Introduction …………………………………………………………………….........3

1. Eternal universal values………………………………….………..4

1.1 Definition of universal human values and their relationship with the structure

human personality

2. Righteous Behavior as a Human Value………………….....5

Practicing Righteous Conduct…………………………………………….8

3.1 Analysis personal experience

Conclusion …………………………………………………………………..…...9

List of used literature…………………………………………...10

Introduction

At present, our country is going through one of the difficult historical periods. And the biggest danger that lies in wait for our society today is the destruction of the individual. Now material values dominate over spiritual ones, therefore people's ideas about kindness, mercy, generosity, justice, citizenship and patriotism are distorted. How can each of us change this situation? First of all, it is a reorientation from worldly values to spiritual values. It is necessary to think about the changes of the person himself. Thus, the solution to this problem is only from within the person. It is necessary to return to the roots. The great writer and philosopher Shakarim Kudaiberdiev wrote: “Honest work, a conscientious mind, a sincere heart should become the basis for a good human life. Here are three qualities that should rule over everything ... From a young age, you need to instill in people a sense of high decency, self-respect, which would help to get rid of animal instincts in yourself, to eradicate harmful desires.

Each person is born to make the world more beautiful, brighter and kinder. Look at our children. How much optimism, energy, enthusiasm, kindness, generosity, tenderness are in them. From the country of childhood, we all leave for a great life, full of joy and suffering, moments of happiness and grief. The ability to enjoy life and the ability to courageously endure difficulties is laid in early childhood. Children are sensitive and receptive to everything that surrounds them, and they need to achieve a lot. To become kind to people, one must learn to understand others, show sympathy, honestly admit one's mistakes, be hardworking, marvel at the beauty of the surrounding nature, and treat it with care. Of course, it is difficult to enumerate all the moral qualities of a person in the future society, but the main thing is that these qualities should be laid down today. I really want our children's childhood and our life to be happy!

All great writers, poets, philosophers called and call people to live according to their conscience. William Shakespeare wrote: "Conscience is the daughter of love." For Victor Hugo, the highest court on earth is the court of conscience. “And what is conscience, about which at all times everyone slyly interprets in his own way, when and how it suits him, and what does it mean in itself, before nature, before history, before the future of the world and before God, finally, who created us and which we create? - asks the outstanding writer and thinker of our time Chingiz Aitmatov. “Always be the master of your will, but the slave of your conscience,” M. Ebner Eschenbach instructs.

1. Eternal universal values

and their connection with the structure of the human personality

At the heart of all transformations in the world is a person, considered as the bearer of the highest moral value - he is the basis of success or failure, he and his inner, deep essence determine the real power of any social transformation. The reorientation of modern pedagogy towards a person and his improvement, the revival of the moral and spiritual tradition are the most important tasks set by life itself.

Axiology is a philosophical discipline that explores universal human values. Values are phenomena, objects, properties, states that have a positive significance for the individual. Some of them are of great importance, others of lesser importance. Throughout life, some values come to the fore, others fade into the background, there is a rotation of values.

Socrates (469-399 BC) spoke about value for the first time. He revealed the sphere of the spiritual as an independent reality. The concept of "soul", thanks to Socrates, acquired a moral and ethical meaning, since the soul for him is the "I" conscious, the highest intellect, conscience, morality. Virtue leads to spirituality, which makes the soul good and perfect.

Modern scientists I.K. Zhuravlev, L. Ya. Zorina, I. Ya. Lerner, V. Okon, I. M. Osmolovskaya and others continue to explore the values of life. Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Petrakova T.I. brought out 3 types of values: natural, acquired, absolute.

Natural values:clarity of mind, speed of thought, reliability of memory, sincerity of feelings, fortitude of will;

Acquired: correctness, politeness, sympathy, responsiveness, gratitude, patience;

Absolute universal values: unchangeable in time, do not depend on the nation, race, habitat and confessional affiliation, are important for all mankind. Absolute universal values include both natural and acquired values, which, when viewed through the prism of universal human values, become human qualities.

The absolute human values are Truth, Righteous Behavior, Selfless Love, Inner Peace and Nonviolence. Identification of universal human values leads to the manifestation of virtues. They run like a red thread through a person's life. Human values are inseparable, interconnected, interdependent and penetrating each other, creating a single basis for the spirituality of a person, his culture.

