Analysis of the ecological state of the Burabay State National Park. Current ecological state of SNNP "burabay" Burabay State National Natural Park

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1. History of the study and development of Borovoe in pre-revolutionary times

The first information about the study of the nature of the Borovoye tract dates back to the second half of the 18th century, when the Russian Geographical Society sent several expeditions to study the territories of Kazakhstan annexed to Russia.

Swedish botanist I.P. Falk, Russian historiographer N.P. Rychkov, German scientist P.S. Pallas became the first scientific explorers of these lands. Academician P.S. Pallas published an article in the Petersburg Vedomosti newspaper "about what he saw and learned in Borovoye", the essence of which was that "... the places in Borovoye are excellently beautiful."

In the summer of 1778, the newly formed West Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society sent a geographical expedition to the Kokchetav district of the Akmola province, led by the Russian scientist and geographer I.Ya. Slovtsov. She explored the shores of lakes Borovoye, Chebache, Shchuchye and studied the richest forest and meadow vegetation.

Admiring the unique beauty of Borovoye, I.Ya. Slovtsov wrote in his travel notes: “It is unlikely that in the entire Kyrgyz steppe there is such a picturesque and rich in various gifts area as the surroundings of the Kokchetav mountains represent. On a small piece of land, about 20 versts in diameter, mountain cliffs, reminiscent of the Caucasus and Altai, overgrown with needles, entered into a wonderful combination with the element of water, which represents here many large and small lakes with water as clear as crystal, and rocks surrounded by barricades of the most fantastic shape"

The virgin nature of Borovoe has been the subject of study by many eminent scientists for decades.

One of the first explorers of the lakes of the tract was A.P. Uspensky. Summer seasons 1979-1980 he dedicates to traveling around the region with the study of the terrain and numerous lake basins. In 1881, in the Siberian Medical Journal, published in the city of Novosibirsk, he makes a description of the lakes Borovoe and Shchuchye as a resort.

Professor P.G. Ignatov as a result of holding in 1886-1902. in the Kokchetav district of three lake expeditions collects the richest collection material. Together with L.S. Berg, he publishes several works on the hydrology of the region with a detailed description of the hydrological regime of lakes Borovoe, Small and Bolshoye Chebache, Dzhukei, Maibalyk and Koturkul.

Botanist A.Ya. Gordyagin, in the future a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, studied the vegetation and soils of Northern Kazakhstan, including in the Kokchetav forests. He traced the zonality in the distribution of steppe, meadow and mountain forest soils of the region, which he described in his monograph.

In 1898, the Borovskoye district was separated into an independent state-owned forestry under the jurisdiction of the Forestry Department. In the same year, the first two-year forestry school in Kazakhstan (now the College of Ecology and Forestry in the city of Shchuchinsk) was transferred to Borovoe from the city of Omsk, which trained forest conductors for forestry. By the efforts of the students of the school, the forests of Borovoe were removed to the plans, work began on the natural regeneration of forests and meteorological observations.

A great contribution to the development of forestry in the region was made by E.I. Sedlak, appointed in 1912 to the forest school as a teacher of forest disciplines, forestry and natural sciences. At the same time, he served as an assistant forester of the Borovsk training and test forestry. For over 30 years Yevgeny Iosifovich taught the youth. He trained a significant detachment of forestry specialists, many of whom became prominent scientists. E.I. Sedlak also carried out a lot of scientific work: for the first time in Northern Kazakhstan, he reproduced 296 species and varieties of trees and shrubs in order to select species for enrichment species composition local forests, for landscaping and protective afforestation in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan.

In 1894, the State Property Administration of Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions was organized in the city of Akmolinsk. It was headed by the manager of state property V.V. Baryshentsev. A forestry scientist by education, in Soviet times he was an associate professor at the dendrology department of the Siberian Agricultural Institute, he highly appreciated the importance of Borovoe and did a great job of accounting, preserving and studying the forests of the tract. In 1900-1917. on his initiative, the first works on the improvement of the region were carried out (construction of roads, bridges, protective walls, etc.). Thanks to his efforts, for the first time the Kokshetau mountain range and the surroundings of Lake Borovoe (Aulikul) were identified as "natural monuments".

M.P. Multanovsky, in a scientific brochure about Borovoye published in 1923 in Omsk, rightly noted: “For 25 years, the forest department represented by V.V. Baryshevtseva and his closest assistants prudently and painstakingly worked on creating a well-maintained summer cottage and prepared it for the establishment of a large resort.

Along with the device of Borovoy, his fame also grows. By the beginning of the 20th century, Borovoye was firmly established as a summer resort area. Lakes Borovoye and Shchuchye have become popular as excellent resorts for the weak-chested and consumptive. In 1901, the publisher and editor of the Guide to All Siberia, V.A. Dolgorukov called Borovoe "an aristocratic koumiss healing place, which is also famous for its pictures of nature."

In 1903, in the journal "Natural Science and Geography" in the section "Russia. A complete geographical description of our Fatherland ”an article by M.M. Siyazov about Borovoe. “... In these regions, attracted by a remarkably healthy climate and high-quality koumiss, many summer residents from Tobolsk, Tomsk, Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk come in summer. Unfortunately, there are no comfortable rooms for those who come to be treated, there is no permanent doctor, and finally, one cannot even hope for the cheapness of food products: their sale is in the hands of several families, and prices are always higher than even in the big cities of the region.

In 1910, the doctor of medical sciences K. Emelyanov used the favorable climate of the resort and koumiss, which was brought by the Kazakhs from the surrounding villages, in the treatment of his son from pulmonary tuberculosis. He opens in the village of Borovskoy "the first sanatorium and koumiss" for 100 people. By 1913, up to 2 thousand people a year were going here for treatment, coming from distant corners Western Siberia and the Urals.

In 1913-17. articles describing “the miraculous resort of Borovoye, where nature itself heals” and “a place where nature heals and where serious bodily ailments recede” began to appear more and more often in Russian periodicals.

