What is the significance of the Russian language in the modern world. Russian language in the modern world

Russian language in modern world.

In terms of the total number of speakers, the Russian language occupies a place in the top ten world languages, but it is rather difficult to pinpoint this place.

The number of people who consider Russian as their native language exceeds 200 million, 130 million of whom live in Russia. The number of people who speak Russian perfectly and use it as a first or second language in everyday communication is estimated at 300-350 million.

All in all, more than half a billion people in the world speak Russian to one degree or another, and according to this indicator, Russian ranks third in the world after Chinese and English.

It is also controversial today whether the influence of the Russian language in the world has been declining in recent decades or not.

Of course, even in the seventies, Vysotsky wrote songs about "the spread of ours across the planet," but in the nineties and two thousandths this spread became much more noticeable.

But to start considering the situation with the Russian language as of the end of the 2000s should, of course, be with the post-Soviet states.

In the post-Soviet space, apart from Russia, there are at least three countries where the fate of the Russian language does not cause any concern. These are Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

In Belarus, the majority of the population speaks Russian in everyday life and in general in everyday communication, and in cities, young people and many middle-aged people practically lack even the Belarusian accent characteristic of the past in Russian.

At the same time, Belarus is the only post-Soviet state where the state status of the Russian language was confirmed in a referendum by an overwhelming majority of votes.

Obviously, the services of translators from Russian into Belarusian will not be in demand for a long time, and perhaps never - after all, almost all official and business correspondence in Belarus is conducted in Russian.

The language situation in Kazakhstan is more complicated. In the nineties, the share of Russians in the population of Kazakhstan significantly decreased, and Kazakhs for the first time since the thirties of the last century became the national majority. According to the Constitution, the only state language in Kazakhstan is Kazakh. However, since the mid-nineties, there has been a law that equates the Russian language in all official spheres to the state language. And in practice, in most state institutions of the city and regional level, as well as in the capital's government institutions, Russian is used more often than Kazakh.

The reason is simple and quite pragmatic. Representatives of different nationalities work in these institutions - Kazakhs, Russians, Germans, Koreans. At the same time, absolutely all educated Kazakhs are fluent in Russian, while representatives of other nationalities know Kazakh much worse.

A similar situation is observed in Kyrgyzstan, where there is also a law giving the Russian language an official status, and in everyday communication Russian speech in cities can be heard more often than Kyrgyz.

Azerbaijan adjoins these three countries, where the status of the Russian language is not officially regulated in any way, but in the cities the majority of the inhabitants of the indigenous nationality speak Russian very well, and many prefer to use it in communication. This, again, is facilitated by the multinational nature of the population of Azerbaijan. For national minorities since the times Soviet Union the language of interethnic communication is Russian.

Ukraine stands apart in this row. Here the linguistic situation is peculiar, and the linguistic policy sometimes takes on extremely strange forms.

The entire population of the east and south of Ukraine speaks Russian. Moreover, attempts at violent Ukrainization in a number of regions (in Crimea, Odessa, Donbass) lead to the opposite result. Previously, a neutral attitude towards the Ukrainian language changes to a negative one.

As a result, even the traditional mixed speech disappears in these territories - surzhik in the east and Odessa dialect in Odessa and the surrounding area. The new generation learns the language not on the example of parental speech, but on the example of the speech of Russian television announcers, and begins to speak the correct Russian literary language (with slang features of the 21st century).

An illustrative example: in the Russian speech of Ukrainian youth, the guttural Ukrainian “soft” Г (h) is replaced by the “hard” Ґ (g) of the Moscow-Petersburg type.

And in western Ukraine, too, not everything is simple. After all, the population of the Carpathian and Transcarpathian Ukraine speaks dialects, which in neighboring countries (Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia) are considered a separate Rusyn language.

And it turns out that the Ukrainian literary language and dialects close to the literary one in the Ukrainian state speaks a minority of the population. However, the Ukrainian authorities in last years are engaged in the implantation of the Ukrainian language by completely ridiculous methods - like the useless, but obligatory translation of all films that are shown in cinemas into Ukrainian.

However, unsurpassed in the desire to ensure that translation from Russian requires services translation agency, the Baltic states remain - especially Latvia and Estonia.

True, it should be noted that the language policy of the state and the attitude of the population are still two big differences (as they still say in Odessa). Rumors that a Russian tourist needs translation from English are greatly exaggerated.

The demands of life are stronger than the efforts of the state, and in this case this is manifested as clearly as possible. Even young people, who were born in Latvia and Estonia already in the period of independence, speak Russian enough to understand each other. And cases when a Latvian or Estonian refuses to speak Russian out of principle are rare. So much so that each of these cases turns out to be the subject of heated discussion in the press.

According to the testimony of the majority of Russians who have visited Latvia and Estonia in recent years, they have not come across signs of linguistic discrimination. Latvians and Estonians are very hospitable, and Russian continues to be the language of international communication in these countries. In Lithuania, the language policy was initially softer.

In Georgia and Armenia, the Russian language has the status of a language of a national minority. In Armenia, the share of Russians in the total population is very small, but a significant share of Armenians can speak Russian well. In Georgia, the situation is about the same, with the Russian language being more common in communication in those places where there is a large proportion of the foreign-speaking population. However, among young people, the knowledge of the Russian language in Georgia is very weak.

In Moldova, the Russian language does not have an official status (with the exception of Transnistria and Gagauzia), but de facto can be used in the official sphere.

In Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, Russian is less common than in neighboring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. In Tajikistan, the Russian language, according to the Constitution, is the language of interethnic communication, in Uzbekistan it has the status of the language of a national minority, in Turkmenistan the situation remains unclear.

