Stalin's first wife, Ekaterina Svanidze, died in 1907. She was the ideal companion of the future leader - humble, unquestioning, inconspicuous. Svanidze died in 1907. Stalin's mistake was that after 10 years of loneliness, he married a rebellious, active and independent girl. Her name was Nadezhda Alliluyeva. A photo of Stalin's wife, a biography, versions of the reasons for her death - all this is presented in the article.
Acquaintance
Dzhugashvili's mother insisted that he should come to Georgia and find himself a suitable bride. But he didn't like the idea. How will a simple peasant girl look next to the wives of her comrades-in-arms, educated women, by no means stupid? Dzhugashvili thought for a long time and finally drew attention to Nadya Alliluyeva.
According to family tradition, in 1903 Stalin saved a two-year-old girl when she fell into the water while walking along the embankment. It was in the Caucasus, where the Alliluyevs then lived. After 14 years, they met again. Stalin then came to Petrograd and for some time lived in the apartment of his future wife's family. He was 38. Nadezhda Alliluyeva was barely 16.
Brief biographical note
Nadezhda Alliluyeva was born in 1901 in the family of a revolutionary worker. Her mother was German. The father, according to the daughter of Stalin and Alliluyeva, is a gypsy. In 1932, Stalin's second wife committed suicide. The mystery of her death has not been solved to this day.
Marriage
In February 1918, Nadezhda left the gymnasium. She got a job as a typist in Lenin's secretariat. In March of the same year, she married Dzhugashvili. Then she had not yet reached her majority. According to the law issued by Stalin years later, such a marriage is invalid.
Hope grew up among the Bolsheviks, from a young age was embraced by revolutionary ideas. However, she quickly matured after seeing the bloodshed that the war led to. Why did the girl marry a man who treated her, as eyewitnesses claimed, in a boorish way, if not rudely? Also, was he 20 years older? Marriage of convenience?
Contemporaries claimed that Stalin's wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva was a modest person. There are several versions regarding her relationship to her husband. But many researchers, authors of biographies of Stalin's wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva, argue that she really was in love with the leader of the revolution.
Father and daughter
Their second meeting took place at a difficult time. Civil War, confusion, terror ... The gymnasium where Nadya studied was closed. The father was engaged in the revolution, the mother was rarely at home. Nadezhda Alliluyeva became Stalin's wife because she needed someone to lean on. In addition, the tyrant of the 20th century was a rather pleasant person, according to those who had a chance to communicate with him. With women, he knew how to be courteous, distinguished by eloquence, wit.
There is a scandalous version about the reason for Alliluyeva's suicide. Her mother was very promiscuous in relationships with men. In the early 1900s, she also had relations with Dzhugashvili. Alliluyeva committed suicide after she found out that she was the daughter of her husband.
Married to a tyrant
In 1921, the son Vasily was born. 5 years later - Svetlana. Stalin's wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva could have had more children. She had about ten abortions. In those days, as you know, abortions were performed without anesthesia and were an extremely unpleasant procedure for a woman.
In the book dedicated to Stalin's wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva, there is such a scene: in a foreign hospital, the doctor, examining the heroine, utters the phrase: "Poor thing, you live with a real animal." These words, of course, would never have been dared to be uttered by any Soviet doctor. And did some nameless doctor really say them? Perhaps this is just an invention of Trifonova. But, of course, living with the tyrant Alliluyeva was not easy.
Over the years it became more and more closed. Biography, personal life of Nadezhda Alliluyeva - many books are devoted to this topic. But they are written on the basis of assumptions, versions, conjectures. The life of Nadezhda Alliluyeva, like everything connected with the name of Joseph Stalin, is shrouded in secrets. Of course, many letters have been preserved. In them, oddly enough, Stalin is very gentle, and his wife is restrained and cold. At the same time, according to Alliluyeva's daughter, another quarrel with her husband prompted her mother to commit suicide.
There is a version that Stalin's second wife suffered from a mental disorder. Doctors diagnosed her mother with schizophrenia, which Joseph Vissarionovich found out about after his marriage. Nadezhda Alliluyeva did not have this disease. But often she had sharp mood swings. And in the early thirties, she attended church more and more often, which at that time was akin to madness.
Confessions of a dictator
Stalin could not help but know that his wife had become religious. Moreover, his close associates also knew about regular trips to the temple. How did the leader of the Soviet state feel about this? The mother of Joseph Dzhugashvili dreamed that her only, beloved son would become a priest. He himself studied at the theological seminary, but did not graduate from it.
Some historians claim that Stalin's wife could not attend church, and all this is nothing more than idle rumors. However, before his death, in March 1953, the Generalissimo went to confession. The veracity of this story is confirmed by many facts.
Under Khrushchev, the priest was interrogated a lot, but he, despite the threats, did not betray the secret of confession. Probably, Stalin experienced pangs of conscience. He had many faults. But what tormented the generalissimo most of all before his death? Guilt before the people or before the dead wife? No one will answer this question.