The development of universal values in itself is education in itself. Anyone who tries to properly understand the universal human values: Truth, Righteous Conduct, Selfless Love, Inner Peace, Nonviolence, who puts these eternal values into practice and spreads them with diligence and sincerity, can already be called a truly educated person.

Linking the eternal universal values with the structure of the human personality, the following levels are distinguished:

Physical Level (5 Senses) - Righteous Behavior

Emotional level (subconscious) - Inner peace

Mental level (mind, thoughts) - Selfless Love

Level of discrimination (consciousness, mind) - Truth

Spiritual level (intuition, conscience, inspiration) - Non-violence.

Intuition comes from the superconsciousness, to be outside the personal "I". If you use the mind (intellect) correctly, you can get rid of anxiety, fear, aggression. To hear the voice of reason, you need to bring your mind to a state of rest. Pure reason is above the mind. The senses govern the body, the mind governs the senses.

To achieve inner harmony, a person in thoughts, words and actions must follow the eternal universal values

2. Righteous behavior as a universal value

Right thoughts are born from Truth, right words and deeds are born from right thought. This is Righteous Conduct.

Many true leaders are examples of righteous people. This is Mahatma Gandhi, the whole life path, which lies in his statement "There are many things for which I am ready to die, but there is nothing for which I would be ready to kill someone." And a hero Soviet Union, writer Bauyrzhan Momyshuly, who was distinguished by a firm and direct character, if not straightforward. He always said to everyone only what he thought, he never adjusted to anyone. Being demanding of himself, he demanded the same from others and had a heightened sense of justice. An example of a strong woman, a loving mother is Indira Gandhi. She lived a rich and difficult life, during which she endlessly had to defend her ideals and the rights of her people.

Through the examples of true leaders, we see that righteous behavior- these are moral and ethical standards dictated by the voice of the heart, based on selfless Love and service, vital to a person.

It is the task of each of us to teach Righteous behavior to the rising generation. Indeed, in the ability to see beauty, to appreciate simple things, to enjoy being in the company of oneself or to treat people with love and kindness, there is a common element - happiness. What are the goals educational process in teaching Righteous Conduct? First of all, it is the awakening of the ability inherent in every person to distinguish and hear the voice of Conscience. It is necessary to strengthen those thoughts, words and actions that develop and implement in Everyday life qualities of righteous conduct. The principle of Righteous conduct is not to harm oneself, nor other people, nor nature. To do this, it is necessary to know, respect and fulfill the laws of Nature, morality and the state.

Righteous behavior, as an eternal human value, has certain qualities:

a) Habits

Righteous behavior, based on the realization of one's true nature, should become the main thing in a person's life. Even small things that are done repeatedly and weekly become fixed in habits.

b) Desire Management

Desire motivates a person to action and determines his behavior in life. Only by limiting desires can a person become free.

c) Collaboration

To learn to live and walk the path with people of different ages, social and economic situation, students at school learn discipline, mutual respect, cooperation together.

d) Discipline with love

Discipline is the basis for the success of human activity. This feeling of respect for oneself and the people around makes it possible to acquire knowledge and coexist peacefully in society on the basis of mutual understanding, tolerance, and love. Rules of discipline should be instilled in childhood.

e) Right thought

One must have pure and lofty thoughts that lead to righteous deeds.

f) Correct speech

Language is an indicator of true upbringing. Calm, full of love for others, speech harmonizes the space around people. Loud speech, uneducated, full of anger and hatred - negatively affects human health.

g) Duty and gratitude

Each person has a duty and obligations to his family, society and country, the world, the universe in which he lives. It is worth dwelling on the fulfillment of duty, since this is an important quality of universal human value - Righteous behavior. Man must devote himself to duty and always act according to duty, so that he himself may live in peace, and that the whole world may enjoy peace.

So, righteous behavior is something that is born in the heart and then expressed in the form of words and practiced.

Practicing Righteous behavior, a person gains inner peace, harmony, happiness. The secret to a happy life is to not mind what happens. What does it mean to be "not against what's going on"? This means that inside a person is in tune with what is happening. But this does not mean that he can no longer act to make changes in his life, but quite the contrary. When the basis of action is inner alignment with the present moment, then life itself is filled with inspiration. If peace means more to a person than anything else, if he really knows himself as a spirit and not as a small "I", then when faced with provoking people or situations, he will remain unopposed and completely alert. These are the three facets of true freedom - non-resistance, non-judgment, non-attachment. Carl Jung said, "Happiness lies not in doing what we love, but in loving what we do."