One way or another, in all three states he speaks Russian most of urban population. On the other hand, the indigenous people speak their native language among themselves, and they switch to Russian only in conversation with Russians or with representatives of national minorities.

The linguistic and sociocultural situation in Uzbekistan is very clearly illustrated by modern Uzbek films. They are very interesting to observe in what situations Uzbek citizens switch to Russian in conversation with each other.

One way or another, the Russian language remains the language of interethnic communication throughout the entire post-Soviet space. And the main role it is not the position of the state that plays here, but the attitude of the population.

But in the far abroad the situation with the Russian language is the opposite. Russian, alas, belongs to the languages that have been lost in two generations.

Russian émigrés of the first generation prefer to speak Russian, and many of them learn the language new country not fully and speak with a strong accent. But already their children speak the local language practically without an accent (the girl, who was familiar to the author from her birth and who left with her mother for Sweden at the age of 11, by the age of sixteen, the Swedes took for a local, speaking a village dialect) and prefer the local language in communication.

They speak Russian only with their parents, and in Lately also on the internet. And by the way, the Internet plays an extremely important role in preserving the Russian language in the diaspora.

But on the other hand, in the third or fourth generation, interest in the roots of the descendants of emigrants revives, and they begin to specially learn the language of their ancestors. Including Russian.

In the seventies and eighties, with the almost complete breakdown of ties with the USSR, the Russian language gave way to English or Hebrew much faster than now, when any emigrant can keep in touch with family friends and acquaintances on the Internet.

In the seventies and eighties in Israel, emigrants from Russia learned Hebrew at an accelerated pace. And in the nineties, Israeli officials began to learn Russian at an accelerated pace, so as not to overload with unnecessary work translation agencies.

For example, in the former GDR schoolchildren were taught Russian, to be honest, much better than Soviet schoolchildren - German.

And one can hardly say that the role of the Russian language in the world has fallen over the past twenty years. the world... Increasing influence Russian language to others languages... Wonderful language the world... speech as a linguistic discipline // Russian language and modernity: Problems and Prospects for the Development of Russian Studies ...

Cheat sheet for Russian language (3)

Cheat sheet >> Literature and Russian language

Repetition of the traversed by Russian language... When building modern school course Russian language which is valid from the beginning .... First comes the discussion of the topic “Functions Russian language v modern the world "... This is followed by a repetition of what has been learned. In that...

Abstract >> Foreign language

The semantic meaning is fully preserved: Modern Dictionary Russian language interprets the word "surplus appropriation" as .... - p. 47-55. Kostomarov V.G., Denisov P.N., Veselov P.V. Russian language v modern the world... (Report at the International Conference IAPRNP ...

Development of intercultural communication in teaching foreign languages

Thesis >> Foreign language

Makes up about 5-6% of the live vocabulary modern Russian language: in other words, it takes ... Kostomarov V.G. Country Studies and Teaching Russian language as foreign, M., 1971. Vereshchagin E.M. Russian language v modern the world- M., 1974. Desherieva Yu.Yu. ...

Polyabin Ivan

Abstract "Russian language in the modern world"

CONTENT

1 Language and society

3 Problems of the ecology of language

4 Outstanding Russian scholars

1 LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

The social essence of the language:

The functions of language in society;

Languages and ethnic groups;

Language situations;

Language contacts;

3 PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

4 FAMOUS SCIENTISTS OF RUSSIA

linguistic Russian

Posted on Allbest.ru

CONTENT

1 Language and society

2 Russian language in the modern world

3 Problems of the ecology of language

4 Outstanding Russian scholars

1 LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

Language arises, develops and exists as a social phenomenon. Its main purpose is to serve the needs of human society and, above all, to ensure communication between members of a large or small social collective, as well as the functioning of the collective memory of this collective.

The concept of society refers to one of the difficult to define. Society is not just a set of human individuals, but a system of various relationships between people belonging to one or another social, professional, gender and age, ethnic, ethnographic, confessional group, where each individual occupies his own specific place and therefore acts as a bearer of a certain social status, social functions and roles. An individual as a member of society can be identified on the basis of a large number relationships that associate him with other individuals. The features of an individual's linguistic behavior and his behavior in general turn out to be largely determined by social factors.

The problem of the relationship between language and society includes many aspects, including those that are included in groups.

The social essence of the language:

The functions of language in society;

The main directions of the social evolution of languages;

The history of the language and the history of the people.

Language variation in society:

Functional variants (forms of existence) of the language;

Language and territorial differentiation of society (territorial dialects);

Language and social differentiation of society (social dialects);

Language and social roles of speakers.

Interaction of languages in a multi-ethnic society:

Languages and ethnic groups;

Language situations;

National language policy;

Language contacts;

Multilingualism in the sociological aspect ”.

Sociolinguistics (social linguistics), which arose at the junction of linguistics and sociology, as well as ethnolinguistics, ethnography of speech, stylistics, rhetoric, pragmatics, theory of language communication, theory mass communication etc.

