Higher education candidate of sciences where to go. No PhD

Applicants are one of the forms of training scientific personnel. It is often used by various employees of universities and research institutes.

The reason for choosing this particular form, as a rule, is as follows: a person prepared a Ph.D. thesis during his work, and therefore does not need to study in graduate school.

The applicant implies that a person is personally working on a dissertation research.

If the results are sufficiently acceptable, then he can further apply for a Ph.D.

Differences from graduate school

The main difference from graduate school is that the applicant, in principle, does not take any course of study, and he also does not participate in pedagogical work at the department and other activities that are inherent in graduate students. He is only preparing a dissertation research - that's all.

Usually, this approach is used by already experienced researchers and employees of scientific / educational institutions who have enough knowledge and experience to prepare a dissertation, but who do not require training on the topic of the dissertation they have chosen.

Also, the applicant, when compared with graduate school, is not required to pass any entrance exams. He is simply credited by order of the head of the institution based on the results of a positive conclusion of the department to which the applicant is attached, also based on the results of an interview with a future supervisor.

Expert opinion

What's wrong with the job seeker system today? First of all, without going to graduate school, you will not receive a diploma of graduation marked “teacher-researcher”. Since 2014, postgraduate studies have been the third stage of education after undergraduate and graduate programs. Most likely, just such a diploma in the future will become a “pass” to teaching.”

Nina Kuznetsova

Project Expert

Requirements

In order to become an applicant, you must meet several requirements.

If a person is attached to a scientific or educational institution, it is important that he has a higher professional education, or a Ph.D. degree if he is a doctoral candidate.

It is also necessary to meet certain qualification requirements, which are established by the Higher Attestation Commission.

How to become an applicant?

To prepare a Ph.D. thesis, the applicant must submit an application addressed to the supervisor and attach a copy of the diploma of higher vocational education, and optionally a certificate of passing candidate exams.

If a person is attached to prepare a doctoral dissertation, then you need to submit an application addressed to the head and attach a copy of the candidate of science diploma to it.

If, by order of the head, a person was attached as an applicant, then within 3 months he must provide the department with the topic of the dissertation and an individual plan for its preparation. They must be approved by management. educational institution. Periodically, the applicant must also report to the department and be certified every year. Otherwise, a person can simply be expelled.

Opinions and reviews

To be honest, I started writing the paper without going to graduate school. And, of course, I deeply regretted it. Since at my university there was no council for protection and there is not to this day. As a result, I need to go to another city, where, of course, they can help me with protection, but all this, to be honest, is more like a battle or a battle. Also playing Russian roulette. Last years made the application process very difficult.

Ask for help The Regulations on the award of academic degrees define the requirements for persons admitted to the defense of dissertations. Clause 3 lists the requirements for those who did not study in graduate school:

higher education(master or specialist);

dissertation written when attached to the organization;

positive feedback on the dissertation of the organization in which it was carried out;

successful completion of candidate exams

To defend your Ph.D. thesis without going to graduate school, do two things first:

We recommend moving in this order. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of March 28, 2014 N 248 approved the procedure for attaching persons to prepare a dissertation for the degree of candidate of science without mastering the training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (adjuncture) . Paragraph 2 establishes that it is possible to attach for the preparation of a dissertation only to the organization in which a dissertation council has been established. Moreover, the dissertation council should have the right to award degrees in the specialty that interests us.

It turns out that you need to start with a review of the list of dissertation councils, since the HAC kindly prepared it.

We filter by specialty and city, choose a discouncil. Next, you just need to call the organization on the basis of which it was created, and clarify the cost and procedure for attaching.

You can attach to the organization to complete a Ph.D. thesis for a period of no more than 3 years.

Surrendering the candidate's minimum as an external student

It is highly likely that the organization on the basis of which the dissertation council was created is educational and one can also attach himself there to pass candidate exams. An example of an organization from the list of discourse councils presented in the picture above.

But you can always find a graduate school and attach yourself there to pass the candidate's minimum, without relying on a list of dissertations.

Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of March 28, 2014 N 247 approved the Procedure for attaching persons to pass candidate exams, pass candidate exams and their list. Attachment to the organization for passing candidate examinations is carried out by enrolling in this organization as external students. Passing the candidate minimum as an external student means that you will not be prepared for these exams. The task of the examiners is only to test your knowledge and skills.

Attachment is carried out for a period of not more than 6 months. So you need to prepare in advance for exams, find out the requirements for them. The program of candidate examinations can be seen.

Chapter:

You are already almost a graduate, and you are starting to wonder what to do next? You can go to work in your specialty, make a career, and you can try your hand at science. But this requires get a degree,to start PhD.

Tell me, what could be easier after all the hardships of being a student? How can you scare a former student? Yes, like nothing. Only really- Getting a PhD degree is a very difficult task!

To obtain a Ph.D. degree, one must complete one more stage of higher education - postgraduate studies. Getting into it on a budgetary basis is not so easy. The number of places is strictly limited, and as a rule, one or two people per year are accepted for one specialty. Most likely, the applicants were identified at the department in advance, and preliminary work was carried out with them. And already known. Do they have a desire to continue doing science. Of course, you can ask yourself, but it’s unlikely that they will just take you right away. Then you can on a paid basis and become an applicant.

If you are lucky enough to be sent to graduate school, you become a graduate student or applicant! The first thing you have to do is pass the entrance exams. Three subjects are traditionally accepted: the history and philosophy of science, a foreign language, and a specialized subject. As a rule, there are no problems with entrance exams, and they are for the most part a mere formality.

Then the most difficult and interesting begins. Within three years you will attend lectures, write scientific articles and papers. You will have to pass philosophy again, but on a completely different level, write a paper on the topic of your research from a philosophical point of view, seriously learn and pass a foreign language, and understand the problem of your research to the smallest detail. You can pass all the exams in one year and continue to focus exclusively on science, but most often one subject is taken per year.

All three years you must save and prepare material for PhD work. And within a few years, after entering graduate school, they should finish and submit the work for defense. The work must be in the form of a manuscript, and an abstract must be prepared.

Most likely, you will have to defend yourself not in your hometown, but outside it. The work must be approved by the opponents and feedback must be written from them. There should also be a review of the leading organization.

The defense itself is a process similar to defending a thesis. You'll have to present your work to the dissertation commission, orally state the essence of your scientific work, main achievements and discoveries. After that, the decision of the commission on awarding you a degree will be made. You should not be afraid, because you have come to this day and put so much work into your research! Most likely, the result will be positive.

Seems scary? Make up your mind! It really is worth it!

PhD - who is it? A scientist or just an ordinary university teacher? Today this category attracts attention. First, it is prestigious to be them. Secondly, it is not easy to become one. Third, it's very interesting. What and how to do to become one.

About the etymology of the word

Candidate in literal translation from Latin means a person who applies for any position or responsible post. As a matter of fact, a candidate of sciences is also in some way a contender. He declares himself by writing a scientific work and publicly defending it in an appropriate institution.

The scientific degree of a candidate of sciences characterizes its owner from the standpoint of his qualifications. It is a confirmation of the status and certain achievements in any branch of science.

A bit about the history of the origin of the degree

Its source is the German system, which was used both in the territory of pre-revolutionary Russia and in the Soviet Union.

IN Russian universities the scientific degree began to be awarded in 1819 on the basis of a unified system of approved rules. In the period up to 1917, there were two degrees: master (licentiate) and doctor of science. In those days, it was called "dignity."

From 1934 to the present day, academic degrees have been awarded in Russia and in a number of post-socialist countries.

Formal aspects

Here it should be said that obtaining such a degree as a candidate of sciences is a rather complicated process both in terms of completing a thesis, defending it, and in terms of the correct design of the study, the defense and confirmation procedures.

According to the norm of the law regulating this area, the candidate of sciences is the so-called first academic degree. What does it mean? Considering that today there are two degrees: a candidate and a doctor, this is the first step that allows you to get a scientific qualification and continue working in this area.

According to the norms of Russian legislation, the degree is awarded by a collegial body - the dissertation council. However, this is not enough. It is necessary that it be approved by the relevant state body - HAC (Higher Attestation Commission).

