Experience in the development of tourism in the USSR. Creation and work of regional and district committees for physical culture and sports

After the October Revolution, tourism became the property of millions of working people.

The victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution gave the working people of our country access to the wealth of material and spiritual culture, contributed to the development of interest in the study national history, native nature, monuments of multinational culture.

V. I. Lenin considered nature not only a storehouse of material values, but also a source of health, relaxation and aesthetic pleasure, a means of educating Soviet people. After the October Revolution, the entire territory of our country was opened for the wide development of tourism.

One of the first steps in the activities of the People's Commissariat of Education was the organization of mass work with children in summer period. In the circular order of the People's Commissariat of Education, it was emphasized that summer work directly follows from the "Regulations on a unified labor school", it was indicated that classes with children should be organized in the summer under open sky, summer labor colonies, summer playgrounds, excursions.

In 1919, the Central Bureau of School Tours was established in Moscow to help students coming to the capital, which in the 1930s was transformed into the Central Children's Tourist Station of the RSFSR. The desire of the guys to visit Petrograd and Moscow during this period was exceptionally great. Overcoming hunger, many obstacles, devastation in transport, the students went to the capital of the revolution. In the People's Commissariat of Education they were given necessary products, provided places at the excursion base. Rural children with their teachers from morning to evening walked the streets of Moscow, visited museums, examined cultural monuments, went to factories. The schoolchildren were introduced to the sights of Moscow by professors I. M. Korf, I. A. Geinike and other experts in the excursion business.

In the 1920s, foreign tourism began to develop in the USSR. Working delegations from different countries world, progressive writers and cultural figures, representatives of industry and trade. This helps to dispel the lies spread abroad about our country.

The Moscow Komsomol begins the struggle for the mass development of tourism. In 1928, Komsomolskaya Pravda and the Moscow City Committee of the Komsomol organized the first mass departure to Volkhovstroy and the first trip to places of military glory.

During these years, changes are taking place in children's tourism. On September 23, 1927, the People's Commissariat of Education issued a decree "On the strengthening of excursion work among children and adolescents", containing a deep assessment of the positive value of excursion work. In 1930, the All-Union Conference on tourist and excursion work with schoolchildren was held.

In order to develop and strengthen the tourist movement in 1930, the All-Union Voluntary Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE) was created.

April 3, 1932 in Moscow, in the Hall of Columns, the first All-Union Congress of the OPTE opened. 290 delegates arrived at the congress. The congress worked for four days. He defined the tasks of his organization, the tasks of Soviet tourism - its connection with socialist construction. Tourism grew and developed on the basis of raising the cultural and political level of the working people and improving material and living conditions. Tourism in the USSR visually acquainted the broad working masses with the progress of socialist construction, nature, history and culture of our country, contributed to the formation of applied military skills, the organization of healthy, reasonable recreation, combined with mass social and political work.

One of the tasks put forward by the All-Union Tourism Organization was the search for raw materials for the needs of the five-year plan. Thousands of young enthusiasts went around the country. Tourists were looking for apatite in the icy expanses of the North, sulfur in the Karakum desert, copper in Kazakhstan, mother-of-pearl in Karelia and the Arkhangelsk region, oil on Sakhalin.

A tourist expedition led by a young scientist Vadim Bakhievich discovered in Central Asia valuable raw material for the rubber industry - coke. Tourists of the Botkinsky plant discovered deposits of copper ore on the Kama.

Much attention was paid to the training of the soldiers of the Red Army. At the Second All-Army Agitation and Promotion Meeting in July 1930, it was said that tourism is a powerful tool for improving the combat general political and cultural training of the Red Army and the command staff of the Red Army. During campaigns, warrior tourists received physical hardening, mastered the skills of orienteering in the terrain, and camping life. The campaign program included military field games and competitions. During this period, trips to places of military glory are also organized. civil war: on the places of the defeat of Yudenich and the heroic transition of the Taman division.

In the 1930s, much attention was paid to mountaineering. Soviet climbers climb the Pamirs - they storm Khan-Tengri and Communism Peak. In March 1933, seven people crossed for the first time in winter through the Mestia and Becho passes. A well-known tourist and climber Alexander Maleinov was a participant in this transition. Since 1936, the direct management of work in the field of mass tourism and mountaineering was carried out by the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, which organized tourist and excursion departments with their own tourist and excursion bases, property and construction.

In November 1938, the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR noted the unsatisfactory development of amateur tourism and proposed the creation of tourism sections under the committees and the DSO. The All-Union Tourism Section was created. The section developed standards for the "USSR Tourist" badge.

In the autumn of 1939, more than a thousand people gathered on Borovskoye Kurgan, at the confluence of the Pakhra with the Moskva River, on foot, by kayaks, bicycles, and motorcycles for a rally dedicated to the decade of Soviet tourism. The most deserving tourists here received their first honorary award - the badge of the traveler "Tourist of the USSR". Among them were well-known today in the tourist world: A. N. Kiseleva, N. N. Adelung, O. A. Arkhangelskaya, N. M. Gubanov and others, thirty people in total. Before the war, the “USSR Tourist” badge was numbered and was awarded together with a diploma of the All-Union Committee of Physical Culture and Sports. It was not easy to get such a badge. It was necessary to make two difficult trips, actively participate in social work and pass exams in tourism techniques (the basic knowledge of topography, botany, geology and geography). In 1940 instructor ranks were introduced in tourism.