Language performs the following social functions in society:

Communicative / informative (carried out in acts of interpersonal and mass communication, the transmission and reception of messages in the form of linguistic / verbal statements, the exchange of information between people as participants in acts of language communication, communicants),

Cognitive / cognitive (processing and storing knowledge in the memory of an individual and society, forming a picture of the world),

Interpretive / interpretive (revealing the deep meaning of perceived linguistic statements / texts),

Regulatory / social / interactive (linguistic interaction of communicants with the aim of exchanging communicative roles, establishing their communicative leadership, influencing each other, organizing a successful exchange of information due to the observance of communicative postulates and principles),

Contact-establishing / phatic (establishing and maintaining communicative interaction),

Emotionally expressive (expression of one's emotions, feelings, moods, psychological attitudes, attitude towards communication partners and the subject of communication),

Aesthetic (creation of works of art),

Magical / "incantatory" (use in religious ritual, in the practice of spellcasters, psychics, etc.),

Ethnocultural (unification into a single whole of representatives of a given ethnos as carriers of the same language as their mother tongue),

Meta-linguistic / meta-verbal (transmission of messages about the facts of the language itself and speech acts in it). The history of each language is closely related to the history of the people who are its speakers.

Identifying (there are significant functional differences between the language of the tribe, the language of the nationality and the language of the nation. The language plays an extremely important role in the consolidation of related (and not only related) tribes into a nationality and in the formation of a nation.

One and the same ethnic group can use two or more languages at the same time. So, many peoples Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages used as their spoken languages and Latin. In Babylonia, along with Akkadian (Babylonian-Assyrian) for a long time the Sumerian language was used. Conversely, one and the same language can simultaneously serve several ethnic groups. So, Spanish is used in Spain, and also (often simultaneously with other languages) in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, The Republic of Cuba, the Philippines, the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, etc. Ethnicity can lose its language and switch to another language. This happened, for example, in Gaul due to the Romanization of the Celts.

Describing the relationship of different variants of the language or different languages used in the same social collective, they speak of the linguistic situation. Language situations can be one-component and multicomponent, equilibrium and non-equilibrium. Iceland is an example of a one-component language situation. A balanced situation takes place in Belgium (the same status of the French and Dutch languages).

In many states of West Africa, non-equilibrium situations are observed: local languages have a greater demographic power, and in terms of communicative power they are inferior to European languages. One language can dominate: Wolof in Senegal. Nigeria is dominated by several languages (Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo). The languages used can have different prestige (in the case of diglossia). The choice of a rational language policy pursued by the state is based on a thoughtful analysis and balanced assessment of linguistic situations.

Correlation of different linguistic systems and different types of culture (as well as different ways of categorizing world phenomena) constitutes the content of ethnolinguistics. Many representatives of ethnolinguistics often inappropriately exaggerate the role of language in understanding the world (Leo Weisgerber's school in Germany, the hypothesis of linguistic relativity put forward in the USA by Edward Sapir and Benjamin L. Wharf).

The language in a certain way reflects the territorial differentiation of the people speaking it, acting in the form of a multitude of dialects, and the social differentiation of society into classes, strata and groups, the differences existing between them in the use of a single language as a whole, acting in the form of many options, varieties, social dialects (sociolects). The language in the form of many forms of a general and specialized nature, such as literary language, vernacular, Koine, functional styles, sublanguages of science, jargons and argot, reflects the variety of spheres and environments of its application.

This language is affected by the emergence of its own writing system and the formation of a written language along with the spoken language, the invention and distribution of book printing, newspapers, magazines, radio, telegraph, telephone, television, and the Internet. Since society in the process of its historical development is constantly changing, the functions of the language serving it, its social and functional stratification, the relationship between territorial and social dialects, and the social status of various forms of language existence also change.

For theoretical linguistics, the problem of the relationship between internal (intrastructural) and external (primarily social) factors in the development of the language system is of considerable interest. Language (and above all its vocabulary) is sensitive to the development of material culture (technique and technology), to the achievements of spiritual culture (mythological, philosophical, artistic, scientific comprehension of the world, the formation of new concepts).

2 RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE MODERN WORLD

In terms of the total number of speakers, the Russian language occupies a place in the top ten world languages, but it is rather difficult to pinpoint this place.

All in all, more than half a billion people in the world speak Russian to one degree or another, and according to this indicator, Russian ranks third in the world after Chinese and English.

It is also controversial today whether the influence of the Russian language in the world has been declining in recent decades or not.

On the one hand, the linguistic situation in the post-Soviet space, where before the collapse of the USSR, the Russian language served as the generally recognized language of interethnic communication, is very contradictory, and here one can identify a variety of tendencies. On the other hand, the Russian-speaking diaspora in the far abroad has grown many times over over the past twenty years. Of course, even in the seventies, Vysotsky wrote songs about "the spread of ours across the planet," but in the nineties and two thousandths this spread became much more noticeable. But to start considering the situation with the Russian language as of the end of the 2000s should, of course, be with the post-Soviet states. In the post-Soviet space, apart from Russia, there are at least three countries where the fate of the Russian language does not cause any concern. These are Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

At the same time, Belarus is the only post-Soviet state where the state status of the Russian language was confirmed in a referendum by an overwhelming majority of votes. Obviously, the services of translators from Russian into Belarusian will not be in demand for a long time, and perhaps never - after all, almost all official and business correspondence in Belarus is conducted in Russian.

Azerbaijan adjoins these three countries, where the status of the Russian language is not officially regulated in any way, but in the cities the majority of the inhabitants of the indigenous nationality speak Russian very well, and many prefer to use it in communication. This, again, is facilitated by the multinational nature of the population of Azerbaijan. For national minorities since the times of the Soviet Union, the language of interethnic communication has been Russian.

Ukraine stands apart in this row. Here the linguistic situation is peculiar, and the linguistic policy sometimes takes on extremely strange forms.

An illustrative example: in the Russian speech of Ukrainian youth, the guttural Ukrainian “soft” Г (h) is replaced by the “hard” Ґ (g) of the Moscow-Petersburg type.