After that, the former graduate student receives a confirmation, and a little later a PhD diploma.

What does a degree

The opportunities that the PhD degree opens up after defending and receiving the corresponding document are mainly related to the field of science and education:

he can teach at the university. To be precise, the degree gives the right to lecture students;
after working for some time, you can get the appropriate academic title - associate professor, which can only be awarded to candidates;
if there is a desire to continue scientific activity, then you can enter a doctoral program and conduct further research.

You also need to know the rights of a PhD.

The opportunity to take part in the competition as an applicant for the position of associate professor or head of the laboratory. If it is carried out at a research institute, then - a senior researcher.
A document confirming the degree of a candidate is a fairly good reason that allows its owner not only to work on a doctoral dissertation, but also to submit it for defense. Here you should remember about the correspondence of specialties. A doctoral thesis can be defended on the basis of a Ph.D. if it is in the same branch of science.
The PhD diploma entitles its holder to receive the corresponding Ph.D. degree, which is used in a number of European countries and the United States.

Obtaining an academic title

In addition to the academic degree, Russia uses another criterion for differentiating workers in the scientific and educational fields. This is the title of Candidate of Sciences - Associate Professor, which, unfortunately, is not automatically awarded. The norms of the regulation governing the conferment of academic titles establish a number of requirements.

The degree of candidate of sciences and the term of work in the position of associate professor for at least 2 years. In this case, the load should be no less than a quarter (0.25) of the rate.
Must be publications: educational or teaching aids, other scientific works. It also takes into account professional level, which is evaluated by the commission that attended the open session.
The experience of scientific or teaching work must be at least five years. Three years it is necessary to carry out pedagogical activity on the relevant subject of the specialty.
The total number of publications must be at least 20, including patents. Over the past three years, an applicant for the position of associate professor must publish at least two teaching aids And three works in the specialty specified in the dissertation.

In addition to meeting the above requirements, the future associate professor must submit a number of documents to the academic council of the university:

statement;
characteristic signed by the head of the department;
a list of their scientific works, certified by signatures and seals;
an extract from the minutes of the meeting of the department at which the recommendation was made;
copies of diplomas of education, candidate of sciences;
extracts from the work book, certificates of work experience, personal sheet with a photograph.

There may also be other documents that the Secretary of the Academic Council may require.

How to become a PhD?

This process is quite complicated and requires considerable efforts and costs from the applicant.

First of all, you need to decide for yourself in which area you plan to work. At the same time, research should be carried out in the field corresponding to basic education. Otherwise, if the work was done in a related or related field, an additional specialty exam may be required.
Search for a supervisor. It should be noted that this is in some way a guarantee of successful protection. The leader must have a PhD or PhD degree. Here it is desirable to find out whether he had graduate students and whether they defended themselves.
Postgraduate admission. This step may be absent if the work is carried out on the basis of the competition at any department or institute.
Writing a dissertation is a creative process. It may take a long time. Postgraduate studies last 3-4 years, but, unfortunately, the period of study in it may not coincide with work on a dissertation. Therefore, sometimes its writing is delayed.
At the end of graduate school, candidate exams are taken. Some of them can be taken earlier, for example, the candidate minimum in philosophy and foreign language. The last exams in the specialty.
At the end of the creative search, the work, previously checked by the supervisor, is submitted for consideration by experts who are appointed by the dissertation council.
After correcting errors and responding to comments, you can begin to prepare for the defense. An abstract is written, opponents are selected, as well as specialists who can give feedback on the dissertation.
The defense takes place in the dissertation council. He, after listening to the report of the graduate student, answers to questions and comments of opponents, makes his verdict on awarding the degree of candidate of any science in the relevant specialty (there are 23 of them).
A notification comes from the VAK that the work has been reviewed and a decision has been made to approve it.

Working in a specialty after receiving a diploma of higher education does not always suit a newly minted specialist. But there is another option for further development of abilities in the field of science. To become a PhD, you will need postgraduate studies. Initially, you need to enter a university and study for another 3 years in your specialty. And then defend your doctoral dissertation corresponding to the chosen direction. A selection of materials should begin with the first year of graduate school and be supplemented every year with new information.