Righteous behavior includes, among other things, taking care of your physical body so that it is healthy, well-coordinated and serves a person in the fulfillment of life's missions.

Practicing Righteous Conduct

3.1 Analysis of personal experience

Some time ago, when life seemed to me the most difficult test, when my soul was torn and prayed for help, I concluded for myself that you can’t do good, you can’t help people. Now I understand that it was wrong. Despite the difficulties of life, I still tried to help people, as my heart demanded. Of course, I was offended when they did not thank me, but, on the contrary, they used my kindness. But now, I have learned to do good and not ask for anything in return. Now I really live. I do not compare my life with the lives of others, I do not let negative thoughts and all that I cannot control into myself. Instead, I invest my energy in the positivity of the current moment. V Lately I try not to waste my precious energy on gossip, unnecessary talk, envy. I realized that no one is responsible for my own happiness except myself.

Every day, when I do something, I realize that I am responsible for it. I noticed that some actions I do automatically. For example, walking down the street, I carry a wrapper in my hands to the nearest trash can. On the bus, I let small children and the elderly go ahead. I start conversations with people with a smile. And this is not a burden for me, but a joy.

Lately, wherever I am, I watch people. I noticed that there are so many kind, educated, polite people in our city. The shop assistants always smile at me. Completely unfamiliar men and young people open the doors and let me into the building. On the bus, young people give way. Representatives of the inspection and regulatory authorities even sympathize if I have problems. At school, colleagues and students offer their help. And it's far from full list what I face every day.

Analyzing my life for the last two or three months, I noticed that my speech, my movements became calm. What I recently dreamed of acquiring somehow disappeared from my consciousness on its own. Now I don't get sick of it. I have other dreams and plans. I want to spend more time with my children and parents. More often walk in nature alone. I want to read new books, go skiing and skating. I want to have a pet, like when I was a child. I want my students to learn to live now, in the present.

Before, my conscience interfered with me, it kind of forced me to do the right thing. There was a struggle between reason and conscience in my soul. Even having done the right thing, according to my conscience, I still did not feel satisfied. I liked being pitied and morally supported. But that was before, in the past. Now I have made friends mind and soul. I try to follow my thoughts, words, actions, character, heart.

I've been looking at things differently lately. For example, when viewing feature film I try on the role of the main character for myself. And how would I act, what would I say in this or that situation. Interested in political news, I evaluate the actions and actions of figures through the heart. It would seem that I can do or change? And I can do a lot, first of all, change myself. Teach your children by example. I want my children in the future to remember their childhood with love and tenderness.

To think good, to speak good, to listen to good, to look at good, to do good - this is the path to happiness!

Conclusion

Thus, the eternal human value Righteous behavior is something that is born in the Truth. This is the basis of the prosperity of mankind, this is an indestructible truth at all times. If Righteous conduct "weakens" and ceases to rule a person's life, the whole world is plunged into despair and fear, and it is shaken by the disharmony of relationships. Righteous behavior is the light of life, dispelling inner and outer darkness, giving peace and happiness. When human relationships are not illuminated by the radiance of Righteous conduct, the whole world is hidden under a dark cloak of misunderstanding. Righteousness is not limited to giving alms and providing shelter to strangers and the poor. Everything that is done with a sense of complete dedication and is dedicated to other people leads to inner self-realization. The path of a righteous life is the desire to turn every moment, every word, every thought and every movement into an exalted step that brings a person closer to understanding his true "I". This is an internal culture, or fidelity to duty, the purpose of which is both the prosperity of everyone around you and your own well-being. Such service, where there is no place for personal interests and the expectation of praise and benefits, opens a way for a person to a source of inner peace and joy, not to mention the fact that, according to the natural law of nature and the spiritual and moral law of correct behavior, this is the inner harmonious life of a person.

Practicing eternal human values is, in fact, what Righteous Conduct is.