In 1940, a mass campaign was announced, and at the beginning of 1941, an All-Russian expedition of pioneers and schoolchildren along the routes of military glory of the civil war.

The organizational and promotional activities carried out to improve the management of planned and amateur tourism contributed to the massive development of all forms of tourist and excursion work.

The war interrupted the peaceful labor of the Soviet people, the peaceful life of the Soviet people. Hundreds of thousands of tourists stood up to defend their homeland. The acquired skills and abilities, physical and strong-willed hardening helped in a combat situation.

The mining town of Tyrnyauz, located in the Baksan Gorge in the Caucasus, was cut off by the Nazis from the country. 1.5 thousand women, old people and children remained in the city not evacuated. Experienced tourists and climbers came to the aid of the population. Through the only free path - the Becho pass, located at an altitude of 3375 m, through the Yusengi glacier, past the ice cracks, they led the Soviet people along the “lamb foreheads”, sometimes using electric wires instead of climbing ropes, and instead of ice axes and hooks - mining tools. The entire crossing was completed without a single accident.

The Great Patriotic War ended. The Soviet people began to restore the national economy. Already in April 1945, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions decided to restore the activities of tourist and excursion departments. During 1945, thermal power plants were created in Moscow, Leningrad, the Crimea, the North Caucasus, the Krasnodar Territory, and Georgia. The tourism industry began to recover, the All-Union Tourism Section resumed its work, which began the development of sports standards for tourism. In 1949, these standards were approved by the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports and included in the Unified All-Union Sports Classification. With this decision, amateur tourism was recognized as a sport.

The first tourists appeared - masters of sports: cyclist A. Vlasov, kayaker E. Romashov, M. Nemytsky, A. Kost, G. Ilyicheva. To fulfill the standards for the title of master of sports in tourism according to the Unified All-Union Sports Classification at that time, it was necessary to make twelve long-distance trips with a total length of about 3000 km through four geographical regions; while the tourist had to own at least three types of tourism.

In the first post-war years, international tourism is booming. In 1947, the International Union of Official Tourism Organizations (IUTO) was founded in Paris, bringing together governmental or government-recognized tourism organizations from most countries of the world. Currently, the union includes tourism organizations from more than 100 countries of the world. The USSR has been a member of IUOTO since 1956.

Children's tourism has been widely developed in the postwar years. The teacher, who has not yet taken off his military overcoat, leads his students to the battlefields of the Great Patriotic War, introduces pupils to the glory and feat of the people. Helping collective farms and state farms in harvesting, schoolchildren make excursions and hikes around their native land in their free time. In the early post-war years, tourist school camps arose.

In the mid-1950s, All-Union tourist and local history expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren became traditional. In 1955, the All-Union Conference on Children's Tourism was held in Moscow.

In 1957, in connection with the VI International Youth Festival, the I International Gathering of Tourists took place on Lake Seliger. There were envoys from 24 countries of the world.

In June 1958, the bureau of international tourism of the USSR "Sputnik" was created. It organizes the exchange of youth, student and school tourist groups with foreign youth tourist organizations on preferential mutual terms. On July 20, 1962, the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, by its resolution “On the Further Development of Tourism,” transformed the TEU into tourism councils.

An outstanding event in the tourist movement of the 60s was the beginning of the All-Union campaign along the path of the glory of the fathers, organized by the Central Committee of the Komsomol.

The first All-Union rally of participants in the campaign, Komsomol members and youth in places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people opened on September 19, 1965 in the hero-fortress Brest. Young men and women gathered for the rally, many of whom did not hear the shots of the war. At the sacred ruins of the Brest citadel, from the lips of its defenders, they learned about the defense of the fortress and touched with their hearts the exploits of the people.

About three million people took part in the All-Union campaign. Young patriots erected monuments to the fallen heroes, put in order the places of burial, established the names of those who were buried in mass graves, recreated the chronicle of military affairs military formations, biographies of war heroes, helped in the search for the missing.

Tourist detachments brought rich material about the feats of arms of the Soviet people to the rally. Schoolchildren of Lipetsk erected a monument on a mass grave with the money they earned Soviet soldiers. Komsomol members of Chelyabinsk made a 1700-kilometer expedition along the combat route of the Chelyabinsk tank brigade.

The second All-Union rally of participants in the campaign to the places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people was held in 1966. Its finale took place in the hero city of Moscow. In the future, it became a tradition to dedicate All-Union campaigns to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people to historical events, major anniversaries.

In 1967, the All-Union meeting was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Great October Revolution. The solemn finale of this campaign was held in Leningrad.

The final stage of the IV stage of the All-Union Campaign of Komsomol members and youth, dear fathers, took place in Kyiv in 1968. This stage was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Komsomol.

The 5th stage of the All-Union campaign (1969-1970) was held in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin) Its final took place in Ulyanovsk.

