What diseases does the HIV test show? Research error

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Anonymous asks:

I was tested for sexually transmitted infections (no symptoms, I wanted confidence in a relationship with a woman). The HIV test was positive. Following the ultrasound showed a tumor on the kidney, removed (it turned out to be malignant).
I read the book by Sazonova I.M., it says that a malignant tumor can give a positive test result for HIV.
Could this be the case, or is there nothing to hope for?

You need to have a control test for HIV. If the first HIV test was determined by ELISA, then the result may be false positive. Its reliability can be checked by a more sensitive diagnostic method - PCR (polymerase chain reaction), which determines the DNA of the virus in the blood.

margaret asks:

Help!!! 12/16/10 ELISA (+) IB (+) then from 03/23/11 to 05/19/11 nine negative ELISA (-) and quantitative PCR. are not determined. in 2002 during pregnancy ELISA then (+) then (-) but IB is always (-). from 2004 to 2008 I took ELISA (-) 2 times a year, but on 30.04.08 ifa (+) and IB-undefined. then again each 2 months handed over IFA always (-). and since December 2010, it has been written above. At the same time, I have never injected, my husband always has an ELISA (-). CD4 980 cells. and even blood for syphilis from 29.04 gave 3 +++. and then three times. negative every 10 days. hepatitis all (-). has anyone had a similar experience??? Thank you.

Please specify whether you underwent RIBT (treponema pallidum immobilization reaction), if so, what are the results of this study.

margaret asks:

no, no one offered me to do such an analysis. what will it show? I hope you understand that I was talking about HIV tests. Thank you. Have you had similar cases in your practice? by the way, about information security in 2008 was uncertain. was p24/25 protein. in 2010 IB(+) proteins gp160.41.120 p24.17.31. then when ifa was again 3 times (-) sent to IB on April 4th. the result came positive, but the proteins gp 120 and 41. the rest are crossed out with red paste and at the bottom with red IB REPEAT !!! but PCR from the same number will be denied. after April 4 I handed over IFA already 4 times deny. everything in the AIDS center, including antigen and antibody. Now I'm waiting for a second IB and a high-quality PCR. these are the things... VERY TIRED OF THINKING AND WAIT... I HOPE FOR THE BEST!!! THANK YOU. looking forward to your reply!!!

If you ask any question, please try next time to formulate it more specifically, with a clarification of the diagnosis. RIBT is used to confirm the diagnosis of syphilis. For an accurate diagnosis of HIV infection, antibodies to HIV in the blood are determined by ELISA and immunoblot. The diagnosis is confirmed only if both of these results are positive.

margaret asks:

I'm sorry that I formulated the question inaccurately .... I wrote that in December the ELISA and Imunoblot for HIV came positive. but since March ifa for HIV is negative 9 times. if I was registered in the AIDS center, then does this happen in principle ??? HIV is either always positive or negative. and how can an imunoblot be put on HIV if the result of ELISA is negative? then everyone will deny ifa needs to be checked for immunoblot, so what happens? in our speed center they can not answer me anything. Here is what I turned to you. Thank you.

Unfortunately, both ELISA and immunoblot can give false positive results. That is why the diagnosis of HIV is considered final, only with the simultaneous detection of HIV by ELISA and the immunoblot method.

margaret asks:

hello. today I received the results of a PCR for HIV, a qualitative virus was not detected and a repeated immunoblot for HIV, the result is uncertain due to protein 41. in the AIDS CENTER they said that most likely there is no HIV, but in my body there are bodies similar in structure to HIV. What do you think, given my questions from June 15 and 16 (see above), is there HIV or not????? THANK YOU.

In this case, the diagnosis of HIV infection is doubtful.

margaret asks:

You write that only with the simultaneous detection of HIV with the help of IF and immunoblot, the diagnosis of HIV is considered final. But what about in my case? after all all ptsr will deny. and blot and ifa jump all the time. for 9 years. tell me, if the virus was in my blood, then its RNA and DNA could be accurately determined for so many years ??? and can the incubation period or "window" last that many years? Are there false negative results of PCR for HIV given such a period of time? Yes, I forgot to say that the rapid HIV tests that I take at the CPD are always negative. Or can I not rely on them either? Thank you.

In this case, PCR diagnostics is not the main method for identifying the dynamics of the process - serological methods are more informative. In this case, the probability of false negative results is high. rapid HIV tests have a high sensitivity threshold, therefore they can also give a false negative result.

margaret asks:

sorry. I definitely wrote in the wrong place. please answer in the subject of HIV or not HIV. Thank you.

In the event that you have not received a notification of receipt of a response to your mail, you can view the answer to your question at this address http://website/news/answers/vich-ili-ne-vich-.html

Anonymous asks:

Hello! Please tell me, in order to register with the LCD (now 10 weeks pregnant), I passed tests for HIV, a couple of days ago the doctor called in and said that preliminary tests for HIV were positive (the first was done in Kirovograd, but there is still no official result from Kiev ), on the same day, in our city laboratory, two express tests of the Pharmasco company CITO TEST HIV 1/2 were performed, both results are negative, the laboratory assistant said that these tests are reliable and I don’t have to worry, since this happens during pregnancy, And those analyzes could simply confuse. The doctor said to donate blood again and I donated my blood twice more for analysis in different hospitals (I still don’t have any of the three results). I'm very worried, I'm not a drug addict, there were no dubious sexual relationships, if I get sick very rarely, other tests are all normal. Can rapid tests be trusted? Does this really happen during pregnancy? Painfully strongly the doctor has frightened me. Thank you

First of all, you need to calm down and not think about the bad. Sometimes during pregnancy, there are false positive results. It is necessary to re-donate blood for HIV and wait for the results of the examination.

maxim asks:

Hello! The matter is that at me 2 months ago there was a sexual contact with the girl (till now we meet). after 1.5 weeks the temperature rose to 37.4. soon slept. to be sure, we passed the IF analysis after 2 weeks and again after 1.5 months. Both answers are negative. but I still have a fever and cough with a variable improvement. Can you please tell me if there is a risk? besides, I worked for a long time without days off and a week ago I was on sick leave (orvi). blood and lung tests are fine. Thank you.

Artem asks:

Hello. There is such a thing - More than a year ago there was unprotected sexual contact with a walking girl. She assured me that she was not sick with anything, but I can’t believe her 100 percent. She also assured that she had undergone a medical examination before getting a job (she worked as a salesman) and everything was fine. 7 months after contact, I still passed an HIV test in the citylab laboratory - the result was negative. But lately, I often began to get sick - for the past 3 weeks, I have had a red sore throat and I can’t cure it ... I began to be afraid again, but suddenly I caught it then? Tell me, is this possible, and is it worth trusting the analysis from citylab? I'm afraid to give up again, my nerves will not stand it ..

In the event that the result is negative, then most likely you are not sick and not infected with HIV / AIDS. However, to clarify the diagnosis, it is recommended to re-analyze in specialized laboratories at state institutions, this examination is carried out anonymously. In the event that self-treatment does not bring the desired result, it is recommended to consult with an otolaryngologist to conduct an adequate examination and prescribe appropriate treatment. Read more about HIV testing in a series of articles by clicking on the link: HIV.

Artem comments:

Tell me, can you give any description of the citylab laboratory? All the same, it is not always possible to pass an analysis at a state institution. And what is the percentage chance for a man to get infected through unprotected contact?

Unfortunately, we do not give a comparative assessment of laboratories and private medical institutions. In the event that you doubt the reliability of the results, conduct an examination in another center and first ask for a license to provide these medical services, whether this center has the right to conduct this examination and whether everything complies with accepted standards. The risk of infection is the same for both sexes through unprotected intercourse. Read more about HIV testing in a series of articles by clicking on the link: HIV.

Dmitry asks:

Good day! An 8-month-old child was tested for HIV by ELISA, gp160 + and p25 + were found in the blood, the rest is all minus, the conclusion of IB is doubtful. Judging by these analyzes, it turns out that the child is +? gp160 + gp110/120 - p68 - p55 - p52 - gp41 - p34 - p25 + p18 -

Unfortunately, on the basis of the data obtained, it is impossible to make a diagnosis with a 100 percent probability, since a false positive result is not excluded. To make an accurate diagnosis, you will need to undergo a series of examinations, including repeating this analysis by ELISA, as well as passing an analysis using the PCR method. After that, you should contact a specialized medical institution, where the infectious disease specialist will be able to evaluate the results in a complex. You can learn more about the manifestations of HIV infection in the thematic section of our website by clicking on the link: HIV

Dmitry comments:

Can it show a false-positive result in "ARI" or more acute infectious diseases? Somewhere I read that with 58 diseases or even higher, it can show "+", including vaccination against hepatitis B, if the kidneys are affected, etc.?

