Various criteria can be applied to classify international organizations.

· By nature of membership they are divided into interstate and non-governmental.

· By circle of participants interstate organizations are divided into universal, open to the participation of all states of the world (UN, its specialized agencies), and regional, whose members can be states of one region (Organization of African Unity. Organization of American States).

Interstate organizations are also subdivided into organizations general and special competence. The activities of organizations of general competence affect all spheres of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural, etc. (for example, the UN, OAU, OAS). Organizations of special competence are limited to cooperation in one special area (for example, the Universal Postal Union, the International Labor Organization, etc.) and can be divided into political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, religious, etc.

Classification by nature of powers allows you to distinguish between interstate and supranational or, more precisely, supranational organizations. The first group includes the overwhelming majority of international organizations whose purpose is to organize interstate cooperation and whose decisions are addressed to member states. The goal of supranational organizations is integration. Their decisions apply directly to citizens and legal entities of the Member States. Some elements of supranationality in this sense are inherent in the European Union (EU).

· From point of view order of entry in them, organizations are divided into open (any state can become a member at its own discretion) and closed (admission to membership is carried out at the invitation of the original founders). An example of a closed organization is NATO.

Modern international organizations.

international organization considered a permanent association, which is created on the basis of an international agreement. The purpose of the association is to contribute to the solution of those problems that are stipulated in the agreement. International organizations there are interstate character - operating at the level of governments of states, and non-governmental character. There are also international organizations of a global and regional nature. There are also classifications by type of activity, by the nature of authority, by circle of participants, international clubs, etc.

World trade Organization(WTO). It is an organization of global importance. Founded in 1995. The goal is to streamline the rules of international trade. In 2008, the WTO had 153 member countries. The headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland). The WTO was created on the basis of GATT (general agreement on tariffs and trade). According to the charter, the WTO can only regulate trade and economic issues.

World Conservation Fund wildlife . Public international organization. Founded in 1961. Works in all areas that relate to the conservation, research and restoration of the environment. The headquarters is located in Gland (Switzerland).

Greenpeace. The organization was founded in 1971. It is an independent public organization. The goal is to preserve the environment, solve global environmental issues. Greenpeace principles do not allow accepting financial assistance at the state and political level. The organization exists on donations from supporters. Headquarters in Vancouver (Canada).

European Union (EU). The Organization of European States, established in 1993 on the basis of three organizations, two of which are still part of it - the EEC (European Economic Community - now the European Community), ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community - ceased to exist in 2002), Euratom ( European Atomic Energy Community). This is a unique organization that is a cross between an international organization and a state. It has a common market, a common monetary system, etc. The field of activity concerns many areas - economics, politics, currency, labor market, etc. In 2007, the EU included 27 states.

League of Arab States (LAS). The organization was founded in 1945. The goal is to unite Arab and friendly states for cooperation in various fields, including those related to defense. The headquarters is located in Cairo (Egypt). The structure includes more than 20 states, including the state of Palestine, which is not recognized by the entire world community.

international movement Red Cross and Red Crescent (International Red Cross). Non-governmental organization. It is a humanitarian movement with over 100 million employees and volunteers around the world. the main objective movement - literally "To help all those who suffer without any unfavorable distinction, thereby contributing to the establishment of peace on Earth." Consists of the International Committee of the Red Cross (headquartered in Geneva), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and National Societies Red Cross and Red Crescent. The organization was created on the basis of the Red Cross Society, known since 1863 and later renamed the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol). The current charter was adopted in 1956. Interpol was created on the basis of the international center for the registration of criminals (1923). The activities of the organization are carried out in the field of combating common crime (search for missing values, criminals, missing people, etc.), it does not in any way relate to other areas (politics, economics, defense, etc.), although in order to investigate crimes, the organization can use information about these areas. In terms of the number of member countries, Interpol is in second place after the UN - at the beginning of 2009, 186 states. The headquarters is located in Lyon (France).

Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). International Islamic Organization. Created in 1969. The goal is cooperation between Muslim states in various fields, joint participation in activities in the international arena, and the achievement of stable development of the participating countries. The headquarters is located in Jeddah ( Saudi Arabia). At the beginning of 2009, the membership consisted of 57 states.

United Nations (UN). An interstate organization established in 1945 by the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. The purpose of the organization is the maintenance of peace between states, the strengthening of peace, the development and security of international relations, the development of international cooperation in various fields. The UN consists of six principal organs (the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice and the Trusteeship Council). There are many different structural divisions the UN and various organizations working under the auspices of the UN in various areas of international activity. The headquarters of most of the main divisions of the UN is located in New York (USA), but there are also branches in different parts of the world. As of 2007, the UN had 192 member states. It is the largest international organization.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Exists since 1975. Is the largest regional organization world, which deals with security issues. The goal is to prevent and resolve conflicts in the region, to eliminate the consequences of conflicts. As of 2008, the OSCE united 56 states that are located not only in Europe, but also in Central Asia and North America.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It is an international military-political alliance. Created in 1949 on the initiative of the United States. The main goal is the security and freedom of all member countries in accordance with the principles of the UN, both in North America and in Europe. To achieve its goals, NATO uses military capabilities and political influence. The headquarters is located in Brussels (Belgium). In 2009, NATO included 28 states.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Organization of the intergovernmental level, created in 1960 at the initiative of Venezuela. The goal is to control the world oil policy, stabilize oil prices. OPEC sets limits on oil production. The headquarters is located in Vienna (Austria). In 2009, OPEC included 12 countries.

Council of Europe (CE). Regional European organization of political orientation. Created in 1949. The goal is to build a united Europe. At the beginning of 2009, there were 48 countries in the membership. The headquarters is located in Strasbourg (France, on the border with Germany).

Commonwealth of Nations (British Commonwealth of Nations). Officially established in 1931. The composition includes Great Britain and almost all of its former colonies and dominions. Some constituent states recognize the Queen of Great Britain as head of state. The headquarters is located in London. The goal is voluntary cooperation in many areas, the main of which is economic.

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The organization was founded in 1991 by the former republics of the USSR. The main goals are cooperation in the political, economic, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other fields, including the creation of a common economic space. The permanent body of the CIS - the CIS Executive Committee is located in Minsk (Belarus). The CIS Interparliamentary Assembly is located in St. Petersburg (Russia). AT this moment The liveliest interest in the activities of the CIS is shown by Mongolia and Afghanistan, which have the status of observers.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC- the world's largest economic association, whose members account for about 60% of world GDP and about half of world trade. The goals of the organization are to strengthen cooperation between the countries of the Pacific region and ensure conditions for free open trade in it. APEC was formed in 1989 in Canberra at the initiative of the prime ministers of Australia and New Zealand. Initially, meetings at the level of ministers were the supreme body of the Cooperation, but later meetings of leaders of states began to be held. Since the organization includes not only countries, but also territories (Hong Kong and Taiwan), its members are usually called "APEC economies".

Big Eight called the 8 most industrial developed countries world (they account for about 60% of world GDP). The G8 is not an official international organization, its decisions have no legal force, but, nevertheless, the annual summit of the leaders of the G8 countries is one of the most important political events. The term "Big Seven" itself appeared in Russian due to an incorrect interpretation of the abbreviation "G7": instead of "Group of Seven" ("Group of Seven"), journalists deciphered it as "Great Seven" ("Big Seven").

The first meeting of leaders of industrial countries took place in 1975 (without the participation of Canada) and subsequently such meetings became regular. In 1992, Russia joined the participating countries, after which the Seven turned into the Eight.