2. Formation of the Resort-Borovoye and nature research until 2000

the beginning new history Kurorta-Borovoye steel 20s Soviet years the last century.

On March 20, 1919, the Pravda newspaper published a decree “On medical areas of national importance” signed by V.I. Lenin. In March 1920 M.I. Kalinin signed the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR "On the nationalization of private dachas and sanatoriums", after which Borovoe was nationalized as an object of national importance.

In the summer of 1920, Professor I.A. Valedinsky, who led the balneological expedition to Borovoe, gives the following conclusion: "... Borovoye is the most valuable climatic station for tuberculosis patients, patients with chronic bronchitis, pleurisy, etc. ...". Prominent physician P.A. Lomovitsky confirms this conclusion, and in 1925 a new state resort "Borovoe" was opened in the system of the All-Russian Resort Administration.

In 1926, Borovoe was visited by the People's Commissar of Health of the USSR N.A. Semashko. In the newspaper "Izvestia" No. 184 of August 14, 1926, he wrote: "... Borovoe deserves to become a" repair shop "for pulmonary patients from all over our Union." Arrival of People's Commissar N.A. Semashko contributed to the rapid development of the resort and the beginning of the construction of medical institutions in the Shchuchinskaya and Borovskoye zones. The first Soviet health resort? sanatorium "Barmashino" for the treatment of patients with an open form of tuberculosis began to operate in 1927 on the shores of Lake Shchuchye.

For the mass development of the resort in the same 1927, a railway line Kokchetav - Shchuchinsk was built, laid from Petropavlovsk and continued in the 30s to Akmolinsk and Karaganda.

In the 30-40s, the construction of health resorts continues? sanatoriums, rest houses, pioneer camps. Their throughput was determined at 18-20 thousand people per year. All medical institutions had plots allocated for estates, park areas and subsidiary farms, with a total area of 15,000 hectares.

The scientific study of the resort continues. The natural wild places of Borovoye began to attract a large number of specialists.

In 1927 a book by A.A. Kozyrev "Brief hydrogeological essay of Kazakhstan" with a positive assessment of the quality of groundwater in the Borovsky district of the Kokchetav district.

From 1923 to 1934 Tomsk hydrogeologists N.Ya. Krinitsyn and I.V. Geblev study the healing properties of the salt lakes of the region (Bolpashsor and others), their nutrition with mineral springs. They determine the composition of the water of Lake Maibalyk similar to the composition of the healing water of Essentuki No. 17 and give a conclusion about the possibility of using local mud and mineral waters to treat patients.

In 1933-35. B.P. Dietmar and K.D. Yagovkin. Omsk scientist A.P. Uspensky in 1930-33 again deals with the development of lakes in the Borovsk zone and changes in their levels, analyzes chemical composition waters and publishes several papers on these issues. He explains the fall in lake levels "not by human impact on nature, but by natural processes associated with the geology of the area."

In 1926-29 Professor of the Omsk Institute works in the area of Kurort-Borovoe Agriculture and forestry P.L. Dravert. He studies the geological structure of the region. Based on his own observations and literature data (geological works by A.A. Anzimirov and V.A. Obruchev), P.L. Dravert restored the history of the geological formation of the Kokchetav granite massif and gave detailed description geology of the area.

Later, in 1939, in the collection " State Reserve Borovoe, P.L. Dravert places an essay on the minerals and minerals of the region. He writes that “... the attention given to Lately resort Borovoye by representatives of various branches of natural science and medicine, encourages me to contribute a feasible share of labor to the development of this wonderful natural monument.

A major event in the life of Borovoe was the establishment of the reserve. In 1935, the idea of V.V. Baryshevtsev on the creation of a territory protected by law in Borovoye. At the initiative of the All-Russian Society for Nature Conservation, the Borovoe State Reserve was established by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissariats of the RSFSR dated 06/01/1935 and confirmed by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazakh SSR and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan dated June 27, 1938 No. 641.

It was the fourth nature reserve of the USSR, but in its position it differed sharply from others, since a significant number of medical institutions were located on its territory. Academician B.A. Beloslyudov noted that “The Borovoe Reserve is a very interesting place for the study and elucidation of methods for managing the reserve economy, as well as some problems of agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing and hunting.

The reserve had an area of about 95 thousand hectares within the Shchuchinsky district of the Kokchetav region. The reserve included lakes Auliekol (Borovoe), Shortankol (Pchuchye), Ainakol (Bol. Chebache), occupying 11.7% of its area.

The following tasks were set for the Borovoe Reserve: the study and preservation of existing forest areas and virgin steppes, hunting game fauna and wild animals, as well as soils, lakes and rivers. All research work was assigned to a staff of 19 people in the presence of one specialist - a researcher.

During the years of the Great Patriotic War Several research institutes from the central regions of Russia and about 40 employees of the USSR Academy of Sciences from Moscow and Leningrad were evacuated to Borovoye. Immediately after their arrival, the scientists joined the study of the Borovsk zone.

Academician V.I. Vernadsky was fascinated by the nature of Borovoye. After studying the surroundings of the resort and the collections of minerals stored in the reserve, collected by P.L. Dravert, he proposed to include the topic "Minerals of Borovoe" in the work plan of the reserve.

Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences L.S. Berg studied the reservoirs of the region. Professor V.N. Sukachev conducted research on local forests, Professor L.A. Ivanov? water regime of pine, birch and other tree species.

Academician N.F. Gamaleya, together with the staff of the Sevastopol Institute physical methods treatment for them. THEM. Sechenov, appreciated natural conditions resort, among which he singled out climatic, balneological, water, mud and koumiss and prepared the work “Therapeutic factors of Borovoye”.

All health resorts that existed in Borovoye by the beginning of the war were urgently converted into hospitals. Thousands of fighters and commanders Soviet army with injuries to the lungs and respiratory system received a cure here. In many ways, this was facilitated by such natural factors as pure ionized air, saturated with oxygen and phytoncides, constantly humid and easy to breathe air, low atmospheric pressure, and an abundance of medicinal plants.