And it turns out that the Ukrainian literary language and dialects close to the literary one in the Ukrainian state speaks a minority of the population. However, in recent years, the Ukrainian authorities have been planting the Ukrainian language using completely ridiculous methods - like the useless, but obligatory translation of all films shown in cinemas into Ukrainian.

However, the Baltic states - especially Latvia and Estonia - remain unsurpassed in their striving to ensure that translation from Russian requires translation agency services.

One way or another, in all three states the majority of the urban population speaks Russian. On the other hand, the indigenous people speak their native language among themselves, and they switch to Russian only in conversation with Russians or with representatives of national minorities.

For example, in some new Uzbek films, reminiscent of Indian melodramas in their plot, the heroes switch to Russian to express feelings or clarify relationships that do not fit into patriarchal local customs. And a kind of language barrier looms. In a fairly Europeanized Uzbek society, you can discuss any topic - but not all of them can be discussed in the Uzbek language. For some, Russian is better. One way or another, the Russian language remains the language of interethnic communication throughout the entire post-Soviet space. Moreover, the main role here is played not by the position of the state, but by the attitude of the population. But in the far abroad the situation with the Russian language is the opposite. Russian, alas, belongs to the languages that have been lost in two generations.

Russian emigrants of the first generation prefer to speak Russian, and many of them do not fully master the language of the new country and speak with a strong accent. But already their children speak the local language practically without an accent (the girl, who was familiar to the author from her birth and who left with her mother for Sweden at the age of 11, by the age of sixteen, the Swedes took for a local, speaking a village dialect) and prefer the local language in communication.

They speak Russian only with their parents, and recently also on the Internet. And by the way, the Internet plays an extremely important role in preserving the Russian language in the diaspora. But on the other hand, in the third or fourth generation, interest in the roots of the descendants of emigrants revives, and they begin to specially learn the language of their ancestors. Including Russian.

Today, in the last year belonging to the "zero", the Russian language not only remains the main language of interethnic communication in the entire post-Soviet space. The older generation speaks it well and the younger generation speaks well enough in many countries of the former socialist camp. For example, in the former GDR schoolchildren were taught Russian, to be honest, much better than Soviet schoolchildren - German. And one can hardly say that the role of the Russian language in the world has fallen over the past twenty years. One can only rejoice in the fact that the role of national languages has increased over the years in the post-Soviet space. But the Russian language continues to be the language of interethnic communication and one of the world languages, which is not in vain one of the official languages of the UN.

3 PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The Moscow House of Nationalities recently hosted a round table "Russian language in the XXI century." Much has been said here that the culture of speech is being lost everywhere, that the language is in a deep crisis. I must say, this is a very widespread opinion. It is noteworthy: among the participants in the discussion, there was only one linguist - professor of the Russian language department at Moscow State University named after Lomonosov Lyudmila Cherneyko. So she considers such statements to be exaggerated: “I see nothing deplorable in the state of the Russian language. I only see threats to him. But we ourselves listen to each other. We speak very well. I listen to students. They speak beautifully. Generally speaking, specialists have always been interested in the language. If a society shows such an interest in the Russian language, which it is showing now in the last, at least 5 years, this is evidence of an increase in national self-awareness. This is encouraging. "

Surprisingly, only linguists are inclined to discuss linguistic problems in a more or less restrained register. Disputes between non-specialists are usually heated. Busy: the arguments are often the most cheating. Moreover, not only disputes cause a painful reaction. Many people can catch themselves on the fact that, having noticed in the speech of an official or, say, a TV journalist, just one, but a gross mistake, they are suddenly ready to jump out of indignation or exclaim something like: “Oh, my God, you can't do that ! "

No wonder there are stable phrases "native language" and "native speech". The word "native" in the Russian national consciousness is closely related to deep concepts that are very important for everyone, for example, " native home"Or" loved one. " Trespassing on them provokes anger. Damage to the native language too. Lyudmila Cherneiko notes that there is another reason why we are so embarrassed when we learn that we have pronounced or spelled some word incorrectly. (Compare with your reaction to a mistake, say, in arithmetic calculations - it will not be so emotional).

Lyudmila Cherneyko believes that speech is a social passport that tells a lot about a person: “Moreover, we find out the place where the person was born, the place where he grew up. This means that you need to get rid of some territorial features of your speech, if you do not want to give unnecessary information to the listener. Further. The level of education. How we say it depends on what kind of education we have and, in particular, humanitarian. Why is Bauman University now introducing the subject "culture of speech"? Moreover, why slang, such a thieves' argo is an isoteric system, a closed system, why? Because a stranger is recognized by speech. Through speeches we find like-minded people, through speeches we find people who have approximately the same worldview as ours. It's all by speeches. " And these speeches in recent years have not become more illiterate, rather - on the contrary. Why do many people have a strong feeling that the Russian language is degrading? The fact is that its existence has changed significantly. Previously, oral expression in a number of cases was only an imitation of such, but, in fact, was a written form of speech. From all the stands, starting with the factory meeting and ending with the rostrum of the CPSU Congress, reports were read from a piece of paper. The vast majority of TV and radio broadcasts were recorded, and so on, and so on. People of the middle and older generation remember with what eager interest the whole country listened to the speeches of Mikhail Gorbachev, who had just come to power, easily (here is a rare case) forgiving him to “start” instead of “start”. The new leader was able to speak without looking at the pre-written text, and it seemed fresh and unusual.