“Happiness is not always doing what you want, but always wanting what you do” Leo Tolstoy

List of used literature

R.A. Mukazhanova, G.A. Omarova, R. Muratkhanova. Guide for the teacher. A basic level of. Almaty, NNPOOTS "Bө bek" 2015;

Omarova G.A., Mukazhanova R.A. True leaders in the history of mankind (spiritual and moral aspect of leadership) Almaty, National Research and Educational Center “Bөbek", 2013;

Omarova G.A., Akhmetova A.I., Abrakhmanova A.M., Bagadaeva Zh.A. Spiritual heritage of mankind (5-11 cells). Toolkit for teachers/Almaty, NNPOOTS "Bobek", 2014.

Basic human values

Labor training naturally orients the process of personality formation towards the upbringing of high moral qualities.

In Russian pedagogy, ethnopedagogy of the peoples of Russia - work, justice, beauty, goodness - being the components of morality, they form a single harmonious whole.

The highest human values: justice, labor, beauty, and the strongest and most of all, of course, kindness, kindness as the best, most convincing manifestation of love.

It is obvious that all this together constitutes a reliable basis for morality, and, accordingly, for moral education.

To this list of universal human values, I think it is necessary to add the truth.

So let's make a list of universal human moral values:

Work, beauty, kindness, justice, love, truth, life, purpose of life, meaning of life, truth, chastity, purity, upbringing, homeland, family, children, honesty, traditions, conscience, freedom, man.

Human values in modern world

value universal norm

In the modern world, there are two diametrically opposed points of view on the question of the existence of universal human values. The first of them: there are no absolute universal values. Values and a system of ethics are developed by an ethnos in relation to their own society, based on the experience and nature of the interaction of people within this community. Since the conditions for the existence of different communities are different, it is incorrect to extend the ethical system of one community to the whole world. Each culture has its own scale of values - the result of the conditions of its life and history, and therefore there are no certain universal values that are common to all cultures. An example of ethical behavior among cannibals was the eating of the corpses of a defeated enemy after the battle, which action had mystical significance. Supporters of the above point of view believe that it is impossible to blame a cannibal for such behavior. Advocates of another point of view appeal more to real situations of interaction and coexistence of different cultures. Since in the conditions of the modern world no community of people (except, perhaps, a specially created reservation) exists in isolation from others, but, on the contrary, actively interacts with them, for the peaceful coexistence of cultures, it is necessary to develop some common system of values, even if it did not exist a priori. . For the peaceful coexistence of the culture of cannibals with the culture of vegetarians, they need to develop some system of common values, otherwise coexistence will be impossible. There is also a third point of view that follows from the first. Its adherents claim that this phrase is actively used in the manipulation of public opinion. Opponents of US foreign policy argue that in the foreign policy of America and its satellites, talk about the protection of "universal values" (freedom, democracy, protection of human rights, etc.) often develops into open military and economic aggression against those countries and peoples that want to develop in their traditional way, different from the opinion of the world community. In other words, according to this point of view, the term "common human values" is a euphemism covering the desire of the West to impose a new world order and ensure the globalization of the economy and multiculturalism. There are certain grounds for such a view. European standards are approved all over the planet. These are not only technical innovations, but also clothing, pop music, English language, building technologies, trends in art, etc. Including narrow practicality, drugs, the growth of consumer sentiment, the dominance of the principle - "do not interfere with money making money," etc. In fact, what today is customarily called "universal values" are, first of all, the values that have become established by the Euro-American civilization. Having endured crises of varying intensity and consequences, these ideologies have become excellent soil on which a unified consumer society has grown in the West, and in Russia it is being actively formed. In such a society, of course, there is a place for such concepts as goodness, love, justice, but other "virtues" are among the main values \u200b\u200bin it, which are important primarily for achieving material well-being and comfort. Spiritual values become secondary Another terrible feature of modern civilization is terror. Terrorist evil cannot be justified. But you can try to understand its causes. Each of the tragedies is another episode of an intercivilizational war, in which on one side of the invisible front line is the Western, that is, the American-European civilization, and on the other, that world, or rather, its most radical and extremist part, to which the values of this civilization are alien.

Intercivilizational confrontations are not at all a distinctive feature of the present time. They have always existed. But the main difference between the modern "war of the worlds", which is unfolding in the era of globalism, is that this confrontation develops into a global one, that is, a much larger and more dangerous one. And the battlefield is the Earth. Will this completely cancel the universality of human values?.. Can we at least hope for a better outcome?.. It is impossible to make predictions.