There is a possibility of a false positive result, so I recommend that you do the following: re-analyze - by ELISA and PCR, and then re-visit an infectious disease specialist. You can learn more about the diagnosis of HIV infection in the thematic section: HIV

Ivan asks:

Good day! Immunoblot indeterminate due to p25 protein. What is the likelihood of HIV?

In this situation, it is necessary to carefully study the study protocols in combination with other indicators, since it is not possible to make an assumption based on these data. Presumably, the result can be considered doubtful and a re-examination is required after 3 months. Read more in the section of our website: HIV

Anna asks:

Good afternoon.
Can you comment on ELISA for HIV
1 serum +3.559 k=13.3
+2.121 k=4.9
p 24 neg
Serum 2 +3.696 k=13.9
+2.477 k=5.7

In this case, a false positive result is not ruled out, given that the ELISA method is indirect, so I recommend that you take an analysis using another, more sensitive method - immune blotting. You can find out more detailed information on this issue in the relevant section of our website by clicking on the following link: HIV

Margaret asks:

Good afternoon, tell me what to tune in? A year ago, when planning a child, my husband and I went through all the tests, including for HIV (they took it very seriously and correctly), I was examined in Kr. Rog, my husband in Kiev, he had a negative answer, they told me that some kind of reagent did not work, I need to retake it at the Center AIDS in Kiev. Having passed the analysis at the Center, the answer came negative for me too. Now I am in position at 14 weeks, i.e. I get registered, I go through all the tests and again the answer came back, the HIV test was indefinite, I re-passed it at the clinic and passed an express test to calm down at Dovir, but they didn’t calm me down, the express test showed a positive result (the second strip was less pronounced), immediately after all this procedure, without wasting time, I applied to the AIDS Center and also passed an analysis, I am waiting for the result. (I can’t calm down) Please tell me how much you can trust the express tests and why the first time there is no answer to the HIV test? (my husband and I lead a healthy lifestyle and love each other). Thank you.

Do not panic ahead of time - express diagnostics is not the basis for making an HIV diagnosis, it allows you to identify groups of patients who require a more in-depth study. In such situations, it is recommended to conduct immune blotting and personally consult with an infectious disease doctor. You can find out more detailed information on this issue in the thematic section of our website by clicking on the following link: HIV. You can also get additional information in the following section of our website: Laboratory diagnostics

Ilya 1983 asks:

Hello, I was in an infectious disease, only today the doctor called me out when I left and explained that I had a positive if, at first when I went to the hospital, it was negative, then when I retaken it became positive, they sent an immunoblot study to the falconers on the mountain they said it would be ready next week, I was in the hospital with a sore throat and parainfluenza viruses, I arrive in a state of shock, I still don’t understand how to regard it, an extract for my clinic was also drawn up indicating that ifa was found and lower that the immunoblot is in work, if tomorrow I’m discharged at my clinic, then everything will be indicated in this extract, how likely is HIV present? Could it be that due to the fact that I was treated for a sore throat of the parainfluenza virus, show positive results for ifa?

The probability of a false positive result is very high. The presence of one positive result does not yet give grounds for making a diagnosis of HIV, so we recommend that you wait for the result of immunoblotting, and then personally consult with an infectious disease specialist regarding further examination and observation. Angina, parainfluenza and other colds do not significantly affect the results of the analysis.

Ilya 1983 comments:

I want to believe it, but at the end of August I had a malaise, my temperature rose, 37.5-38 I had loose stools for about 4 days, it was on vacation where there were a lot of discos, I drank tap water like many others, because that it was very expensive a glass of water cost 300 rubles, I associated loose stools with such a temperature with some kind of intestinal infection caught in the water, I don’t remember exactly, but there was also a small rash in the upper body, when I arrived home with a temperature I called the doctor, she wrote a rotavirus infection, after 5 days of illness, I volunteered to leave him and go to work where I fell ill a few days later with sinusitis (during that period of time I had to be on the street due to work) I connected it that a large temperature drop from vacation and poisoning lowered my immunity and therefore I caught a cold once again with sinusitis, in total this is again a sick leave, at the direction of Laura I drank klacid cf 500 for 10 days, it passed, I went back to work after 3 weeks I was on a business trip to arch country for 3 days. the air conditioners in the transport and the hotel were merciless and upon returning home, on the plane I had a temperature already of 39.5. here I was at home with a temperature of 40, called the doctor to the house, wrote orvi and said my throat was very red, I had chronic tonsillitis and said this to Laura, she herself wrote to drink an antibiotic Levolet r. called an ambulance because she had a fever and the pace was 40 and did not decrease, hospitalization was not offered, the next day the same story - the ambulance gave an antipyretic injection and left. The third time I insisted on hospitalization, they barely took me away to the infectious diseases hospital, where a mixed infection of parainfluenza and adenovirus infection was detected, but upon discharge, the doctor - head of the department said that I had a positive HIV ifa and that they did it twice, I'm in shock, I don't know what to do I can't eat and drink .she said that I have a pronounced acute HIV infection and for verification they sent an analysis of my blood for an immunoblot to the AIDS center,
now, drawing an analogy of the events that have happened to me lately, as well as 3 sick leave sheets in a row, I tried on all the symptoms and I am horrified by what could be, after being discharged on the same day, I went to take an analysis in an in vitro anonymously and the next day the result for ifa was the same +
I'm sorry for such detailed information, but I'm swept away and killed, I drink strong sedatives and I have no appetite and I practically don't eat, I've lost a lot of weight
I also have such a question that the doctor with an extract from the hospital indicated the result of HIV by ifa was found and below that the immunoblot is in work, but how will I close the bl in my clinic at the place, everything will be written there ... how should I be? This is no longer will be confidential ... I asked the doctor not to write this analysis in the extract, to which she refused me, to what extent my rights on non-disclosure of information are respected ...?

Unfortunately, the results of the studies carried out in the hospital fit into the extract, since the attending district doctor must have full information about your state of health. In this situation, we are not talking about disclosure of information, since it is only transferred to another attending physician, who will continue to observe you.

Andrew asks:

Hello! I took tests for HIV because I needed a certificate for the FMS, they didn’t give the tests for a couple of weeks, then they invited me to the head and they gave me a positive result, they took a bunch of receipts and sent them to the regional AIDS center for further examination, so it’s written on the certificate .... I want to take it to another clinic and then go to the regional or retake it makes no sense? I just don’t understand why they didn’t give them away for so long, but the doctor said that they allegedly did some kind of analysis and I owe them another 4 thousand rubles, because if they did it, they would probably give detailed information about the disease in addition to the certificate?

In this situation, one should not panic ahead of time - obtaining one positive result does not yet allow one to reliably judge a possible infection, since false positive results are not excluded. We recommend that you take the test again and if there is a positive result, you will need to undergo another examination - immunoblotting. As a rule, the laboratory does not give detailed information about the results, which is normal and common practice. All questions you may have can be answered by the attending physician after the examination at a personal consultation.

ilya 1983 asks:

I forgot to add that from the beginning of June until mid-September I did myself a course of anabolic steroids, namely sustanon 250 is a mixture of testosterones and stanozolol with primabolan, I wanted to prepare myself for the summer and vacation, could they bring down my immunity and everything that happened to me. ..

Immune disorders, as well as the presence of autoimmune diseases, can give false positive results of an HIV test. That is why in the case of obtaining 2 positive results by ELISA, immunoblotting is recommended, which will allow you to accurately answer the question of whether there is infection or not.

2015-11-13 12:55:22

Galina asks:

Good afternoon. I have been living with my husband for 2.5 years. A month ago, he passed an HIV test. the analysis turned out to be HIV-positive and more than 5 years old. He has a positive blood group, I have a negative one. during sex they didn’t defend themselves. Could my husband pass on HIV if we have a different Rh factor?