Disease
Let's return to the version of Nadezhda Alliluyeva's mental illness. She was an easily excitable, nervous person. In addition, she suffered from terrible headaches. Many legends have been created about the personal life of Nadezhda Alliluyeva. They said that she was incredibly jealous, hard going through her husband's infidelity. But she decided to commit suicide not because of problems in her personal life. Nadezhda Alliluyeva suffered from a severe brain disease caused by improper fusion of the bones of the cranial vault. Among people with a similar diagnosis, suicidal ideation is not uncommon.
Unbearable burden
Nadezhda Alliluyeva saw that life was changing, but it was not changing for the better. She did not like collectivization, the lack of food in the store. In November 1927, a participant in the revolutionary movement, diplomat Adolf Yoffe, committed suicide. He was sick. But everyone knew that Joffe was a supporter of Trotsky, and reprisals awaited him. Nadezhda Alliluyeva was on good terms with the diplomat. She went to Yoffe's funeral and there she heard indignant remarks about her husband's dictatorial policies.
She had not been a good housewife before, but in the second half of the twenties she began to devote less and less time to home and children, plunging into social life. Arrests began, many of the prisoners and the executed were her acquaintances. Alliluyeva tried to help them...
Stalin did not need such a wife. In his understanding, a woman should be silent, cook dinner, raise children and in no case start talking about politics. They moved further and further away from each other. The most plausible version of the reason for Alliluyeva's suicide can be formulated as follows: she did not cope with the role of the tyrant's wife.
Death
On the night of November 8-9, 1932, Stalin's wife shot herself in the heart with a Walter pistol. Her husband was asleep at the time. The maid, seeing the body of Alliluyeva in a pool of blood, called her relatives. When everyone gathered, they woke up Stalin. He went into his wife's room, raised the gun and said: "Wow, a toy, he shot once a year."
All relatives of Alliluyeva were arrested. Stalin took revenge on them for the betrayal of his wife - that is how he regarded her departure from life.
Name: Svetlana Alliluyeva
Age: 85 years old
Place of Birth: Leningrad; A place of death: Wisconsin, USA
Activity: philologist, translator
Family status: was divorced
Svetlana Alliluyeva - biography
Alliluyeva Svetlana Iosifovna - philologist - translator, who wrote memoirs about her father Joseph Stalin, candidate of philological sciences, the only daughter of Joseph Stalin.
Childhood, family
Born Svetlana Alliluyeva, nee Stalina, and in exile Lana Peters, February 28, 1926. Her rich biography began in Leningrad. She appeared at a time when Joseph Stalin was a revolutionary, and Nadezhda Alliluyeva became his second wife, who did not want to take her husband's surname. In the family of Stalin - Alliluyeva, Svetlana became the second child, since the girl already had her own older brother Vasily and Yakov Svanidze, a half-brother from his father's first marriage.
Despite the fact that the girl never needed anything, her parents loved her, but her father showed this love in his own way, insultingly. This made her childhood years the most miserable.
As soon as the girl was six years old, her mother died. The death of Nadezhda Alliluyeva was a real shock for the child. The father, busy with constant work, could not devote much time to his daughter. Sometimes they didn't see each other for days at a time. Soon a nanny was hired for the children. It was the influence of Alexandra Andreevna that later helped Svetlana to choose her own path in life and become a philologist.
Svetlana Alliluyeva - Education
Svetlana Alliluyeva went to exemplary school No. 25, where she showed a special interest in literature. But deprived of communication with her peers, the girl tried to somehow cheer herself up. During these years, her main occupation was learning English and watching Soviet films.
When her school years were left behind, Svetlana dreamed of entering the Literary Institute. But this dream was not given to come true either, since the father believed that his daughter should not be engaged in such an unworthy occupation. Therefore, the young girl had to enter the Faculty of History at Moscow State University. After graduation, she enters the Academy social sciences and, having defended his dissertation, becomes a candidate of philological sciences.
Career of Svetlana Alliluyeva
Svetlana Alliluyeva gets a job at the Institute of World Literature, where she is actively engaged in literature. But after the death of her father, the whole biography of the girl changes dramatically. It turned out that her father left her only nine hundred rubles as a legacy.
In 1966, having left for India, Svetlana Alliluyeva asked for political asylum from America, which deprives her of Soviet citizenship. And in 1984, she again decides to return to her homeland. But two years later, she decides to return to America again, although in Georgia she lived in comfortable conditions. But, renouncing Soviet citizenship, in America she settled in a nursing home.
In 1967, her first book of memoirs was published, where she described her childhood in the Kremlin and the personality of Stalin. This book brought her popularity, but her subsequent books were no longer so in demand.