Questions and tasks:

1. Define the term "international organization".

2. When and why did the first international organizations appear.

3. Write down in your notebook the classification of international organizations.

4. Fill in the table "Modern international organizations"

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International Monetary Fund (IMF)

An intergovernmental organization created to regulate monetary and credit relations between states. The IMF was established at the international monetary and financial conference of the United Nations in Bretton Woods (USA) in 1944. The Conference adopted an Agreement that acts as a Charter. The agreement entered into force in 1945, and the practical activities of the Fund began in 1947. The IMF is a specialized agency of the United Nations, headquartered in Washington. In accordance with the Agreement, the UN has no right to make recommendations to the Fund relating to its policies.

The articles of the agreement were changed in 1969, 1978, 1992. Currently, the IMF includes more than 180 states. Russia joined the IMF on June 1, 1992.

The fund is organized on the model of a joint-stock company. The capital of the IMF is formed from the contributions of member countries in accordance with quotas, reflecting the share of each in the world economy and trade. The voting system is determined by the size of the country's contribution to the Fund.

IMF Goals:

Promoting international cooperation in the monetary sphere;

Promoting the expansion and balanced growth of international trade and, accordingly, the growth of employment and the improvement of the economic conditions of the participating countries;

Assistance to participating countries by providing loans and credits in foreign currency to settle balances of payments and stabilize exchange rates;

Providing consulting assistance on financial and currency issues to the participating countries;

Implementation of control over the observance by the participating countries of the code of conduct in international monetary relations.

The IMF cooperates only with official state organizations. Financial resources are issued in shares (tranches), the receipt of each of which is linked to the fulfillment by the borrowing country of its obligations. In fact, the IMF is the institutional basis of the international monetary system.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

WTO is a multilateral intergovernmental organization, including the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT, signed in Geneva in 1947); General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and other agreements.

The WTO is a specialized agency of the United Nations, established on January 1, 1995, headquartered in Geneva. Currently, there are about 130 states in the WTO. The budget is formed from the contributions of the participating countries, decisions are made by consensus.

The main objectives of the WTO:

Liberalization of international trade, thus ensuring economic growth and development of the participating countries;

Exercising control over trade policy;

Priority of the multilateral trading system over regional trade agreements.

Currently, negotiations are underway on Russia's accession to the WTO.

Council of Europe (CE)

International advisory organization of European countries. The Council of Europe was founded in 1949 by Western European states. Currently, the CE includes more than 40 states. Observer status granted to the USA, Canada, Japan. Russia joined the CE in 1996.

The main activities of the Council of Europe: human rights issues, the development of humanitarian, legal, socio-economic cooperation between the participating countries. At present, the main task of the Council of Europe is to assist the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in carrying out political, legislative and constitutional reforms.

The main organs of the Council of Europe:

The Committee of Ministers (CM) consists of the ministers of foreign affairs of the participating countries;

Parliamentary Assembly (PACE);

Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe (CLRAE).

The activities of the Council of Europe are based on the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The supervisory body is the European Court of Human Rights. The headquarters is in Strasbourg (France).

Organization of American States (OAS)

Created in 1948 in Bogota (Colombia); participants - 35 states of the Western Hemisphere, including the USA, Canada, Cuba. Permanent observers in the OAS: Japan, Germany, France, Russia (since 1992), Israel, Spain, Italy and other countries.

Objectives of the OAS:

Maintaining peace and security on the continent;

Promoting social, cultural and economic cooperation between states.

Principles recorded in the Charter of the OAS:

sovereign equality of states;

Settlement of disputed issues exclusively by peaceful means;

Refusal to use force;

Refusal of direct or indirect interference in the affairs of neighboring countries.

In 1994, the "Action Plan for America" was adopted, it provides:

Strengthening the American Community of Democracies;

Promoting prosperity through economic integration and free trade;

Eradication of poverty and discrimination in the Western Hemisphere;

Ensuring sustainable development and preservation of the environment for future generations.