2015-03-26 09:07:36

Maria asks:

Hello, I am 23 years old. I am undergoing an examination, I have not been able to get pregnant for half a year. I was diagnosed with PCOS, uterine hypoplasia of the 1st degree (size 38 * 25 * 38, endometrium 5.). I passed a lot of tests: ultrasound shield. and mammary gland is normal, analysis for HIV, AIDS, syphilis-negative; total urine and blood tests are normal, blood type 1 is positive. I also passed hormones: progesterone on the 20th day of the cycle 5.3 (low); Hormones on the 5th day of the cycle: DEA-SO4 446.00mcg / dl (35.0-430.0); LH 14.52mIU / ml (2.40-12.60); testosterone 2.32nmol / l (0.29-1.67); estradiol 311.8pg-ml (12.50-166.00); 17-OPG 3.92ng / ml (0.40-1.51). (The norms of the laboratory are indicated in brackets, she gave an example of only elevated hormones, the rest are normal). Also, papillomavirus is positive. All these hormones were taken after taking Diane-35 for 3 months. My periods are irregular, with delays up to 4 months. No ovulation, I measure BBT. Pipes have not yet been tested. They prescribed dexamethasone 1/2 tons 1 time per day, duphaston from the 16th to the 25th day of the cycle, isoprinosine 2 tons-3 times a day for 10 days with a break of 10 days, then again for 10 days. I take vitamins: in the 1st phase - neuromultivit 1 ton * 1 time per day, folic acid 1 ton * 1 time per day; Phase 2: vitamin E 200 mg * 2 times a day and ascorbic acid 0.5 * 3 times a day. I also started taking cyclodinone. Please tell me whether it is necessary to take dexamethasone at all, if not, what drugs can reduce all these hormones, except for hormonal pills, otherwise after taking Diane-35 I gained a lot of weight. Looking forward to your reply and thanks in advance.

Responsible Palyga Igor Evgenievich:

Hello Maria! You have a classic picture of polycystic ovaries. With elevated levels of DHEA and testosterone (especially after the antiandrogenic Diane 35), you absolutely need to take a glucocorticoid (dexamethasone). In addition, if you have gained a lot of weight, but the diet has not changed, then you need to pass a glucose tolerance test. This is the first. You can take vitamins and cyclodinone, they won’t hurt, but it’s hard to say how much they help, I personally don’t believe in their effectiveness in your case. It is rational to monitor the passage of ovulation by folliculometry, and not by measuring basal temperature (this is an outdated, time-consuming method). I would advise you to contact a reproductologist, not a gynecologist in a clinic. If ovulation does not take place for another 6 months, then stimulation or mini IVF will be required.

2014-09-05 04:08:31

Elina asks:

Please tell me how this can be
I have been living with my husband for 8 years. For the last 4 years, for medical reasons, I have been tested for HIV 4 times, the last time 3 weeks ago and they are all negative. My doctor advised my husband to also get tested for HIV and it turned out positive. In the course of 8 years, they have never been protected. He is not a drug addict and not a walker, we are just in shock where could HIV come from? Could this be a mistake? If my husband was infected before me, did I really not get infected in 8 years? Thanks in advance.

Responsible Sukhov Yuri Alexandrovich:

Hello Elina. Yes, the situation... Let's hope HIV+ turns out to be a mistake! You didn't specify which HIV tests were done. According to the terminology (if confirmed) - a discordant married couple for HIV. You can seek face-to-face or remote consultation if you are worried, but in general, the doctors at the HIV Control Centers are usually smart. Monitoring and treatment now result in almost normal life expectancy and quality, although let's not get upset ahead of time! Regards, Yu Sukhov.

2014-06-11 20:24:51

Natalia asks:

The doctor, after reviewing the tests for HIV and they are positive, does he have the right to announce to someone else or if I am against it? And what is immediately done with this diagnosis? Is it registered somewhere?

Answers:

Good day, Natalia. No, according to Ukrainian laws, a doctor does not have the right to disclose medical information and for this he bears not only administrative, but also criminal liability, especially if you are against it.
You, too, are criminally liable if you are legally married or about to enter into one and you have not warned your spouse, future or current.
If you are not an adult, the doctor did not even have the right to examine you without your parents.
Yes, it is better to get registered, for the timely diagnosis of the state of immunity, such tests are not done in clinics. There is 5 city infectious diseases hospital in Kiev (does tests).
The fact is that human immunity in HIV infection is destroyed gradually, and it is important not to miss the moment of prescribing antiretroviral therapy. Before that, it may take 10 years, or maybe a year, depending on when you became infected, more precisely, tests can show this.
There is no forced registration.

2013-11-04 15:39:18

Xenia asks:

My husband and I were tested for HIV, I was positive and he was negative. can pregnancy affect if my husband's blood type is 4 negative and mine is 3 positive?

Responsible Wild Nadezhda Ivanovna:

The blood type and Rh affiliation of the blood does not affect the results of the HIV test. I recommend to be examined in the speed center.

2013-08-17 08:57:53

Dmitry asks:

Good day!
Recently, I began to get sick often, a high temperature for almost every day for 2 months. The other day I was tested for HIV, the result came positive.
My question is: If the temperature has been jumping up to 38.8 for more than two months without symptoms, can this mean that my immune system has dropped a lot and the viral load is very high.
Today I passed tests for CD4 and viral load, waiting for the results for 2 weeks, I'm scared if it will be too late, right now the temperature is 38 and practically nothing goes astray (

Responsible Medical consultant of the portal "site":

Hello Dmitry! It is impossible to judge the viral load in HIV infection by body temperature. We will have to wait for the results of the studies and consult a doctor with them as soon as possible. Take care of your health!

2013-08-06 08:38:36

Natalia asks:

Hello. Please help me because I'm going crazy. My situation is like this. My husband and I have been together since 2008. before that, both I and he had a relationship (unprotected). Before army he handed over the analysis on vich - it is negative. after that, we had a couple with him had unprotected sex (coitus interruptus). it was November 2009. before leaving the army (somewhere in the fall of 2010), he again tested for HIV - negative. Recently, when he was with his parents in the regional center, he went and passed it again. and there he was told that the result was positive. I'm horrified ... at the same time, he says that he did not have sex with anyone else but me. I have, besides him, too. my question is this: could the result be a false positive? it’s just that blood is transported from there to Kirovograd and they do an analysis there ... and if my husband thinks that I’m to blame for everything, is it possible that after sleeping with me before the army, after almost a year his result was negative ???? I only had unprotected sex before my relationship with my husband (I was 18 years old). Now I'm 26...if I was infected, I would be dying by now, as I understand it...we re-tested in Kiev at Otdyha, 11. we are waiting for the result ... but my thoughts haunt me ... it's scary. comment, please, our situation! Thank you.

2013-04-03 10:58:28

Sergei asks:

Hello. I am 27 years old and have been treated for hepatitis B with Pegasis and Viread, for half a year, hepatitis B PCR: not detected. (Thank God cured). I found out that a person with whom I had sex suspected HIV, I did a test, he is positive, I am waiting for confirmation, but three more weeks before confirmation, the roof is going to re-read a bunch of forums and about possible test errors, can the test react to antibodies to hepatitis b ?? ?
I'm doing an HIV test for the first time, I didn't take it before the hepatitis treatment.
And could I cure hepatitis if I had HIV??? (a person is trying
accuse me of HIV infection, but we both have not yet received confirmation!

Responsible Sukhov Yuri Alexandrovich:

Hello Sergey.
Confirmation can be received in 2 days, there would be a desire ...
- could
- Yes
- a terribly unpleasant situation, there are many nuances, it’s better to come for a consultation, especially since, as I understand it, “your man” is not at all wise ... Regards, Yu. Sukhov.

2013-02-18 18:51:13

Elena asks:

Hello! from the bottom, an HIV test in my clinic, the answer came positive the second time I didn’t retake it, please tell me, it happens that the answer is not correct, maybe some kind of fight in the body? the fact is that I was coded a year and a half ago to say that I was strong drinking no, it happened once every three or four months I could drink, but if I drank it for two days, I decided to code and did a provocation at first, nothing, well, once I got into my food vinegar, but I couldn’t get sick of it after that, I became afraid of eating fruits vegetables, I don’t eat dairy products, too, meat rarely, mostly pasta porridge, and then once twice a day, and so for half a year, say with a current of food, of course, there is no immunity in Take it with this, could the HIV test be neither correct, since the body is weakened and some other virus, in which the HIV tests do not show correctly, may be?

Responsible Medical laboratory consultant "Synevo Ukraine":

Good day, Elena.
The above reasons do not affect the test result, however, it can be false positive for a number of reasons. I advise you to contact the state laboratories of your city dealing with this problem. Addresses in Ukraine can be found on our portal:
.
And do a confirmatory test to remove this question and decide on the results.
Be healthy!

