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Per last years tourism business began its rapid development in all countries of the world. Getting to know the experience of various foreign countries it can be seen that the success of the development of the tourism business largely depends on how this industry is perceived at the state level, and how government institutions support this industry. In order to receive income from the tourism business, any civilized state must invest heavily in the study of its territories in order to assess the tourism potential. State programs should contribute to the development of the tourism business, the development of tourist centers, the creation and development of the necessary infrastructure, as well as advertising and information support.
Practice shows that the private sector will never be able to make large investments for the development of resort tourism enterprises, as well as the main elements of tourism infrastructure, it cannot perform the functions of the National Tourism Administration. In countries with a developed tourism business, there are organizations that are subordinate, as a rule, to ministries that are involved in the development of national tourism development programs. Such organizations have different names, so in the UK it is BTA (British Nourist Authority), in Italy - ENIT, in Ireland - Irish Board, in Spain - Turespana, in Norway - NOTRA. Such organizations have their tourism offices in other countries. These organizations develop programs that will attract tourist flows and provide tourism information.
The specifics of the tourism business is associated with a wide range relationships. These relations are entered into by persons who participate in the processes of organizing travel and recreation. The existing relations are so diverse that they give rise to a certain complexity of legal regulation.
In any individual state, the relationship between the parties "travel agency - state", "tourist - state", "tourist - travel agency" is regulated by the relevant legislation. Such legislation should fully cover every element of the relationship between these parties.
To date, there have been several approaches to the organizational process of state regulation of tourism. Thus, in many countries with a developed market economy, state regulation is completely absent, and market entities themselves carry out operational regulation. In those countries where there is state regulation of the tourism services market, two models are applied - there are special state authorities, or regulation is carried out by multidisciplinary bodies.
Now let's look at how state institutions operate on the example of several countries.
- 1. In Austria the tourism industry is supervised by the Ministry of Economy. Advertising of the state's tourism opportunities is carried out by the Austrian National Tourist Office, which has its offices in 26 countries around the world.
- 2. In Great Britain The tourism sector is managed by the Ministry of Culture, Entertainment and Sports, which is directly subordinate to the body that is responsible for tourism - the British Nourist Authority (BTA). This organization is engaged in attracting flows of foreign tourists to the UK, and is also engaged in the development of domestic tourism. In addition, this organization consults with the government and other government agencies involved in tourism. To do this, at the initiative of the administration, advertising campaigns are carried out outside the country through a network of their offices and representatives. The press, radio, television are also used for these purposes. The administration organizes international conferences, provides consulting and marketing services on international tourism issues and publishes various information and reference materials. In terms of its organizational and legal form, the BTA is also a private entrepreneurial institution, which, along with traditional activities in foreign markets, also provides a number of paid marketing and consulting services, organizes seminars and exhibitions, implements a number of projects with the involvement of foreign capital, publishes and sells guidebooks, videos and other advertising and information products. The BTA is headed by the Board of Directors, which consists of five members and the President. The organization employs about 300 people, of which about a third work directly in London, and the rest work in 26 offices abroad. About 68% of the necessary funds BTA receives from the state budget.
- 3. In Germany The organization of the tourism business is carried out by the National Tourism Committee of the Ministry of Economics, which is responsible for promoting the tourism product in Germany and increasing tourist flows to the country. Representations of this committee work in 27 countries of the world.
- 4. In Israel operates the Ministry of Tourism. In 2007, the organization's budget was $150 million. These funds were used to finance various events related to presentation, information, exhibition activities in all countries of the world. Also, part of these funds was directed to holding various conferences, organizing consulting services, publishing promotional materials and booklets.
- 5. In Indonesia there is a special department for tourism affairs, which has broad powers in the field of protecting the rights of tourists. So in the country there is a tourist police, which exercises supervision and control over all enterprises of the tourist business. In addition, she is directly involved in resolving conflict situations in which foreign tourists become participants.
- 6. In Italy in 1983, a law was passed to improve and develop the tourism and hotel industry. The law defines the main management bodies of the tourism business at the regional level and the procedure for their functioning. A clear definition of a tourist enterprise and the conditions for its registration are given. The law also defines the classification of the hotel industry, sets out a number of conditions under which tourist bureaus, transport and public associations are allowed to engage in tourism business. In addition, the law regulates the activities of professionals in the tourism sector, defines measures to support the tourism business from the state. The Tourism Department is part of the Ministry of Industrial Activities. The department coordinates the activities of regional tourism administrations, develops normative and sectoral documents of a national nature, researches and processes statistical data. In international activities, the department is engaged in the creation of intergovernmental agreements and relationships with other international tourism organizations. The powers of local administrations are broad. They are responsible for all issues of licensing tourism activities on their territory, carry out the classification of hotels, have the right to advertise and promote their tourism products both domestically and abroad. But, nevertheless, the main role in representing Italy in the international tourism market is assigned to the National Tourism Authority (ENIT). The main function of this organization is the organization of advertising and information work, marketing research, coordination of activities of foreign and local tourism organizations. ENIT is subordinate to the Department of Tourism, and its activities are fully financed from the state budget.
- 7. In Spain all tourism activities at the national level are defined by the Law on competence in the field of tourism and the Decree on the activities of private tourism enterprises of January 14, 1965. In addition to the national law, each of the seventeen autonomies has its own tourism legislation, the main provisions of which correspond to the above law. Articles on tourism regulate relations between the seller of a tourist product and a tourist, as well as a number of conditions under which legal entities and individuals are allowed to engage in tourism business, the procedure for providing tourists with their services, as well as measures of control by the state and the procedure for applying sanctions to violators. In April 1996, the Spanish Parliament approved the Combined Travel Act. This law clearly defined the rights and obligations of both the tourist organization and the consumer of tourist services. Combined travel is understood as a trip that includes a tourist product containing at least two of the three main elements - accommodation, transportation and any other tourist services. This law gives a clear distribution of responsibilities within the tourism industry and provides clarifications on various aspects of the tourism product and combined travel. All issues of tourist activity in Spain are handled by the State Secretariat for Trade, Tourism and Small Business, which is directly subordinate to the Ministry of Economy. In addition to the State Secretariat, the following organizations are also subordinate to the Ministry of Economy: - The Central Directorate for Tourism, which deals with administrative issues and the development of general directions of state policy in the field of tourism business. - The hotel chain "Paradores", which includes 83 hotels that are of historical value. - Two exhibition and congress centers, which are located in Madrid and Malaga, as well as the Spanish Institute of Tourism "Turespaca". The powers of the Ministry of Economy are rather limited. Such important issues as certification of services, licensing, development of a strategy for the tourism industry belong to local authorities. In order to coordinate the activities of these organizations in Spain, a Tourism Development Council was created, which includes representatives of government at all levels, as well as representatives of private business. In most cases, Council decisions are only advisory in nature. The Spanish Institute of Tourism "Turespaca" is engaged in attracting foreign tourists. The Institute is also engaged in the promotion of Spanish resorts and advertising activities abroad. The activities of the Institute are fully financed from the state budget.
- 8. During France The Tourism Act defines the conditions that make it possible to engage in the sale of tours. Also, a circle of legal entities and individuals who are subject to this law is established, a list of services that are considered to be tourist services is given. In addition, a number of conditions have been formulated that make it possible to carry out tourism activities for travel agencies, various public organizations, local tourism authorities and individuals. Here we are talking about the possibility of obtaining official permission to engage in tourism activities in the form defined by the Law. In a special section of this Law, all relations between the consumer and the producer of tourist services are recorded. It also provides the basic rights and obligations of the seller of services and the buyer, which must be contained in the contract. The law regulates the responsibility of the seller of a tourist product for the quality of the services it provides. In addition, the Law provides for liability for violation of the Law and sanctions for violators and a mechanism for control by state organizations over the conduct of activities by legal entities and individuals that are subject to this Law. The Ministry of Transport and Public Works is responsible for regulating tourism activities. In its structure are the State Secretariat for Tourism and the Department of Tourism. These bodies deal with the management and regulation of the tourism industry, investment and international relations in the field of tourism business. In addition, there are still a number of bodies that take part in the management of tourism activities with an advisory vote: - Tourism Council under the Ministry of Transport and Public Works. - The National Committee for the Prosperity of France, which deals with the issues of ecology and urban greening. - National Holiday Travel Agency. - The French Agency for Tourism Engineering and the National Tourism Supervisory Board, which is responsible for marketing research and statistics in the tourism business. Also at the regional level, there are representatives of the central executive power, whose duties include resolving issues of the development of the tourism sector and who report directly to the prefects. The activities of these representatives are mainly aimed at coordinating local initiatives in the tourism sector. The promotion of the image of France as a tourist center in the international market is carried out by the association "Maison de la France", which was founded in 1987 as a result of a partnership agreement between the administrations of sightseeing objects, tourism companies and local administrations. The activity of this organization is partly financed from the state budget, the share of which is 60%.