Svetlana Alliluyeva - biography of personal life
On account of Svetlana Iosifovna Alliluyeva there are many marriages and novels. Even during the life of Stalin, she was already married twice and both marriages ended in divorce. In her biography, there were five official marriages, although there were also many novels.
The first husband was a classmate of his brother Grigory Morozov, but his father was against this union. Stalin tried to do everything to ensure that this marriage broke up as quickly as possible. In this union, the first child of Svetlana was born - the son of Joseph.
In 1949, the long-awaited divorce and a new marriage took place. This time, Stalin himself chose the husband for his daughter. It turned out to be Yuri Zhdanov, who was also the son of the secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Before the registry office, young people did not see each other. In this marriage, a daughter, Catherine, was born, and a divorce immediately followed. When Svetlana Alliluyeva left for America, she left her daughter to her husband's relatives. Her daughter could never forgive her for this.
After the death of her father, she entered into a civil marriage with Brajesh Singoh, who lived in India. Soon her husband dies, and Svetlana asks permission to bury him at home. But from there she does not return.
It is known that in 1957 Svetlana Alliluyeva married one more time to the scientist Ivan Svanidze. But two years later, a divorce followed. In 1970, there was a fifth marriage that took place in America. Her husband was the architect William Peters.
In this marriage, Svetlana gave birth to a third child - daughter Olga, whom she later gave away to American school- boarding school. But Svetlana Alliluyeva’s relationship did not work out not only with her husbands, but also with her children, whom she simply abandoned and who do not want to know anything about her.
Son Joseph, worked as a cardiologist, but died in 2008, never meeting his mother again.
In 2011, the famous and only daughter of Joseph Stalin died alone, where there were no relatives, no children, no friends, in an American nursing home from cancer. Her body, at the request of Olga, was cremated and sent youngest daughter Therefore, the place of her burial is still unknown.
Biography by: Tati
Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva was the favorite of her formidable father. It would seem that a girl who was born in the family of a man who headed a huge country is destined for a wonderful fate. But in reality, everything turned out differently. The life of Stalin's daughter was like a continuous adventure that had nothing to do with the fate of the offspring of high-ranking political figures in the USSR.
Svetlana was born in Leningrad on the last day of the winter of 1926. She was the 2nd child in the marriage of Joseph Stalin with Nadezhda Alliluyeva. In addition to her, the “leader of all times and peoples” and his wife had a son, Vasily. The girl also had a brother Yakov, whom his first wife Ekaterina Svanidze gave birth to his father (he died in German captivity during the war).
In abundance, which others could only dream of, Stalin's daughter Svetlana grew up. The biography of her childhood years was overshadowed by the early death of her mother, who committed suicide when the girl was six years old. They concealed the true cause of her mother's death from Svetlana, telling her that she passed away on the operating table during an attack of acute appendicitis. But, as Alliluyeva herself later said, the mother simply could not stand the humiliation and insults from her high-ranking spouse. After her suicide, Svetlana and Vasily practically remained orphans, because Joseph Vissarionovich was very busy with state affairs and he did not have enough time to raise his offspring.
Sveta was brought up by numerous nannies and governesses. She was driven to class by her personal chauffeur. She did well in school, she knew English language. After the outbreak of the war, she and her brother Vasily were evacuated to Kuibyshev. The girl's life was not particularly interesting. She was not allowed to walk, be friends with the neighbor's children, communicate with strangers. The only entertainment for Svetlana was the films that she watched on a home movie projector.
Vasily, unlike his sister, did not want to be bored. The father was not often at home, and the young man, taking advantage of his absence, often organized noisy parties. Among the brother's acquaintances, one could meet famous artists, singers and athletes at that time. At one of these parties, sixteen-year-old Svetlana met 39-year-old screenwriter and actor Alexei Kapler. Stalin's daughter fell in love with him. The biography of this woman will continue to be full of novels, but she will never forget her first true love. A solid age difference did not bother either the girl or her lover. Alexei was very handsome and was popular with women. By the time he met Svetlana, he managed to divorce 2 times. His ex-spouses were famous Soviet actresses.
Young Sveta impressed Kapler with her erudition and adult conversations about life. He was a mature man and understood that the affair with the daughter of the “leader of the peoples” might not end very well for him, but he could not do anything with his feelings. Although Sveta was always followed by a personal bodyguard, she managed to escape from his persecution and walk with her lover through quiet streets, visit the Tretyakov Gallery, theater performances, closed screenings of films at the Cinematography Committee with him. In her memoirs, Svetlana Iosifovna wrote that there were no close relations between them, since in the USSR sex before marriage was considered a shame.
Stalin became aware of the first adult feeling of his daughter quite soon. The General Secretary of the USSR immediately disliked Kapler, and problems began in the life of the actor. He was summoned many times to the Lubyanka and subjected to many hours of interrogation. Since it was impossible to try Kapler for having an affair with Svetlana, he was accused of spying for Great Britain and sent to the Vorkuta labor colony for ten years. For the girl herself, this novel ended with a couple of weighty slaps in the face from a strict father.