In the post-war years, the Borovoye Reserve continued to conduct a large and necessary work on the restoration and reproduction of forests and the registration of flora and fauna. Unfortunately, the search for a harmonious combination of environmental and recreational activities was interrupted in 1951. Like many others, in the course of the demagogic “anti-prohibition” campaign, the Borovoye nature reserve was liquidated. On its territory, a forestry enterprise and an experimental hunting farm were formed.

From that moment until the 1990s, environmental protection activities and the development of the resort were carried out haphazardly, irregularly and inconsistently.

In the summer-autumn season of 1956-1957. I.G. Zheleznikov measured the intensity of solar radiation at the site of the Shchuchinsky sanatorium, which gave average figures for light ions: positive? 2390 in 1 cm3 of air, negative? 2480 in 1 cm 3 of air, unipolarity coefficient? 0.96.

In the development of scientific forestry activities in the region since 1959, the leading role belonged to the Kazakh Research Institute of Forestry and Agglomeration, formed in the city of Shchuchinsk on the basis of the Kazakh Experimental Station of Forestry and the Forest Department of the Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR in Alma-Ata. Thus, the institute was closer to the objects of its research.

One of the main directions in the development of forestry in Borovoe was to increase the productivity of forests and the rational use of forest resources, the development of a scientifically based system of forestry and protective afforestation on a landscape basis. Over the period of its existence, it has developed and published more than 300 scientific papers. Based on the materials of the institute, 12 doctoral and more than 100 master's theses were defended. The most important of them are the monographs of A.A. Makarenko, S.B. Baizakova, A.A. Gursky and others.

In 1983, the Kokchetav Territorial Council for the Management of Trade Union Resorts was established in the city of Shchuchinsk, which included 5 sanatoriums, 5 sanatoriums, 1 boarding house, 2 rest houses, and the Zolotoy Bor tourist center. 5 thousand people could rest in them at the same time, and 70 thousand people a year. In addition, tens of thousands of unorganized vacationers come to the resort area in the summer.

In the 80-90s, specialized scientific research on the territory of the Shchuchinsko-Borovskaya resort area was carried out irregularly, due to lack of funding.

In 1976, with the support of the Monitoring Department of the Moscow Institute of Applied Geophysics, the Background Monitoring Station was established in the city of Shchuchinsk. Specialists of the Moscow Institute of Applied Geophysics introduced a number of techniques developed by them, taking into account the peculiarities of the local landscape. The FMS included a weather station and a laboratory. In the latter, sampling and analysis of air samples, bottom sediments, soil, vegetation, water (Shchuchye and Borovoye lakes) were carried out. The laboratory was liquidated in 2001.

The deterioration of the ecological state of the unique wildlife area of the Kurort-Borovoe was noticed back in the late 80s, when the described territory was actually in the stage of “self-survival”.

As a result of the hydrogeological work carried out by the employees of VSEGINGEO under the leadership of V.I. Astakhov, significant water pollution and drops in the levels of the largest lakes Borovoe, Shchuchye, Bol. Chebachy, Mal. Chebachy and Kotyrkul.

The regulatory document “Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR No. 160 dated April 26, 1984 established the status of the territory of the Shchuchinsko-Borovskaya resort area. The "Plan for the development of the Shchuchinsko-Borovsky resort area of the Kokchetav region" was also approved, taking into account the existing economic and environmental situation of the resort. The Executive Committee of the Kokchetav Regional Council of People's Deputies adopted a decision No. 362-17 of October 27, 1989 on the organization of the Borovoe State National Park, but it was not implemented.

Studies conducted in 1992 by NPO Kazrudgeologia by the North Kazakhstan Geological Expedition showed that the territories of the city of Shchuchinsk and other settlements of Borovoye exceed the maximum allowable concentration for soils in terms of lead, arsenic, copper, cobalt, chromium and nickel. The causes of pollution are gas and smoke emissions from coal-fired boilers and vehicle exhaust gases.

According to KazNIILKhA research data (1993), “In the forests of Borovoye, 50% of plantations are in the stage of decay, 36% are experiencing critical overloads, i.e. forests are physiologically weakened due to violations of their use, unsystematic grazing of livestock, under the influence of many years of clear and selective logging.

By the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 787 dated May 6, 1997, the Borovsk forestry was transformed into the State Institution "Natural and Recreational Forest Complex "Burabai".

The ecological state of the complex was considered on July 23, 1998 at a meeting of the board of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection. The following was noted:

“The total territory of the Burabay regiment is more than 78 thousand hectares. It has a complex ecological situation. The level of lakes Shchuchye and Borovoe decreases annually, around which the main health-improving complexes, dispensaries, rest houses, summer camps for children's recreation.

Causes of shallowing of reservoirs:

1. Degradation of forests, due to damage and compaction of the soil, trampling and destruction of forest litter, living ground cover.

2. Irreversible ever-increasing consumption of water for drinking and industrial needs.

3. Deforestation in the catchment area.

4. Low water periods for many years.

5. Silting of reservoirs.

6. Formation of sapropels.

As a result, most of the lakes developed a negative water balance, when the outgoing part began to significantly exceed its incoming part.

IN last years the lowering of the water level in the lakes is at a rate of 15-20 cm/year. For the period from 1986 to 1998. the water level decreased in Lake Shchuchye by 2.18 m, in Lake Bol. Chebache by 1.5 m. The average water intake is 3.2 million l / year. Lake Shchuchye becomes catastrophically shallow, more and more islands appear from under the water, which gradually begin to grow with birches and pines. Lake Borovoe is flooded by the sewerage of 38 septic tanks in the village of Borovoye.

By Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated February 4, 1998 No. 106 "On some issues of the Shchuchinsko-Borovskaya resort area", a special program for the improvement of the ShchBKZ was developed and approved.

Akim of the North-Kazakhstan region adopted a decision dated August 27, 1998 "On the sanitary and ecological state of the ShchBKZ". It noted the need to classify the object as a specially protected area, because. “... giving the status of a protected area and an environmental institution of republican significance will allow establishing the necessary protection regime for the unique natural complexes located here, as well as implementing a program for their use for scientific, health and recreational purposes, and developing ecological tourism in the interests of the population of Kazakhstan.”