- 9. In Finland tourism activity is regulated by the Laws “On entities entitled to sell tours” and “On tours and engaging in tourism activities”. The adoption of this law was caused by Finland's accession to the EU and the need to bring Finnish laws into line with EU requirements. These laws regulated the relationship between the client and the travel company on the sale of the tour, as well as the procedure for resolving disputes that arose. In March 1995, the Decree of the government structures of Finland “On engaging in tourism activities” was adopted. This decree provides the basic information that is required when registering to engage in tourism activities. In addition to the usual questions, it was necessary to indicate whether the given company is an intermediary of a foreign travel company.
- 10. In United States of America The first US National International Tourism Act was passed in 1961. This law provided for the creation of the Travel and Tourism Administration (TTA), which functioned as part of the US Federal Department of Commerce. Somewhat later, in 1981, the Law “On national politics in the field of tourism. In May 1992, the Tourism and Export Development Policy Act was adopted, which set the following tasks for the TPA: coordinating state policy in the field of tourism in the interests of the United States, maintaining statistics on tourism activities, studying the situation in the tourism market, providing support to states, counties , cities and rural areas, management of the tourism development program. In addition to the National Authority responsible for regulating tourism activities at the federal level, each of the US states has a corresponding service that is responsible for the development of tourism business. In most cases, this is the Agency for Trade, Commerce and Tourism, which deals with the tasks of systematic growth and comprehensive development of the tourism business. It also organizes advertising and information programs to promote tourism and carries out research activities to analyze the state and prospects for the development of the tourism industry. In 1996, the US Congress passed another law that contributed to the development of the tourism business. Starting from 1997, a new federal tourism structure began to function - the National Tourism Organization (NOT). This Act states that if the TTO does not soon increase the share of the United States in the world tourist market and does not increase the flow of foreign tourists, then it will be dissolved.
- 11. In Switzerland all tourism matters are handled by the Central Office for Tourism (CVT), which is the largest national advertising agency.
In the EU, in June 1990, the EU Directive was adopted, which regulated all issues related to the content of tourist services and the tourist product as a whole. In order to protect the rights of consumers in this directive, the texts of contracts between a travel company and a tourist are brought to a single content, and all conditions, mutual rights, obligations and guarantees are stipulated.
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Golovatyuk Alina Vladimirovna International Development tourism (Experience of foreign countries and its application in Russia): Dis.... kand. ... cand. economy Sciences: 08.00.14: Moscow, 2000 163 p. RSL OD, 61:01-8/1309-3
Introduction
Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of international tourism .
1.1. Features of the interpretation of the concept of tourism and forms of its organization at the national and international level 12
1.2. The role of international tourism in world trade in services 18
Chapter 2 Analysis of trends in the development of international and domestic tourism in Russia .
2.1. The current state of the tourism potential of Russia 46
2.2. Structure and perspective directions of outbound tourism 48
2.3. Export of tourist services and prospects for its development 61
2.4. Trends in the functioning of the internal tourism market 68
Chapter 3 Organizational and legal framework for the development of international tourism .
3.1. The system of state regulation and support for the development of tourism in Russia in the context of the experience of countries with developed economies 76
3.2. Legal basis for the formation of the tourism market in Russia 90
Chapter 4 The main methods of intensive development of tourism .
4.1. Sources of attracting investment in tourism 98
4.2. Marketing in the field of international tourism 104
Chapter 5. The structure and functioning of the hotel services market as one of the most important components of international and domestic tourism.
5.1. World experience in the development of the hotel market 117
5.2. Characteristics of the current state of the hotel services market in Russia 141
Conclusion 150
Bibliography
Introduction to work
Tourism is one of the most interesting and dynamically developing sectors of the economy.
With the development of tourism, both at the national and international levels, there is a need to define tourism, its role in the world economy and in the economy of individual countries, to identify its main development trends and patterns.
Scientists from different countries have repeatedly made attempts to establish the exact characteristics of tourism, such concepts as “tourism”, “tourism industry”, “international tourism”, “world tourism”, “tourist market agents”, etc. have entered economic science. The definitions of these categories were often identical to each other, or differed due to the specifics of tourism in each individual country. Meanwhile, a clear interpretation of tourist terms and concepts is important for understanding certain processes that occur in tourism.
Often tourism was considered part of the transportation or trade, but in 1937. The Council of the League of Nations introduced the concept of "international tourist", which meant a person with the following characteristics: movement, temporary stay in a certain place, lack of connection with work and earnings. Thus, it was on this basis that a specific tourist terminology was formed.
Despite the fact that the "general theory of tourism" by W. Hunziker - K. Krapf gives a completely exhaustive definition of tourism, as "a set of relations and phenomena resulting from the movement of people and their stay outside their place of residence until it passes permanent residence and is not associated with income”, the search for an optimal definition of tourism is still ongoing.
Modern economic science is increasingly considering tourism as a complex socio-economic system. The dissertation attempts to generalize the definitions of tourism available in economic science, defining it most clearly. Tourism is considered as “a large economic system with various links between individual elements within the framework of both the national economy of a particular country and the links of the national economy with the world economy” (V.I. Azar).
Of great interest for research is international tourism as the most important component of the global tourism industry and as a branch of the national economy that brings significant foreign exchange income.
As the world economy develops, the volume of international trade expands, the means of transport, communications, and payments improve, the number and variety of contracts and trips of citizens caused by economic necessity increase. Raising the level of culture, science, education contributes to the growth of international travel not only for economic purposes, but also for cultural, political, health and other purposes.
International tourism is a form of travel undertaken for recreational, educational, business, recreational or specialized purposes. In the Manila Declaration on World Tourism, tourism is defined as "one of the types of active recreation, which is travel made with the aim of knowing certain areas, new countries and combined in a number of countries with elements of sports."
International tourism in world practice is interpreted as:
1. an important direction of international cooperation in specific activities based on respect for the national culture and history of each people and the main interests of the state;
2. the sphere of development of tourism relations between the peoples of different countries and familiarization with the achievements of other countries in various fields.2
The development of international tourism, as well as the development of national tourism, is influenced by a whole set of factors: external, internal, extensive, intensive, negative. The assessment of their influence goes through the entire dissertation, confirming the fact that it is necessary to identify the degree of influence of each factor on the development of tourism.
In the 90s, three main characteristics of the development of international tourism stand out. The main trend is an increase in intra-regional tourism indicators, which is due to the rapid economic development of a number of countries, for example, the countries of the Asian region, as well as the movement of the population from Eastern European countries to Western ones (1).
1 Manila Declaration on World Tourism // Proceedings of the World Tourism Conference. - Madrid, 1981, p. 163.
2 Kolesnik N.V. Introduction to specialization: 4.2. International tourism in the service sector of world trade: Teaching aid, Moscow, Soviet Sport, 1999, p.Z.
The economic downturn does not lead to a proportional decrease in the number of trips and the volume of tourism activities, because. tourists tend to adapt to new, less comfortable circumstances. For example, those who used to allow themselves to go on vacation to leading Western countries (France, England, Spain), where the level of stay (accommodation) is quite high, are reoriented to cheaper vacation spots (Greece, Turkey) or reduce their requirements for recreation conditions, choosing 3-star hotels instead of 5-star hotels, instead of expensive restaurants and the delicacies offered in them - the average level of local cuisine (2).