Since then, public speaking has become predominant, and, of course, if a person does not speak according to what is written, he is more likely to make mistakes. That does not justify some extremes, emphasizes Lyudmila Cherneyko: “The television audience is colossal. In the absence of self-censorship, when the program for young people is "cool", "high", this is an endless "wow" - this way of communication is set as a model, as a standard, as something that they want to imitate. "

By the way, Lyudmila Cherneyko does not like the English exclamation "wow" for the simple reason that he has a Russian analogue. Therefore, she says, a person who cares about the purity of speech will not use this word. Yes, it probably won’t take root: “If we don’t say 'wow' to you, then we won’t say so. We will say the Russian “ah”, ”says Lyudmila Cherneyko.

But in general, in the current abundance of borrowings (and this is considered by many to be one of the main threats to the language), the linguist does not see anything terrible: “The language is so arranged, especially the Russian language is an open system, a language that has always absorbed other people's influence, reworked it creatively ... When, quite recently, our graduate, who had already been working in America for many years, spoke at the university, he said: "Come on, we will throw away all foreign roots." His mission is to cleanse the Russian language of all foreign roots. But I, as a linguist, have a completely natural question - and you, in general, suggest a Russian person to throw out the word "soup". Yes, he will be very surprised. But the word "soup" is borrowed. Therefore, when I am offered some completely utopian ideas - let's, we will clean the Russian language from foreign borrowings - it seems ridiculous to me. Because it is impossible. For example: "Only a vulgar face has no physiognomy." This is Turgenev. You borrowed the word "physiognomy", where will you go? By the way, a scientific fact - you will not find a single borrowed word rooted in the Russian language that would fully reflect the semantics of the recipient's language, that is, the language from which it is taken. This does not exist and cannot be. The language takes everything and builds it into its system, because it lacks some means. Among other things, these are such banal things - why was “laborer” lost as the name of a profession in Russian? Because you never Russian word do not clear the age-old connotations, associations. Because in each word the associative meaning sticks out like a bundle in all directions. Mandelstam wrote about this. A foreign word, especially in term creation, especially in terminology systems, is absolutely necessary, like air. Because it does not have any unnecessary connotations unnecessary for scientific thinking. " And here's another thing. It is generally accepted that language is a self-organizing system that lives according to its own internal laws. But not only, says one more participant of the round table in the Moscow House of Nationalities - the head of the coordination and analytical department of the Ministry of Culture Russian Federation Vyacheslav Smirnov. According to him, the political component also plays a significant role, at least when it comes to the area of distribution of the language: “Its sphere of use is narrowing - narrowing in the former republics of the former Soviet Union. Although not so long ago, the President of Kyrgyzstan spoke in favor of maintaining the status of the Russian language as an official one. Still, this is an exception. The Russian language is less and less often used as a means of interethnic communication.

4 FAMOUS SCIENTISTS OF RUSSIA

linguistic Russian

A.A. Reformed (1900-1978) - a remarkable scholar and philologist. He gained fame in wide circles thanks to the famous textbook for university students "Introduction to Linguistics". His scientific interests are extremely diverse, and his works are devoted to various problems of language: phonetics, word formation, vocabulary, the theory of writing, the history of linguistics, the relationship between language and speech. Together with other outstanding linguists - Kuznetsov, Sidorov and Avanesov - Reformatsky was the founder of the Moscow phonological school, the ideas of which are still being developed today.

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1 Language and society

2 Russian language in the modern world

3 Problems of the ecology of language

4 Outstanding Russian scholars

1 LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

The concept of society refers to one of the difficult to define. Society is not just a set of human individuals, but a system of various relationships between people belonging to one or another social, professional, gender and age, ethnic, ethnographic, confessional group, where each individual occupies his own specific place and therefore acts as a bearer of a certain social status, social functions and roles. An individual as a member of society can be identified on the basis of a large number of relationships that connect him with other individuals. The features of an individual's linguistic behavior and his behavior in general turn out to be largely determined by social factors.

The problem of the relationship between language and society includes many aspects, including those that are included in groups.

The social essence of the language:

The functions of language in society;

The main directions of the social evolution of languages;

The history of the language and the history of the people.

Language variation in society:

Functional variants (forms of existence) of the language;

Language and territorial differentiation of society (territorial dialects);

Language and social differentiation of society (social dialects);

Language and social roles of speakers.

Interaction of languages in a multi-ethnic society:

Languages and ethnic groups;

Language situations;

National language policy;

Language contacts;

Multilingualism in the sociological aspect ”.

Sociolinguistics (social linguistics), which arose at the intersection of linguistics and sociology, as well as ethnolinguistics, ethnography of speech, stylistics, rhetoric, pragmatics, theory of linguistic communication, theory of mass communication, etc. are engaged in their research.

Language performs the following social functions in society:

Cognitive / cognitive (processing and storing knowledge in the memory of an individual and society, forming a picture of the world),

Interpretive / interpretive (revealing the deep meaning of perceived linguistic statements / texts),

Contact-establishing / phatic (establishing and maintaining communicative interaction),

Emotionally expressive (expression of one's emotions, feelings, moods, psychological attitudes, attitude towards communication partners and the subject of communication),

Aesthetic (creation of works of art),

Magical / "incantatory" (use in religious ritual, in the practice of spellcasters, psychics, etc.),

Ethnocultural (unification into a single whole of representatives of a given ethnos as carriers of the same language as their mother tongue),

One and the same ethnic group can use two or more languages at the same time. Thus, many peoples of Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages used both their spoken languages and Latin. In Babylonia, along with Akkadian (Babylonian-Assyrian), the Sumerian language was used for a long time. Conversely, one and the same language can simultaneously serve several ethnic groups. So, Spanish is used in Spain, and also (often simultaneously with other languages) in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, The Republic of Cuba, the Philippines, the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, etc. Ethnicity can lose its language and switch to another language. This happened, for example, in Gaul due to the Romanization of the Celts.