In the same year, the Regional Ecological Council for the problems of monitoring studies of the state of the environment of the ShchBKS was created.

In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated August 12, 2000 No. 1246, issued in development of the order of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 16, 1999 No. 98, on the basis of the former Burabay Natural Health Forest Complex of the Economic Department of the President and Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan The Burabay State National Natural Park was established. Natural objects located on the territory of the Shchuchinsko-Borovskaya resort zone were classified as objects of the state natural reserve fund, with the establishment of security and protection zones and the prohibition within them of any activity that adversely affects the conservation and reproduction of natural complexes.

The main purpose of the creation of the SNNP was to preserve natural complexes, the integrity of ecosystems, rare, endangered and especially valuable species of flora and fauna of Northern Kazakhstan.

The State National Natural Park "Burabai" approved the Management Plan for 2007-2011.

The purpose of the Management Plan was:

Schema creation effective management Burabay State National Natural Park,

Determination of prospects for further development aimed at preserving natural complexes, unique and standard natural sites and objects of the state natural reserve fund,

Creation of a modern tourism infrastructure.

The priority tasks of the Management Plan are:

s maintaining the integrity of ecosystems, reference and unique complexes, historical and cultural monuments;

s preservation of the entire natural complex in its natural state, including flora, fauna, plant and animal communities, landscapes, as well as maintaining ecological balance;

s creation of a modern ecological tourism infrastructure to fully meet the needs of vacationers and tourists;

s creation in national park infrastructure conditions for people's recreation and the organization of scientific, educational, ecological with various forms of active recreation;

s ensuring the regime of protection of the state national park and its buffer zone;

s introduction of monitoring of ecological systems and individual natural objects under the program of the chronicle of nature.

10% of the park area was assigned to the zone reserved regime , where, in accordance with Art. 45 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" any economic activity, recreational use is prohibited and the reserve regime is in effect.

On 90% of the area in the zone custom mode By order of the Chairman of the Committee for Forestry and Hunting of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated February 9, 2007 No. 56, the Rules for regulated tourism and recreation in the subzones were approved:

1. regulated recreation, where enterprises are located, the production activity of which is recreation and sanatorium treatment (the shores of lakes Shchuchye, Borovoye and Bolshoi Chebache).

2.tourist service, where excursion routes and tourist services are carried out in accordance with the approved rules.

3. limited economic activity, where are the lands of the city of Shchuchinsk, pos. Burabay and other settlements, roads, pastures for livestock, etc.

In accordance with Art. 24 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", a security zone with a length of 500 meters has been established around the park. Storage and burial of production and consumption wastes is prohibited in the buffer zone.

The Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Administrative Offenses in Ch. 19 provides for administrative liability for the following offenses in the field of environmental protection and the use of natural resources:

Article 240 Violation of sanitary-epidemiological and environmental requirements for environmental protection

Article 241. Evasion of taking measures to eliminate the consequences of environmental pollution

Article 247 Operation of motor vehicles and other mobile vehicles in excess of the standards for the content of pollutants

substances in emissions

Article 248 Violation of legislation on the protection of atmospheric air

Article 249 Failure to comply with the requirements for the protection of atmospheric air and fire safety

Article 252 Non-compliance with the requirements of the environmental regime of land use

Article 261 Violation of the requirements for the handling of production and consumption waste, discharge Wastewater

Article 276 Violation of security rules water resources

Article 282 Illegal use of forest fund plots

Article 283 Illegal felling and damage to trees and shrubs

Article 284 Violation of fire safety and sanitary rules in forests

Article 296-1 . Violation of the procedure for the stay of individuals in certain types of specially protected natural areas

Article 298 Illegal hunting, use of wildlife

Article 298-1 . Violation of the rules of fishing and protection of fish stocks

For offenses in the code, fines are imposed:

o for individuals in the amount of five to ten MCI;

o for officials, individual entrepreneurs, legal entities that are small or medium-sized businesses in the amount of twenty to fifty MCI;

o for legal entities that are large businesses in the amount of fifty to two hundred monthly calculation indices.

On the territory of the national park "Burabay", according to Art. 142 of the Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, protected areas are monitored and a system for observing the natural course of natural processes and changes in the state of the environment has been introduced.

The Address of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan on the path of accelerated economic, social and political modernization" in the Strategy for the territorial development of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2015 provides for the development master plan development of the Shchuchinsko-Borovskaya resort area.

The Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Akimat of the Akmola region drew up the Program for the Development of the Shchuchinsko-Borovoye resort area for the period 2006-2008, which was implemented by the employees of the national park during this period.

On June 25, 2008, in Astana, at the House of Journalists, a presentation of the project “Cleaning the water bodies of the Shchuchinsko-Borovoye resort area” took place.

According to the Deputy Director of the Department of Environmental Policy and Sustainable Development of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan Amangeldy Asatov, "the full development of the Shchuchinsk-Borovskaya zone is impossible without the improvement of the region's lake ecosystems."

“Today, there are problems of lowering the water level in reservoirs, pollution of lakes and, in this regard, the depletion of fish food resources, which also leads to fish disease,” he said. Schlegel Kazakhstan LLP, a subsidiary of the German company of the same name, which is one of the world leaders in the field of water management, wastewater treatment, waste disposal and construction of engineering infrastructures, was selected as the contractor for the work.

The project manager, Vice-President of Schlegel Gerhard Wurzberg, assured that during the work, materials from space reconnaissance of the area, diagnostics and testing of water and soil quality, as well as examination of existing natural objects will be used.

In March 2009, a technologically new pantotherapy center and a panto-reindeer farm for 150 head of sika deer with a workshop for the production of pantocrine were put into operation on the territory of the SNNP.