However, the growth rate of international tourism has slowed down. The increase in travel rates in the first half of the 1990s, compared with previous decades, is associated with a slow increase (3).
International tourism is also an important component of world trade in services. Therefore, it is impossible to consider and analyze aspects of international tourism without knowing the processes and trends taking place in this area of the world economy.
The role of trade in services was highlighted at the 1986-1994 trade fair. meeting in Punta del Esta (Uruguay), where a decision was made on the GATS - General Agreement on Trade in Services. The significance of the GATS for world trade in services is the same as that of post-war decade was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) for trade in goods. The GATS has established norms and rules to liberalize access to services markets. The date of entry into force of the GATS coincides with the beginning of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Association (WTO). However, due to the complexity and diversity of tourism services within the framework of the GATS, no specific decisions have been made in the field of tourism, and negotiations on the hotel industry are still ongoing, while highest value in world trade in services, it is tourism and its most profitable area - the sphere of accommodation facilities. Therefore, the issues of the development of international tourism in the sense of its organizational and legal mechanism are still relevant.
In many countries of the world, international tourism is one of the main areas of the national economy, bringing the country high annual income from the provision of tourism services.
From this point of view, the identification and study of the prospects for the development of international tourism in Russia is of significant interest for scientific research.
Russian tourism, like many other sectors of the country's economy, began to emerge from a serious crisis.
With the transition of the Russian economy to a market economy, fundamental changes have taken place in its tourism sector. Domestic tourism industry has adapted to market conditions faster than other industries. A lot of private firms were formed, which not only began to meet the needs of Russian citizens in tourism (primarily in foreign), but also involved up to 100 thousand employees in this work, which had a considerable positive influence to the labor market. On the other hand, state support for tourism has sharply decreased, which has led to the almost complete disappearance of social tourism. The chances of survival were preserved mainly by commercial forms and types of tourism. At the same time, outbound tourism has increased enormously, which means, from an economic point of view, the export of capital from the country. Outbound tourism in terms of foreign exchange costs significantly exceeded foreign exchange earnings from inbound tourism. For 1994-1999 Russians spent about 42.5 billion dollars on foreign trips. Finally, unfavorable changes occurred in the economy of the country's hotel industry. The growth of transport tariffs and the reduction of social tourism were the reason for the decrease in the load factor of the vast majority of Russian hotels, which put them on the verge of bankruptcy.
The market model of the economy required the development of fundamentally new approaches to the formation of an organizational and economic mechanism for the development of Russian tourism. But even the first steps in this direction have shown that this process is very complicated and leads to a radical breakdown of economic and social relations in this area.
Deep, often contradictory changes in the organizational structure of tourism, unsystematic changes in the status of the country's national tourism administration did not go unnoticed for the development of the industry. Also unclear is the issue of tourism administration at the international level.
Many issues related to the activities of Russian tourist organizations and firms, including issues of licensing, certification, etc., have not been fully resolved at the state level. causes justified criticism of the tax policy in the field of tourism. Privatization and corporatization processes are developing
here, not always with the accepted legal and regulatory framework, which, moreover, is far from perfect. There is no real mechanism for attracting investment in tourism facilities, extensive methods of using resources, including labor, remain. A clear system of marketing research has not yet been developed in the tourism business, many theoretical and practical issues of tourism marketing remain undeveloped, and there are many shortcomings in the organization of advertising activities.
In the literature and scientific studies on the development of Russian tourism, there is practically no deep Scan state and forecast of its development: main trends and regularities.
Under these conditions, it is necessary to develop new approaches to the formation of an organizational and economic mechanism for the development of tourism in order to increase the efficiency of its functioning both in the country's economy and when the country enters the international level.
In recent years, there has also been increasing attention in Russia to the study of the features of the formation of the service market in general, and the tourism market in particular. New directions of its development and regulatory mechanisms are being explored, a comparative analysis of the national markets of tourism services from different countries of the world and the Russian market, their integration into the world market of tourism services is carried out. In this regard, the works of R.A. Brymer, J. Bowen, F. Kotler, J. Walker, V.I. Azara, A.M. Babich, Yu.K. Bainazarova, M.B. Birzhakova, V.G. Gulyaeva, A.L. Lesnik, M.E. Nemolyaeva, E.V. Egorova, E.N. Zhiltsova, I.V. Zorina, D.K. Ismaeva, Yu.S. Putrik, N.V. Kolesnik, G.A. Papirian and others.
At the same time, the existing studies do not sufficiently reveal the possibilities for implementing forms and methods of strategic management and marketing acceptable for modern conditions in Russia in order to develop tourism.
In conditions of an acute shortage of investment resources, non-capital-intensive methods and technologies of intensive development are of interest. These include marketing as the most important tool for developing the tourism business and increasing the competitiveness of its subjects, as well as mechanisms for improving the efficiency of the functioning of enterprises in the field of tourism.
At the same time, the issues of creating a favorable investment climate in the country, creating investment conditions that stimulate the flow of funds into the objects of the tourism industry in Russia remain relevant.
First of all, this applies to the country's hotel and resort enterprises.
In addition, the mechanism for regulating the development of tourism should be based on an analysis of trends and an objective forecast for the development of the world market for tourism services. It is necessary to determine the share of state participation in the regulation of the tourism market, since it is it that forms the main framework for the activities of various travel agents both in the national and in the international tourism market.
Of course, it is difficult to say that the country will receive income from tourism comparable to the income from this sector of the economy, for example, the Mediterranean countries. At the same time, it must be admitted that the opportunities for tourism development in Russia are enormous and largely untapped. And in order to achieve the latter, it is necessary to know the specifics of these opportunities, due to the national, climatic, cultural and economic characteristics of the country.
One of the most profitable areas of the tourism market is the accommodation market. An analysis of the world experience in the development of the hotel services market will reveal the patterns of its development and identify a number of problems that the Russian market of accommodation facilities will have to face in the future.
When analyzing the current stage of development of the hotel market in Russia, significant problems of its development at the national level were found, which require a quick solution to bring the level of hotel services closer to the world level.
All of the above determined the relevance of the dissertation, determined the choice of the topic of the dissertation work and determined the composition of the problems studied in it on the basis of world experience in the development of international tourism, an objective assessment of the state and real socio-economic opportunities for the development of tourism in Russia.
It should be noted that the study was difficult due to the imperfect statistical base of tourism. The system for collecting and processing statistical data on tourism is in the process of formation. State and municipal authorities are making only the first attempts to conduct statistical surveys of tourism companies and qualitative parameters hotel companies operating on the Russian market.
The theoretical and methodological basis was the fundamental works of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of modern socio-economic and organizational and legal problems of a market economy, including in the field of tourism.
A systematic approach was used as a methodological basis for scientific and applied developments. The choice of research methods was due to the goal and the specifics of the subject area.
The aim of the work is to study foreign experience in the development of tourism, to identify the main trends in the development of international tourism mechanisms for increasing Russia's participation in international tourism.
Achieving the goal required setting and solving the following tasks:
Generalization of theoretical scientific provisions and clarification of the fundamental definitions of tourism in general and international tourism in particular;
Study of foreign experience and trends in the development of world tourism;
An adequate assessment of promising areas for the development of the country's tourism potential;
Analysis of the main directions and trends in the development of international tourism in Russia;
Identification of a rational organizational structure for tourism management in Russia;
Definition of the role, main directions and boundaries of state regulation and support of tourism;
Identification of the main methods of intensive development of tourism;
Analysis and evaluation of development prospects Russian market services of accommodation facilities, comparing its formation with international experience in the development of the hotel services market.
The subject of the research is international tourism as a component of the world and national economy; experience of the organizational and economic mechanism for the formation of the market of tourist services in foreign countries, the possibility of its application in Russia; international market of hotel services and market Russian funds accommodation.