What is HIV infection

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is an infectious disease that destroys the body's immune system. The presence of a virus in human blood means that a process has been launched in the body that kills healthy cells that are responsible for immunity and well-being. In other words, the virus absorbs the body's ability to fight all sorts of diseases and infections, even in the smallest concentration, turning a simple cold into a real war for life.

The immunodeficiency virus has often been identified with AIDS. HIV positive status in advanced form may well lead to AIDS. AIDS is known to be the result of the development of the last stage of a severe form of immunodeficiency. In fact, if a person is a carrier of the virus, this does not mean that he is sick with a disease such as AIDS, which is a much broader concept.

Connivance in the form of a neglected form of the immunodeficiency virus can be fatal for a person. There is no need to do this - ignore the risks, because not a single drug has yet been invented in the world that cures AIDS. This means that this is only one thing - you need to do an infection test in time if there is the slightest suspicion of infection, because it can be erroneous.

HIV virus: ways of infection and symptoms

The immunodeficiency virus is transmitted mainly through sexual contact with an infected person. Other routes of infection are known, such as through:

when transfusing blood in the laboratory (donor blood is always checked for infections, but small concentrations of the virus can pass by);
during contact of the mother with the child (when carrying, feeding or during childbirth);
there may be infection during injections (needles), non-sterile devices and instruments (manicure accessories), and so on.

Symptoms of the primary manifestation of HIV infection appear as follows after only 6 weeks:

sore throat (aching, when swallowing even outside the meal);
a state of chills;
muscle pain (not to be confused with physical activity);
if sores in the mouth do not heal for a long time;
maybe increased sweating during sleep;
partial memory loss;
a constant state of fatigue, but not as a result of overwork;
inflammation of the lymph nodes in the body;
pneumonia.

If one of the manifestations worries a person, then you should contact the clinic, where you can do an analysis or test for HIV absolutely confidentially.

HIV test - positive: what does it mean and what to do

If a result is obtained where the test showed that the HIV test is positive, do not panic. HIV infection is just a disease, not a death sentence. For example, people with diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma and other chronic severe diseases feel great and continue to live the same colorful life (in many cases, even more colorful, because they begin to appreciate the essence of the world and breathe it in deeply). A positive test result is reported by doctors very simply, without any moral preparation, and this means that you are still able to study, do your favorite activities, meet family and friends, enjoy life, and finally fall in love.

An HIV test is a positive test, this does not mean that everything around is changing, only until you yourself want it to. Being HIV positive only means taking the following steps:

make an additional (repeated) analysis of urine, saliva and blood 6 weeks after a positive test result was obtained - it is not uncommon for specialists in laboratories to make mistakes, and doctors do not correctly decipher the results;
contact a medical institution with a specialized doctor for typical infections, who will select the best and gentle therapy for the patient, as well as a schedule of visits for regular check-ups if the test is re-confirmed;
the most important and important condition in the therapy of cure is to comply with the full range of prescriptions of the attending physician, who is trying by all means to slow down or prevent the progression of an infectious disease;
the next, and no less important step towards health is to say goodbye to bad habits such as smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, which negatively affect the immune system, which is already weakened;
support and emotional understanding should be found among close associates in the form of friends, relatives, social workers and friends with a typical disease

A positive HIV test result puts the responsibility in the hands of the individual. From now on, it is worth taking care of the environment, and being responsible for other people's health: use condoms during sexual contact, do not exchange personal belongings (scissors, razors, etc.), do not be a donor, but do not become a parent either. After all, pregnancy actually 100% transmits the disease by inheritance.

Will a general blood test show HIV?

Are the results of a complete blood test for HIV indicative? A general or clinical blood test (CBC) is an almost mandatory procedure for any examination, and the human immunodeficiency virus is one of the worst scourges of modern society.

It would be logical to assume that changes in the analysis will help, at least indirectly, to suspect the presence of HIV or to refute it.

Clinical blood test

We are talking about a method of studying one of the tissues of the body, blood. There are several hundred blood parameters that can be examined to obtain information about the state of health.

In the blood, you can detect any pathogens, determine the cause of the ailment by specific cell damage, study the hormonal level, the composition of enzymes, learn about the state of immunity.

Theoretically, if you do all the research in a row, you can find any disease, which can take too much blood, effort and time, so doctors do not do this.

The examination begins with a general analysis, which allows you to make a diagnosis or determine further diagnostic directions.

A general blood test is characterized by speed, low cost and indicativeness. Does he study the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the formed elements? main blood cells suspended in plasma.

Also, a general analysis examines the properties of shaped elements, since they can also indicate the cause of the disease. One of them? erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

Erythrocytes or red blood cells? an indispensable element of tissue respiration.

They are loaded with oxygen in the lungs and carry it throughout the body, from where, in turn, they take carbon dioxide and transport it back to the lungs to be carried out.

The erythrocyte has a small size and flexibility, so it can easily squeeze into the thinnest capillaries.

Erythrocytes give the blood a red color due to the protein hemoglobin, which in the cytoplasm of each erythrocyte contains about 98%.

These are the most numerous blood cells, with KLA their number per liter is determined, and this number always has 12 zeros.

Elevated red blood cells in HIV may indicate an underlying lung disease that often occurs with this infection, as well as in smokers.

Platelets are responsible for the ability of blood to clot. With HIV, the platelet count may be low. This leads to prolonged external and internal bleeding in infected people.

Leukocytes, unlike erythrocytes and platelets, are not similar to each other, like twins, since they are a whole group of cells.

No wonder, these cells? the body's main weapon against infection. Leukocytes have to deal with various viruses, bacteria, fungi and other pathogens.

For each of them, the body reacts with an increased number of certain leukocytes.

The doctor draws up the so-called leukocyte formula, which allows you to understand what the body is currently struggling with. With HIV, attention should be paid to the number of lymphocytes.

At an early stage of the disease, when the body has just encountered the virus and is trying to overcome it, the level of lymphocytes is always elevated.

As the infection progresses, the lymphocyte count drops below normal as the immune system weakens.

A complete blood count does not allow a diagnosis of HIV, since other infections can also accompany similar indicators.

However, the doctor may suspect something is wrong and, just in case, will send for a special analysis.

Basic rules of the UAC

Carriers of HIV do a complete blood count every three months to monitor changes in the state of the body.

At the same time, it is important to adhere to the same conditions under which blood is donated, this will allow you to obtain the most correct data. What are these conditions?

It is best to take the analysis in the same laboratory in order to minimize the factors of the study that may affect the result.

In one laboratory, they usually adhere to the same requirements for laboratory assistants, use the same procedures.

Breakfast before analysis (you can eat porridge without sugar, milk and butter, an apple and drink unsweetened tea) will slightly increase the number of leukocytes, so in the future you will need to donate blood every time after breakfast.

And at the same time, you need the same thing, since the foods that we eat affect the biochemistry of the blood.

With HIV, most likely, several tests are taken at the same time, including from a vein, so it is better to take advantage of the doctors' recommendation to refrain from eating.

It is important to donate blood for a general analysis at about the same time, since immediately after sleep there is an increased number of red blood cells.

Venous and capillary blood differ somewhat in composition, but both are suitable for general analysis.

If it is necessary to donate blood from a vein for HIV, the doctor can use it for various studies, including a general analysis.

However, the rule of uniformity also applies here. Do you have to donate the same blood all the time? either venous or capillary.

A finger puncture for capillary blood sampling is usually done with a scarifier? steel plate with a sharp spike at the end.

The procedure is somewhat painful due to the thickness of the spike and the large number of nerve endings at the puncture site.

People who have to donate blood frequently can use a lancet? a tool like a ballpoint pen, inside which is a very thin and very sharp needle. Such a puncture is much less painful, but lancets are much more expensive than scarifiers.

The human immunodeficiency virus does not have severe symptoms that would accurately indicate the presence of an infection.

If the results of a general blood test raise suspicions of a possible HIV infection, the doctor will refer you for a special analysis.

The same analysis can be taken independently by contacting a public or private laboratory.

It is possible to purchase a home HIV test, but data on their effectiveness is conflicting.

There are various methods to detect HIV. A positive result is stated when antigens or antibodies of the virus are detected in the blood, urine or saliva.

There is no exact data on how long after the alleged exposure to the virus, HIV markers may appear in the blood in sufficient quantities for an indicative result of the analysis. Most likely, this period is individual.

First you need to take a preliminary HIV test called ELISA. The test is cheap, and this is its main advantage.