2 RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE MODERN WORLD

In terms of the total number of speakers, the Russian language occupies a place in the top ten world languages, but it is rather difficult to pinpoint this place.

All in all, more than half a billion people in the world speak Russian to one degree or another, and according to this indicator, Russian ranks third in the world after Chinese and English.

It is also controversial today whether the influence of the Russian language in the world has been declining in recent decades or not.

Azerbaijan adjoins these three countries, where the status of the Russian language is not officially regulated in any way, but in the cities the majority of the inhabitants of the indigenous nationality speak Russian very well, and many prefer to use it in communication. This, again, is facilitated by the multinational nature of the population of Azerbaijan. For national minorities since the times of the Soviet Union, the language of interethnic communication has been Russian.

Ukraine stands apart in this row. Here the linguistic situation is peculiar, and the linguistic policy sometimes takes on extremely strange forms.

An illustrative example: in the Russian speech of Ukrainian youth, the guttural Ukrainian “soft” Г (h) is replaced by the “hard” Ґ (g) of the Moscow-Petersburg type.

However, the Baltic states - especially Latvia and Estonia - remain unsurpassed in their striving to ensure that translation from Russian requires translation agency services.

3 PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

No wonder there are stable phrases "native language" and "native speech". In the Russian national consciousness, the word “native” is closely related to deep-seated concepts that are very important for everyone, for example, “native home” or “native person”. Trespassing on them provokes anger. Damage to the native language too. Lyudmila Cherneiko notes that there is another reason why we are so embarrassed when we learn that we have pronounced or spelled some word incorrectly. (Compare with your reaction to a mistake, say, in arithmetic calculations - it will not be so emotional).

But in general, in the current abundance of borrowings (and this is considered by many to be one of the main threats to the language), the linguist does not see anything terrible: “The language is so arranged, especially the Russian language is an open system, a language that has always absorbed other people's influence, reworked it creatively ... When, quite recently, our graduate, who had already been working in America for many years, spoke at the university, he said: "Come on, we will throw away all foreign roots." His mission is to cleanse the Russian language of all foreign roots. But I, as a linguist, have a completely natural question - and you, in general, suggest a Russian person to throw out the word "soup". Yes, he will be very surprised. But the word "soup" is borrowed. Therefore, when I am offered some completely utopian ideas - let's, we will clean the Russian language from foreign borrowings - it seems ridiculous to me. Because it is impossible. For example: "Only a vulgar face has no physiognomy." This is Turgenev. You borrowed the word "physiognomy", where will you go? By the way, a scientific fact - you will not find a single borrowed word rooted in the Russian language that would fully reflect the semantics of the recipient's language, that is, the language from which it is taken. This does not exist and cannot be. The language takes everything and builds it into its system, because it lacks some means. Among other things, these are such banal things - why was “laborer” lost as the name of a profession in Russian? Because you will never clear the Russian word of age-old connotations, of associations. Because in each word the associative meaning sticks out like a bundle in all directions. Mandelstam wrote about this. A foreign word, especially in term creation, especially in terminology systems, is absolutely necessary, like air. Because it does not have any unnecessary connotations unnecessary for scientific thinking. " And here's another thing. It is generally accepted that language is a self-organizing system that lives according to its own internal laws. But not only, says another participant of the round table at the Moscow House of Nationalities - the head of the coordination and analytical department of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation Vyacheslav Smirnov. According to him, the political component also plays a significant role, at least when it comes to the area of distribution of the language: “Its sphere of use is narrowing - narrowing in the former republics of the former Soviet Union. Although not so long ago, the President of Kyrgyzstan spoke in favor of maintaining the status of the Russian language as an official one. Still, this is an exception. The Russian language is less and less often used as a means of interethnic communication.

4 FAMOUS SCIENTISTS OF RUSSIA

linguistic Russian

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I believe that the role of the Russian language is determined by the great importance that the Russian people have had and have in the history of mankind - the creator and bearer of this language.

The Russian language is the single language of the Russian nation, but at the same time it is also the language of international communication in the modern world. The Russian language is gaining more and more international importance. It has become the language of international congresses and conferences, and the most important international treaties and agreements are written in it. Its influence on other languages is increasing. Back in 1920, V. I. Lenin proudly said: "Our Russian word" Council "is one of the most widespread, it is not even translated into other languages, but is pronounced in Russian everywhere." Many languages of the world include the words Bolshevik, Komsomol member, collective farm, etc.

The Russian Federation is a multinational state. All peoples inhabiting it develop their national culture and language. The Russian language is used by the peoples of the Russian Federation as the language of interethnic communication. Knowledge of the Russian language facilitates communication between people of different nationalities inhabiting our country, facilitates their mutual understanding.

The Russian language enriches the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation with such words and phrases, such as: party, school, book, newspaper, collective farm, plan, factory, etc. In turn, some elements from national languages are included in the Russian dictionary literary language(for example, aul, akyn, aryk, kishlak, shaman, etc.).

In modern conditions, the Russian language is acquiring more and more international importance. It is studied by many people in different countries the world.

The Russian language is undoubtedly the language of the richest fiction, the world significance of which is exceptionally great.

The Russian language is one of the most remarkable languages in the world in terms of the variety of grammatical forms and the richness of the vocabulary. He has always been a source of pride for Russian writers who loved their people and their homeland. “The people who have such a language are a great people,” said one of the most excellent connoisseurs of the Russian word, IS Turgenev. MV Lomonosov found in the Russian language "the splendor of the Spanish, the liveliness of the French, the strength of the German, the tenderness of the Italian" and, in addition, "the richness and strong brevity of the Greek and Latin languages in the images."