How to become a Ph.D.

First of all, it is necessary to pass examinations for postgraduate study. To do this, you need to find a university that offers this training in a technical specialty. Skills in the field are a must. And a simple student who has previously graduated, for example, from a law school, will not be able to become a candidate of technical sciences in such a short time.

After successful delivery examination, the student will be enrolled in graduate school for part-time / full-time studies or as an applicant.

The most important thing for writing any dissertation is finding the right supervisor. It is desirable that it be a doctor of science or a professor. The fact is that it is precisely this degree and title that will allow you to receive help and guidance from a person who already has sufficient knowledge in the technical field and has distinguished himself by outstanding contributions to science.

After writing a dissertation, a long preparation for its defense is necessary. The list of opponents is often selected from other educational institutions and even other cities. After a hearing and a good defense of their work, the student receives a Ph.D.

How to become a candidate of economic or legal sciences

Admission to graduate school for a Ph.D. in economics or law involves passing exams in advance. Enrollment of a student is carried out only if there is a document confirming the presence of a completed higher education.

After choosing a topic and a supervisor, the student should start collecting information on the topic of his dissertation. A prerequisite is the choice of a topic that has not previously been considered or covered anywhere. The data included in the work must be obtained independently. Only in rare cases, it is possible to rely on ready-made studies. In most cases, this is possible if the work in question has received updates or a completely different type of development.

After writing the work, it is carefully checked for plagiarism. Upon completion of the training, it is defended. In particular, the student is obliged to reveal well the meaning of the dissertation and describe the research carried out by him independently.

High-quality protection will allow you to get a Ph.D. After that it is possible to scientific activity or work at the relevant department and further increase in the degree.

How to become a PhD

It is possible to obtain a PhD in medical sciences only if you have completed higher education in medical sciences. university.

After passing the exams, the student will be enrolled in graduate school and will be able to choose the topic of the dissertation and his supervisor. Conducted research and reasoning, their descriptions must necessarily be relevant and relate to contemporary problems society and the world as a whole.

The selected leader will help to draw up a plan for the study and development of topics. Upon completion of 3 academic years and confirmation of readiness for defense (passing candidate exams), the student must conduct a report on his work.

Selected opponents will evaluate the readiness of the dissertation, its importance and relevance. If the work meets the requirements and the performer is able to defend it, he will be awarded the degree of candidate of medical sciences.

How to become a candidate of military sciences

Preliminary training at a military school and a military university will allow you to become the owner of a PhD in military sciences. At the moment, this degree is quite rare and not so often obtained by modern students.

To enter the graduate school of a military educational institution, preliminary preparation and passing exams will be required. A simple student who decides to receive this degree will not be able to be accepted for training.

The dissertation is written according to the chosen topic. Compiling the correct order of presentation and using only your own research will be the key to successful writing.

In addition, it is not so easy to find a suitable leader among military scientists. It is best to find out in advance if the university has a special department and a teacher with a doctoral degree or a professorship. Such a leader will help to thoroughly analyze the chosen topic and cover it in detail.

As soon as the three-year training is completed, the work is defended. Before opponents, it is necessary to describe the purpose of the work, to prove its relevance today. Be sure to highlight those parts of the work that indicate practical research. If there are none, then you just need to reveal the essence of the topic and its importance. Only after a successful defense can a student receive a Ph.D.

How to become a PhD without PhD

An acceptable option to get a degree can be becoming an applicant at the department of a particular university. To do this, you need to pass exams. Only a person who has a complete higher education (master or specialist) can become an applicant.

This training system is independent study field of science and writing a dissertation.

After attaching to the department, it is necessary to provide the topic of the dissertation, highlight its main points. Confirmation of the topic is a prerequisite for continuing work.

Most often, the opportunity to become an applicant is used not by students who have just graduated from a university, but by its employees or teachers. They have sufficient knowledge and do not require additional help from leaders with a high degree or title.

Another option is some virtual dissertation commissions. They offer a degree after defending a written paper. But this option is only suitable for those who want to get a degree without further work in a particular university. Since hiring with such a degree will be very problematic, and most often simply impossible.