Culture and civilization, their relationship.

Civilization and culture are concepts closely related to each other. It is understood that in the primitive era of the history of mankind, all peoples, all tribes have not yet developed those norms of communication, which later became known as civilizational norms. Approximately 5 thousand years ago, in some regions of the Earth, civilizations arose, that is, associations of people, a society based on qualitatively new principles of organization and communication. Stages of formation of the relationship between civilization and culture: 1. Primitive communal society - the Middle Ages. Culture and civilization are not divorced, culture is seen as a person following the cosmic orderliness of the world, and not as a result of his creation. 2. Revival. For the first time, culture was associated with the individual-personal creativity of a person, and civilization - with the historical process of civil society, but no discrepancies have yet arisen. 3. Enlightenment - new time. Culture is an individual-personal, at the same time a social-civil structure of society, the concepts overlapped each other. European enlighteners used the term "civilization" to refer to a civil society in which freedom, equality, education, enlightenment reign. 4.Newest time. Culture and civilization are divorced, it is no coincidence that already in Spengler's concept, culture and civilization act as antipodes.

Science, its role and place in culture.

Science in modern society plays an important role in many industries and areas of people's lives. The level of development of science can serve as one of the main indicators of the development of society, and it is also an indicator of economic, cultural, civilized, educated, modern development states. The functions of science are very important social force in decision global problems modernity. As you know, rapid scientific and technological progress is one of the main reasons for such phenomena dangerous to society and man as exhaustion. natural resources planets, air, water, soil pollution. Consequently, science is one of the factors of those radical and far from harmless changes that are taking place today in the human environment. Scientific evidence also plays a leading role in determining the scope and parameters environmental hazards. The growing role of science in public life has given rise to its special status in modern culture and new features of its interaction with various layers of social consciousness. In this regard, the problem of the features of scientific knowledge and its relationship with other forms is acutely posed. cognitive activity(art, everyday consciousness, etc.). This problem, while philosophical in nature, is at the same time of great practical significance. Understanding the specifics of science is a necessary prerequisite for the implementation scientific methods in the management of cultural processes. As the main criteria for distinguishing the functions of science, it is necessary to take the main types of activities of scientists, their range of duties and tasks, as well as the areas of application and consumption of scientific knowledge. Main functions: 1) cognitive - knowledge of nature, society and man, rational-theoretical comprehension of the world, the discovery of its laws and patterns, the explanation of a wide variety of phenomena and processes, the implementation of prognostic activity, that is, the production of new scientific knowledge; 2) ideological function - the development of a scientific worldview and a scientific picture of the world, the study of the rationalistic aspects of a person's attitude to the world, the rationale for a scientific worldview. 3) production, technical and technological function is designed to introduce innovations, new technologies, forms of organization, etc. into production. 4) cultural, educational - science is a cultural phenomenon, a significant factor in the cultural development of people and education. This function of science is carried out through cultural activities and politics, the education system and the media, the educational activities of scientists, etc.

The problem of man in philosophy.

Philosophy is a sphere of knowledge, which is dressed in certain human values. Philosophy is interested in the human world, questions revolve around the meaning of human existence in this world. Man is a subject who is capable of changing the material world and himself. The idea of a person is constantly changing. Plato defined man as the embodiment of an immortal soul. Aristotle: man is a political animal (the social component of man). In medieval philosophy: the image of man is

theocentric, a person believes in God, a person is a servant of God, the earthly world is a moment of movement towards God, you need to take care of the soul. Thomas Aquinas: man-actor of divine tragedies and comedies. The will is higher than the intellect, higher than the human mind - A. Augustine. Thomas Aquinas: there is no substantive basis in man, except for the rational soul. A person cannot independently receive knowledge and open up in revelations. Renaissance figures sang the harmony of soul and body. Man is the crown of nature, created in the image and likeness of God. Machiavelli: human desires are insatiable, nature endowed a person with the desire to strive for everything, and fortune is not favorable to everyone. M. Montaigne: all the features of a person differ in upbringing, because the soul of a shoemaker and the soul of a monarch are the same from birth. The problem of man is the fundamental problem of philosophy. Man can begin to philosophize only from the knowledge of himself. The man remained a mystery to himself. Plato: man-animal, bipedal, featherless. Man is a kind of creature, and all creatures are divided into wild and tame. Man is a tame animal. Man is a being who knows how to make and use tools, but there are those who have not made a single tool in their entire life.