The tourist complex on an international scale, on the scale of individual countries, as well as the Russian tourist complex, including government and regulatory bodies, enterprises and organizations that meet the needs of the population in active recreation, and potential consumers of tourism services, was chosen as the object of study.
The information base of the study was made up of legislative and regulatory legal acts and decisions of the GATT, GATS, WTO, the Russian Federation; data of the State Statistics Committee of Russia; statistical, informational and analytical materials and regulatory and methodological documents of the Ministry of Economy and the State Committee for Financial Finance, GAO "Moscow", Russian tourist and hotel associations; press releases of travel agencies and hotels; brochures; corporate reports; information obtained from the Internet and Lexus Nexus; records of conversations with heads of tourist Russian and foreign organizations and firms; publications on tourism issues in domestic and foreign periodicals.
The scientific novelty of the study lies in the proposed concept of increasing Russia's participation in international tourism, taking into account real opportunities and the study of the experience of developing international tourism in foreign countries.
The most significant results obtained by the author:
A number of definitions of the tourism sector have been systematized and supplemented, the content of the economic category "tourism" has been clarified, which has made it possible to determine its place in the international and national economy;
The principles, methods are formulated and the mechanism of state regulation and support of tourism in foreign countries and Russia is analyzed,
Proposals were made to clarify the structure and functions of the system of state regulation of tourism, a view was made on the creation of an independent body for managing tourism activities in the system of federal authorities;
The mechanisms for attracting foreign investment in the tourism sector are determined, the main trends in the development of tourism in Russia are identified, taking into account the identified economic and cultural potential of the country;
Based on the study of foreign and Russian trends in the development of tourism, a forecast was made for the development of the hotel services market in Russia, practical recommendations were given for improving the mechanism for regulating the activities of enterprises operating in the accommodation market, parameters for certification of hotels and methods for monitoring the quality of hotel services were proposed.
The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of the study carried out within its framework and the recommendations developed on their basis can be used in the formation of a strategy for the development of tourism and the hotel industry in Russia.
In this case, the greatest practical value are:
Substantiation of the prospects for the development of tourism in Russia on the basis of the analysis of trends and patterns of functioning of tourism in foreign countries;
Proposed and substantiated directions for enhancing investment activities in the field of Russian tourism and one of its main components - the hotel complex;
Developed hotel certification parameters and methods for assessing the quality of hotel services.
Approbation. The conclusions and proposals contained in this dissertation were used in the course of lectures at the Department of Russian Economics. Plekhanov, practical recommendations on the classification of hotels and the adjustment of methods for assessing the quality of hotel services have found application on the basis of some Moscow hotel enterprises.
The structure of the work reflects the general idea and logic of the study, determined by the purpose and objectives of the work. The dissertation consists of introduction, 5 chapters, conclusion, bibliography. The work is set out on pages, contains
tables, figures, diagrams, graphs, diagrams, histograms,
applications, a list of references from the names of domestic and
foreign publications.
Features of the interpretation of the concept of tourism and forms of its organization at the national and international level
Thomas Cook, a native of the town of Melbourne, in central England, a Baptist who hates alcohol and tobacco, in order to distract people from bad habits, put them on a train and took them on their first excursion. About whether there were fewer drunkards and smokers in England after that, history is silent. However, the day of the birth of tourism has since been considered the day of July 5, 1841. - the day of the first public railway excursion in the history of England. After the unions won annual holidays for workers who did not know what to do with their free time in the second half of the 1840s, Cook suggested that during the holidays you need to engage in tourism and entertainment. Thus was born the world's first travel agency "Thomas Cook and Son".
Since tourism has become an object of study, attempts have been made to establish its exact characteristics. According to the scientist Kohen1 there are as many terms of "tourism" as there are studies on it. The question of definitions, as M.B. Birzhakov, and today is quite relevant and is the subject of "fierce and ambitious discussions"2 of leading scientists - tourism theorists. Meanwhile, a clear interpretation of tourist terms and concepts is important for understanding the processes that take place in tourism.
The first definitions of the era of "handicraft tourism", as noted by the Spanish scientist L. Fernandez Fuster3, focused on the relationship between tourism and transport, i.e., based on these definitions, tourism was considered a part of transportation.
With the development of tourism and its transformation into a mass phenomenon, new interpretations of this concept have appeared.
For the first time the concept of "international tourist" was introduced in 1937. Council of the League of Nations. According to this definition, such was a person with three characteristics: 1) movement; 2) temporary stay in a certain place; 3) lack of connection with labor and earnings4. Based on these features, a specific tourist terminology was formed.
By virtue of the definition adopted by the UN, tourism is an active recreation that affects the promotion of health, the physical development of a person, associated with movement outside the permanent place of residence.5
The Academy of Tourism of Monte Carlo gives a broader definition of "tourism": "it is a general concept for all forms of temporary departure of people from their place of permanent residence for recreational purposes, to satisfy educational interests in their spare time or professional and business purposes without engaging in paid activities in a place sojourn".6 Here the main emphasis is on the nature of the activities of visitors in a place other than residence.
The most common definition of tourism today is the definition of W. Hunziker - K. Krapf, known as the "general theory of tourism". It defines tourism as the totality of relationships and phenomena resulting from the movement of people and stay outside their place of residence until such time as the stay does not become a permanent place of residence and is not associated with income generation.”7
Despite the fact that the search for an "optimal" definition of tourism is still ongoing, the system international organizations quite definite interpretations of this term have developed at the state level, and other interpretations only highlight or supplement its features.
According to one of the latest definitions proposed by the United Nations Statistical Commission in March 1993, “tourism covers the activities of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one consecutive year, for the purpose of leisure, business and other purposes".8 V this definition to distinguish tourism from other types of travel are: the irregular nature of travel; motivation for the trip, not related to the search for permanent work or migration; voluntariness to travel. All of the above leads to any demand for tourist facilities, including accommodation facilities. It is this definition that is used by the World Tourism Organization (WTO). Meanwhile, for example, in the United States, only those citizens who move from their permanent place of residence for a distance exceeding 100 miles are considered tourists. Trips over shorter distances are not included in tourism statistics.9
The Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities" interprets tourism as "temporary trips (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons ... from a permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary residence".10
The concept of tourism in our country has long been associated with sports and health promotion, and not with a sector of the economy that can generate income. But gradually, in the process of development of economic and production relations, a special sphere of labor emerged, the main function of which was the organization of versatile recreation for the population in the form of tourism. Tourism is increasingly being referred to as an area of the national economy.
Justifying the need to single out tourism as an independent industry, it is necessary to take into account the main factors in the formation of its production features, their compliance with certain classification criteria, according to which enterprises, organizations and associations are part of the corresponding sector of the national economy, their dependence on the nature of the main activity. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the achieved scale and prospects for further development of the industry. As you know, the set of enterprises that form a separate industry is characterized by the following main features: a sufficient number of independent in economic terms relations of enterprises with a homogeneous type of production; sustainable economic ties with other sectors of the national economy; certain economic authority. The current state of tourism meets all of the above characteristics.
The current state of the tourist potential of Russia
The modern development of tourism is to a small extent focused on the organization of active recreation for the mass consumer and in its overwhelming part is turned "to the West", i.e. for outbound tourism. More than 90% of domestic travel companies are engaged in outbound tourism and less than 10% work to attract foreign tourists to Russia. Over the past 10 years, international tourism in the Russian Federation has developed mainly with an outbound orientation, while inbound tourism, as one of the most highly efficient sources of foreign exchange earnings, is a priority for tourism development in most countries of the world. In addition to providing foreign exchange earnings, inbound tourism creates additional jobs, making it possible to solve many socio-economic problems.
According to the federal law of the Russian Federation "On the fundamentals of tourism activities in the Russian Federation", the support and development of domestic and inbound tourism is a priority area of state regulation. At the same time, the development of these types of tourism should be based on the targeted and reasonable use of the country's tourism potential. The larger the “range” of various tourism resources a country has, the more opportunities it has to attract tourists and increase the duration of their stay.