The supreme body of the OAS - the General Assembly, consists of representatives of the participating countries, is convened annually, alternately in their capitals. The executive body, the Permanent Council of the OAS, is located in Washington.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

It was formed in 1989 in order to support the economic growth and development of the participating countries, to enhance the positive impact of the growing economic interdependence of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

Currently, APEC includes 21 states of the region: Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Canada, China, Kiribati, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, South Korea, Singapore, USA, Thailand. Taiwan, Philippines, Chile, Vietnam, Peru, Russia (since 1997)

The main activities of APEC:

Exchange of information and holding consultations on policy and economic development in order to achieve sustainable growth and reduce the gap in economic development;

Development of strategies that provide for the reduction of obstacles to the movement of goods, services, investments;

Cooperation in such areas as energy, fisheries, transport, telecommunications, tourism, environmental protection;

Promoting the development of regional trade, investment, the movement of financial resources, technology transfer, industrial cooperation, infrastructure development, and the provision of labor resources.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Organization of the main oil-producing countries of Asia. Africa and Latin America, which account for more than 1/3 of world oil production. Created in 1960 at a conference in Baghdad (Iraq). OPEC includes: Venezuela. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Qatar, Nigeria, United Arab Emirates.

OPEC Goals:

Coordination and unification of the oil policy of the participating countries;

Determination of effective collective and individual means of protecting their interests;

Using the necessary means and methods to ensure price stability on the world oil market;

Protecting the interests of oil-producing countries by ensuring their sustainable income;

Ensuring an efficient, regular supply of oil to consumer countries;

Ensuring that investors receive fair returns from investments in the oil industry;

Ensuring environmental protection;

Cooperation with non-OPEC countries in order to implement initiatives to stabilize the world oil market.

The supreme body of OPEC is the Conference, it includes representatives of the participating countries, meetings are held 2 times a year at the OPEC headquarters in Vienna (Austria).

Arab League (LAS)

Organization Arab countries. The Arab League was founded in March 1945 at a conference in Cairo. Currently, it includes: Asian countries - Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, UAE, Palestine; African countries - Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros.

Goals of the LAS:

Coordination of political, military, economic activities of the participating countries;

Prohibition on the use of force in the settlement of interstate disputes;

Respect for the political regimes of the participating countries.

The governing body is the Council of the Arab League, it includes heads of state or government or persons authorized by them. Headquarters - Tunis.

Organization of African Unity (OAU)

Intergovernmental Organization of African States. Created in 1963 in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) at the conference of heads of state and government of African countries. It includes more than 50 African states.

Objectives of the OAU:

Strengthening unity;

Development of political and economic cooperation;

Protection of sovereignty, territorial integrity;

Coordination of actions in the field of foreign policy, economy, defense, culture.

The highest executive body is the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (sessions - 2 times a year). The permanent administrative body is the General Secretariat. The headquarters is in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).

African Union (AU)

Intergovernmental Organization of African States. The African Union was established in July 2002 (Durban, South Africa), and is the successor to the Organization of African Unity (OAU), which has existed for 39 years (since 1963). The AU includes 52 member countries of the OAU.

Strengthening unity and solidarity among African countries and peoples;

Protection of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of the participating countries;

Contribute to the rooting of political and socio-economic integration;

Protecting the common positions of African countries on issues of interest to the contingent and its peoples;

Promoting the expansion of international cooperation, taking into account the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights;

Ensuring peace, security and stability on the continent;

Ensuring democratic principles and the functioning of democratic institutions, the participation of broad sections of the population in public life and the effective leadership of countries;

Ensuring and protecting human and peoples' rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and other documents on this issue;

Creation necessary conditions to strengthen the role of Africa in the global economy and in international negotiations;

Ensuring progressive development in the economic, social and cultural fields, the integration of the economies of African countries;

Promoting cooperation in all areas to improve standard of living the peoples of Africa;

Policy coordination between regional economic communities to gradually achieve the goals of the union;

Promoting the development of the continent, the development of research in various fields, especially in science and technology;

Cooperation with international partners in liquidation various diseases and improving the health care system;

AC approved the program of social economic development– The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). The program provides for a plan to modernize the continent, overcome poverty, fight AIDS and other infectious diseases, raise the living standards of the population, and so on.