“…In order to create a highly efficient and competitive tourism infrastructure and a favorable investment climate, as well as to attract domestic and foreign investment in investment projects solutions social problems» The Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 15, 2008 established the Burabay Special Economic Zone. The implementation of activities in the SEZ is based on the rational and efficient use of natural resources by creating conditions for the transition to sustainable development and environmental protection based on a balance of economic, social and environmental aspects.

3. Current ecological state of SNNP "Burabai"

By the time the SNNP "Burabai" was opened, the Akmola Regional Territorial Administration for Environmental Protection had collected exhaustive material on the current state of the natural environment and the physical and geographical conditions of the Borovsk zone. Below is the information from the report prepared by the employees of the environmental monitoring department of the TEPA under the leadership of the chief specialist S.V. Kalashnikov, on the state of the Shchuchinsk-Borovsk resort area as of 08/01/2000.

Territory National Park "Burabai" is located within the Shchuchinsky and partially Enbekshildersky districts of the Akmola region.

The total area of the park is 83,510 hectares. Its central part is mountain range Kokshetau with absolute marks of 210-947 m. The highest point of the region - the top of Kokshe (Sinyukha) - has an absolute height of 947 m, other mountain peaks do not exceed 600 - 800 m above sea level. The Kokshetau mountain range stretches like a horseshoe from north to south for more than 30 km. The slopes of the mountains are asymmetrical, the steepness reaches 45°-60°, there are sheer walls.

Rocks, composing the massif are represented by coarse-medium-grained granites of the Paleozoic age, broken in places by pegmatite and aplite dikes. Granites contain minerals containing aluminum, iron, magnesium, chromium, manganese, nickel, vanadium, copper, tungsten and others, more than 90 elements in total.

When destroyed, bedrocks give various coarse clastic accumulations at the foot of hills and mountains, forming sands and loams in valleys and on the shores of lakes.

The slopes of the mountains are covered with pine and pine-birch forests, in the depressions of the intermountains and at the foot of the hills there are several dozen lakes. They determine the natural appearance of the region, create a favorable microclimate, increase humidity, and protect the territory from steppe winds.

Climate The tract is sharply continental, characterized by severe, long winters, short and hot summers, a predominance of the number of clear days and temperature variability. The area is thousands of kilometers away from the seas and oceans and is located among a vast steppe plain, open both to the invasion of cold Arctic air masses from the north, and to hot winds from the deserts. Central Asia. Only mountains, forests and a large number of lakes somewhat soften the weather.

The annual amount of precipitation in the flat part is 250-295 mm, in the elevated part it is up to 400 mm. In the warm season (April-September), 70-85% of the annual precipitation falls as rain. Winter precipitation is 83-137 mm, which determines the low snow depth (30 cm). Average annual temperature air +0.9° - +1.0°С.

The stable period with average daily temperatures above +5°C lasts from late April to early October. The average July temperature is +18-20°С, the maximum temperature is +38-40°С. The coldest month is January, the absolute minimum is -30, the average January temperature is -17-18°C. The average relative humidity of the air is 50-70%.

ground cover flat territories is represented by chernozems. The mountain ranges differ sharply from the surrounding area in terms of the nature of the soil cover. Primitive accumulative thin skeletal soils are widespread here. Gray forest, soddy-podzolic, mountain-forest underdeveloped soils predominate under the forests. On elevated, relatively leveled areas, mountain-forest soils are formed. They are underlain by coarse-clastic grusly-rubbly material - a product of the weathering of granites.

There are about 20 large lakes with a surface area of 2213 ha (Bolshoe Chebache) to 1.5 ha (Small Svetloye). They were educated in quaternary period in basins of tectonic origin due to the accumulation of underground and surface wastewater. The largest lakes: Bol. Chebachye, Shchuchye and Borovoye.

The lakes are fed mainly by atmospheric precipitation, underground sources and partially by small rivers, streams and springs. The water level is constantly fluctuating; in summer, small lakes often dry up and turn into dry “sors” with sparse saline vegetation.

At present, a decrease in the level of all lakes is observed, with the exception of Lake Borovoye, in which a long-term constant level is maintained.

In high-water years, one or two rises are clearly distinguished in level fluctuations: annually in spring, due to infiltration of snow melt water, episodically in summer or autumn, caused by heavy precipitation during these periods.

In years of average water content and dry years, after the onset of the spring maximum, an intense summer-autumn-winter decline is observed, associated with evaporation and outflow of groundwater.

Hydrogeological conditions are determined by the position of the Kokshetau hillock, for which the most typical are fissure-type groundwater confined to granite massifs. They form a single hydraulic system interconnected with the surface waters of rivers and lakes.

Majority lakes of SNNP "Burabay" are located in intermountain basins of tectonic origin and occupy a total area of 8493.5 hectares. They are different in size, depth and play a significant role in shaping the natural landscape, climatic and recreational features of the region. The largest and most developed lakes? Bolshoye Chebachye, Shchuchye and Borovoye have morphometric parameters shown in Table 1.

Morphometric characteristics of the main lakes of the SNNP "Burabai"

lake name	Area, km 2	Length, km	Width, km	Wed depth,	Max depth, m	Water volume, million m 3	Shore length. lines, km


Bol. Chebache

Water from the lakes is used for household and drinking water supply of health resorts, settlements, the city of Shchuchinsk, as well as for cultural purposes for swimming, sports and recreation for tourists and the local population.

Lake Borovoe located at the eastern foot of Mount Kokshe.

The lake basin occupies the central and northwestern part of the park.

The catchment of the lake is a forested mountainous area. The lake is separated from neighboring lakes (Bol. Chebache, Shchuchye) by small ridges with absolute heights of 400-800 m. About 90% of the catchment area is covered with protected forests (pine and birch), the rest is occupied by steppe areas that have an island character. In the northwestern part of the lake, in the Blue Bay, there is a small rocky island Zhumbaktas (Sphinx), rising 20 m above the water.

The bottom of the lake is flat, sloping to the north, sandy and rocky near the shores, muddy in the middle. The thickness of the silt in the northern part of the lake is 0.5 - 1 m, in the southern part - up to 2 m. Alluvial cones from the tributaries are clearly visible.