The 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR was marked by VI 3Tari of the All-Union campaign of Komsomol members and youth; its final was held in Moscow in 1973. Here are a few final figures of the VI stage, clearly illustrating the scope of this patriotic movement: in three years, with active participation more than sixty thousand museums and corners of the revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people have been created for Komsomol members and youth, pioneers and schoolchildren; installed about seventeen thousand monuments, obelisks and other memorial signs; thanks to the persistent search of the red rangers, the names of forty-four thousand dead soldiers have been restored.

The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU L. I. Brezhnev, noting the great educational value of this patriotic movement of Soviet youth, said: “It is very good that the Soviet youth of our days, on the initiative of the Komsomol, created such new traditions as trips to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory ... We, older people, have the opportunity to compare the past and the present from our own experience. Young people are deprived of this opportunity. She knows about the contrasts between the past and the present only from books and films, she hardly imagines the poverty and poverty that we witnessed. Therefore, it is important to educate our youth in such a way that they deeply understand and feel everything that we, the elders, had a chance to see and experience - the hard life of working people under tsarism, the difficult but enthusiastic years of the first five-year plans, the disasters and selfless heroism of the war years. Young people should know about all this from veterans, from labor heroes and war heroes.

Of decisive importance in the development of tourism and excursions in our country in last years the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of May 30, 1969 "On measures for the further development of tourism and excursions in the country" played. The resolution says: “The Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions note that tourism and excursions have been widely developed in the country in recent years. They are becoming not only a form of recreation, but also an important means of raising the cultural level and ideological and political education of the population.” In June 1970, the Central Children's Excursion and Tourist Station of the USSR Ministry of Education was created, playing big role in the development of school tourism.

On January 11, 1971, the Regulations on the All-Union campaign of Komsomol members and youth to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people were published, adopted as a joint resolution of the Secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, the Collegium of the USSR Ministry of Culture, the Presidium of the Central Committee of the DOSAAF of the USSR, the Presidium of the Soviet Committee of Veterans war. The regulation states that the All-Union campaign of Komsomol members and youth to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people is a mass patriotic movement aimed at educating young men and women of ideological conviction, devotion to the Communist Party Soviet Union, increasing their social and labor activity, readiness for the defense of the Motherland and the gains of socialism.

The forms of conducting the All-Union campaign can be not only hiking and traveling, but also local history work that is not associated with active forms of tourism, as well as patriotic socially useful activities (patronage of war invalids, veterans of the revolution and labor, families of fallen soldiers; construction of monuments and memorial signs and patronage over the places of burial of soldiers, environmental protection, etc.).

In the 70s, the tradition of holding all-Union tourist and local history expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren continued. In 1972, the Pionerskaya Pravda newspaper and the Central Children's Excursion and Tourist Station of the USSR Ministry of Education announced the regulation on the All-Union Tourist and Local History Expedition of Pioneers and Schoolchildren "My Motherland - the USSR", dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR and the 50th anniversary of the assignment to the Komsomol and Pioneers named after V. I. Lenin.

The expedition was integral part All-Union campaign of Komsomol members and youth of the dear glory of the fathers. Pioneers and schoolchildren from IV to X (XI) class participated in the expedition. The finish of the first stage of the expedition took place in December 1974. The most important events of this expedition are the All-Union tourist competitions of pioneers and schoolchildren, a meeting of geologists, a review of school museums, an annual correspondence competition for the best tourist trip, etc.

The first All-Union rally-competition of pioneers and schoolchildren, dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR, was held from 1972 to 1973 in five stages from hikes and rallies general education schools, district, city, regional, regional and republican rallies-competitions to the final - the All-Union rally held near the city of Skole, Lviv region, Ukrainian SSR. 36 teams of the Union republics, cities of Moscow and Leningrad, teams of the Ministry of Railways - more than 500 students took part in the final of the rally-competition. The team of the Ukrainian SSR became the winner of these competitions.

In August 1976, in Belarus, near the city of Polotsk, the final of the All-Union tourist competitions of pioneers and schoolchildren was held. The team of the Byelorussian SSR became the winner of these competitions.

The rapid development of amateur tourism in our country, the quantitative growth of technically complex trips oblige to increase the organizational level, summarize the best tourist experience and set it out in a number of documents regulating the procedure for issuing route documentation, checking tourist groups before going on the route, etc.

On March 1, 1972, the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR introduced a new All-Union Complex “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR”. New complex The TRP, which includes, among other standards, tourism and orienteering, is the program basis of physical education. It is called upon to play an important role in the training of comprehensively developed, physically strong, active builders of communist society, staunch defenders of the motherland. The introduction of standards for tourism and orienteering into the All-Union TRP complex is a recognition of their great opportunities in the improvement and physical development of a person.

Socially useful activities have become an integral part of any tourist activities of Soviet tourists. Even purely sports tourist trips include local history tasks, the tasks of compiling a technical report on a given route for subsequent tourist groups. Great socially useful work is carried out by all the tourist detachments going to the places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people. In recent years, the participation of tourists in nature protection has significantly increased, and it has taken the most active form - reproduction natural resources. By tradition, many tourist clubs and sections successfully develop such forms of socially useful activities as the organization of scientific research on the instructions of state and public organizations.