The further biography of Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva is connected with her studies at Moscow State University. After leaving school, she became a student of the Faculty of Philology, but, after graduating from the 1st year, under pressure from her father, she transferred to the historical one. The girl hated history, but she had to obey the will of the pope, who did not consider literature and writing to be decent occupations.
As a student, Svetlana married Grigory Morozov, a school friend of her brother. The girl was then eighteen years old. Stalin was against this marriage and categorically refused to see his son-in-law. In 1945, a young couple had a child, who was named Joseph. Svetlana's first marriage lasted only four years and, to Stalin's great joy, broke up. As Alliluyeva said in one of her interviews, Grigory Morozov refused to use protection and wanted her to give birth to 10 children. Svetlana did not plan to become a heroine mother. Instead, she wanted to higher education. During the years of marriage with Morozov, the young woman had four abortions, after which she fell ill and filed for divorce.
In 1949, the daughter of Joseph Stalin, Svetlana Alliluyeva, remarried. This time, her husband was chosen by her father. It turned out to be the son of the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party Andrei Zhdanov, Yuri. Before the wedding, young people did not have a single date. They tied the knot because Stalin wanted it that way. Yuri officially adopted Svetlana's son from his first marriage. A year later, Alliluyeva gave birth to her husband's daughter Ekaterina, and then filed for divorce. Iosif Vissarionovich was dissatisfied with this trick of Svetlana, but he could not force her to live with an unloved man. The Secretary General of the USSR realized that his daughter would no longer obey him, and resigned himself to her rebellious character.
In March 1953, the "leader of all peoples" passed away. After the death of her father, Svetlana was given his savings book, which accounted for only 900 rubles. All personal belongings and documents of Stalin were confiscated from her. However, the woman could not complain about the lack of attention to herself from the government. She had a good relationship with Nikita Khrushchev, with whom she studied at the university together. Since 1956, Svetlana's place of work has been the Institute of World Literature, where she studied the books of writers from the times of the USSR.
Well, what did Stalin's daughter Svetlana do next? Her personal life in the fifties was replenished with another marriage. This time, Alliluyeva's chosen one was the Soviet Africanist Ivan Svanidze. Life together lasted from 1957 to 1959 and ended, as in previous marriages, in divorce. The spouses did not have common children. In order not to be bored, Svetlana started short-term novels. During this period, the list of her lovers was replenished by the Soviet writer and literary critic Andrei Sinyavsky and the poet David Samoilov.
In the sixties, with the onset of the Khrushchev "thaw", the life of Stalin's daughter changed dramatically. Svetlana Alliluyeva meets an Indian citizen Brajesh Singh in Moscow and becomes his civil wife (she was forbidden to enter into an official marriage with a foreigner). The Hindu was seriously ill and died at the end of 1966. The woman, using her connections in the government, asked the Soviet authorities to allow her to take the ashes of her husband to her homeland. Having received permission from A. Kosygin, a member of the Politburo of the Central Party of the CPSU, she went to India.
Being away from the USSR, Svetlana realized that she did not want to return home. For 3 months she lived in Singh's ancestral village, after which she went to the American embassy located in Delhi and asked the United States for political asylum. Such an unexpected trick of Alliluyeva caused a scandal in the Soviet Union. The authorities of the USSR automatically enrolled her in the list of traitors. The situation was aggravated by the fact that a son and a daughter were waiting for Svetlana at home. But the woman did not believe that she had abandoned them, since, in her opinion, the children were already very adults and could well live on their own. By that time, Joseph had already managed to acquire his own family, and Catherine was a first-year student at the university.
Alliluyeva did not manage to leave India straight for the USA. In order not to spoil the already strained relations with the USSR, American diplomats sent a woman to Switzerland. For some time Svetlana lived in Europe, and then moved to the States. In the West, Stalin's daughter did not live in poverty. In 1967, she published the book 20 Letters to a Friend, in which she spoke about her father and her own life before leaving Moscow. Svetlana Iosifovna began to write it back in the USSR. This book was a worldwide sensation and brought the author about $ 2.5 million in income.
Living in distant America, Svetlana tried to arrange a personal life with the architect William Peters. After her marriage in 1970, she took her husband's surname and shortened her name, becoming simply Lana. Soon, the newly minted Mrs. Peters had a daughter, Olga. Madly in love with her American husband, Svetlana invested almost all her money in his projects. When her savings ran out, they divorced. Later, Alliluyeva realized that Peters was advised to marry her by his sister, who was sure that the “Soviet princess” should have enough millions from her father. Realizing that she had miscalculated, she did everything in her power to get her brother divorced. After the dissolution of the marriage in 1972, Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva retained her husband's surname and remained alone with Olga. Her main sources of income were writing and donations from charitable organizations.