The Charter of the African Union is based on the Charter of the OAU and the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community. It is planned to create an African Central Bank, an African Monetary Fund, an African Court and an All-African Parliament.

The program of the course "International Relations in global world» ……....3

Literature………………………………………………………………………..…5

Topic 1. World politics and international relations.…..……………....6

Topic 2. The problem of East-West, North-South relations …………….24

Topic 3. Ethnopolitical processes in the modern world ...……………….37

Topic 4. Development of the process of globalization ..…………………………………...47

Theme 5. EU and Russia: opportunities for cooperation..………………………….58

Topic 6. Geopolitical interests of Russia in the development of the global energy market..………………………………………………………….70

Topic 7. The nature of international conflicts and ways to resolve them ...……… 79

Appendix. International political and economic organizations…………………………………………………………..…………….89

Olga Nagornyuk

Why do we need international organizations?

Modern world is at the stage of post-industrial development. Its distinguishing features are the globalization of the economy, the informatization of all spheres of life and the creation of interstate associations - international organizations. Why do countries unite in such unions and what role do they play in the life of society? We will discuss this in our article.

Purpose of existence of international organizations

Mankind has come to the realization that problems, whether it be a political or economic crisis, an AIDS or swine flu epidemic, global warming or energy shortages, should be solved together. Thus was born the idea of creating interstate associations, which were called "international organizations".

The first attempts to create interstate unions date back to antiquity. The first trade international organization, the Hanseatic Trade Union, appeared in the Middle Ages, and an attempt to create an interethnic political association that would help peacefully resolve acute conflicts occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, when the League of Nations was founded in 1919.

Distinctive features of international organizations:

1. The status of international is received only by associations in which 3 or more states are members. A smaller number of members gives the right to be called a union.

2. All international organizations are obliged to respect state sovereignty and have no right to interfere in the internal affairs of the member countries of the organization. In other words, they should not dictate to the governments of countries with whom and with what to trade, what constitution to adopt and with what states to cooperate.

3. International organizations are created in the likeness of enterprises: they have their own charter and governing bodies.

4. International organizations have a certain specialization. For example, the OSCE is engaged in resolving political conflicts, the World Health Organization is in charge of medicine, the International Monetary Fund is engaged in issuing loans and financial assistance.

International organizations are divided into two groups:

intergovernmental, created by the unification of several states. An example of such associations is the UN, NATO, IAEA, OPEC;

non-governmental, also called public, in the formation of which the state does not take part. These include Greenpeace, International Committee Red Cross, International Automobile Federation.

The goal of international organizations is to find the best ways to solve the problems that arise in their field of activity. With the joint efforts of several states, it is easier to cope with this task than for each country separately.

The most famous international organizations

Today there are about 50 large interstate associations in the world, each of which extends its influence to a certain area of society.

UN

The most famous and authoritative international alliance is the United Nations. It was established in 1945 with the aim of preventing the outbreak of the Third World War, protecting human rights and freedoms, conducting peacekeeping missions and providing humanitarian assistance.

Today, 192 countries are members of the UN, including Russia, Ukraine and the United States.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an international military organization, founded in 1949 at the initiative of the United States with the aim of "protecting Europe from Soviet influence." Then 12 countries received NATO membership, today their number has grown to 28. In addition to the United States, NATO includes Great Britain, France, Norway, Italy, Germany, Greece, Turkey, etc.

Interpol

The International Criminal Police Organization, which declared its goal the fight against crime, was established in 1923, and today it has 190 states, ranking second in the world after the UN in terms of the number of member countries. The headquarters of Interpol is located in France, in Lyon. This association is unique because it has no other analogues.

WTO

The World Trade Organization was established in 1995 as a single interstate body that oversees the development and implementation of new trade relations, including the reduction of customs duties and the simplification of foreign trade rules. Now in its ranks there are 161 states, among them - almost all the countries of the post-Soviet space.