It flows into Borovoye: from the southeastern shore - the Sarybulak stream, from the western - the Imaisky stream and two unnamed streams from the southwest. From the lake, in its northeastern part, the Gromotukha River, 1.5 km long, flows out. It is the regulator of the water level in the lake, dumping "excessive" water into the neighboring lake Bol. Chebache. The runoff is irregular and absent in dry years.

The water surface of the lake is mostly open, only along the western and southern coasts in places there are thickets of reeds, reeds and water lilies, occupying about 5% total area. A significant part is occupied by submerged aquatic vegetation (weeds and algae), its volume increases from year to year.

There has not been a significant change in the water level in the lake over the past 47 years: compared to 1961 (the cutoff on the topographic map is 320.1 m), by 2008 it decreased by no more than 0.5 m. The seasonal amplitude of the level is 0. 23 m.

Since the creation of the national park, water intake from the lake has almost ceased; water is used to a limited extent by the Borovsk tuberculosis sanatorium.

Lake Shchuchye

The basin occupies the southwestern part of the national park. The catchment is large-hilly: in the south-west and west it is the Kokshetau ridge, in the rest of the territory there is a low-hill plateau. The relative height of the hills above the lake level is 50-235 m.

The soils in the depressions are loamy, interspersed with cartilaginous rocks are observed on the slopes of the hills; the tops of the hills and the slopes of the hills have rocky outcrops. Most of the basin's surface (about 85%) is covered with pine forest. The rest of the area is plowed up, occupied by gardens, urban development.

The bottom near the northeastern and southeastern shores is sandy, near the western coast - sandy-pebble with boulders, in the north - muddy. The shores of the lake are mostly gentle, in the southwest they are moderately steep, merging with the slopes of the hills.

The coastline is indented with small coastal coves. On the slopes, ancient coastal ridges are traced, formed by boulders and redeposited granite weathering crust.

The level of the water's edge in the lake, according to the topographic works of 1961, was 395.2 m, in July 2008 - 391.1 m, i.e. in 47 years the level has fallen by 4.1 m.

The lake is drainless and has no permanent tributaries.

Lake Big Chebache

The lake basin occupies the northern and northeastern parts of the national park, located on the border mountain range Kokshetau in the south with an open hilly plain occupied by virgin steppe in the north. The areas of steppe and forest areas are approximately the same.

The soils of the flat part of the basin are sandy loam, the hills and the mountain range are composed mainly of granites. The bottom of the lake is composed of yellow-brown clays covered with light (calcareous) and black silt up to 2 m thick; coastal sediments are also covered with a whitish coating.

The lake is open, without aquatic vegetation, which is explained by the presence of great depths (up to 30 m). The northern and eastern shores of the lake are gently sloping, steppe, 5-6 m high. The southern and southwestern shores are the slopes of the Kokshetau mountain range, overgrown mainly with pine forests.

The lake has a number of small islands formed by underwater ridges; some of them are covered with sparse shrub vegetation. Compared to the topographic map of 1961, the area and number of islands has increased, some of the coastal islands have joined the land.

The lake is empty. From the southern shore, the Gromotukha River flows into the lake, flowing from Lake Borovoe. From the east, the valley of the Arykpai stream opens to the lake, but there is practically no surface runoff along it.

The lake is in the process of drying up. In the period 1920-1933. the water level dropped by 2.3 m, from 1948 to 1957 by 3.1 m. Compared with the water line mark on the topographic map of 1961 - 301.3 m, the level by 2008 decreased by almost 3 m.

rich and varied Flora And fauna district.

On the territory of the national park "Burabay" there are 5 types vegetation: steppe, forest, shrub, meadow and marsh, which include more than 100 species of vascular plants belonging to boreal relics belonging to 73 genera and 36 families and numbering about 800 species. Pine and pine-birch forests developed on granites are usually located in the forest altitudinal zone and consist of pine (about 65%), birch (about 30%), aspen and shrubs.

Animal world It is diverse, includes 305 species, which is about 36% of the entire vertebrate fauna of Kazakhstan, and about 40% of its composition lives only here - on the border of their species ranges. 13 species of them are listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan.

“The combination of mountains, the peaks of which, in the process of weathering, have acquired bizarre shapes, coniferous forest and lakes creates here extraordinary beauty landscapes and a special microclimate with a number of therapeutic factors. This place is known as "Borovoye Resort", "Kazakh Switzerland", "Pearl of Kazakhstan" and is attractive for a large number vacationers from different regions.

The unique landscapes of the Borovsky intrusive massif with favorable climatic conditions has a positive effect on the tourist image of SNNP. The territory of the SNNP "Burabai" is annually visited by more than half a million tourists, according to average statistics.

Analysis of operational information from the reports of the Akmola Regional Territorial Department of Environmental Protection on the Burabay State National Natural Park for 2000-2008 made it possible to determine a number of environmental issues this territory.

In general, the territory of SNNP "Burabai" belongs to the regions with an average pollution potential and is characterized by a low degree of environmental hazard. The most important environmental issues national park are:

1. Pollution of ground and surface waters

Negative changes in the qualitative composition of surface waters are associated with an increase in recreational pressure and a decrease in the water levels of lakes, as well as with the intensive exploitation of the water resources of the resort area and the construction of paved roads bordering the shores of lakes that are not equipped with water-permeable bridges and pipes.

The main causes of pollution of large lakes are irretrievable water intake, pollution of the catchment area with production and consumption wastes with their subsequent flushing into surface water bodies, areal soil erosion from arable lands, pollution of coastal strips and beaches with garbage.

All these negative factors, as well as evaporation processes from the surface of lakes led to a change in their temperature regime. The water temperature rises annually, which creates favorable conditions for the development of aquatic vegetation. With the annual death of aquatic vegetation, the volume of bottom sediments increases and the quality of water deteriorates. Accidental wastewater discharges have contributed to water pollution, as the lack of centralized sewerage systems entails the construction of numerous local collectors (cesspools) and often creates a threat of overflow and outpouring of dirty water.