A.S. Pushkin characterized the Russian language as a language "flexible and powerful in its turnovers and means ...", "receptive and sociable in its relations to foreign languages ..." so to speak, sincerity of expressions ”and saw the main advantage of the Russian literary language in its closeness to the language of the people.

"Great, mighty, truthful and free" - these words were used to describe the Russian language by I. S. Turgenev.

Thus, the huge role of the Russian language in the modern world is determined by its cultural value, its power and greatness.

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The value of the Russian language in the modern world.

The language lives with the life of the people.
V.G.Belinsky

Each language is a whole world. Language is not only a subject for study, but the living soul of the people, their joy, pain, memory, treasure. The main purpose of a language is a means of communication between people. It is inextricably linked with thinking, human consciousness, serves as a means of forming and expressing thoughts. The language has come a long way in its development. The development of the language allowed people to consolidate their diverse experience, pass it on from generation to generation, which contributed to an increase in the material standard of living, the progress of science, technology, and culture.
Russian is the national language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation and the language of interethnic communication. If you look around, you can find a lot of things created by the mind and hands of man: radio, telephone, car, ship, plane, rocket ... But the most amazing and wisest thing that mankind has created is language. Almost all people on Earth can speak. They speak different languages, but all languages have one task to help people understand each other when communicating, when general work.
The key word in the combination "modern Russian language" is the word Russian. This is the language created by the people, on which they build their culture. For a Russian, he is dear. Among more than two and a half thousand languages known in the globe, the Russian language is one of the most widespread and meets the linguistic needs of not only Russians, but also people of other nationalities living in Russia and abroad.
The Russian language is one of the most developed languages. He has a rich vocabulary and terminology in all areas of science, technology, culture, expressiveness of lexical and grammatical means, a developed system of functional styles, the ability to reflect all the diversity and richness of the surrounding world.
The meaning of the language is noted by many Russian proverbs.

The human word arrow is sharper.

Good speech is also good to listen to.

A bullet will hit one, and a well-aimed word will hit a thousand.
Studying the Russian language is designed to reveal the wealth, beauty and greatness of the Russian national language, to strengthen and make more conscious pride in it and love for it. The Russian language is the language of the great Russian people with a heroic history, outstanding achievements in culture, science, social thought, literature, etc. In all these achievements there is a great contribution of the Russian language as a means of communication, as a form of national culture.The study of the native language should begin with the study of the sayings about it of those who were fluent in the Russian word, for example, K.G. Paustovsky: « We have been given possession of the richest, most accurate, powerful and truly magical Russian language. True love for your country is unthinkable without love for your language. We are learning the language and must learn continuously until last days his life ".

Modern Russian as a subject of study

Language is the most valuable heritage that modern

people from previous generations. The language of the people is their life, is

thorium, development, future. Language is shaping and honing our

thought, thanks to language, communication is carried out within the human community

lective, thanks to language, the person himself improves. Such an important role

language in public life teaches respect for it, requires

solid and solid knowledge of its rules and laws of development. This is especially

important for philology students who must carry this knowledge to others

The term modern Russian literary language is used in non-

how many values:

- as a designation of the system of the modern Russian literary language-

ka, i.e. a set of norms of education and functioning of units of Russian-5

th language (sounds, words, word forms, phrases and sentences) on the basis of

time stage of development;

- as the name of a science that studies sound, lexical, gram-

the technical system of the modern Russian literary language;

- as the name of an academic discipline that studies the basics of science

modern Russian literary language.

Russian is the national language of the Russian people, the spokesman for

History and culture of the Russian people

The national Russian language means the language system

MA of phonetic, lexical and grammatical units and rules, which

evolved over the centuries and which distinguishes the language of the Russian nation

from any other language.

The Russian national language is not homogeneous. It includes separate

nye varieties, each of which has its own scope. In co-

the core of the national Russian language can be distinguished, the center is literary

language, and the periphery, which is formed by territorial and social

dialects (jargons, professionalisms, slang, argot), various

languages, the area of vernacular. The share of these components may vary by

example, for state of the art the Russian language is characterized by a decrease

share of dialectisms, but the expansion of the vocabulary and scope of jargon-7

noisy vocabulary. All these forms of existence are different from each other, but

united - basically - a common grammatical system and a common

vocabulary.

The Russian national language, like many other languages, has passed

a significant evolutionary path and continues to develop.

The national Russian language began to take shape by the 17th century.

in parallel with the formation of the Moscow state. Forming a nation and

national language is associated with the formation of the state, strengthening its

borders, economic and political ties between individual territories

riami. Slavic tribes in Kievan Rus XV - XVI centuries, although it is represented

They were one nationality, they were not yet a nation. Nations arise during the pre-

overcoming economic fragmentation, development of commodity circulation and

the emergence of a single market.

For different peoples, the process of forming a nation and a language proceeded in different ways.

time and went along different paths. Russian national language developed into

the basis of the Moscow dialect, which already by the 15th - 16th centuries. lost its ter-

rhetorical limitation. His features, such as akanya, hiccup, production

wearing a back-lingual explosive sound and some others, still co-

were kept in modern Russian. In addition, in the formation of Russian

The Old Church Slavonic language played a significant role in this national language. Per-

the influence on the Russian language and many other languages is noticeable, for example, French

sky and English.