In order to further develop amateur tourism, improve skills and identify the strongest: tourist groups, physical education teams and clubs. On June 29, 1971, the Presidium of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions approved the Regulations on All-Union Competitions for the Best Tourist Travel. Magazine "Tourist" c. in accordance with the Regulations, established a challenge prize "Pioneers of the Year". In January 1977, by order of the Minister of Education of the USSR, the regulation on republican, regional, regional and district stations for young tourists was approved. In the spring of 1977, the USSR Tourism Federation was established.

Thus, in recent decades, tourism in; our country has become truly popular.

* Brezhnev L. I. In a single ranks - to new victories. - Brezhnev L. I. On the communist education of workers. Speeches and articles. M., 1974, p. 502-503.

After the liquidation of the Russian Society of Tourists in 1928, on its basis in 1929, a society of proletarian tourism was created, which in 1930 was transformed into the All-Russian Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions.

On April 11, 1929, the Decree of the Council of Labor and Defense “On the organization of the State Joint-Stock Company for Foreign Tourism in the USSR” was adopted. In fact, from that moment there was a division of tourism into external and internal. The management of external tourism is transferred to the State Committee for Tourism.

In 1936, the management of domestic tourism was entrusted to the trade unions represented by the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, in which the Central Tourist and Excursion Administration was formed with branches in the republics and cities of the country. In 1969, this department was transformed into the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions.

The organization of youth tourism was entrusted to the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, which in 1959 created its own tourist structure - the Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik". In addition, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Education and a number of other departments that organize the recreation of workers in their industry were involved in tourism. nineteen

One normative act regulation of tourism activities did not exist. Legal regulation tourism was carried out on the basis of departmental instructions.

The transition from command-and-control management of the economy to a market economy also affected the tourism sector. The former tourism monopolists Sputnik, Intourist, the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions have been transformed into joint-stock companies and holdings.

After the liquidation of the State Committee for Tourism of the USSR in our country for three years there was no department responsible for the development of tourism in general and youth tourism in particular.

From 1989 to 1992 practically not a single normative act was adopted that consolidates and regulates new market relations in the field of tourism. 20

Main achievements Soviet system youth tourism was to attract young people to the educational and health value, the ideological and patriotic orientation of hiking trips, the richness and versatility of tourism as an active form of recreation and sports.

Soviet mass tourism was one of the effective means communist education. The educational value of tourism was linked to the principles of the moral code of the builder of communism, with specific examples it was shown how camp life, taking place in a team and involving overcoming various difficulties, helps to form high moral and volitional qualities, including courage, comradely solidarity, high discipline, hard work and etc.

The educational value of Soviet mass tourism is also in the fact that tourist trips, rallies and competitions are important means instilling practical skills useful both in professional activities and in the service in the ranks Soviet army. Such professional and military-applied skills include knowledge of topography, provision of first aid, organization of search and rescue operations, technique of transporting a victim with improvised means, technique of movement and overcoming natural obstacles in various terrain conditions and with different means of transportation, organization bivouac, etc.

Solving the problems of developing tourism and excursion business in the country in Soviet time trade union organizations, as well as the departments of tourism of the Ministry of Defense and military districts were engaged in.

Youth tourism in Soviet times was considered as one of the means of mass physical culture along with gymnastics, running, skiing, swimming, sports games. Certain types of tourism (hiking, skiing, water, cycling, and at the level of sports tourism also mountain, auto, motorcycle, and speleotourism) require the involvement of various elements from the field of physical culture and sports: skiing, cycling, rowing, auto and motor sports, mountaineering and always, for all types of tourism - the ability to orientate in the area. This inevitably aroused interest in sports, involved in cross-country running, swimming, cross-country skiing, rowing and water slalom, sports games, mountaineering, orienteering, etc. Regulatory requirements of the GTO complex for athletics, swimming, shooting, gymnastic exercises, ski racing became the norm for the tourist, and these types of physical exercises were included in the year-round training cycle.

1.4 Problems of development of youth tourism in the Russian Federation

Until 1990, youth tourism, as a social movement, was implemented through a system of tourist clubs under the Councils for Tourism and Excursions 21 .

The number of republican, regional, regional, city and district clubs in 1989, which can be considered as a turning point, in the RSFSR was more than 700. On the basis of the clubs formed about 80 regional federations sports tourism. More than 30 thousand tourist sections and commissions worked on a voluntary basis at enterprises, institutions and educational institutions. More than 3 thousand classified sports and health routes were developed and operated. By 1989, 5,240 mountain passes and about 1,000 caves were classified and included in the all-Union list.

Tourist asset and its public organizations were able to involve 6.8 million people a year in tourism, and at the same time hold trips, rallies, and competitions for 15.2 million people. The number of participants in sports category trips, giving the right to assign sports categories and titles, was 136,021 people, and the number of sports tourist groups was 14,252.

This work was carried out at the expense of insignificant appropriations - about 6 million rubles. per year, received in 1989 from the funds of trade unions.

The state system of children's and youth tourism in Russia is based on federal and municipal educational authorities in the structure of which there are about 500 centers, stations, clubs and bases for young tourists, as well as over 2000 palaces and houses for children and youth creativity, in which departments and sections of tourism function . More than eleven thousand qualified teachers work in children's specialized tourist institutions.