The largest income from tourism is received by countries that receive tourists for summer holidays - Spain, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, countries in South-East Asia, islands in warm seas, however, Russia has only a relatively small section of the Black Sea coast. The country does not have the opportunity to compete with the above countries due to the small length of sandy beaches, the unfavorable ecological state of sea water due to the unsatisfactory state of treatment facilities and discharge industrial waste. Therefore, the most that the resort areas of the Black Sea coast can count on is the restoration of the level of arrivals of Russian citizens to the level of the times of the USSR. To do this, their owners need to take serious measures to improve the quality of service and the range of entertainment services.
As for winter ski resorts, only two regions can theoretically count on foreign tourists - the Caucasus and the Khibiny. But the image of the Caucasus in the eyes of Western tourists has suffered greatly due to the political instability of recent years. For the same reason, the prospects of the balneological resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters are doubtful even for Russian tourists. It is hard to imagine that a Western tourist would go for treatment not to Alpine balneological resorts, not to Baden-Baden, not to Karlovy Vary, but to distant Russia. The reputation of a mineral spring has been created for decades: both doctors and patients in the West know the properties of their mineral waters from the numerous medical histories of their acquaintances and relatives. Any, even the most unique chemical formula of the composition of the Caucasian water in itself will not be a weighty argument for them in favor of a trip to the Caucasus.
As for the Khibiny, it must be taken into account that the region is located beyond the Arctic Circle and a significant part of the season falls on the polar night. In addition, in terms of picturesqueness, this area is far inferior to any Alpine ski resort. Considering also the high capital intensity of ski facilities, it should be recognized that in terms of ski tourism, Russia can hardly seriously compete with the Alpine countries.
From the point of view of educational tourism, the main thing that attracts tourists to the city is architecture, especially old and medieval. The vast majority of Russian cities are completely unpromising from this point of view. Firstly, the wooden buildings of most cities did not survive due to the fragility of the building material. Secondly, the architecture of the Soviet period is of no interest to Western tourists.
For Western tourists, only two cities are of interest: St. Petersburg and Moscow. And if on the way from Moscow to St. Petersburg he stops for half a day in Novgorod and Pskov, then he can consider that he has examined 90% of the educational sights of Russia.
However, there are two promising segments for the development of the tourist market in Russia. The first segment is business tourism. Businessmen make up a fairly stable entry flow. Moreover, the distribution of this flow by countries of origin correlates quite well with the distribution of Russia's foreign trade volumes with these countries and does not correlate with the distribution of investments from these countries in the Russian economy. In other words, business people from the West they go to Russia to trade, and not to invest in its economy.
The second promising segment of the development of the tourist market in Russia is ecological and adventure tourism. There is even an international World Bank development program ecological tourism in the Baikal region. Americans can be considered the most easily motivated customers for the consumption of this type of tourist product. Experts estimate that more than 78 million Americans have taken part in this kind of travel in the past two years. various corners world.1 In the vastness of Russia, thousands of adventure routes can be placed, primarily water and, to a lesser extent, pedestrian and horseback. Their attractiveness for a Western tourist lies precisely in their “wildness”, isolation from civilization (Olkhonsky district Irkutsk region, jeep tour from Irkutsk through Buryatia to Mongolia). Rural tourism is also attractive, which can develop on the basis of half-forgotten villages located within ecologically clean territories. Such a tourist product does not require large capital expenditures, but requires special knowledge of points, terrain and routes from travel companies.
Unfortunately, inbound adventure tourism in Russia is practically non-existent. At the same time, hunting tourism related to it has become quite widespread. However, hunting tourism, unlike adventure tourism, by its nature cannot be massive, therefore, cannot generate large incomes.
The system of state regulation and support for the development of tourism in Russia in the context of the experience of countries with developed economies
During the existence of the USSR, the state regulated the tourism sector through 3 institutions: the State Committee for Tourism, the Central Council of Trade Unions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Sputnik Youth Tourism Bureau. Despite the fact that the last two organizations were public, the country's tourism market was practically monopolized. These organizations accounted for 85.10 and 5% of international tourism exchange, respectively.1
In connection with the liquidation of the USSR and the country's transition to market relations, the structure of tourism management has undergone significant changes. Having ceased to exist as government bodies, in the early 90s, the above organizations were transformed into joint-stock companies that retained their brand names and operate as ordinary travel agencies.
For a long time, the issue of creating a body or department responsible for the development of the tourism sector remained unresolved in the structure of the federal executive authorities of the country. March 1992 For this purpose, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Russian Federation was formed. Six months later, it was transformed into two independent departments: the Ministry of Culture and the Committee for Tourism (Roskomtourism). In January 1994, the Committee for Youth Affairs was formed, physical culture and tourism, which was later transformed into the Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Tourism (CFT RF), which later received the status of "state" and became the SCFT RF.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 27, 1997 No. 427 approved the SCFT of Russia as a federal executive body responsible for management, inter-industry and inter-regional coordination in the field of physical culture and tourism, the implementation of state policy in the field of conservation and development of the country's resort complex.
May 25, 1999 By the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the Structure of Federal Executive Bodies", the Russian Agency for Physical Culture and Tourism (RAFT) was created instead of the State Committee for Physical Education of the Russian Federation. Having existed for 12 days, in connection with the new Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, it was transformed into the Ministry for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism - hereinafter referred to as the Ministry. The structure of the SCFT of Russia was taken as the basis for the structure of the Ministry, which was developed taking into account the recommendations of the WTO and generally met the requirements for the structure of the national tourism administration.
However, it should be recognized that the presence of the Ministry, which deals primarily with the problems of sports and physical education, and only then with tourism, is not enough today to solve the integrated development of tourism in Russia. Back in October 1996. at the international seminar “Planning sustainable development of tourism at the national and regional levels” in Sochi, the WTO representative stated that “the ministry should deal only with tourism ... if only tourism is within the competence of the department, this will increase the priority of tasks and the significance of this sectors in the structure of government") The Hague Declaration on Tourism noted that it is necessary to "enlarge in all countries the rights and obligations of national tourism administrations, equating them to the same level as administrations responsible for the other major economic sectors."3
Today, the most significant issues for the tourism industry of investment, lending, budgetary financing of projects, etc., are not within the direct competence of the Ministry, but are scattered across different ministries. This creates problems in coordinating and solving the most important problems of tourism development. For example, the Ministry is conducting a large-scale advertising campaign for the development of inbound and domestic tourism, and the Ministry of Transport or civil aviation may well at the same time increase tariffs for transportation.
In international practice, such problems are solved very successfully. For example, in the United States, the Tourism and Travel Authority performs its functions of developing a national tourism complex with the support of a tourism advisory board, which includes 15 representatives of various industries.4 And in France, 10 ministries allocate part of their budgets for development of the country's tourism industry.5
The formation of the country's supreme tourism management body in this way had a negative impact on the formation of management bodies in this sphere in the subjects of the Federation. Before the advent of Roskomtourism, they existed only in 2 subjects of the Federation, today they already exist in 86, and at the same time they are very diverse: committees, state committees, departments, even ministries for tourism, departments and departments within the regional administration, etc. In 1996 in the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, a Committee on Tourism and Sports was created, endowed with the rights of a legislative body.
Public forms of self-government by the industry are also developing. In accordance with the Concept of Reorganization of Tourism Development in Russia, a Coordinating Committee for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism was established under the President of the Russian Federation, whose decisions are advisory in nature, and all activities are carried out on a voluntary basis. Its functions include ensuring the development of the foundations of state policy in the field of tourism, coordinating work on the examination of regulatory legal acts and federal programs, and analyzing the state of national tourism.
More than two dozen tourist unions, associations, associations have also emerged in the country, such as the Tourism Association (ASTUR), the EuroAsia Association, the National Tourism Organization (NTA), the Association of Tourist Organizations of Russia (ASTOR), the Russian Association travel agencies(PATA), etc. RATA has become a leading organization in the industry, with serious authority as a representative of the interests of the Russian tourism business. With the participation of PATA in 1995, mainly for the protection of consumer rights, a non-profit organization"League for the protection of the rights of travelers."