In 1982 Svetlana moved to London. There she left Olga at a Quaker boarding school and traveled the world. Unexpectedly for everyone, a woman in 1984 returns to the Soviet Union. She later explained the reason for this decision by the fact that Olga needed to be given a good education, and in the Soviet Union it was provided free of charge. The authorities of the USSR met the fugitive kindly. Her citizenship was restored, she was given housing, a car with a personal driver, and a pension. However, the woman did not like living in Moscow and she moved to her father's homeland in Georgia. Here Alliluyeva was provided with royal living conditions. Olga began attending school, taking lessons in Russian and Georgian, and going in for horseback riding. However, life in Tbilisi did not bring Svetlana any pleasure. She could not restore the damaged relationship with the children. Joseph and Catherine were offended by their mother because almost 20 years ago she left them. Stalin's daughter Svetlana could not find understanding among relatives. Her biography contains information that in 1986 she and her youngest daughter will again emigrate to the United States. This time there were no difficulties with the exit. Gorbachev personally ordered that the daughter of the “leader of the peoples” be freely released from the state. Arriving in the United States, Alliluyeva forever renounced Soviet citizenship.
How and where did Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva live after her second departure from the Soviet Union? Arriving in the United States, an elderly woman settled in the town of Richland (Wisconsin). She completely stopped communicating with her son Joseph and daughter Catherine. Soon Olga began to live separately from her and earn a living on her own. At first, Svetlana Iosifovna rented a separate apartment, then she moved to a nursing home. In the nineties, she lived in an almshouse in London, then again went to the United States. Last years The woman spent her life in a nursing home in the American city of Madison. She died of cancer on November 22, 2011. In her dying order, the chief's daughter asked to be buried under the name of Lana Peters. Where she was buried is unknown.
Stalin's daughter lived in this world for eighty-five years. The biography of this woman will be incomplete if you do not mention how the life of her 3 children turned out. Alliluyeva's eldest son Joseph took up medicine. He studied cardiology and wrote a large number of research papers on heart disease. Iosif Grigoryevich did not like to tell the press about his mother, he was on bad terms with her. Lived 63 years. He died of a stroke in 2008.
Svetlana Iosifovna's daughter Ekaterina is a volcanologist. Like her older brother, she was very offended by Alliluyeva when she left for the West, leaving the children alone. Ekaterina Yuryevna prefers not to answer press questions about her mother, saying that she never knew this woman. In order to hide away from increased attention from journalists and special services, Alliluyeva's daughter left for Kamchatka, where she lives now. Leads a reclusive life.
The youngest daughter Olga Peters was a late child for Alliluyeva. The woman gave birth to her in her fifth decade. As an adult, Olga changed her name to Chris Evans. Today she lives in the USA, works as a seller. The woman hardly speaks Russian. As an older brother and sister, Olga's relationship with her mother was not very good.
long and bright life managed to live Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva. The biography with pictures presented in the article allowed readers to learn a lot interesting facts about her fate. This woman was not afraid of scandals, did not pay attention to public opinion and condemnation. The daughter of the “leader of peoples” knew how to love, suffer and start life from scratch. She failed to become a good mother to her children, but she never suffered from this. Svetlana Iosifovna did not like very much when she was called the daughter of Stalin, therefore, once in the West, she forever said goodbye to her old name. However, having become Lana Peters, she remained the “Soviet princess” for everyone.
Fate released Nadezhda Alliluyeva for 31 years, thirteen of which she was married to someone whom many consider the embodiment of evil
None of those with whom she studied and worked, with whom she communicated daily, did not even guess who she really was. Only relatives and the closest of her entourage knew that Nadezhda Alliluyeva- the wife of the most powerful man in the country. They started talking about her when she was gone, and her death, without revealing the secrets of her life, became a new mystery for everyone.
I can't bear to get married
She was very small when she met Soso(short for Joseph) Dzhugashvili. Or rather, he met her: he saved her, two years old, who accidentally fell off the embankment into the sea. It was in Baku, where Nadia was born on September 22 (September 9 according to the old style), 1901. Her family was closely connected with the revolutionary movement, her father Sergei Yakovlevich Alliluev was one of the first workers of the Social Democrats, and the young Georgian Dzhugashvili was his close friend. So close that it was with the Alliluyevs that he settled in 1917, returning from exile.
According to Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva, grandfather was half gypsy, and grandmother, Olga Evgenievna Fedorenko, - German. The youngest in the family, Nadenka had a pronounced independent and quick-tempered character. She did not listen to her parents when, at the age of 17, having joined the Bolshevik Party, she decided to link her fate with Joseph. Her mother warned her to marry with an age difference of 22 years, her father was against marriage, because he believed that such an immature wife with an uneven character was clearly not suitable for an active revolutionary. But in 1919, they nevertheless got married and at first lived, as they say, soul to soul.