In 220 centers and stations for young tourists, tourist training grounds and rock simulators (climbing walls) are equipped, about 400 equipped educational tourist and excursion trails are constantly used 23 .

Every year in Russian Federation more than 3,400 specialized camps are being organized, in which more than 350,000 children receive tourist skills and improve their health.

More than 300,000 children are constantly involved in tourist and local history circles and sections of institutions of additional education alone, and more than 1.5 million children participate in trips, expeditions and trips organized by them 24 .

Since the 1990s, many of the former sports tourism management structures have largely ceased to exist. The state budget, the budgets of trade unions and sports organizations have significantly decreased, and in some places they do not at all provide for the allocation of financial assistance to sports tourism.

The number of tourist clubs has decreased to 300; territorial federations of sports tourism continue to operate on their basis. A significant number of clubs have lost their premises and operate on a voluntary basis.

The number of people involved in sports tourism has approximately decreased in comparison with 1989 by 3-4 times, and the proportion between organized and unorganized sports tourism has changed from 1/3 to 1/9, traffic control has noticeably dropped 25 .

Over the past ten years, prices for tourist equipment, means of transportation for the tourists themselves, as well as transport services have increased - all this primarily affected the flow of sports tourism, even to such well-known and traditional areas as Karelia, the Urals, Altai, the Sayans, Baikal and others

The social and amateur foundations of sports tourism are being replaced by commercial technologies, which significantly affects the internal spirit of the movement.

Budget financing has decreased tenfold compared to 1989 and does not provide even the minimum requirements for the development of sports and health tourism in the country. As of 2000, the estimated amount of financing for sports and health tourism from the budgets of all levels and other non-budgetary sources is no more than 0.03 billion rubles, while there are no appropriate conditions for investors willing to invest in sports tourism. This moment is aggravated by the fact that there is a noticeable bias in the distribution of budgetary funds at all levels in favor of elite sports of the highest achievements.

If earlier sports tourism still somehow used the most seedy property of trade unions, then after its privatization by the administrative and economic apparatus of tourist bases and hotels, it became completely separated from any property, both in the city (clubs) and the natural environment (shelters , tourist camps, camp sites).

Due to the continued departmental nature of the organizational and managerial structures of sports tourism (State Administration of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Federation of Sports Tourism on the one hand) and youth (Ministry of Education and stations for young tourists on the other hand), the gap between children and adults is constantly growing. tourism, there is a duplication of the regulatory framework, few joint activities. On the other hand, today, with a stroke of the pen, in a number of regions, without proper reason, children's institutions are being merged, reorganized, or simply liquidated. The leaders of the social movement, who basically represent the technical intelligentsia, drag out a miserable existence, while the managerial staff of clubs, federations, state bodies has been reduced by at least 30 times compared to the period before the 1990s 26 .

The legislative and regulatory framework, which is the basis for the implementation of the state policy in the country in the field of socially oriented sports and health tourism, does not currently guarantee its development. Adopted in 1996, the Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation" is reduced to international outbound and inbound tourism. Sports and health tourism, which in 1987 accounted for one third of the country's tourist flow, completely falls out of the general scheme of the law, it is practically only mentioned in passing, since its importance in the life of Russian citizens cannot be directly translated into a ruble equivalent. At the same time, the unique social significance of sports and health tourism is not available to most representatives of the tourism industry 27 .

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CHAPTER 1. TOURISM IN THE CONTEXT OF STATE

TRANSFORMATIONS.

§1.1. Socio-economic factors contributing to the development of tourism.

§ 1.2. State-party concept of tourism development.

§ 1.3. Creation of a management structure for tourist-excursion traffic.

CHAPTER 2. DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE.

§ 2.1. The state of the material and technical base.

§ 2.2. The process of training personnel in the tourism sector.

§ 2.3. Organizational experience of tourism activities among the population.

Conclusion of scientific work dissertation on the topic "The system of organizing tourism in the USSR"

CONCLUSION

The victory of Soviet power as a result of the 1917 revolution caused fundamental changes in the content of the state's activities. The state becomes an instrument for the implementation of the ideological guidelines of the RCP (b) - VKP (b) - CPSU, the main of which was the education of a new person - "homo sovieticus".

Among the numerous means of influencing society in the spirit of the ideological guidelines of that time, tourism occupied a significant place, since it contributed to the formation of such priority qualities for the Soviet system as collectivism, endurance, purposefulness, etc. their implementation was played by party and state bodies. Existing until 1917 as a private matter, tourism after the Bolsheviks came to power was introduced into the rank of state policy, the degree of influence of which over the years became higher and higher.

In the first decade of its existence, the Soviet state, with the help of trade unions * and the Komsomol, pursued a consistent policy of introducing tourism into the public consciousness as an integral part of the Soviet way of life, introducing tourism to all categories of the population, especially schoolchildren and youth. Party bodies sought mass coverage of workers and young students with all available forms of tourism, the organization and conduct of weekend hikes, excursions, and the delivery of TRP standards for tourism became widespread.

In the mid 1930s. new organizational forms of state management of mass tourism appeared in the center and in the regions. As a result, attention has increased to the further development of the tourist and excursion movement in the country. Legal documents regulated the creation of a management structure for such types of tourism as amateur, sports, sightseeing, mountaineering.