Sources of attracting investment in tourism
According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism is an industry that attracts billions of investments, in which about 400 billion dollars are invested annually. It is in the field of hotel and tourism business that investments give a faster return, which is confirmed by development practice national economies many countries of the world.
The sources that the state can use to invest in tourism are well known in world practice. These are: state budget revenues; grants created by the state; government loans received specifically for specific tourism projects; loans from international financial institutions; assistance programs economic development from international organizations and financial institutions; private financial investment.
The actual amount of financial assistance provided to tourism by the state is determined by the importance of the tourism sector in the country's economy and the specific difference between this sector and others.
State subsidies come in many forms, ranging from activities to promote a positive image of the country to the provision of tax incentives for tourism activities. Among the main types of public investment in tourism can be identified: lowering the price of investment in tourism projects, which includes profitable loans at favorable interest rates (the government reimburses the difference between a fixed interest rate and a market rate); sale or lease of land at a price below the market; tax breaks, protection from double taxation by concluding agreements with other countries; reduction of duties; direct subsidies or investment guarantees to attract foreign investors (loan guarantees or capital repatriation guarantees in profits), etc.
It should be noted that investing in tourism is a very risky undertaking. this type of activity is very sensitive to economic, political, climatic and other changes, which can drastically reduce the flow of tourists and thus significantly affect tourism receipts. Therefore, the state should make more efforts to attract investment in the tourism sector than in other sectors of the economy.
The government should ensure that the above types of incentives are used for their intended purpose and projects are consistent with the goals for which the money was allocated.
The awarding of grants or loans, in addition to government-backed investment banks, is handled by NTOs (National Tourism Organisations) and the Tourism Development Corporation. Taxation is under the control of the Ministry of Finance. In developing countries, the tourism sector may be funded by other international agencies.
V different countries preference is given to various types of incentives. For example, Greece and Portugal use concessional loans. In Austria, concessional loans account for half of all investments and are issued at a 5% commission for 20 years. France, Italy and UK Special attention give subsidies. Spain has introduced a low value added tax on the purchase of imported goods.
International investment in the tourism sector is provided by both international organizations and the private sector.
The main foreign borrower is the World Bank (IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development). Its activities are aimed at ensuring a normal standard of living in developing countries through long-term financing of infrastructure development in these countries.
Direct investment in tourism development is a non-priority direction of this bank, but it finances joint projects using export credits. The Bank encourages institutions that insure loans in the countries of potential suppliers, issues guarantees to predominantly competitive suppliers selected by tender.
Unlike the World Bank, short-term loans allocate International Association development, and the International Financial Society takes part in projects.
The European Union is also investing in tourism through the European Fund regional development(EFRD), which was founded in 1975 and provides financial support to the underdeveloped regions of the union. When awarding grants, the foundation gives preference to those projects that develop a type of tourism that is relevant today - rural tourism and that actively promote historical and cultural heritage region. EFRD grants are loans for special conditions for 40 years, and for the first 10 years they are issued at 1% per annum.
Among other organizations that finance the development of tourism, one can single out the European Investment Bank (EIB), which subsidizes the difference in interest rates from resources received in international credit markets at preferred rates, thus performing intermediary services. For example, the EIB has financed the construction of the Channel Tunnel, the construction of Disneyland Paris, the expansion of the airports of Frankfurt, Munich, Hamburg in Germany and Stansed Airport in the UK.
One of the main sources of risk when investing in tourism is its huge capital intensity in relation to operating costs. This is due to the high cost of premises and equipment. Capital accumulates slowly over a long period of time, and the return on investment is also slow. Therefore, the primary task is to reduce the cost of capital.
Due to the complex nature of the tourism service, it is impossible to solve all the tasks set for the tourism sector.
As for Russia, it receives tangible assistance from the World Tourism Organization. Within the framework of the sectoral support mission of the UN Development Program, an ecotourism project is being implemented in the Galichsky district of the Kostroma region, which is recognized by foreign experts as very promising.
But any international assistance is just assistance, and most often it is of a tactical, short-term nature. While we should talk about strategic, long-term investments in tourism facilities based on the use of budgetary and extrabudgetary funds, private investments of both domestic and foreign investors.
The investment mechanism used, at first glance, is quite simple and well-established: the accumulation of financial resources, their transformation into investments, investment management, control and responsibility for their intended use.
At the same time, it is obvious that tourism in the list of recipients of budget money will always be closer to the end. The line pursued by the Government of the Russian Federation on the use of non-inflationary methods of financing the budget deficit does not allow counting on the "mercy" of the state.
Attempts to transition the state to the implementation of a new competitive investment mechanism also did not give a noticeable effect. No real progress has been made on this path. Underfunding of planned investment expenditures has unfortunately become the norm.
In recent years, the tourism business has begun its rapid development in all countries of the world. Getting acquainted with the experience of various foreign countries, one can see that the success of the development of the tourism business largely depends on how this industry is perceived at the state level, and how government institutions support this industry. In order to receive income from the tourism business, any civilized state must invest heavily in the study of its territories in order to assess the tourism potential. State programs should contribute to the development of the tourism business, the development of tourist centers, the creation and development of the necessary infrastructure, as well as advertising and information support.
Practice shows that the private sector will never be able to make large investments for the development of resort tourism enterprises, as well as the main elements of tourism infrastructure, it cannot perform the functions of the National Tourism Administration. In countries with a developed tourism business, there are organizations that are subordinate, as a rule, to ministries that are involved in the development of national tourism development programs. Such organizations have different names, so in the UK it is BTA (British Nourist Authority), in Italy - ENIT, in Ireland - Irish Board, in Spain - Turespana, in Norway - NOTRA. Such organizations have their tourism offices in other countries. These organizations develop programs that will attract tourist flows and provide tourism information.
The specifics of the tourism business is associated with a wide range of relationships. These relations are entered into by persons who participate in the processes of organizing travel and recreation. The existing relations are so diverse that they give rise to a certain complexity of legal regulation.
In any individual state, the relationship between the parties "travel agency - state", "tourist - state", "tourist - travel agency" is regulated by the relevant legislation. Such legislation should fully cover every element of the relationship between these parties.
To date, there have been several approaches to the organizational process of state regulation of tourism. Thus, in many countries with a developed market economy, state regulation is completely absent, and market entities themselves carry out operational regulation. In those countries where there is state regulation of the tourism services market, two models are applied - there are special government bodies, or regulation is carried out by multidisciplinary bodies.
Now let's look at how state institutions operate on the example of several countries.
1. In Austria the tourism industry is supervised by the Ministry of Economy. Advertising of the state's tourism opportunities is carried out by the Austrian National Tourist Office, which has its offices in 26 countries around the world.
2. In Great Britain The tourism sector is managed by the Ministry of Culture, Entertainment and Sports, which is directly subordinate to the body that is responsible for tourism - the British Nourist Authority (BTA). This organization is engaged in attracting flows of foreign tourists to the UK, and is also engaged in the development of domestic tourism. In addition, this organization consults with the government and other government agencies involved in tourism. To do this, at the initiative of the administration, advertising campaigns are carried out outside the country through a network of their offices and representatives. The press, radio, television are also used for these purposes. The administration organizes international conferences, provides consulting and marketing services on international tourism issues and publishes various information and reference materials. In terms of its organizational and legal form, the BTA is also a private entrepreneurial institution, which, along with traditional activities in foreign markets, also provides a number of paid marketing and consulting services, organizes seminars and exhibitions, implements a number of projects with the involvement of foreign capital, publishes and sells guidebooks, videos and other advertising and information products. The BTA is headed by the Board of Directors, which consists of five members and the President. The organization employs about 300 people, of which about a third work directly in London, and the rest work in 26 offices abroad. About 68% of the necessary funds BTA receives from the state budget.