Its reliability is 90%, and the time when the markers of the virus will show themselves accurately is unknown, so even with a negative result, the study must be repeated.

It is desirable to conduct an analysis three months after a possible infection, six months and a year later. After three negative results, you can exhale.

Rapid tests allow you to examine saliva or urine to avoid punctures. In Russia, only one such test for the study of saliva has been certified.

If the preliminary test is positive, a more accurate test called immunoblot (IB) should be done.

Its reliability is 99.9%, but false positive results do occur. If the results of ELISA and IB coincide, we can talk about an accurate diagnosis of HIV.

A false positive or doubtful result is a reason to take a more specific test that will help you understand the situation.

Positive HIV test: causes, actions of doctors and patients

A positive AIDS test sounds like a death sentence. The person who receives the test form is on the verge of hysteria. And there is nothing surprising in this. It is important to know that not always AIDS positive indicates that there is a virus in the body. Sometimes the results are false positive. In order not to panic and act correctly after passing the test for the immunodeficiency virus, you should know which studies you need to focus on, in which cases a false positive result is possible.

Positive rapid HIV test at home: what to do?

Despite the fact that many AIDS centers and public clinics guarantee anonymity when taking tests for the presence of a terrible disease, some people are afraid of publicity. They prefer to do tests at home, since you can buy them at almost any pharmacy. A positive HIV result is displayed on the tester as two lines. But they do not always mean that a person is really infected.

There are many factors that can cause an HIV test result to be positive. This and some diseases, as well as pregnancy, hormonal disruptions. Even PMS, which women experience once a month, can cause two lines to appear on the test. A positive HIV (AIDS) test done at home is not a reason for a diagnosis. It is important to know that in order to establish it, more than one study is required. And they are carried out only in laboratory conditions. If a home HIV test shows a positive result, you should immediately visit a doctor.

An experienced specialist will refer the patient to a primary study, and then, if necessary, to an additional one. Only in this case we will talk about the diagnosis. It is important to know that it is possible to donate blood for the presence or absence of a terrible disease in the body without a referral from a therapist or immunologist. For this, it is not necessary to go to a private clinic. Such a study is carried out free of charge in state budgetary clinics. By the way, you can go through it anonymously. This is the only correct answer to the question of what to do if the HIV test is positive.

ELISA - HIV positive: what does it mean?

To identify this viral infection, several types of research are used. A positive test for HIV, AIDS, which is carried out first, as well as in the previous case, is not a reason for making a diagnosis. This is an enzyme immunoassay. This is the primary method for diagnosing the immunodeficiency virus. It is designed to identify healthy and conditionally infected people. What does HIV positive mean in this case? For specialists in the field of medicine, this is an occasion to send a person for additional research. For a person who received a form with a positive test for HIV, it is practically a sentence. That is why doctors should pay attention to how information about a possible infection is conveyed to a person.

In most cases, the patient is not told that his first HIV test is positive. He is called to a clinic or other medical institution and sent for another analysis. Why are positive results for HIV infection in enzyme immunoassay questioned? The fact is that it is aimed at identifying antibodies to the disease. They are, of course, specific, but similar in structure to other antibodies that are produced by the body in some cases. We are talking primarily about certain diseases and pathologies of the human body. However, there are other factors that can lead to the fact that the transcript of the HIV test will be positive. This is a pregnancy that significantly changes the hormonal background. And the hormonal system, as you know, is extremely important, since it is she who reacts sharply to any changes and is responsible for the normal functioning of many organs.

The same goes for pregnancy. A positive response to an HIV test in pregnant women is a common phenomenon. The appearance of new DNA when mixing two genetic materials, which occurs during the fertilization of an egg, can be perceived by the immune system in an extraordinary way. Considering it as foreign material, it can begin to produce antibodies that are similar in structure to those that are secreted by the immunodeficiency virus. That is why a blood test for HIV - positive - is not uncommon during pregnancy.

How accurate is the immune blotting result? Why is HIV positive and what does it mean?

If the ELISA test gave a positive HIV, what does this mean and entail? After the enzyme immunoassay, the person is sent for immune blotting. This test detects antigens. The error in this case is practically excluded. With IB, HIV positive with almost a 100% guarantee means that a person is infected. The error can be only in three percent of cases. We are talking about the error of the analysis itself, the reliability of which is ninety-seven - ninety-nine percent. There are other cases when a person is told on the basis of this test that his HIV status is positive and he is infected. We are talking about a medical error that can be made at any stage of the virus test. Most often, inaccuracies in the results of analyzes are introduced by administrative personnel. But laboratory assistants also make mistakes.

An HIV test is positive on immunoblotting, what does it mean if a person has taken it after an ELISA? This means that specialists in the field of medicine will make a disappointing diagnosis, after which the treatment process will begin. Prior to the diagnosis, based on ELISA, rapid tests carried out at home or in the laboratory, no measures are taken in the treatment panel. The decision on the need to use therapy, as well as on the selection of the scheme, is made by the doctor only after the diagnosis is confirmed.

With the diagnosis, everything is clear. But many people are also interested in another question: if the HIV test is positive, where and how the health workers report. Here everything is also extremely simple. Most people's fears that doctors will call the office and tell that one of the employees is infected are unfounded. They do not have such powers. It is important to note that infection is reported at the place of residence and registration in the clinic. In the future, a special mark appears on the patient's card. It is also placed in a computer base. The AIDS center at the person's place of residence, where the final verdict on the diagnosis is made, also does not have the right to report infection. By phone, they can only invite a person to a second appointment. And already in a personal conversation, they will advise him to notify his relatives.

HIV positive: in what diseases can it be detected incorrectly?

There are a number of cases where a person can be misdiagnosed. But with further research, of course, it is removed. The reason for a positive HIV, identified incorrectly, may lie in comorbidities. What is it about? Often the cause of a false positive test result in the absence of a virus is hepatitis or sexually transmitted diseases. They cause the production of antibodies to the infection. What diseases produce a positive HIV test? These could be allergic reactions. Moreover, during allergic reactions, it is possible to secrete antibodies that are similar in structure to those produced by the immunodeficiency virus.

What other diseases give a false positive HIV diagnosis? These are diseases that affect the kidneys. Pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, as well as malignant and benign tumors in the terminal stage. For these reasons, it is also possible to distort the results of the analyzes.

What diseases show HIV positive in its absence? It can also be diseases associated with the liver or intestines. Here, the distortion of the test results can be affected not only by a violation of the hormonal background, but also by the enzymatic composition of the blood, on which the response of an ELISA or other study largely depends.

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Methods for diagnosing HIV by blood test

Diagnosis of HIV by blood test is a comprehensive examination based on laboratory, clinical and epidemiological examination data.

HIV infection is equated with an epidemic. The virus first attacks and destroys lymphocytes. In this case, the patient's body loses any ability to resist, recognize and destroy the infection. It is recommended to select a sensitive diagnosis that allows you to determine the pathogen in the early stages of the disease. Many laboratories have successfully used hematological detection of the virus.

Infected patients complain of feeling unwell. They develop the following diseases:

candidiasis of the mouth and gastrointestinal tract;
shingles;
incomprehensible fever;
night sweats;
diarrhea;
frequent colds.

Such manifestations are not specific, but they force the patient to go to the clinic for a detailed examination. The blood of patients with suspected AIDS is examined in several ways. The most common are:

1. Rapid ELISA tests. They aim to detect antibodies against HIV. If present, they speak of HIV infection.
2. PCR - polymerase chain reaction - the definition of the virus in the body. Today it is the most reliable diagnostic method.

Laboratory diagnostics is carried out to confirm the fact of infection, determine the stage of the disease and monitor the effectiveness of therapy. Be sure to perform a general blood test. At the first time of HIV infection, lymphopenia or lymphocytosis, atypical mononuclear cells, and an increase in ESR can be detected. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia are also often detected. Biochemistry will show hyperactivity of blood transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and other liver tests. Changes in the activity of creatine kinase, the concentration of proteins.

Antibodies to HIV are detected in 9 out of 10 patients during the first months after infection. The rest - in the period up to six months after infection. The concentration of antibodies decreases significantly as AIDS progresses. In the terminal stages, the complete disappearance of antibodies is possible.

For the first time, antigens in many infected people appear a few weeks after infection. Usually they are determined by the 8th week of illness. The second jump in their concentration in the blood can be detected during the formation of AIDS. Laboratory examination is done to make a final diagnosis. First of all, we are talking about enzyme immunoassay.