IMF

The International Monetary Fund, in fact, is not a separate organization, but one of the UN divisions responsible for providing loans to countries in need for economic development. Funds are allocated solely on the terms of the implementation by the recipient country of all the recommendations developed by the fund's specialists.

Practice shows that the conclusions of the IMF financiers do not always reflect the realities of life, an example of this is the crisis in Greece and the difficult economic situation in Ukraine.

UNESCO

Another division of the United Nations dealing with science, education and culture. The task of this association is to expand cooperation between countries in the field of culture and art, as well as to ensure freedoms and human rights. Representatives of UNESCO are fighting illiteracy, stimulating the development of science, solving issues of gender equality.

OSCE

The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe is considered the world's largest international organization responsible for security.

Its representatives are present in the zones of military conflicts as observers monitoring the observance by the parties of the terms of the signed agreements and agreements. The initiative to create this union, which today unites 57 countries, belonged to the USSR.

OPEC

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries speaks for itself: it consists of 12 states that trade "liquid gold" and control 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. Today, OPEC dictates oil prices to the whole world, and no wonder, because the member countries of the organization account for almost half of the export of this energy resource.

WHO

Founded in 1948 in Switzerland World Organization health is part of the UN. Among its most significant achievements is the complete destruction of the smallpox virus. WHO develops and implements uniform standards of medical care, provides assistance in the development and implementation of public health programs, and takes initiatives to promote healthy lifestyle life.

International organizations are a sign of the globalization of the world. Formally, they do not interfere in the internal life of states, but in fact they have effective levers of pressure on the countries that are part of these associations.

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UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO) - Wikiwand UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO)

The United Nations was established on October 24, 1945. Proposals for UN reform are currently being discussed, including an increase in the number of permanent members of the Security Council.

The United Nations system includes the UN with its principal and subsidiary bodies. 17 specialized agencies of the United Nations have been formed, as well as the International Agency for atomic energy(IAEA). The World Tourism Organization (WTO) is also included in the UN system as an intergovernmental one.

Specialized UN events are held to strengthen international cooperation and mutual understanding.

Member States: At present, over 180 countries of the world are members of the UN. Observers to the UN - Palestine, Organization of African Unity, European Union, Organization of the Islamic Conference, International Committee of the Red Cross, etc.

Support for peace and international security.

Development of relations between nations based on respect for the principles of equality and self-determination.

International cooperation to resolve world problems of a political, economic, social, cultural nature.

Promoting respect for human rights.

The transformation of the UN into a center for coordinating the efforts of nations and peoples to achieve common goals.

Structure:

General Assembly.
Security Council.
Economic and Social Council.
Guardian Council.
International Court.
Secretariat.

The General Assembly (GA) is the main body of the UN, uniting all its members (on the principle of "one state - one vote"). It is authorized to consider questions and make recommendations on problems that are in the political and material spheres within the scope of the Charter. Although the GA resolutions are advisory in nature and are not legally binding on all UN members, they are backed by the authority of the United Nations. The General Assembly determines the policy and program of action of the organization. GA sessions are held annually, but extraordinary sessions may also be convened.

The Security Council (SC) is the only UN body that can make decisions that are binding on the 148 UN members. Using a number of measures for the peaceful settlement of international conflicts, in the event that the warring parties are not ready to participate in the peace process of negotiations, the Security Council can take coercive measures.

Decisions to impose military sanctions are taken only when non-military sanctions prove insufficient. Groups of observers and UN peacekeeping forces (“blue helmets”) are sent to conflict areas.

The Security Council consists of 15 members: five permanent maples (, France), with the right to "veto", and ten non-permanent members, elected for a period of two years in accordance with regional quotas (five seats for the states of Asia and one for the states of Eastern Europe , two for states and two for countries in Western Europe).

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is responsible for the activities of the United Nations in the economic and social spheres and performs the tasks assigned to it in connection with the implementation of the recommendations of the General Assembly (studies, reports, etc.). It coordinates the activities of the specialized agencies of the United Nations.