Man is Homo sapiens, man is a social being. Everyone

unique - he is what he makes of himself. The problem is determined by the nature of man, considered within the framework of philosophical anthropology. About 50 areas of human study have been opened at the Institute of Man. Human nature has not been determined.

Personality and society.

Personality and society is a socio-philosophical problem, the essence of which is what conditions each historically specific O. presents for the formation and development of L. and to what extent the activity of L. affects O., how the interests of O. and L. are linked. At the heart of pre-Marxist social theories lies the idea of the irreducibility and eternity of the contradiction between O. and L., a view of them as some kind of independent integrity. Thus, in slave-owning O., along with the theories of Plato and Aristotle, which substantiated the need for the subordination of l. political whole - the state, there were theories of the Stoics, skeptics, Epicureans, in which the power of the state was considered as an overwhelming, hostile force. In the feudal formation, the rigid consolidation of the position, rights and obligations of L,; O.'s estate-caste structure was reflected in the undividedly dominant religious ideology with its apology for hierarchy! preaching obedience to God, etc.: The emergence of capitalism destroys the fusion of man with the community, estate, caste, guild and forms a so-called sp. separated to individuals. O. appears before him as a set of formally equal private owners, to whom it must provide the best opportunities for the manifestation of personal abilities and energy. In the 17th - 18th centuries. theories of the social contract are being intensively developed, according to which the social and state structure is a product of the contract of individuals and can be transformed if it ceases to serve the good of people, i.e., violates the contract. However, the establishment and development of capitalism, especially in the era of imperialism, showed that the liberation of Lithuania turned out to be in fact its enslavement by property relations, monetary ties. The dehumanization and depersonalization of a person cover here not only the sphere of labor, but also the sphere of mental activity, the bureaucratic sphere of management, and even the sphere of leisure and entertainment. This process is reflected in bourgeois philosophy, which is unable to reveal the dependence of the conflict between O. and L. from private property relations, which turns it into a kind of eternal, irremovable metaphysical contradiction. Marxism, having shown that the development and change of formations are at the same time the historical process of the formation and development of human L., connected the emergence of a contradiction between O. and l. with the existence of antagonistic social relations, revealed the specific nature of its manifestation and ways of its inevitable overcoming. The elimination of antagonistic classes and historically inherited forms of the division of labor creates the conditions for the formation of comprehensively developed, creatively active L. Already at the stage of developed socialism, opportunities for a harmonious combination of public and personal interests increase, when, on the one hand, O. does everything in the name of man and for its benefits, and with other members of the association, consciously serve the public interest, raising for this their professional and general cultural level, social responsibility, organization, and discipline, i.e., developing themselves as a socially wealthy society.

Freedom and responsibility.

Freedom is a specific way of being a person, associated with his ability to choose a decision and perform an act in accordance with his goals. There can be no absolute, unlimited freedom either in the physical or in the social aspect of human existence. The complete freedom of one would mean arbitrariness in relation to the other. In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, where all articles are devoted to the rights and freedoms of the individual, the last, containing a mention of duties, states that in the exercise of his rights and freedoms, each person should be subjected only to such restrictions as are intended to ensure recognition and respect for the rights of others. .

Responsibility is a self-regulator of an individual's activity, an indicator of the social and moral maturity of an individual. Responsibility implies that a person has a sense of duty and conscience, the ability to exercise self-control and self-government. Conscience acts as the controller of all human actions. The choice made by a person, the decision made, means that a person is ready to take full responsibility and even for what he could not foresee. The inevitability of the risk of doing “wrong” or “wrong” implies that a person has the courage necessary at all stages of his activity: both when making a decision, and in the process of its implementation, and especially in case of failure. Thus, freedom is associated not only with necessity and responsibility, but also with the ability of a person to make right choice, with his courage and with a number of other factors.

Human values and their role in the modern world.