Kremlin orphanage
The family moved to Moscow. Nadezhda, after completing typist courses, began working in the secretariat V. I. Lenin. In 1921, the first-born son was born Basil. Her husband insisted that she quit her job and take care of the house and the child. Moreover, at the suggestion of Nadezhda, he moved to them and Jacob- Stalin's son from his first marriage with Ekaterina Svanidze who died of typhus in 1907. Yakov was only seven years younger than his stepmother, and they talked for a long time, which irritated her husband very much.
However, Nadia did not want to leave work, and here Vladimir Ilyich helped her: he himself settled this issue with Stalin. It is curious that an orphanage was specially opened for the children of high government officials in 1923 on Malaya Nikitskaya, since their parents were too busy in the service. There were 25 kids from the Kremlin elite and exactly the same number of real homeless children.
Raised them together without making any distinctions. This was told by the adopted son of Stalin, the same age as Vasily, Major General of Artillery Artem Sergeev, who fell into the family of the leader after the death of his father, a famous Bolshevik Fyodor Sergeev who had been friends with Stalin for many years. In this orphanage, he and Vasya Stalin were from 1923 to 1927. And the co-directors of this house were Nadezhda Alliluyeva and Artem's mother Elizabeth Lvovna.
Love on "you"
Year after year, disagreements became more and more noticeable. The husband and his young wife were often as harsh, and sometimes rude, as with his associates. Once, Stalin did not speak to his wife for almost a month. She did not know what to think, but it turned out that he was dissatisfied: his wife calls him “you” and by his first name and patronymic. Did Stalin love her? Obviously loved, at least in his letters from holiday destinations called her Tatka and called to come to his place if he could find a few free days.
Nadezhda tried to be a caring mother and wife, but she did not like life in domestic captivity. Young, energetic, she loved freedom, the feeling of being useful, and she was offered to sit almost locked up, where every step was controlled by security, where she could communicate only with a narrow circle of trusted persons, by the way, almost always older than her.
The husband has his own worries: after the death of Lenin, there is a fierce intra-party struggle for power, sometimes Trotskyists, sometimes a “right deviation”. Hope did not delve into the vicissitudes political struggle. I just felt that the more power in the country Stalin took into his own hands, the stronger the domestic fetters became. That's why she treasured every opportunity to get out of the house, in Big world filled with events. Her education was minimal: six grades of a gymnasium and secretarial courses, but she went to work in the journal Revolution and Culture and began to master the editorial business. Even the birth of her daughter Svetlana in 1926 could not firmly tie her to the house.
Not friends with those
All around, people poured into the workers' schools, everyone studied, received working specialties, graduated from institutes. Hope also went to school. The husband stubbornly objected to this step, did not want her to leave the children for nannies. But nevertheless, he was persuaded, and in 1929 Alliluyeva became a student at the Industrial Academy in order to receive the specialty of a chemical engineer. Who this student was, only the rector knew. She was not brought to the doors of the academy: she got out of the Kremlin car for a quarter, dressed discreetly, behaved modestly.
It was interesting to study. Moreover, the home environment was not pleasing. Nadezhda was jealous of her husband for other women to whom he paid attention, sometimes not embarrassed by her presence. She tried to avoid the feasts that were arranged at home: she did not tolerate drunk people and did not drink herself, because she suffered from terrible headaches.
And it so happened that she was friends mainly with those who did not favor her husband. She was impressed by polite, intelligent people, such as Lev Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin. Several times Nadezhda even left her husband for her parents. But then she returned: either he asked, or she decided so herself, and where could one run away from Stalin?
Tortured her and all the people
At the end of 1930, there was a trial of the Industrial Party. Many engineers and scientists were arrested, who were accused of counteracting the course of industrialization. Those who criticized the pace and forms of collectivization also paid the price. All this became known to Nadezhda Alliluyeva. Indeed, even at the academy where she studied, many teachers and students were arrested.
Nadezhda argued with her husband, sometimes provoking him into a scandal in the presence of others, accusing him of having tortured her and "all the people." Stalin was angry - why is he interfering in state affairs, called names, rudely interrupted her tantrums.
Where did the girl go that unconditionally went with him to the revolution and was a real fighting girlfriend? It seemed to him that she had completely abandoned the children; instead of an understanding and sympathetic woman, he sometimes saw in her a supporter of his enemies.
... November 7, 1932, when in the house Kliment Voroshilov gathered to celebrate the 15th anniversary of October, there was a breakdown. Everyone drank, except for Nadezhda, and Stalin, having rolled up a bread ball, threw it to the side of his wife with the words: “Hey, you, drink!” Indignant, she got up from the table and answered him: “I don’t hey to you!”, Left the feast. WITH Polina Zhemchuzhina, wife Molotov, they walked around the Kremlin, and Nadezhda complained about her life and about her husband, and in the morning she was found in a pool of blood, a Walter, a gift from her brother, was lying nearby.