The procedure for laboratory testing to detect antigens and antibodies to the virus:

1. Primary stage (screening). The survey is conducted anonymously. These are screening studies performed mainly by ELISA (enzymatic immunoassay methods).
2. The final stage is verification. Such tests allow confirming the diagnosis in the laboratories of the city's AIDS centers. This test is called immunoblotting.

Screening laboratories allow only a preliminary diagnosis. For the accuracy of the study, the material is checked twice. If there is at least one positive result, the material must be sent for confirmation. In specialized centers, the diagnosis can be confirmed using an immunoblot. This method allows to detect antibodies to a number of amino acids of the virus.

Laboratory diagnosis of babies born from infected women has its own characteristics. It has been proven that circulating maternal antibodies to the virus can be detected in the blood of such children. The terms of such circulation are up to 15 months after birth. These are predominantly Ig G class antibodies. Sometimes there are no antibodies in the blood. But this does not mean that the baby did not get infected from the mother. Therefore, all children born from HIV-infected women must be examined in detail. Urgently conduct a comprehensive laboratory diagnostic examination during the first 36 months of their life.

drop in the number of subpopulations of lymphocytes less than 500/µl;
decrease in differentiation index;
increase in the CEC;
an increase in the concentration of immunoglobulins A.

To assess the severity of the disease must take into account:

pathogen concentration;
the level of lymphocytes;
the presence of AG p24;
the presence of molecules produced by leukocytes (beta-microglobulins, interleukin 2);
the presence of activated monocytes.

Until the result of immunoblotting is obtained, the person is considered healthy. And it doesn't matter what result is obtained with screening tests. Therefore, no anti-epidemic measures are taken until the final diagnosis is made. Taking such tests is a voluntary matter for everyone. Tests should not be ordered without the consent of the patient.

The material for the study is venous blood. Its fence is carried out necessarily in the morning, on an empty stomach. In some cases, patients may be misdiagnosed. The thing is that HIV tests often give false positive or false negative results.

Reasons for false positive results:

the presence of antibodies to smooth muscles;
antibodies to parietal cells;
hepatitis;
the presence of class 2 leukocyte antigens;
cancer of the blood.

False-negative ELISA results for HIV occur in the following cases:

oncological diseases;
infection incubation;
transfusion;
transplantation.

Therefore, the interpretation of the results of ELISA should be carried out carefully. Negative results are unable to completely rule out HIV. They only indicate the absence of antibodies to the virus at this stage. Repeat testing is required to confirm the diagnosis.

It is the protein component of the HIV nucleotide wall. The substance is determined a few days before the initial detection of specific antibodies. The primary signs of the disease indicate the beginning of a rapid replicative process. The antigen is detected by ELISA only after at least 2 weeks after contact with an HIV-infected person.

It is important to note that this substance is not permanently present in the body. Often after a month, hypertension disappears from the blood. The reappearance of this component indicates an unfavorable course of the disease. The presence of hypertension is a sure sign of the development of AIDS, sometimes confirming syphilis.

ELISA test system - rapid diagnosis of HIV. It allows you to identify p24 AG, due to which the pathology is diagnosed in the early stages after infection. The technique is successfully used to evaluate the blood of donors, babies. The technique allows to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy, to make a prognosis for each individual patient. ELISA is a highly analytical, fast, sensitive and affordable method. Allows you to determine hypertension with high specificity.

On average, after a month, specific antibodies are detected in 6 patients out of 10, after 3 months - in 9 out of 10. The first positive test result is not interpreted as a disease. Be sure to appoint one or more repeated studies. It is important to apply diagnostics of different series. Two or more positive results out of three indicate the development of the disease. Normally, the p24 antigen is absent in the serum.

Cultivation of the ID-1 virus is considered to be a sufficiently sensitive and specific method. Often it is used in conjunction with PCR. This combination allows you to reliably examine babies born from infected mothers. The method replaces Western blotting when it cannot be performed (financial inability, refusal, contraindications).

A general clinical blood test is an effective diagnostic method. Shows characteristic blood changes already in the early stages of HIV. In addition, the technique allows to identify AIDS-associated ailments. These are opportunistic infections.

A referral for examination in state institutions is issued only by a district doctor. In private clinics, you only need to fill out an application for examination. The analysis must be taken in the morning on an empty stomach. No special preparation is required before donating blood. On the eve of the test, it is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol, do not recommend eating spicy dishes. Physical and emotional stress should be avoided.

The procedure takes up to five minutes. Often they collect capillary blood from a finger. Although some modern clinics with new equipment are increasingly taking venous blood. After taking the material, the injection site must be disinfected and sealed with a plaster. The results of the analysis, as a rule, are ready in a few days. Since the analysis is taken on an empty stomach, it is important to drink hot and sweet tea or eat a piece of dark chocolate after blood sampling.

Usually, with an illness in the blood, there is:

1. Lymphocytosis - an increased concentration of lymphocytes. A sign of an early stage of the disease is that the body reacts violently to the virus.
2. Lymphopenia - a drop in the level of lymphocytes. It manifests itself in the later stages, when the work of immunity decreases.
3. Thrombocytopenia - a decrease in the concentration of platelets. Because of this, blood clotting is significantly impaired, external and internal bleeding develops.
4. Neutropenia - a lack of neutrophils - a sign of an infectious process in the body.
5. Anemia - a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Indicates severe damage to the body.
6. The appearance of virocytes - atypical mononuclear cells. These are specific cells for fighting viruses.

Such hematological changes cannot be called specific. They often occur with other inflammatory, infectious processes, injuries. But the appearance of such dubious changes will allow you to assign a more detailed diagnosis.

PCR testing is a way to detect virus RNA in plasma and determine its concentration. The technique is especially important for diagnosing babies in the first year of life. With the help of such a test, the effectiveness of therapy is successfully monitored. Its sensitivity is significantly inferior to ELISA.

Therefore, it is not used to confirm the diagnosis. In addition, the study is very costly: it requires special equipment, highly professional laboratory assistants. When using PCR, false positive results often occur. You can pass such an analysis in laboratories, clinics, diagnostic centers and clinics. In AIDS centers, such tests are done anonymously. The method is used in addition to serology, but not instead of it. PCR has been successfully used to detect only HIV-1.

Rapid HIV testing is often used. These are fairly easy to use reliable methods. To perform them and evaluate the results, you do not need to use special devices. This explains their popularity and prevalence. Such tests are successfully used directly at the point of care. The material for the study is whole, capillary blood (from the finger, earlobe). The advantage is that it does not need to be centrifuged for analysis.

Test systems have been developed that allow the use of urine, transudate of the oral mucosa for research. The result is not prepared for long: the answer can usually be received within half an hour. Such a development is useful, irreplaceable. They should be used in situations where further tactics of patient management depend on the result of the examination. These are emergency operations, needle injuries.

It must be remembered that all rapid tests detect only antibodies to HIV, not antigens. Therefore, they should be used only for the initial indicative assessment. They are unable to confirm or rule out acute infection.

The result of an express examination cannot be taken literally. The data must be rechecked as soon as possible in the course of a routine laboratory study. Standard HIV testing is essential.

Often, an HIV test is just a precautionary measure. The disease may not manifest itself for more than 10 years, and the very fact of infection is discovered by chance. Most often, such tests are prescribed to persons before planned surgical interventions. The event avoids sudden complications during the intervention and notifies doctors of possible risks.

All pregnant women undergo a mandatory examination: when HIV is detected in a future mother, the management of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period changes. Modern medicine allows you to protect the baby from possible infection. There are frequent cases when timely detection of HIV in a mother allowed healthy children to be born from such women.

Certain categories of citizens (doctors, teachers, salespeople) are required to pass tests as part of the issuance of a medical book. This is a prerequisite for admission to work. Peculiar alarming symptoms have been developed, when they appear, an HIV test is mandatory. These include:

sudden weight loss;
prolonged (up to a month) diarrhea of unknown origin;
fever
diffuse enlargement of lymph nodes;
leukopenia, lymphopenia;
severe infectious diseases: pneumonia, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis.

It is recommended to take tests after questionable contact with body fluids. After an unprotected act with an unverified partner, dubious activities (tattoos, piercings), you need to undergo an examination.

Persons in contact with blood are always at risk: health workers, donors, injection drug addicts. After a dangerous situation, you need to undergo an examination as soon as possible. The virus is transmitted through non-sterile injection needles, surgical instruments.

The virus is not transmitted:

through a handshake
through a kisser;
through common household items (soap, towel, washcloth).