Human values - theoretically existing moral values, which are the absolute standard for people of all cultures and eras

There is an opinion that universal human values are justified on the basis of ethology, for example, as values, the preservation of which contributes to the preservation of the human species. According to another point of view, the dominant moral values emerged as a result of the process of civilizational competition. A civilization that has succeeded in such competition has established its values as "universal". Human values can be in the subconscious, for example, in the form of archetypes. However, not all cultures consider universal human values to be significant. The "golden rule" contradicts, for example, the "eye for an eye" principle adopted in some societies, as well as the practical consequences of the latter, such as blood feuds. Many cultures favor the principle that the strong are always right.

Human values are instilled in a person in the course of his upbringing. They represent the accumulated spiritual, moral and ethical principles that maintain the level of goodness in society. Fundamental is human life with the acute problem of its preservation in the current cultural society and under existing natural conditions.

In another sense, universal human values are an absolute standard that contains the foundations of moral values; they help humanity to maintain its kind.

However, critics argue that some are capable of misusing the concept. So, it can be used to manipulate public opinion. And this is despite the difference in national life, religion, etc. As a result, the same values for everyone and everyone may contradict some culture.

But for every argument there is a counterargument. Opponents of this side argue that without such values, society would already be morally decomposed, and individual subjects could not coexist peacefully.

Important - they first of all form and only then the culture of the country and society as a whole. And, nevertheless, there are no specifics in this kind of values - this is not a certain set of rules that must be unquestioningly followed. Also, they are not associated with a certain period of time in the development of a particular culture, a particular ethical tradition. This is what distinguishes a civilized person from a barbarian.

Human values include several components. The spiritual component is religion, philosophy, art, ethics, aesthetics, various cultural monuments, masterpieces of music and cinema, literary works, etc. That is, the entire spiritual experience of peoples is a universal value. This conceals deep philosophical reflections on the meaning of being, morality, cultural heritage and the morals of the people.

The spiritual component is divided into moral, aesthetic, scientific, religious, political and legal foundations. modern society is honor, dignity, kindness, truth, harmlessness and others; aesthetic - the search for the beautiful and the sublime; scientific - truth; religious - faith. The political component reveals in a person the desire for peace, democracy, justice, and the legal component determines the importance of law and order in society.

The cultural component includes communication, freedom, creative activity. Natural is organic and inorganic nature.

Human values are a form of application of moral standards, which is associated with the ideals of humanism, human dignity and justice. They direct a person to ensure that his life rests on three important components: awareness, responsibility and honesty. Therefore, we are the people that are able to come to this. The prosperity of society, the atmosphere in it depends on us. Mutual understanding and mutual respect should reign in the world. Observance of universal human values can realize such a longed-for world peace!

The basis of the culture of the individual is its attitude to universal values. The term "value" is used to indicate the human, social and cultural significance of certain phenomena of reality.

In essence, the whole variety of objects of human activity, social relations and those included in their circle natural phenomena can act as objective values as objects of a value relationship, that is, it can be evaluated in terms of good and evil, truth and lies, beauty and ugliness, permissible and forbidden, fair and unfair, etc. Methods and criteria, on the basis of which the procedures for evaluating the relevant phenomena are carried out, are fixed in the public consciousness and culture as subjective values, acting as guidelines for human activity. These are attitudes and assessments, imperatives and prohibitions, goals and projects expressed in the form of normative representations.

Objective and subjective values are thus, as it were, two poles of a person's value attitude to the world. In the structure of human activity, value aspects are interconnected with cognitive and volitional ones.

Each historically specific social formation is characterized by a specific set and hierarchy of values, the system of which acts as the most high level social regulation. It fixes those criteria that are recognized by a given society and social group. The assimilation of these criteria at the personal level is the necessary basis for the formation of personality and the maintenance of normative order in society. Value systems are formed and transformed in different periods of society. Values differ in their direction. Some of them retain their significance in different historical periods. Thus, the aesthetic values of antiquity remained significant even after the death of the civilization that gave birth to them. The humanistic and democratic ideals of the Enlightenment also retained their significance.

An important element of value relations in society is the system of value orientations of the individual.

Value orientations - reflection in the mind of a person of values recognized by him as strategic life goals and general worldview guidelines.