K. D. Ushinsky wrote: “Language is the most lively, the most abundant and

a strong bond connecting the outlived, living and future generations of

kind into one great, historical living whole ... ". Indeed, the language

like the chronicle tells us about how our ancestors lived, with what

peoples they met, with whom they entered into communication. All events are saved

are stored in the people's memory and passed on from generation to generation with the help of

words, stable combinations. They can tell us a lot about the history of Russian

sky people proverbs and sayings.

The role and functions of the Russian language in the modern world

Language belongs to those social phenomena that serve as a medium

communication of people. First of all, Russian people communicate in Russian.

sky nation. Therefore, the main function of the Russian language is to be a language

national communication, i.e., the national language.

In accordance with Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Russian

the language is considered the state language throughout its territory. Before 1991

the concept of "state language" was not used, and the Russian language had

the status of an interethnic language. He was assigned all the necessary8

for state language functions. It was widely used in the field of business

communication, education, he was the language of science and scientific communication, is

used in the media, in legal proceedings, etc.

Since the Russian Federation is a multinational state (in

2001 it included 176 nations and ethnic groups), Russian

serves as a means of communication between representatives of different nations and peoples

people living on its territory.

Emergence, formation, development, as well as functioning

any language, including Russian, in interethnic communication is a pro

the process is complex and multifaceted, depending on the complex of linguistic and

social factors.

The status of the language of interethnic communication (since 1922), and this is another

the function of the Russian language is to be the language of interethnic communication, Russian

language got for a number of reasons.

1. Linguistic reasons.

The Russian language is one of the most developed languages in the territory

Russian Federation. He has a rich vocabulary and grammar, excellent

a common system of functional styles. This allows you to use it

in all spheres of human life and activity. In Russian, you can

to provide a variety of scientific information, to express feelings and emotions,

create poetic and prose works of fiction

tours. The Russian language has the richest in its subject matter, genres and styles

writing associated with high culture. All this provides

rich communicative and informative value of the Russian language.

- The Russian nation is the most numerous on the territory of the Russian Federation

- The Russian language is widely spoken outside its borders;

- The Russian language has enriched other early-written languages, on its basis

writing was created for more than 70 languages;

- The Russian nation is characterized by a highly developed economy, efficient

tive technology in many branches of technology.

At the same time, the Russian language does not compete with other languages for the right

to be an interethnic language - this role is due to objective

factors and historical conditions.

The third important function of the Russian language in the modern world is to be

the language of international communication.

The Russian language was accepted into the club of world languages, along with English,

Arabic, French, Spanish, Chinese. These languages consider-

Xia official languages international organizations such as the UN,

UNESCO, IAEA. In these languages, the largest international

conferences and symposia, official documents are published, bulletin-9

shadows, special magazines, websites are being created on the Internet,

diagrams. The Russian language as a world language provides communication in time

me meetings on the highest level and at international conferences.

Russian is the language of one of the largest centers of international

education. Knowledge of the Russian language contributes to career growth

specialists in various fields of knowledge around the world. Russian language provides

provides access not only to the riches of science and culture in Russia, but also to other

countries, acting as a kind of mediator between different nations... After all

a significant part of scientific and artistic

literature coming out in the world.

Despite some decline in interest in the Russian language during perestroika,

ny and post-perestroika period, since the end of the 90s, the situation has stabilized

Vala: the Russian language is studied abroad in universities and secondary educational

institutions as a second or third foreign language.

Of course, the place of the Russian language in the education system is

determined by the state policy of Russia and other

states, relations between countries.

The spread of the Russian language abroad is facilitated by a number of organizations

zations: International Association teachers of Russian language and literature

tours (MAPRYAL), Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (OLRS). A

the activities of these organizations, in turn, helps to shape the

living image of Russia in the world through acquaintance with the language and culture of

4 . Subject and aspects of the study of phonetics

language. Phonetics occupies a special place among linguistic disciplines,

because, unlike lexicology, morphology, syntax, studies

linguistic units that have no lexical meaning, but serve to

distinguishing between units of grammar and vocabulary. Moreover, some linguistic phenomena

Leanings are on the border of phonetics and grammar. It should be noted that

sounds, being material units, determine the material side

well, other language units, uniting all levels into one whole. This defines

the importance of studying the phonetic units themselves and their regular

Depending on the tasks, methods and subject of research, there are

particular and general phonetics, descriptive, historical and comparative

ny, as well as experimental and sociophonetics.

Private phonetics deals with the study of the sound system specifically

Go language, general - studies general sound patterns. The subject of the

phonetic phonetics is the phonetic system of the language in a certain

the period of its development. Historical phonetics considers changes,

emanating from the sound system of the language throughout its history. Retreat-

differences and differences in the sound structure of several languages

body phonetics. Sociophonetics reveals the peculiarities of the pronunciation of

specific groups of the population. Experimental phonetics studies sound

units through experimentation.

Speech sounds as natural material units can be considered

from different sides: from the side of the speaker and from the side of the listener. V

in this regard, the articulatory and acoustic aspects of the sounds of the

chi. The articulatory (physiological) aspect considers sounds as

the result of articulation of the organs of the speech apparatus. Acoustic aspect

is associated with understanding the physical nature of speech sounds, which creates the basis

to describe the perception of speech sounds by the listener. Articulating and acu-

static approaches consider phonetic units as material

ny, but outside of direct connection with the process of human communication.

When is the role of phonetic phenomena revealed in the process of information exchange?

mation, then it becomes necessary to describe the units of phonetics in the functional

nal aspect, or phonological. Viewing sounds from this point

view allows you to find out the social significance of phonetic facts. 17

At the same time, it is important to understand that all these aspects are closely related and mutually