Who was shooting?
75 years have passed since the death of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva, and the debate about how she passed away still does not subside. Killed by someone or killed herself? If she was killed, then, perhaps, by Stalin himself - out of jealousy (supposedly for an affair with her stepson Yakov) or for having contacted his political opponents. Maybe she was killed not by Stalin himself, but by his order - by the guards as an "enemy of the people."
Shot yourself? Probably out of jealousy. Or maybe she wanted to avenge him for rudeness, drunkenness and betrayal?
But here is another - medical - version that appeared after the autopsy. Nadezhda Alliluyeva suffered from an incurable disease: a pathology of the structure of the cranial bones. That is why she suffered so much from headaches, from which even the best doctors in Germany, where she went for treatment, could not save her. Probably, stress caused a severe attack and Alliluyeva could not stand it - she committed suicide, which, by the way, often happens with such an ailment. No wonder it is called the "suicide skull".
And how did Stalin react to the death of his wife? Everyone agrees on one thing - he was in shock. Relatives testify that his wife left a note for him, which he read but did not share with anyone. However, it was clear that she made a strong impression on him.
Svetlana, Alliluyeva's daughter, reported in her book that at the civil memorial service, Stalin approached his wife's coffin and suddenly pushed him away with his hands, turned away and left. I didn't even go to the funeral. But Artem Sergeev, who was present at the funeral, reported that the coffin was placed in one of the premises of GUM, and Stalin stood in tears near the body of his wife, and his son Vasily kept repeating: “Daddy, don’t cry!” Then, at the Novodevichy cemetery, where Nadezhda Alliluyeva was buried, Stalin followed the hearse and threw a handful of earth into her grave.
Stalin did not marry again, and witnesses say that during the war he came to the cemetery at night and sat alone for a long time on a bench near his wife's grave.
She did not follow in her father's footsteps, preferring "life behind the scenes", and wrote memoirs in which she denounced the party elite and showed Stalin from an unexpected side.
Father's death
Svetlana developed a very controversial relationship with her father, whose shadow haunted her throughout her life. But even despite their numerous conflicts, his death was a real blow for Alliluyeva, a turning point in her life: “Those were terrible days then. The feeling that something habitual, stable and durable has shifted, shaken…”.
Probably, nowhere today you will find so many warm words about Joseph Stalin, as in the memoirs of Alliluyeva, who herself later admitted that in last days of his life she loved him more than anything. Iosif Vissarionovich was dying for a long time and painfully, the blow did not give him an easy death. The last moment of the leader was completely terrible: “At the last minute, he suddenly opened his eyes and looked around at everyone who was standing around. It was a terrible look, either insane or angry and full of horror before death and before the unfamiliar faces of the doctors who bent over him. This look went around everyone in a fraction of a minute. And then, it was incomprehensible and scary, he suddenly lifted up left hand and either pointed it somewhere up, or threatened all of us. The next moment, the soul, having made the last effort, escaped from the body.
And then the power of the so hated Alliluyeva Lavrenty Beria began, whom she would call more than once in her “letters” “a scoundrel, a creeping bastard and a murderer of her family”, the only person who, according to him, rejoiced at the leader’s death: “Only one person behaved almost indecent - Beria. He was excited to the extreme, his face, already disgusting, now and then distorted from the passions bursting him. And his passions were - ambition, cruelty, cunning, power, power ... He tried so hard, at this crucial moment, how not to outwit, how not to outwit! When it was all over, he was the first to jump out into the corridor and in the silence of the hall, where everyone stood silently around the bed, his loud voice was heard, not hiding the triumph: “Khrustalev! car!
"Orders"
All children have their own games, Svetlana Alliluyeva also had her own. From childhood, the leader's daughter played "orders", the father himself came up with the tradition, and it became an obligatory component of the life of his children. The bottom line was that the daughter did not have to ask for something, only to order: “Well, what are you asking for!” - he said, "only order, and we will immediately fulfill everything." Hence the touching letters: “Setanke the hostess. You must have forgotten the folder. That's why you don't write to him. How is your health? Are you not sick? How do you spend your time? Are the dolls alive? I thought that you would send an order soon, but there is no order, how not. Not good. You offend the folder. Well, kiss. Waiting for your letter". Stalin always signed under the order: “daddy” or “secretary”.
Mum
The image of her mother, Nadezhda Alliluyeva, Svetlana cherished all her life, despite the fact that she spent very little time with her, she was only six when Stalin's second wife died. And during her lifetime, Nadezhda spent little time with her daughter, it was not in the order of emancipated women to babysit children.
Nevertheless, it is life with her mother at the dacha in Zubatovo that Sveta connects her best memories. She independently managed the household, found the best educators for the children. After her death, Alliluyeva recalls, the whole house was transferred to state control, from where a crowd of servants appeared, who looked at us as "an empty place."