3. In Germany The organization of the tourism business is carried out by the National Tourism Committee of the Ministry of Economics, which is responsible for promoting the tourism product in Germany and increasing tourist flows to the country. Representations of this committee work in 27 countries of the world.
4. In Israel operates the Ministry of Tourism. In 2007, the organization's budget was $150 million. These funds were used to finance various events related to presentation, information, exhibition activities in all countries of the world. Also, part of these funds was directed to holding various conferences, organizing consulting services, publishing promotional materials and booklets.
5. In Indonesia there is a special department for tourism affairs, which has broad powers in the field of protecting the rights of tourists. So in the country there is a tourist police, which exercises supervision and control over all enterprises of the tourist business. In addition, she is directly involved in resolving conflict situations in which foreign tourists become participants.
6. In Italy in 1983, a law was passed to improve and develop the tourism and hotel industry. The law defines the main management bodies of the tourism business at the regional level and the procedure for their functioning. A clear definition of a tourist enterprise and the conditions for its registration are given. The law also defines the classification of the hotel industry, sets out a number of conditions under which tourist bureaus, transport and public associations are allowed to engage in tourism business. In addition, the law regulates the activities of professionals in the tourism sector, defines measures to support the tourism business from the state. The Tourism Department is part of the Ministry of Industrial Activities. The department coordinates the activities of regional tourism administrations, develops normative and sectoral documents of a national nature, researches and processes statistical data. In international activities, the department is engaged in the creation of intergovernmental agreements and relationships with other international tourism organizations. The powers of local administrations are broad. They are responsible for all issues of licensing tourism activities on their territory, carry out the classification of hotels, have the right to advertise and promote their tourism products both domestically and abroad. But, nevertheless, the main role in representing Italy in the international tourism market is assigned to the National Tourism Authority (ENIT). The main function of this organization is the organization of advertising and information work, marketing research, coordination of activities of foreign and local tourism organizations. ENIT is subordinate to the Department of Tourism, and its activities are fully financed from the state budget.
7. In Spain all tourism activities at the national level are defined by the Law on competence in the field of tourism and the Decree on the activities of private tourism enterprises of January 14, 1965. In addition to the national law, each of the seventeen autonomies has its own tourism legislation, the main provisions of which correspond to the above law. Articles on tourism regulate relations between the seller of a tourist product and a tourist, as well as a number of conditions under which legal entities and individuals are allowed to engage in tourism business, the procedure for providing tourists with their services, as well as measures of control by the state and the procedure for applying sanctions to violators. In April 1996, the Spanish Parliament approved the Combined Travel Act. This law clearly defined the rights and obligations of both the tourist organization and the consumer of tourist services. Combined travel is understood as a trip that includes a tourism product containing at least two of the three main elements - accommodation, transportation and any other tourism services. This law gives a clear distribution of responsibilities within the tourism industry and provides clarifications on various aspects of the tourism product and combined travel. All issues of tourist activity in Spain are handled by the State Secretariat for Trade, Tourism and Small Business, which is directly subordinate to the Ministry of Economy. In addition to the State Secretariat, the following organizations are also subordinate to the Ministry of Economy: - The Central Directorate for Tourism, which deals with administrative issues and the development of general directions of state policy in the field of tourism business. - The hotel chain "Paradores", which includes 83 hotels that are of historical value. – Two exhibition and congress centers, which are located in Madrid and Malaga, as well as the Spanish Institute of Tourism Turespaca. The powers of the Ministry of Economy are rather limited. Such important issues as certification of services, licensing, development of a strategy for the tourism industry belong to local authorities. In order to coordinate the activities of these organizations in Spain, a Tourism Development Council was created, which includes representatives of government at all levels, as well as representatives of private business. In most cases, Council decisions are only advisory in nature. The Spanish Institute of Tourism "Turespaca" is engaged in attracting foreign tourists. The Institute is also engaged in the promotion of Spanish resorts and advertising activities abroad. The activities of the Institute are fully financed from the state budget.
8. During France The Tourism Act defines the conditions that make it possible to engage in the sale of tours. Also, a circle of legal entities and individuals who are subject to this law is established, a list of services that are considered to be tourist services is given. In addition, a number of conditions have been formulated that make it possible to carry out tourism activities for travel agencies, various public organizations, local tourism authorities and individuals. Here we are talking about the possibility of obtaining official permission to engage in tourism activities in the form defined by the Law. In a special section of this Law, all relations between the consumer and the producer of tourist services are recorded. It also provides the basic rights and obligations of the seller of services and the buyer, which must be contained in the contract. The law regulates the responsibility of the seller of a tourist product for the quality of the services it provides. In addition, the Law provides for liability for violation of the Law and sanctions for violators and a mechanism for control by state organizations over the conduct of activities by legal entities and individuals that are subject to this Law. The Ministry of Transport and Public Works is responsible for regulating tourism activities. In its structure are the State Secretariat for Tourism and the Department of Tourism. These bodies deal with the management and regulation of the tourism industry, investment and international relations in the field of tourism business. In addition, there are still a number of bodies that take part in the management of tourism activities with an advisory vote: - Tourism Council under the Ministry of Transport and Public Works. - The National Committee for the Prosperity of France, which deals with issues of ecology and greening of cities. – National Holiday Travel Agency. - The French Agency for Tourism Engineering and the National Tourism Supervisory Board, which is responsible for marketing research and statistics in the tourism business. Also at the regional level, there are representatives of the central executive power, whose duties include resolving issues of the development of the tourism sector and who report directly to the prefects. The activities of these representatives are mainly aimed at coordinating local initiatives in the tourism sector. The promotion of the image of France as a tourist center in the international market is carried out by the association "Maison de la France", which was founded in 1987 as a result of a partnership agreement between the administrations of sightseeing objects, tourism companies and local administrations. The activity of this organization is partly financed from the state budget, the share of which is 60%.
9. In Finland tourism activity is regulated by the Laws “On entities entitled to sell tours” and “On tours and engaging in tourism activities”. The adoption of this law was caused by Finland's accession to the EU and the need to bring Finnish laws into line with EU requirements. These laws regulated the relationship between the client and the travel company on the sale of the tour, as well as the procedure for resolving disputes that arose. In March 1995, the Decree of the government structures of Finland “On engaging in tourism activities” was adopted. This decree provides the basic information that is required when registering to engage in tourism activities. In addition to the usual questions, it was necessary to indicate whether the given company is an intermediary of a foreign travel company.
10. In United States of America The first US National International Tourism Act was passed in 1961. This law provided for the creation of the Travel and Tourism Administration (TTA), which functioned as part of the US Federal Department of Commerce. Somewhat later, in 1981, the Law "On National Tourism Policy" was adopted. In May 1992, the Tourism and Export Development Policy Act was adopted, which set the following tasks for the TPA: coordinating state policy in the field of tourism in the interests of the United States, maintaining statistics on tourism activities, studying the situation in the tourism market, providing support to states, counties , cities and rural areas, leadership of the tourism development program. In addition to the National Authority responsible for regulating tourism activities at the federal level, each of the US states has a corresponding service that is responsible for the development of tourism business. In most cases, this is the Agency for Trade, Commerce and Tourism, which deals with the tasks of systematic growth and comprehensive development of the tourism business. It also organizes advertising and information programs to promote tourism and carries out research activities to analyze the state and prospects for the development of the tourism industry. In 1996, the US Congress passed another law that contributed to the development of the tourism business. Starting from 1997, a new federal tourism structure began to function - the National Tourism Organization (NOT). This Act states that if the TTO does not soon increase the share of the United States in the world tourist market and does not increase the flow of foreign tourists, then it will be dissolved.
11. In Switzerland all tourism matters are handled by the Central Office for Tourism (CVT), which is the largest national advertising agency.
In the EU, in June 1990, the EU Directive was adopted, which regulated all issues related to the content of tourist services and the tourist product as a whole. In order to protect the rights of consumers in this directive, the texts of contracts between a travel company and a tourist are brought to a single content, and all conditions, mutual rights, obligations and guarantees are stipulated.