The totality of established, well-established value orientations ensures the stability of the individual, the continuity of a certain type of behavior and activity, expressed in the direction of needs and interests. Because of this, value orientations are the most important factor that regulates, determines the motivation of the individual. The main content of value orientations is political, philosophical (ideological), moral convictions a person, deep and permanent attachments, principles of behavior. Because of this, in any society, the value orientations of the individual are the object of education, purposeful influence. They determine the direction of volitional efforts, attention, intelligence.

The development of value orientations is a sign of a person's maturity, an indicator of the measure of its socialization. A stable set of value orientations determines such personality traits as integrity, reliability, loyalty to certain principles and ideals, the ability to make strong-willed efforts in the name of these ideals and principles, an active life position, perseverance in achieving a goal. Inconsistency in value orientations gives rise to inconsistency in behavior. The underdevelopment of value orientations is a sign of infantilism.

In today's world, there are different value systems. For example, the value systems characteristic of French society: religious (charity, self-sacrifice, chastity, etc.); personal, created by man - economic (the right to work, free choice of profession, protection from unemployment, fair remuneration, etc.), democratic (a sense of friendship, the right to be free from discrimination based on race, nationality, gender, language, religion, origin etc.), healthy careerism (in the best sense of the word), social (the right to a standard of living), political (the desire for power, influencing others), aesthetic (sense of beauty, etc.).

The American researcher P. White singles out "civic virtues": hope and confidence, courage, self-respect and self-respect, friendship, trust, honesty, decency, education of citizenship.

English researchers define the following groups of values: the values of freedom, equality and rationality; spiritual values as an integrative quality (relation to the world); moral values (good and evil); environmental values, citizenship; values of health, art, healthy lifestyle life.

V.A. Karakovsky, director of one of the Moscow schools, substantiates the following set of values: land - as common Home humanity, the land of people and wildlife; the fatherland is the only unique Motherland for each person, given to him by fate and bequeathed by his ancestors; family - the natural environment for the development of the child, laying the foundations of personality; labor is the basis of human existence; knowledge is the result of various labor, primarily creative; culture is the wealth accumulated by mankind; peace - harmony between people, peoples, states, the main condition for the existence of the Earth and mankind; a person is an absolute value, goal, means and result of education.

Modern domestic teachers(B.S. Gershunsky, N.D. Nikandrov, V.A. Karakovsky and others) argue that the universal does not negate the national, but, on the contrary, finds itself in it. It is in the form of the national that everything unique and inimitable is realized for the first time, which subsequently acquires a universal status.

Human values are higher than national ones, because they are recognized by the majority of people in all countries of the world. Humanistic pedagogy also refers to universal human values: human rights, recognition of a person highest value respect for the personality of the child, his dignity; human freedom; protecting the rights of the child to freedom and development; affirmation of democratic principles in upbringing and education. Human rights and freedom are universal values, because they express common interests humanity, bring together and make related the spiritual goals different peoples, various religions, different eras. To learn to respect, appreciate and protect what has been created by all peoples means to realize and accept universal human values, understood as the unity of the national and international.

In modern society, among the value orientations, domestic researchers distinguish value relations to the Motherland, to their people, their traditions, language, culture, customs, native nature; life (includes the right to life of every person, respectful and careful attitude to any manifestations of life, a meaningful life position); to himself, to his personal moral qualities (honesty and truthfulness, modesty, moral purity, and others); parents, relatives, children; to nature as the basis of humanistic relations; labor as the most important moral value.

In an assembly lecture given on November 18, 1997 at St. Petersburg University, N.D. Nikandrov, President Russian Academy education, proposed the following classification of values: the value of life, the values of the family (spiritual closeness, physical closeness, children, parents, etc.), the values of education and culture, labor as a value, ideology and politics as values.

The affirmation of civic, humanistic values in society, the formation of a free individual who is aware of the interdependence of his rights and duties, who has a civic position, largely depends on the system of upbringing and education. The development of value orientations, which reflect the characteristics of the time, makes it possible for every person to feel like a citizen of the planet, a person of the world.

Awareness of universal human values is possible in the formation of ideas, feelings, ideas aimed at society; orientation towards a combination of national and universal values; the study of human rights, duties towards society and other people; understanding of the unity of the rights and duties of a citizen; education of civic feelings and behavior; development of independence of judgments, feelings of empathy.

Orientation to universal values is organically included in the content of education.

Basic human values

Human values ​​in modern world

Human values in modern world