Stalin's second wife shot herself in her room on the night of November 8-9, 1932, the reason was another quarrel with her husband, whom she, according to her recollections, loved dearly all her life. Naturally, the children were not told about this, Sveta learned the terrible secret about suicide many years later: “They told me later, when I was already an adult, that my father was shocked by what had happened. He was shocked because he did not understand: why? Why was he given such a terrible blow to the back? He said that he himself did not want to live anymore. At times, some kind of anger, rage found on him. Stalin took her death as a betrayal, besides, Nadezhda left her husband a long accusatory letter, which subsequently untied his hands. Repressions began in the country.
Lucy Kapler
But it was by no means the death of the mother that played a decisive role in aggravating the conflict between “fathers and children”.
The Stalinist daughter had many novels, and each of them is remarkable for something. Alexei Kapler, nicknamed "Lucy", became the first love of the "general's daughter", with whom she had to part very quickly - dad did not approve.
This story took place during the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War. Lusya conceived a new film about pilots and came to Zubatovo to consult with Sveta's brother, Vasily. Well, then, long walks, going to the cinema: “Lucy was for me then the smartest, kindest and most wonderful person. He opened the world of art to me - unfamiliar, unknown. Nothing foreshadowed trouble until Pravda published a careless article by an ardent lover from Stalingrad, where Kapler went on the eve of the battle. The “letter” of a certain lieutenant to his beloved completely betrayed the author, they were especially bold last words: “Now in Moscow, probably, snowing. From your window you can see the battlements of the Kremlin.”
Clouds began to gather over the couple. It became obvious to the lovers that they should part, besides, Lucy planned a business trip to Tashkent. The last meeting was reminiscent of “Shakespearean passions”: “We could no longer talk. We kissed in silence, standing side by side. We were bitter and sweet. We were silent, looked into each other's eyes, and kissed. Then I went to my house, tired, broken, anticipating trouble.
And the trouble really happened, the next morning Lucy Capela was “asked” to Lubyanka, from where he went not on a business trip, but to prison on charges of having connections with foreigners. A day later, an angry dad burst into Svetlana: “No way
could find a Russian!” - Kapler's Jewish roots irritated Stalin the most.
exotic romance
Fate did not favor Svetlana with happy novels. Another personal tragedy and at the same time great happiness was her relationship with Brajesha Singh, the heir to a rich and noble Indian family. When they met in 1963 in the Kremlin hospital, Brajeshey was already terminally ill - he had advanced lung ephimesis. Nevertheless, you can’t order your heart, the lovers moved to Sochi, where soon the Hindu proposed to Svetlana. But the marriage was refused, saying that in this case, Brajeshey would take her abroad legally. Svetlana claimed that she was not going to live in India, but would like to go there as a tourist. Kosygin refused this too. Meanwhile, in Moscow, he was getting worse. Alliluyeva was sure that he was "specially treated like that." She begged Kosygin to let her and her husband (as she called Brajeshey) go to India, she was again refused. She was able to see the homeland of her lover only accompanied by his ashes, Brajesh died in her arms on October 31, 1966.
overseas epic
With the death of Brajesh, Svetlana's life abroad began. After her trip to India, she became a "non-returner", her citizenship was nullified in the USSR. “I didn’t think on December 19, 1966, that this would be my last day in Moscow and in Russia,” Alliluyeva later recalled in her book “Only One Year”. But the big name did not leave her abroad either, Svetlana was supported by the CIA - for America of the times cold war it was good to have the daughter of a great dictator who had fled her own country. Another Soviet diplomat, Mikhail Trepykhalin, argued that Alliluyeva's presence in the United States could "undermine" relations between Washington and Moscow. Now it is difficult to judge exactly what connections Alliluyeva had with the US special services; her dossier, published after her death, has undergone serious revision. On the one hand, she thanked America for the miraculous rescue: “Thanks to the CIA - they took me out, did not leave me and printed my Twenty Letters to a Friend. On the other hand, the following words are attributed to her: “For forty years of living here, America has not given me anything.”
Goodbye Russia
Svetlana spent most of her life abroad. In her memoirs, she described longing for her homeland, the joy of returning at the end of 1984: “As I understand it, everyone who returned to Russia after emigrating from France, where life was not so unsettled ... I also understand those who did not leave for relatives abroad, returning from camps and prisons - no, they do not want, after all, to leave Russia! No matter how cruel our country, no matter how difficult our land<…>None of us, who are attached by heart to Russia, will ever betray her, leave her, or run away from her in search of Comfort.” The return was not easy for her, Gorbachev personally received permission for her entry. But the shadow of her father, which inexorably pursued her all her life, did not allow her to get along peacefully in her homeland. In 1987, she left the USSR forever, which, however, did not remain long either. Svetlana Alliluyeva, the Kremlin princess, ended her days in 2011 in a nursing home in Richland, USA.
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