The main sources of technogenic water pollution are unauthorized landfills, from which there is a washout, pollution and seepage of polluted water into the ground.

The natural sources of pollution are the minerals that make up the granite rocks. In the process of leaching of minerals, water is polluted with manganese, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, lithium, and zinc.

The territory of the national park is an endemic region for fluoride. The content of fluorine in the water of open reservoirs ranges from 2.2 to 6.2 mg/l (at a rate of not more than 1.2 mg/l).

2. Air pollution

What are the main sources of air pollution? these are production and heating boiler houses, a railway station, private housing construction with stove heating and motor vehicles, which give about half of all pollution volumes.

Pollution is also related to the number of days with fogs and their duration. During fogs, a qualitative change in air pollution occurs, when, emitted by boiler houses in settlements, sulfur dioxide dissolves in fog drops with the formation of a more toxic sulfuric acid aerosol.

3. Radiation environment

Radioactive anomalies in the territory of the park are mainly due to the content of radionuclides in the material used for construction, buildings, structures, highways and other objects. There is a clear tendency to increase the gamma background in those areas where gravel and gravel material, consisting of granites with a high content of natural radioactive elements, serves as a component in building structures and asphalt-bitumen coatings.

The natural anomalies of the territory under consideration include increased ionizing radiation, the source of which is minerals and rocks that make up the earth's crust, containing isotopes with radioactive properties (uranium, thorium, etc.). Their decay products include radon gas.

4. Soil pollution

There are two types of soils within the SNNP Burabay: chernozems and podzols. Soils play the role of a filter on the path of the aerial flow of pollutants in the landscape. It is here that the accumulation of heavy metals occurs and their separation into fixing and migrating parts. The main role in the fixation of metals in the soil is played by organic matter, clay minerals, and hydroxides of iron and manganese. As a result, chernozems are the soils where the most pollutants accumulate.

Anthropogenic changes in soils are associated with the destruction of forest vegetation and with a change in the load on soils associated with trampling and compaction of the upper soddy humus horizon.

Complex geochemical anomalies in the territory of the national park are mainly confined to residential areas and places of concentration of vehicles. The complex of elements-pollutants of the soil as a whole is of the same type both in composition and in intensity (lead, cobalt, manganese).

The territories most favorable for recreational purposes experience a constant increased load. The long-term impact of anthropogenic factors on the soil and vegetation of the national park can lead to a violation of the biodiversity of forest phytocenoses and their decay.

Fires that have an anthropogenic cause of occurrence are of great danger in forests of intensive attendance or in subzones serving visitors and tourists and regulated recreational use. This is of the greatest concern in connection with the ever-increasing flow of tourists to the territory of the SNNP "Burabay".

6. Vegetation degradation

Excessive recreational load leads to a change in the qualitative composition of vegetation and its degradation.

From the analysis of the latest scientific monographs of KazNIILKhA employees, it follows:

1. The territory of the SNNP "Burabay" is clearly distinguished from the surrounding dry steppes by its rich and diverse vegetation, forests, shrubs and meadow grass species of chernozem and podzolized soils.

However, as a result of insufficient silvicultural work and untimely sanitary cuttings, a large area is observed to die of forest plantations, and those that have survived have an oppressed appearance, and a low percentage of young plantations grows in pine forests.

2. Intensive agricultural land use in the past, negatively affected the qualitative composition of forb-meadow vegetation, caused the appearance of vast areas of fallows with weed forbs in the places of former agricultural lands, as well as the impoverishment of indigenous plant communities in the place of the once rich forb-grass meadow steppes.

3. The intensification of agricultural activities, direct persecution in the past, unregulated recreation at present, have negatively affected the state of the wildlife of the national park. Many species of birds, mammals, and fish have disappeared. The hydrobiology and ichthyofauna of the reservoirs of the national park has undergone profound changes over the past 30 years, both due to natural causes and as a result of anthropogenic impacts (shallowing of reservoirs and eutrophication of waters, the introduction of new species, etc.).

Currently, the system of redistribution of loads on natural areas in order to reduce its degradation is in the process of formation.

According to surveys carried out in 2003-05. monitoring laboratory of the National Center for Biotechnology of the Republic of Kazakhstan, small lakes of the resort area have an index - polluted and dirty, the thickness of silt deposits is on average 1.5 meters or more. Water of lakes Borovoe and Bol. Chebachye does not meet the requirements of GOST 2761-84 "Source of centralized domestic and drinking water supply" and San PiN No. 4630 - 88 "Protection of surface waters from pollution." There is a tendency to deterioration in the composition of the waters of the lakes of the resort area.

What are the main causes of water pollution? irretrievable water intake, contamination of the catchment area with production and consumption wastes with their subsequent flushing into surface water bodies, areal soil flushing from arable land, the flow of pollutants from draining septic tanks, cattle burial grounds, pollution of coastal strips and beaches with garbage.

An analysis of emissions from mobile sources conducted in the city of Shchuchinsk showed that emissions from vehicles account for 73% of the total emissions and average 10.0 thousand tons/year. The highest air pollution occurs in summer period when the season of mass recreation begins and up to 70 thousand vehicles can enter the resort area at a time. During this period, emissions from mobile sources account for over 60% of the total volume for the whole year.

The main contribution to air pollution is made by boiler houses located in the city of Shchuchinsk, the village of Burabay and health-improving institutions. The average annual volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air is 3.9 thousand tons. The total number of stationary sources (boilers) located in the resort area is 51 units. The vast majority of them work on coal. In this connection, it is expedient in the future to transfer boiler houses to ecological fuels.

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How the park was created

The village of Borovskoye was founded by the Cossacks who settled these areas in the middle of the 19th century. In 1898, a forestry was established in the village, designed to protect Natural resources the edges. Shortly after the revolution, Borovoye became a health resort where tuberculosis was successfully treated with koumiss. The forests, lakes and mountains surrounding the village have been part of the reserve since 1935, which will be liquidated 16 years later.