The International Court of Justice is the main legal organ of the United Nations. The Court is open to all states of the world and individuals (even non-members of the UN).

The Secretariat operates under the direction of the Secretary General and is responsible for the day-to-day work of the UN. The Secretary General - the chief official of the UN - is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. The High Commissioner for Human Rights, appointed by the Secretary General, is responsible for the activities of the UN in the field of human rights.

The official languages of the UN are English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, French.

The headquarters is in New York.

WORLD BANK GROUP

The World Bank Group includes four institutions: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD); International Finance Corporation (IFC); International association development (MAP); Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).

INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION

INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (IBRD) specialized agency belongs to the UN system.

Objectives: to promote the reconstruction and development of the territories of the Member States by encouraging investment for production purposes; encouraging private and foreign investment through the provision of guarantees or participation in loans and other investments by private creditors; encouraging economic and social progress in developing countries through long-term financing of development projects and programs in order to ensure the growth of production; stimulating the growth of international trade and the development of productive resources of the IBRD member states.

Currently, the IBRD includes about 180 states (including Russia). Membership is also open to members of the World Monetary Fund (IMF) on terms determined by the IBRD.

Funding Sources: IBRD, to which all member countries are subscribers to capital, finances its lending operations primarily from this capital, borrowings from financial markets, and repayments on pre-existing loans.

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) - INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund began to function in 1946. As a specialized agency, it is part of the UN system. The IMF has about 180 member countries.

Objectives: to encourage international cooperation in the field of monetary policy; promoting the growth of world trade; maintaining the stability of currencies and streamlining currency relations between member states; provision of loan assistance to Member States, if necessary.

Membership is open to other states on the conditions determined by the IMF (the amount of authorized capital, quotas, voting rights, special drawing rights, etc.).

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are an IMF tool that allows the creation of foreign exchange reserves on the basis of an international agreement in order to prevent the danger of a permanent shortage of foreign exchange reserves.

Funding sources: Member contributions (quotas) supplemented by IMF loans from its members. 150

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION (NATO)

It was established in 1949 on the basis of the signing and ratification of the North Atlantic Treaty (“Washington Treaty”). The process of political changes in (the collapse of the USSR, the cessation of the activities of the Warsaw Treaty Organization, etc.) in last years caused a number of NATO statements, including: the London Declaration "North Atlantic Alliance in the process of change" (1990), "The Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation" (1991); "A new strategic concept of the alliance" (1991); statement of the NATO Council with an invitation to join the program "Partnership for Peace" (1994), etc.

Member States (16): Belgium, UK, Germany, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Netherlands, USA, France. (Iceland, which does not have its own armed forces, is not part of the integrated military structure; Spain does not participate in the integrated command structure; France in 1966 withdrew from the integrated military structure).

Objectives: to ensure the freedom and security of all members by political and military means in accordance with the principles of the UN Charter; joint action and all-round cooperation in order to strengthen the security of the Member States, ensure a just and lasting peace in Europe based on common values, democracy, human rights and the rule of law.

The headquarters of the governing bodies is in Brussels.

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE) - ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE)

The final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was signed in 1975 in Helsinki () by the heads of state and government of 33 countries of Western Europe, as well as the United States and. It became a long-term program for the development of the process of detente and cooperation in Europe.

A new period in the work of the OSCE began with the Charter of Paris for a New Europe, signed in 1990.

The OSCE's relations with the United Nations are based on a framework agreement concluded with the UN Secretariat and observer status in the UN General Assembly.

Objectives: to promote the improvement of mutual relations, create conditions for ensuring a lasting peace; supporting the détente of international tension; recognition of the close interdependence of peace and security in Europe and throughout the world.