In the post-war years, there was a change in the tasks of tourism, its essence and purpose. Tourism has become not only a means of physical education, but one of the ways to influence the population, an indicator of the well-being of the people. The exit of the USSR "from1 international isolation, the expansion of international relations," led to the formation and development of foreign tourism, which significantly changed the initial concept of tourism - and its - place in the life of a Soviet person.

During this period, the material and technical base reached a significant "growth", the problem of personnel training of specialists became aggravated, which in the 1960s-1985s found its solution at the next stage of development: there was an "improvement of the organization and management structure" of the tourist-excursion system. In the "early 1970s, planned-training of personnel began-with higher education for "providing tourist and excursion. objects. A significant moment was the formation * of five l directions of tourism: youth, foreign, amateur, military and children. Periodically updated! management structure." in the tourism sector contributed to the intensive development of each of them.

During the years of perestroika, there was an intensive growth in the tourist movement, which necessitated the development of new provisions regulating its new forms and the preparation of programs for its long-term development.

An analysis of the dynamics of the tourist-excursion movement shows that its greatest scope and mass character fell on the period of the 1970-80s. Tourism became "more mass, popular and turned into a dynamically developing branch of the national economy. In this regard, the methods and forms of work of tourist organizations changed.

The decisive role in setting the goals and objectives of the tourist-excursion movement, determining the means, their implementation, was played by party and state bodies. Government acts laid the foundation for the regulatory framework, determined the main stages and directions for the development of Soviet tourism. The developed documents contributed to the systematic, phased development of tourism.

Regulatory documents outlined the main tasks of tourism, for the achievement of which accessible and effective methods and forms of community outreach. € with the aim of mass coverage of the population, clubs, sections, cells at enterprises and institutions were organized everywhere.

With the development and spread of the tourist movement in Russia, the problem of staffing became acute, the solution of which was entrusted by the government to the Komsomol organizations. regional committees. VLKSM" held seminars, courses, training camps in preparation community instructors. However, as development progresses; new types of tourism, such as international, recreational, there has always been a shortage of specialists in the tourism industry.

The further development of tourism in Russia marked yet another problem - the logistics of the sphere. The formation of the material and technical base of tourism began "in the 20s, as a result of the transfer of tourist and excursion business to the department" of trade unions * when bases, recreation, sanatoriums, pioneer camps were created at enterprises and institutions, and groups of tourists were equipped with equipment.

According to the degree of improvement * tasks and occurrence; new directions of tourism, the structure of management of the tourist-excursion movement also changed. So, public organizations, such as OPTE, came to replace the TEU under the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. Such a reorganization was caused primarily by the problem of the formation of a "material and technical base and a personnel training system. Later, each of the types of tourism, such as sports, foreign, children's, youth, became independent areas and had their own management structures, which effectively affected the performance of tourism organizations .

In the regions of the country, according to government documents, local authorities were active in organizing tourism activities, taking into account geographical and natural features. So, almost all types of tourism developed in the Urals. Especially popular among the population were amateur hikes, family vacations, excursions, weekend hikes. The construction of such tourist facilities as sanatoriums, dispensaries, bases * and rest houses contributed to the development of "social (recreational) tourism". With the aim of mass coverage of children and youth of the Urals, new effective forms of organizing work with children were found. Geological tourism has gained particular popularity, which contributed to the study native land, prospecting for minerals. Expeditions and trips to places of military glory and memorial sites of revolutions became no less popular among the Ural population*. Thanks to the Yunost and Druzhba trains, Ural residents got the opportunity to get acquainted with the sights* of other regions and cities of the country. By the end of the 1980s. observed. intensive growth of tourist and excursion traffic in the Urals.

The study made it possible to identify a number of features and patterns that affect the development of tourism in Soviet Russia. Firstly, the state policy and its strategic direction contributed to the emergence of tourism as an effective means of education, organization of recreation for the population; not as an economic industry. The government's programs and documents regulating the development of tourism were based on the ideology of the state.

Secondly, there was regular control over the implementation of documents adopted by the party in the country, which significantly intensified the activities of local authorities. There was also a system of reporting on the execution of government acts.

Thirdly, the state, introducing new forms of work with the population and youth, took into account the resources that really exist in the country, the economic, material and technical capabilities of the regions. The phased decision-making contributed to the systematic and consistent development of tourism, turning it into a powerful industry in the late 1980s.

However, this was aggravated by a number of problems. First of all, the inconsistency of the material and technical base with the growth of the needs of the population. As well as the lack of highly qualified specialists and the low level of services provided.

The shortage of personnel in the tourism sector is due to a number of reasons of a subjective and objective nature. It is objective that tourism has become for Russia a new sphere of human life, in which "the existing capabilities of the state were insignificant. The subjective factor in the lack of qualified specialists was the misunderstanding of the government of the seriousness of solving this problem. Especially in the post-war period, when the population became more educated, literate, there was "an increase in the material and technical base of tourism and new resources appeared, the solution to the problem of training did not receive due attention from the country's leadership. opened educational establishments courses, seminars and gatherings were still organized in big cities, and in the regions. Highly qualified^ training of specialists in the tourism sector was weak. The discrepancy between the growing needs of the population, the material and technical base and the service of the services provided was clearly indicated. This was especially pronounced with the development of international tourism. International tourism, in turn, in the Soviet Union had a somewhat deformed character, because. served as a means of encouragement for success in study and work, the trip was awarded to people who passed a kind of "selection" in the exit commissions.