Only at the turn of the century, in 2000, the Kazakh government decides to organize the Burabay National Park. Today, this area attracts tourists from different corners peace.

The name of the park "Burabay" in translation into Russian means "camel". According to legend, this animal, which climbed to the top of the mountain, warned people with a loud cry about the approach of the enemy.

park geography

Park "Burabay" is located on the Kokchetav Upland. Peaked mountains, composed of crystalline rocks, are located at an altitude of 480 m above sea level. Weathering and the influence of water whimsically cut the mountain surface, turning it into a fantastic landscape. The highest mountain of the park - Kokshetau, or Sinyukha, rises up to 947 m.

The park area is 13 thousand hectares. Most of the hilly surface is covered with pine and birch forests. The park is unique, because a variety of plants grow on its territory:

forest;
steppe;
solonchak.

11 species of them are "Red Book".

The third part of the entire animal world of Kazakhstan lives in the park spaces.

Here you can meet the inhabitants of the steppes, forests and mountains, northern and southern views animals. In "Burabay" there is a chance to see a wolf, an elk, a lynx, a pine marten, a corsac, badgers and a weasel.

There are 14 large cleanest lakes in the park and many small ones, where crayfish, ripus (or Borovskaya herring), as well as carp, carp, tench, pike perch, carp are found. Waterfowl stop at the lakes during their migration.

The climate in this part of the country is mountainous, without sharp temperature changes, with mild summers and calm winters.

Things to do

national park"Burabay" - rest for every taste throughout the year!

In winter, "Burabay" becomes a ski resort, where excellent mountain slopes are arranged, a ski lift operates. For beginners, instructors come to the rescue.

Winter quad biking, snowmobiling, sledding and skiing in the area are popular.

In summer, tourists come to the village of Borovoe to go hiking and on excursions, ride horses and jeeps. Park ponds are not left without attention. In the water warms up to + 18-20 ° C, a well-maintained sandy beach with a gentle entrance to the water is convenient for children and adults. On the reservoir, walks on water modes of transport are provided - boats and catamarans.

Lakes Shchuchye, Small Chebache, Ozernoe and Kuturkul were chosen by fishermen. You can rent tackle and, if luck smiles, catch perch, pike perch, chebak, pike, and bream from a boat or shore.

Many come specifically to go mountain climbing. On the Ok-Zhetpes rock, the name of which is translated as “You can’t get it with an arrow”, 6 routes of varying difficulty were carried out: 2 multi-pitch, 2 tread and 2 classic. Therefore, both experienced climbers and beginners, tourists without training can climb.

Photographers love these places, because the surrounding nature helps to create real photo masterpieces.

Excursions in the national natural park Burabay

A variety of excursion routes are laid in the park, which allow you to enjoy the charming nature of these places, see various sights.

What is offered to tourists:

climb the Khan Pass, from the observation deck of which a beautiful mountain panorama opens;
visit the glade of Abalai Khan and the cave of Kenesary;
visit the lakes Bolshoye Chebache and Borovoye, on the rapids of the Imanaevsky spring;
hear the legend in the dancing forest;
climb Mount Bolek-tau;
learn a lot of interesting things about the inhabitants of the park.

The Burabay State National Natural Park is well represented in the Museum of Nature. The attraction is located in the village of Borovoye. But on the territory of the park there is another museum dedicated to Abalai Khan. It is located in a sacred clearing marked by a stone throne.

Legends of ancient places

This region is full of ancient legends that guides will tell during their travels around the Burabay National Natural Park. One of the most famous explains the appearance of a grove of dancing birches on the shore of Lake Borovoe. They say that thin birch trees, bizarrely curved and bent to the ground, are the fairies frozen in the dance, which the khan saw.

The appearance of a wonderful natural oasis among the steppe is associated with the generosity of Allah, who scraped wallets from the bottom, from where he distributed gifts to all peoples, everything that was left, and presented them to the Kazakhs.

There are legends about Mount Zheke-Batyr, rocks Zhumbaktas, Ush-Kyz and the Sphinx, lakes and mountains.

recreational opportunities

It is no coincidence that the Burabay National Park is called the "storehouse of health". Health resorts work all year round, where diseases of the cardiovascular system, respiratory organs, including tuberculosis, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, and gastrointestinal tract are successfully treated. This is facilitated by the following therapeutic factors:

Clean rarefied air is filled with medicinal smells of herbs and pines. Low humidity (up to 77%) and many sunny days create increased ionization in the air, which has a good effect on oxidative processes in the body.
Treatment with silt hydrogen sulfide mud from park lakes is actively used.
Mineral water comes from wells and Lake Maybalyk, it contains salts of sulfur, potassium, calcium and sodium, magnesium bicarbonates, carbonates.

Initially, the village of Borovaya was famous as a place where they treat with koumiss. Traditional Kazakh drink is made from mare's milk, which has healing properties. An almost complete complex of vitamins and amino acids, more than 50 types of lactic acid bacteria in koumiss - all this helps to strengthen the immune system. The drink tones and improves the condition of the body. Kumys treatment is popular today.

Accommodation

Visitors to "Burabai", a national park, stay in boarding houses, estates, hotels, cottages and recreation centers located both in the village of Borovoe and directly on the territory of the park. For those who want to combine relaxation with treatment, there are sanatoriums, children are taken to health camps.

The summer season starts in June and ends in October, in winter the park operates as ski resort so book your accommodation well in advance.

How to get there

It is worth visiting Burabay, a national park. Where this wonderful place is located is easy to determine on the map. It is located in Kazakhstan, 95 km from the city of Kokshetau and 20 km from the city of Shchuchinsk.

You can get to Burabay by almost any type of transport. This:

Air communication. By plane to the airports located in the cities of Astana or Kokshetau. They are separated from the park by 250 and 90 km, shuttle and scheduled buses will deliver to their destination.
Railway transport. Trains make a stop at the Borovoe Resort station (Schuchinsk), from where minibuses No. 11, 12 go to the park.
When traveling by car, you need to drive along the R-7 highway.