Family members and relatives of the patient are always included in the risk group. But, as practice shows, the chance of getting infected with them during normal household contact is minimal, equal to zero.

For the reliability of the result, it is important to remember: the accuracy of each test depends entirely on the time elapsed from the moment of potential infection. An analysis taken immediately after exposure to the virus is usually uninformative. For the appearance of antibodies in the blood, a certain period of time must pass. Therefore, experts advise to undergo an examination no earlier than the 3rd week after contact with the pathogen. Exceptional cases are legal grounds.

In case of traumatism with a needle of a health worker, an HIV test is taken immediately in order to exclude early infection. It is possible to exclude the virus with accuracy only 3 months after the potential infection. Periodic follow-up examinations are important.

Timely diagnosis will help to make an accurate and correct diagnosis. In doubtful cases, an additional program of analyzes is prescribed. For clarification, all tests are checked and repeated twice. Such a comprehensive examination today allows you to accurately determine the presence or absence of immunodeficiency. If you suspect the development of acute retroviral syndrome, you must re-test for HIV every six months. Timely therapy will help prolong the life of the patient, improve the quality of his life.

Frequently Asked Questions: HIV Test

What is HIV and AIDS?

HIV - immunodeficiency virus person. The name contains the meaning of the action of the virus, namely the creation of a deficiency of the natural immune system in humans. AIDS — acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Be HIV positive not necessary means to have a disease AIDS . You just diagnosed that the virus HIV damaged your immune system. Therefore, infections and diseases that the normal immune system fights against HIV infected patient can cause complications and threat to life.

According to the official data of the Ministry of Health, as of October 1, 2006, there were 70,155 thousand HIV-infected people and 6,812 thousand AIDS patients in the country (Ukraine).

In 2006, 11,836 new cases of HIV were registered, of which 2,048 were children, and in the same year 1,712 people died of AIDS (including 21 children). In the past five years, 130 children and 7,643 adults have died of AIDS.

According to expert estimates of the United Nations Joint Agency on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the International HIV/AIDS Alliance, 377,000 people are infected with HIV/AIDS in Ukraine. This is 1.4% of the adult population of Ukraine. According to optimistic forecasts, by 2010 the number will increase to 600 thousand, and according to pessimistic forecasts - up to 1.4 million.

Doctors believe that the epidemic is developing under the influence of the practice of injecting drugs and sex without a condom. Today, the "leaders" in the incidence and spread of HIV / AIDS are the following regions: Donetsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Odessa, Nikolaev regions and the city of Kiev.

How many people infected with HIV are there in Europe?

According to the European Center for Epidemiological Control AIDS , (Paris) in 2003 between 520,000 and 680,000 people were registered living with HIV .

Tested or not?

If you find it difficult to make a decision to check yourself on HIV It's good to find support, for example, from someone you trust or from your doctor. The most important question you must decide for yourself is whether you have been subjected to HIV infection even if it was a long time ago. If the answer is yes, we recommend that you fully decide for yourself to do HIV test and pass HIV and AIDS treatment .

How can I get tested for HIV?

The most common method for diagnosing HIV infection is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA test systems are used to detect antibodies to HIV in the blood serum. By the presence of antibodies, it is concluded that a virus is present in the body. ELISA may give false positive results. False-positive results can be obtained when examining patients with chronic infectious, autoimmune, oncological diseases and in some other cases.

If a positive screening test result (ELISA) is obtained, it is necessary to double-check the result on a more sensitive test - immunoblot.

If I have a negative HIV test result, does this mean that my partner is also HIV negative?

No. Conclusions from the test results HIV may only be valid for the person who did the test and not for his/her partner. HIV not necessarily transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse. However, the risk that the disease is transmitted during unprotected sexual intercourse is always present. You will be completely sure only if both do HIV test .

What happens when I am infected with HIV?

When you are infected HIV , this does not automatically mean that you have AIDS . You will HIV virus carrier for the rest of your life, so it's very important that you study live with HIV . There are several treatments for delay the onset of AIDS .

When is it useful to get tested for HIV?

Testing is useful and desirable if you have been at risk of infection HIV :

- when you had unprotected sex with someone HIV positive or with someone about whom you do not know whether this person is HIV positive or negative. This includes vaginal, anal or oral sex.

- when you took drugs or medicines with used needles,

- when you were accidentally stabbed with an infected needle;

— when you had surgery in a country where HIV is very common ;

when your mother was infected HIV when were you born;

- when you were breast-fed by an infected person;

- when you transfused blood from a donor who has not been tested for HIV

Hello! I am going to take an ELISA test and it scares me that sometimes there is a “false positive” result. Please tell me how often this happens if you take exactly three months and later? After all, it is very exciting. I had one dubious contact, and without ejaculation (I'm a woman). What can affect the result? Or maybe take some other analysis, where there are no false positive results? Thanks in advance.

False positive ELISA occurs in about 1% of cases. It is most often associated with autoimmune diseases and other chronic diseases. Unfortunately, there is no other approved diagnostic method, but the ELISA is always rechecked to rule out a false positive reaction. Try to just set yourself up for the fact that a similar result can be, and that if testing is delayed, then this does not mean anything.

Where can I go with questions?

Every city has independent organizations that can help you. with questions about HIV and AIDS .

Good day! Tell me, please, what diseases can give false positive and false negative results of the analysis? I beg you not to ignore this issue.

A false-positive result of the ELISA analysis can be when examining people with chronic infectious, autoimmune, oncological diseases and in some other cases, for example, during pregnancy. There is no false negative result if enough time has passed - at least 3, maximum 6 months.

How reliable is the HIV test?

HIV test designed for professional diagnostics. It is a qualitative test, so it cannot determine the level of anti-HIV antibody concentration. If you have tested as instructed and the result is negative, you will not need to confirm the result with another test. A positive test result must always be confirmed. Your result should always be evaluated by a doctor.

The question is: can a standard HIV test give a false positive result if a person has an acute stage of herpes (as far as I understand, viral infections can contribute to a false positive result)? And one more thing: if a person passed the test 10.5 months after a dubious contact and received a negative result, can he be 100% sure that he is healthy?

Theoretically, a false positive ELISA result (primary analysis) is possible for this reason. After the indicated period, the analysis is absolutely reliable.

What is the chance of getting a false negative result?

In clinical trials and practice, there is practically no registration of false negative results. Therefore, if testing is done as directed, the chance of a false negative is statistically insignificant.

What is the chance of getting a false positive result?

False positive means that the test gives a positive result, while You are not infected with HIV . Since the test is very sensitive, there is a chance that a positive result is false . In the case of a positive result, we advise you not to rush to conclusions. You should definitely recheck yourself with your doctor.

Question: Repeated analysis for HIV?

I read the book by Sazonova I.M., it says that a malignant tumor can give a positive test result for HIV.

Could this be the case, or is there nothing to hope for?

Help. 12/16/10 ELISA (+) IB (+) then from 03/23/11 to 05/19/11 nine negative ELISA (-) and quantitative PCR. are not determined. in 2002 during pregnancy ELISA then (+) then (-) but IB is always (-). from 2004 to 2008 I took ELISA (-) 2 times a year, but on 30.04.08 ifa (+) and IB-undefined. then again each 2 months handed over IFA always (-). and since December 2010, it has been written above. At the same time, I have never injected, my husband always has an ELISA (-). CD4 980 cells. and even blood for syphilis from 29.04 gave 3 +++. and then three times. negative every 10 days. hepatitis all (-). Has anyone had a similar one. Thank you.

Please specify whether you underwent RIBT (treponema pallidum immobilization reaction), if so, what are the results of this study.

no, no one offered me to do such an analysis. what will it show? I hope you understand that I was talking about HIV tests. Thank you. Have you had similar cases in your practice? by the way, about information security in 2008 was uncertain. was p24/25 protein. in 2010 IB(+) proteins gp160.41.120 p24.17.31. then when ifa was again 3 times (-) sent to IB on April 4th. the result came positive, but the proteins gp 120 and 41. The rest are crossed out with red paste and at the bottom with red IB REPEAT. but PCR from the same number will be denied. after April 4 I handed over IFA already 4 times deny. everything in the AIDS center, including antigen and antibody. Now I'm waiting for a second IB and a high-quality PCR. that's it. VERY TIRED TO THINK AND WAIT. Hoping for the best. THANK YOU. I'm looking forward to a response.

sorry for imprecisely formulating the question. I wrote that in December IFA and Imunoblot for HIV came positive. but since March ifa for HIV is negative 9 times. if I was registered in the AIDS center, then does this happen in principle. HIV is either always positive or negative. and how can an imunoblot be put on HIV if the result of ELISA is negative? then everyone will deny ifa needs to be checked for immunoblot, so what happens? in our speed center they can not answer me anything. Here is what I turned to you. Thank you.

hello. today I received the results of a PCR for HIV, a qualitative virus was not detected and a repeated immunoblot for HIV, the result is uncertain due to protein 41. in the AIDS CENTER they said that most likely there is no HIV, but in my body there are bodies similar in structure to HIV. and what do you think, given my questions of June 15 and 16 (see above), is there HIV or not. THANK YOU.