However, tourism in Russia developed and provided positive influence to the formation of Soviet society. First of all, the cognitive function was realized by means of tourism: the study of the native land, patriotic and environmental education. The growth of the material and technical base contributed to the satisfaction of human needs in active and passive recreation, the realization of recreational opportunities in each region of the country. The formation of the tourist infrastructure provided new jobs, laid the foundation for the staffing of the sphere. Developing types of tourism, such as sports, caving, skiing, international, made it possible to realize the opportunities of young people. International* tourism, in turn, was of an ideological nature, but showed the contrasts and differences between Soviet society and those abroad.

The problems of the development of the tourism industry are still constantly in the field of view of both federal and regional ministries and the scientific community. One of the modern development trends Russian tourism" is the transfer of the main area of tourist development to the central regions of Russia, which include the Ural recreational zone. The Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions are the most important industrial regions of Russia with favorable tourist resources.

In recent years, laws and programs have been developed and adopted; concepts of tourism activities in areas where the focus is on the development of inbound tourism, rather than domestic. Although internal, in particular ecological, tourism makes it possible to experience a new quality of communication both with the outside world outside the usual urbanized habitat, and a new quality of human communication, freed from the regulating function of society. This type of tourism in all its varieties, from farm (village) to amateur tourism, is an alternative to cultural tourism both in terms of the object of tourist interest and the method of organization.

3.2. Tourism in the USSR

In the early 1920s, interest in tourism began to grow. Thousands of working people were involved in excursions, trips and travels. Structural expansion of the network of tourism and excursions has begun. Departments of near and far excursions were created under the People's Commissariat of Education, which were supervised by N.K. Krupskaya. Various institutions began to organize tourism and excursions.

The main measures for the development of tourism were taken by the state. A material and technical base was created, professional personnel were trained.

A significant role in the promotion of tourism belonged to the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda. At the editorial office of the newspaper, a headquarters was created, which was one of the initiators of the development of mass tourism.

In 1924-1928. Trade unions, the Komsomol and the People's Commissariat for Education became leaders of tourist and excursion work in the country.

Combining the efforts of trade unions and the Komsomol on tourism issues made it possible to introduce a preferential rail fare along routes, rent premises for tourist camps, and accumulate equipment.

In 1927, the pre-revolutionary Russian Society of Tourists resumed its activities in Moscow, which was renamed the Society of Proletarian Tourism (OPT) during an extraordinary conference. And in July 1928, it began practical tourist and excursion work. Since 1929, children's tourist-excursion stations have been organized under the OPT.

In 1930, the joint-stock company "Soviet Tourist" merged with the OPT and the All-Union Voluntary Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE) was created.

The work of the newly created society was put on a state basis.

In the mid-1930s, the material and technical basis of tourism became so strong that its financial contributions to the state budget amounted to significant amounts.

In May 1929, the All-Union JSC "Intourist" was created. In addition to receiving and serving foreign delegations and tourist groups, it organizes the departure of its own tourists abroad. In 1930-1931. For the first time, mass cruise trips of labor shock workers of the first five-year plan were carried out on board the motor ships "Abkhazia" and "Ukraine" around Europe. Tourists visited Germany, Italy and Turkey (England and France did not allow stops).

At the turn of the first and second five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR, OPTE alone provided tourism services to about one and a half million people. To a large extent, this success was ensured by the reduction in the cost of public services.

In April 1936, the Presidium of the USSR considered it inappropriate to further develop tourism within the framework of a voluntary society and decided to liquidate the OPTE.

All the property of the OPTE was transferred to the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, where a tourist and excursion department was created - TEU of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, which was entrusted with the management of tourist routes, as well as all activities in the field of tourism and excursions.

By this time, an administrative-command system had already taken shape in the country, which did not need amateur public organizations that united thousands of people. Many of the most prominent organizers of the tourist movement became victims of repression.

During the Second World War, tourist and excursion activities were completely stopped. The material and technical base of tourism was plundered and destroyed.

Only in the early 50s in the USSR there was an intensification of tourism activities. Tourist travel has become one of the most popular forms of recreation for Soviet citizens.

The development of planned trips was handled by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions.

In the 1960s, tourist and excursion organizations of trade unions developed over 13 thousand routes. In the 80s, routes for parents with children were developed. Special routes for autotourists were organized.

Among the local tourist routes, a significant number were travels with an active mode of transportation: on foot, skiing, rowing boats.

Non-traditional types of travel actively developed. So in Ukraine, the country's first speleological route "Along the caves and rivers of the Ternopil region" was created, which included a six-day hike with a visit to the caves.

In 1985, 17 horse routes operated in the USSR in Altai, the South Urals, the North Caucasus and other regions. Bicycle tourism developed. Tours on lakes, rivers and seas were popular.