After some decline observed in 2001-2003, 2004 and 2005. were marked by a significant rise in cross-border movements. The number of international tourist arrivals in 2004 amounted to 763 million people, in 2005 it increased to 808 million people, and by the end of 2007 the figure is almost 898 million. If we consider statistics within specific regions of the world, we will get the following data.
As of the end of 2007, visits to the Middle East as a whole amounted to 46 million tourists and remains one of the successful places in terms of visiting, despite the ongoing tension in this region of the world. This region stands out with a good indicator of attendance, and the number of tourists is growing every year. In 2007, among the leading countries in this region in terms of attendance, one can single out Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Against the backdrop of strong growth of the above countries - 7% annually since 2000, 185 million tourists visited Asia and the Pacific. At the end of 2007, the increase in attendance compared to 2000 is: Japan (+14%), Malaysia (+20%), Cambodia (+19%), Vietnam (+16%), Indonesia (+15%), India (+13%) and China (+10%) continue to grow. With an estimated total of 44 million international tourists, Africa has confirmed a good growth rate for 2006 as its growth averaged (+7%), which compared to 2000 (+3%) is not a bad result.
Tourist attendance North Africa is (+8%), which is slightly better than the regions of the Sahara where the increase is only (+7%). America doubled its growth rate from (+2%) growth in 2006 to (+10%) at the end of 2007, which is a very good indicator.
In 2007, 480 million tourists visited Europe.
Greece (+12%), Portugal (+10%), Italy and Switzerland (+7%), Germany (+12%).
All these indicators are presented in (Table 1).
Table 1. Calculated according to UNWTO data.
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International tourist arrivals |
Market share (%) |
Change % |
Annual increase % |
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international |
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Northern Europe |
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Western Europe |
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Central/East Europe |
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South/Mediterranean |
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In 2004, according to the UNWTO classification, 52% of all international tourist arrivals were for the purpose of leisure, recreation or vacation (ie, in other words, their purpose was tourism per se); 24% - for the purpose of visiting friends or relatives, undergoing medical treatment, religious motives (private trips); business travel accounted for 16% and for 8% of arrivals the purpose of the trip was not specified. (Diagram 1).
Diagram 1
The data for 2007 are much different compared to 2004, so according to Rosstat, the number of trips of foreign citizens to Russian Federation at the end of the year amounted to almost 23 million people. Data on the entry of foreign citizens into the Russian Federation are presented in the table
table 2
Growth of inbound tourist flow (for business and leisure purposes) last year (2007) was demonstrated by Germany, Great Britain, Austria, Italy, Spain, Australia, Israel and some other countries.
The number of tourist trips for official purposes increased by 1%. The dynamics of business tourism in the analyzed period in the main source markets shows a significant increase in the flow from Germany - 23%, Austria, the Netherlands - 21%, Italy, Sweden - 16%, Great Britain, Australia - 13%, Canada - 10%, Japan - 7% . In absolute terms, the leaders in inbound tourism were such non-CIS countries as Germany, Great Britain, the USA, and France.
As for the traditional tourist trips for the purpose of recreation, the significant growth rates of trips from Spain (47%), Austria (22%), the Netherlands (16%), Israel (15%), Italy (12%), Canada attract attention. (13%), Norway (10%), Australia (34%). Mostly tourists from these countries visit our country for cultural and educational purposes. However, the total number of arrivals of foreign tourists for the purpose of recreation has decreased by more than 8%, which cannot be encouraging, since the reduction in the inbound tourist flow to our country began to occur since 2006. This is primarily due to increased prices for services in the country, as well as a sharp increase in hotel prices due to a decrease in the number of tourist-class hotels, as a result of which there was a significant increase in the cost of the package of services offered to tourists when traveling to Russia (Diagram 2).
Diagram 2
Here are some interesting statistics on services for the first quarter of 2007. The analysis of statistical data for the first quarter of 2007 by Rostourism on tourist services, as well as on the services of hotels and similar accommodation facilities, showed the following.
In the first quarter of 2007, the volume of services provided by hotels and similar accommodation facilities increased by 2,743,801.3 thousand rubles. compared to the same period in 2006 and amounted to 17,819,632.7 thousand rubles.
The total volume of tourist services in the first quarter of 2007 reached 7,822,621.0 thousand rubles, which is 13.5% more than in January-March 2006.
In the structure of the volume of paid services to the population, the share of hotel services and similar accommodation facilities for the first quarter of 2007 compared to the first quarter of 2006 remained virtually unchanged and amounted to 2.5% (of all types of services).
The share of tourist services in the structure of the volume of paid services to the population in the first quarter of 2007 also practically remained at the level of the same period in 2006 and amounted to 1.1% (of all types of services). Data on the volume of paid services to the population for January-March 2006-2007. are presented in the following (Table 3).
Table 3. Volume of paid services to the population by types.
From the statistics given above, we can conclude that, compared with 2006, the volume of paid services in the Russian tourism industry has increased markedly, and it is assumed that the revival that occurred in the first quarter of 2007 will continue to accompany us with new positive figures, at least in terms of income per tourist arrival of about $580, Russia is noticeably behind the world average of about $850, but at the same time it is ahead of a number of countries that are included in the group of leaders in tourism development, including Hong Kong, Mexico and even France. At the same time, in terms of the value of this parameter, the Russian Federation far exceeds the average indicator for the countries of Central and of Eastern Europe. It should be noted that this indicator is not decisive for characterizing the role of Russia in the system of international tourism. Its value depends mainly on three factors:
Transport costs associated with the delivery of tourists to the host country and back (it is the high costs of air travel that are the main reason for such high value this indicator for Oceania);
The level of prices in the host country (daily personal expenses of tourists for food, transport, etc. in the Scandinavian countries, for example, are approximately three times higher than, say, in Greece or Spain);
The set and degree of attractiveness of the services offered to the tourist during one trip.
Currently, Russia faces the main task of maximizing the influx of foreign tourists into the country, and therefore the increase in the cost of tours and the level of associated costs, in particular, may scare rather than attract potential consumers of tourist services to Russia. On the contrary, at this stage of development of tourism in general and inbound tourism in particular, it is hardly necessary to strive for a sharp increase in the indicator of “revenues”. Such a task can be set at later stages, when a competitive tourism infrastructure is created in the country, and visiting Russia in in the eyes of foreign citizens will be considered no less interesting and prestigious than, for example, a sightseeing trip to France.In such a situation, we can already talk about the expediency of diversifying the sources of inbound tourism to the country (mainly due to an increase in the share of Western Europe, North America and East Asia), as well as a significant improvement in the quality of services provided to tourists with a corresponding increase in prices for these services. However, it is clear that in the foreseeable future Russia will have to face ever-increasing competition in the tourism sector from both leading tourism countries and relatively new participants in this huge market.
According to projections in the UNWTO Tourism Panorama 2020 report, by 2010 the total number of international tourist arrivals in the world will exceed the figure of 1 billion people, and by 2020 will come close to the mark of 1.6 billion, thus almost doubling the level of 2005. It should be noted that the dynamics of the number of international tourists in the long term may be subject to quite serious fluctuations at the level of individual macroregions, which is associated with the action of factors such as natural disasters epidemics, the threat of large-scale terrorist attacks, etc. The UNWTO report notes that in the long run, the influence of these factors will generally be overcome, which will ensure a significant increase in tourist flows. It is assumed that over ¾ of the total number of international tourist arrivals will come from intra-regional tourism, about 25% is long-distance travel (inter-regional tourism). WTTC presented a list of ten countries whose tourism sector is expected to increase in 2007-2016. will develop most rapidly (Table 4).
Table 4 Leading countries in the development of international tourism in 2007 - 2016
It is very significant that this list includes either countries whose economy in the coming period, according to forecasts, will grow at the fastest pace, these are (China, India, Vietnam), or states for which the accelerated development of tourism is an issue from an economic point of view. “life-or-death” (Albania, Montenegro, Cambodia, partly Romania and Croatia). The fact that Russia was not included in this list can be explained to some extent by the fact that it does not meet these two above-mentioned conditions.
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