up and
approve the program of stay of foreign guests.
51

52.

Questions to be included in the program:
the meeting point of the delegation (airport or railway station) and
composition of those meeting; transport features
service;
accommodation (and before that timely booking
places) in the hotel;
the work of translators; catering;
preparation of premises for negotiations;
negotiations (start and end time, agenda items)
days);
conducting a tour of the institution;
holding protocol events (lunch, dinner,
buffet table, etc.); The cultural program;
wires and the composition of the escorts.
Responsible for each item
executor.
52

53.

So, you received confirmation of the arrival of foreign
partners. The next step should be to
meetings of the entire group participating in the reception of the delegation,
and analysis of the previously compiled program. At all stages
work with the delegation - at the meeting, accommodation at the hotel,
transport service, organization of negotiations,
cultural program, protocol events -
the main coordinating role is assigned to the secretary,
so you are by definition the center
concentration of information and you will be contacted for
a variety of assistance from both employees of the company and
guests.
In accordance with the rules of business etiquette, the number
members of the negotiating team should not significantly
exceed the number of members of the foreign delegation. If in
the composition of the group on the part of a foreign company includes 4
person, it is advisable on your part to include in
no more than 3-4 people. It could be the leader
companies,
translator,
commercial
director,
secretary who takes the minutes of negotiations. remember, that
if the delegation of the invited party includes
woman, then the presence of a woman with
side of the inviters.
53

54.

One of the most important rules when dealing with
foreign delegation is the following: rank and
position of the head of the welcoming delegation should
correspond to the rank and position of the head of the incoming
delegations. This means that if the visit causes
the head of a foreign company, then meet him
should the head of your organization (at least
case, his first deputy). To meet like
As a rule, the head of the host delegation arrives at
accompanied by 2-3 people. If the guest arrives together
with his wife, he should be met by the head of the delegation with
by his wife. Sometimes it happens that negotiations
plans to conduct not the head of the company, but his
deputy. In such a case, it should be
program a short meeting of foreign partners with
head of the company, best at the beginning
negotiation process.
When meeting at the airport or train station is not accepted
give flowers, with the exception of cases when
delegation present lady. Suitable for this case
a small bouquet in a beautiful package. At the time of the meeting
It is also not customary to exchange business cards.
54

55. Question 9 Sources of funding and work with sponsors when organizing international cultural events

Possible sources of funding for sociocultural
projects and programs are:
1. State budget (both republican and local).
As a rule, budget financing of cultural programs
carried out on the basis of a socio-creative order to a specific
performer of individual sections of the program. For getting
funds (or grant) entity participating in the competition
programs must meet certain requirements.
The first condition is the non-commercial nature of the activity
the organization that asks for money (i.e. applies for
funding for your project).
If an application is made public organization, then
the non-commercial nature of its activities must be recorded
in the statute.
Signs of a non-profit organization (association, club)
the following:
55

56.

The organization does not pursue the goal of making a profit (i.e. does not
has the right to spend the funds received under the program,
wages and personal use).
The organization has socially significant goals. Public
the significance of the goals and objectives of the organization is determined as
as a rule, relevance and radius of the problems to be solved.
The priorities of the organization, determined by its
charter, are in the field of culture and are humanistic
character.
The organization has a collective foundation and
leadership (council, board that determines the content
activities of the organization, salaries of full-time employees,
responsible for public trust, etc.). Financial
The activities of the organization are controlled by the public.
The second condition for receiving funds (both from the budget and
extrabudgetary sources) - availability of the program and application,
designed in accordance with certain requirements, and
namely: the requirements of that organization (fund, commercial
structures, state body, carrying out
program funding) that allocates money (they can
contained in the conditions of the program competition, in the charter of the organization,
allocating funds); as well as special requirements for
filing an application for funds needed for
implementation of the relevant program.
56

57.

2. Funds - non-profit organizations having
funds and program of activities.
(For example, the International Fund for Cultural
Diversity UNESCO)
3. Commercial organizations (firms, corporations,
banks, etc.).
4. Individual entrepreneurs (sponsors,
patrons). A distinction should be made between the terms
patronage and sponsorship.
5. Funds of the population (income from commercial
programs, charitable donations of citizens).
6. Fundraising
57

58. Question 10. Innovation management: goals and objectives

The problems of innovation management began to pay special attention
attention in the middle of the 20th century. This period is characterized by stormy
development of new technologies and landmark innovations such as
like the invention of the computer, space exploration, etc.
Innovation is an object introduced into production in
as a result of scientific research or
done
discoveries,
qualitatively
different
from the previous analogue.
Innovative management-management, a combination of various
functions: marketing, planning, control, each of
aimed at solving various issues
interacting
between
different
divisions
enterprises.
The goal is the end state, the desired result, which
every organization strives to achieve. Goal sets
certain development guidelines for a given period
time. On the one hand, the goal is the result
forecasts and assessment of the situation, and on the other hand, as a limiter for
planned innovative activities.
58

59.

The goal in innovation management is
the desired result of the organization's activities in the form
a certain innovation implemented in given
deadlines and with limited resources, aimed at
quality development of the enterprise. The purpose of the innovative
activities, therefore, should establish
certain landmarks that provide a noticeable
the growth of all elements of the production and economic
enterprise systems, overcoming the formed
technological gap, the acquisition of a new quality
potential for a given period. Innovation Purpose
organization, on the one hand, is the result of
forecasts and assessment of the situation, and on the other hand, by limiting
for planned innovation activities.
The implementation of the goals set involves taking into account
various factors, among which
highlight the following: orientation of innovations to the market,
conformity
innovation
goals
enterprises,
the company's susceptibility to innovation, the availability of
enterprise source of creative ideas, economically
59

60.

substantiated system of selection and evaluation of innovative
projects,
effective
methods
management
innovative projects and control over their
implementation,
individual
and
collective
a responsibility
per
results
innovative
activities.
Main
tasks
innovative
management
are the following: 1)determination of development trends
scientific and technological progress in specific sectors
economy;
2)
organization
management
development
organizations; 3) identification of promising areas
innovative activity; 4) performance evaluation
innovation processes; 5) identification and assessment of risks,
arising in the process of creating and using
innovations;
6)
development
projects
implementation
innovations;
7)
creation
systems
management
innovation;8)
formation
favorable
innovation climate and conditions for the adaptation of the organization
to innovation; 9) making decisions aimed at
stimulation
innovative
activity
organizations; 10) substantiation of innovative solutions in
conditions of uncertainty and risk.)