From the beginning of the 60s to the end of the 80s, there was a huge number of tourist routes using rail transport. For this purpose, special tourist-excursion trains were formed. In 1986 there were 2600 of them.

The program of railway routes was compiled in such a way that transfers between excursion centers were carried out at night.

To address issues of international youth exchange in June 1958. The Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik" was created, which was engaged not only in the reception of groups of foreign youth and the organization of Soviet tourism abroad, but also in intra-union youth travel.

In the 80s, aviation tours - routes - became widespread.

The collapse of the USSR led to the collapse of the unified tourist and excursion system of the USSR. The process of creating national tourism organizations has begun.

After the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the CIS, the lowest level of the number of tourists in the region since the beginning of perestroika was recorded in 1992 - about 3 million. Human. But gradually the number of tourists began to grow, and in 1995 Russia was already visited by 10.3 million foreign guests. Most of all in 1995, Russia came from Finland - a total of 1276.3 thousand people, which is 12.4% of all arrivals in the country. The second place was occupied by Poland, which in the Soviet period was ahead of Finland - 666 thousand people, most of whom came for the purpose of tourism - 532 thousand people. In 1989, the Poles left 3.9% of all those who arrived in the USSR, in total - 3034.7 thousand people, and there were only 792.5 thousand tourists among them. These statistics must be treated critically, since the USSR did not use the categories and standards adopted by the WTO.

Guests from non-socialist countries in the late 80s accounted for 1/3 of all visitors. Bureaucratic restrictions related to visa processing played a significant role in this. First in the USSR, and then in Russia, the dynamics of the number of citizens who traveled abroad shows that during the perestroika period their number began to grow rapidly with a short break in 1992. In 1995, it amounted to 21.3 million people against 2, 8 million people in 1985. If you look at the trend of those who left for far abroad countries, then the largest number was on the eve of the collapse of the USSR, that is, in 1989-1991. - from 8 to 10.8 million people, but even these figures were less than 1% of the total world tourist flow. After 1992, a large proportion of the number of those who left Russia were tourists to neighboring countries. So, in 1995, only 5.3 million people left for the far abroad, on average, according to experts, each Russian tourist spends more than $ 1.5 during his trip abroad, which is 2 times more than the average world level of expenses.

If at the end of the 80s the leading countries in receiving Soviet guests were Poland, the GDR, Bulgaria, Finland, then in the mid-90s Turkey took the lead, where in 1995 764 thousand people left, of which 538 thousand purpose of tourism. Next come Finland, Poland, Germany and China - respectively 640.9, 478.7, 442.8 and 342.9 thousand people.

Russian tourists are popular with such countries as Italy, Spain, Greece, Cyprus, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, which offer our tourists both educational products and beach tourism.

Especially large flows of Russians to Turkey, Greece, China, the UAE are associated with the so-called shop tourism, which will naturally undergo changes in the future stabilization of the consumer goods market in Russia.

test questions

1. When did tourism supposedly originate in the Russian Empire?
2. What tourist organizations of pre-revolutionary Russia do you know?
3. Name the most popular tourist regions and routes of the second half of the 19th century.
4. Tell us about the first round-the-world trips made by Russians.
5. What are the main measures for the development of tourism taken by the state after the revolution?
6. When did the All-Union JSC "Intourist" appear, what are its main functions?
7. Describe Soviet tourism in the post-war period.
8. Tell us about the non-traditional types of tourism that existed in the USSR in the 80s.
9. How did the collapse of the USSR affect the development of tourism?
10. What countries are most popular among Russians lately?

There was no single regulatory act regulating tourism activities. Legal regulation of tourism was carried out on the basis of departmental instructions.

From 1989 to 1992 practically not a single normative act was adopted that consolidates and regulates new market relations in the field of tourism. Ilyina E.I. Fundamentals of tourism activities. - M.: Prospekt, 2000. - 452 p.

The main achievements of the Soviet system of youth tourism was to attract young people to the educational and health value, the ideological and patriotic orientation of hiking trips, the richness and versatility of tourism as an active form of recreation and sports.

Soviet mass tourism was one of the effective means of communist education. The educational value of tourism was linked to the principles of the moral code of the builder of communism, with specific examples it was shown how camp life, taking place in a team and involving overcoming various difficulties, helps to form high moral and volitional qualities, including courage, comradely solidarity, high discipline, hard work and etc.

The educational value of Soviet mass tourism also lies in the fact that tourist trips, rallies and competitions are important means of instilling practical skills that are useful both in professional activities and in service in the ranks of the Soviet Army. Such professional and military-applied skills include knowledge of topography, provision of first aid, organization of search and rescue operations, technique of transporting a victim with improvised means, technique of movement and overcoming natural obstacles in various terrain conditions and with different means of transportation, organization bivouac, etc.

Trade union organizations, as well as the tourism departments of the Ministry of Defense and military districts, were engaged in solving the problems of developing the tourist and excursion business in the country in Soviet times.

1.4 Problems of development of youth tourism in the Russian Federation

Tourism. Development of tourism industry infrastructure

Tourism (on the example of the Caucasus Mineralnye Vody region)

Conclusion of scientific work dissertation on the topic "The system of organizing tourism in the USSR"

3.2. Tourism in the USSR

test questions