In this case, the diagnosis of HIV infection is doubtful.

You write that only with the simultaneous detection of HIV with the help of IF and immunoblot, the diagnosis of HIV is considered final. But what about in my case? after all all ptsr will deny. and blot and ifa jump all the time. for 9 years. tell me, if the virus was in my blood, then its RNA and DNA could be accurately determined for so many years. and can the incubation period or "window" last that many years? Are there false negative results of PCR for HIV given such a period of time? Yes, I forgot to say that the rapid HIV tests that I take at the CPD are always negative. Or can I not rely on them either? Thank you.

sorry. I definitely wrote in the wrong place. please answer in the subject of HIV or not HIV. Thank you.

In the event that you have not received a notification of receipt of a response to your mail, you can view the answer to your question at this address http://tiensmed.ru/news/answers/vich-ili-ne-vich-.html

This temperature may be associated with a viral disease, the body has not recovered yet, or chronic overwork. In the event that an organic pathology is excluded, a general blood and urine test is within the normal range, as well as the data of a fluorographic study are also within the normal range, then it is necessary to exclude sexually transmitted diseases: chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis, which can cause inflammation of the organs of the small pelvis and urethra and, as a result, an increase in body temperature. Read more about the reasons for the increase in body temperature by clicking on the link: High temperature.

Hello. There is such a thing - More than a year ago there was unprotected sexual contact with a walking girl. She assured me that she was not sick with anything, but I can’t believe her 100 percent. She also assured that she had undergone a medical examination before getting a job (she worked as a salesman) and everything was fine. 7 months after contact, I still passed an HIV test in the citylab laboratory - the result was negative. But recently I often began to get sick - for 3 weeks now, I have a red sore throat and I cannot cure it. Again he began to be afraid, but suddenly he caught it then? Tell me, is this possible, and is it worth trusting the analysis from citylab? I'm afraid to give up again, my nerves will not stand it ..

Can it show a false-positive result in "ARI" or more acute infectious diseases? Somewhere I read that with 58 diseases or even higher, it can show “+”, including vaccination against hepatitis B, if the kidneys, etc., suffer?

Good day! Immunoblot indeterminate due to p25 protein. What is the likelihood of HIV?

Can you comment on ELISA for HIV

1 serum +3.559 k=13.3

Serum 2 +3.696 k=13.9

In this case, a false positive result is not ruled out, given that the ELISA method is indirect, so I recommend that you take an analysis using a different, more sensitive method - immune blotting. You can find out more detailed information on this issue in the relevant section of our website by clicking on the following link: HIV

now, drawing an analogy of the events that have happened to me lately, as well as 3 sick leave sheets in a row, I tried on all the symptoms and I am horrified by what could be, after being discharged on the same day, I went to take an analysis in an in vitro anonymously and the next day the result for ifa was the same +

I'm sorry for such detailed information, but I'm swept away and killed, I drink strong sedatives and I have no appetite and I practically don't eat, I've lost a lot of weight

I also have such a question that the doctor with an extract from the hospital indicated the result of HIV by ifa was found and below that the immunoblot is in work, but as soon as I close the bl in my clinic at the place, everything will be written there. what should I do? it will no longer be confidential. I asked the doctor not to write this analysis in the extract, to which she refused me, to what extent my rights on non-disclosure of information are respected here.

Hello! I took tests for HIV because I needed a certificate for the FMS, they didn’t give the tests for a couple of weeks, then they invited me to the head and they gave me a positive result, they took a bunch of receipts and sent them to the regional AIDS center for further examination, as it says on the certificate. I want to pass in another clinic and then go to the regional one, or does it make sense to retake it? I just don’t understand why they didn’t give them away for so long, but the doctor said that they allegedly did some kind of analysis and I owe them another 4 thousand rubles, because if they did it, they would probably give detailed information about the disease in addition to the certificate?

In this situation, one should not panic ahead of time - obtaining one positive result does not yet allow one to judge reliably about a possible infection, since false positive results are not excluded. We recommend that you take the test again and if there is a positive result, you will need to undergo another examination - immunoblotting. As a rule, the laboratory does not give detailed information about the results, which is normal and common practice. All questions you may have can be answered by the attending physician after the examination at a personal consultation.

what does the presence of autoimmune diseases mean? what are they?

in general, I can say that I got sick quite often from early childhood and even a couple of three years ago I asked the attending physician to take care of my immunity, because I was constantly tired and often sick, mostly ear, throat, nose, but all the time there were negative results for HIV, I I handed them over with sufficient ease, without hesitation.

A false-positive result of an HIV test can be after a recent viral infection, hepatitis B vaccination, tuberculosis, hepatitis, herpes, as well as against the background of autoimmune diseases such as: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, connective tissue diseases and etc.

I want to add to my question, my immunoblot came, it was negative, but the doctor said that since there were two ifs + when I was in the infectious diseases hospital, I still need to retake the analysis, but a little later

In this case, medical tactics are justified - we recommend that you take an immunoblot again in 1.5-2 months.

What is the probability: 2 ifa + difference between blood samplings of about 2 days, immunoblot - ; was in the infectious diseases hospital with adenovirus infection and parainfluenza, where the blood was taken, the immunoblot was sent to the AIDS center

Good day! I got registered with the LCD, went through all the tests, the doctor says that I have herpes in my blood, then they call from the AIDS center and say that I need to reapply again, I applied and they tell me that I have HIV positive, in a panic, my husband and I went to repeat The analysis was also passed for me ifa and immunoblot + for my husband - I gave it again in a month. I have + my husband - now I am 23 weeks pregnant!

In this situation, unfortunately, there is a possibility of HIV infection, but the final diagnosis cannot be made even with a positive immunoblot, given the state of pregnancy. In this situation, the exclusion of false positive results is required, so we recommend that you take the test again and personally consult with an infectious disease specialist.

if the immunoblot showed a positive result for HIV, and the screening is negative, which result should be trusted?

Immunoblot is a more accurate study, therefore, in this study, if a positive result is obtained, it is required to continue the study and personally visit an infectious disease specialist.

An HIV test is positive - however, it sounds like a death sentence for many. The presence of this epic disease indicates a viral attack that kills cells, but not the presence of AIDS.

In other words, the virus absorbs the body's ability to fight all sorts of diseases and infections, even in the smallest concentration, turning a simple cold into a real war for life.

HIV - ways of infection and symptoms

The immunodeficiency virus is transmitted mainly through sexual contact with an infected person. Other routes of infection are known, such as through:

when transfusing blood in the laboratory (donor blood is always checked for infections, but small concentrations of the virus can pass by);
during contact of the mother with the child (when carrying, feeding or during childbirth);
there may be infection during injections (needles), non-sterile devices and instruments (manicure accessories), and so on.

Symptoms of the primary manifestation of HIV infection appear as follows after only 6 weeks:

sore throat (aching, when swallowing even outside the meal);
a state of chills;
muscle pain (not to be confused with physical activity);
if sores in the mouth do not heal for a long time;
maybe increased sweating during sleep;
partial memory loss;
a constant state of fatigue, but not as a result of overwork;
inflammation of the lymph nodes in the body;
pneumonia.

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Tested or not?

How can I get tested for HIV?

If a positive screening test result (ELISA) is obtained, it is necessary to double-check the result on a more sensitive test - immunoblot.

If I have a negative HIV test result, does this mean that my partner is also HIV negative?

What happens when I am infected with HIV?

When is it useful to get tested for HIV?

Where can I go with questions?

Good day! Tell me, please, what diseases can give false positive and false negative results of the analysis? I beg you not to ignore this issue.

How reliable is the HIV test?

What is the chance of getting a false negative result?

What is the chance of getting a false positive result?

Question: Repeated analysis for HIV?

HIV - ways of infection and symptoms