EUROPEAN UNION (EU) - Wikiwand EUROPEAN UNION (EU)

The Treaty on the European Union (EU), signed in 1992 in Maastricht (Netherlands) by the heads of state and government of 12 member states of the European Economic Community, entered into force on November 1, 1993. The Treaty introduces EU citizenship in addition to national citizenship.

The predecessor of the EU was the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by Luxembourg, Germany, and in 1958 with the aim of creating a common market for goods, capital and labor by abolishing customs duties and other restrictions on trade, and pursuing a coordinated trade policy.

Later the United Kingdom, Denmark, Ireland (1973), Spain, Portugal (1981) and Greece (1986) were admitted to the Community.

Since 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden have become EU members.

Cyprus, Malta, Turkey, countries of Eastern Europe also filed official applications with a request to join the EU.

The European Union (EU) is built on three pillars:

European Communities (European Coal and Steel Community - ECSC; European Economic Community - EEC; European Atomic Energy Community - EURATOM) with the forms of cooperation provided for by the Treaty on European Union.
Joint foreign and international security policy.

3. Cooperation in domestic and legal policy. Member States (15): Austria, Belgium, United Kingdom, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Finland, France, Sweden.

Formation of a close union of the peoples of Europe.

Promoting balanced and lasting progress through: creating a space without internal borders, strengthening economic and social interaction, establishing an economic and monetary union, and creating a single currency in the future.

Carrying out a joint foreign policy, and in the future, a joint defense policy.

Development of cooperation in the field of justice and internal affairs.

Organs. EU: European Council; European Parliament; Council of the European Union; European Commission; European Court.

NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (NAFTA)

The NAFTA agreement was signed on December 17, 1992 in Washington and came into force on January 1, 1994.

Member States: Canada, Mexico, USA. Objectives: The agreement provides for the creation of a free trade zone within 15 years; measures are envisaged to liberalize the movement of goods, services, capital across borders with the gradual elimination of customs and investment barriers. Unlike the EU, the NAFTA countries do not envisage the creation of a single monetary system and the coordination of foreign policy.

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD) - Wikiwand ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD)

The organization was established in 1961. It became the successor to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, formed in 1948 in order to make the best use of American economic and financial assistance for the reconstruction of Europe (Marshall Plan) in cooperation with European recipient countries of this assistance.

Applications for membership in the OECD of Hungary, the Republic of Korea, and are currently being considered. Russia cooperates with the OECD by signing in 1994 the Agreement on Privileges and Immunities.

Objectives: to contribute to the development of the world economy by ensuring optimal economic development, employment growth and living standards while maintaining the financial stability of member states; promoting economic and social well-being by coordinating the policies of member states; harmonization of OECD assistance to developing countries.

COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS - COMMONWEALTH

The Commonwealth of Nations is a "voluntary association of independent states" symbolized by the British monarch, recognized as head of the Commonwealth.

Sovereign states pursue an independent policy and cooperate on the basis of common interests and to promote international understanding. The relations of the member states are defined in the Westminster status of 1931 as independent and equal in domestic and foreign policy.

The Commonwealth consists of 30 republics, 5 monarchies with their own kings, and 16 states that recognize the British monarch as head of state, represented in these countries by a governor general.

Member States (about 50): Australia, Antigua and Barbuda, United Kingdom, Grenada, Greece, Dominica, Indonesia, Canada, Cyprus, Malaysia, Malta, Nigeria, New Zealand, Saint Kitts and Nevis, , . Objectives: To promote the well-being of peoples.

At meetings of the heads of state and government of the Commonwealth member states, the international situation, issues regional development, socio-economic situation, cultural issues, and special programs of the Commonwealth.

ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU) - Wikiwand ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU)

It was established in 1963 at a conference of heads of state and government.

Objectives: to promote the strengthening of Muslim solidarity; protection of holy places; support for the struggle of all Muslims to secure independence and national rights; support for the struggle of the Palestinian people; cooperation in economic, social, cultural, scientific and other important areas of life, etc.

The headquarters of the General Secretariat is in Jeddah.

LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES (LAS) - Wikiwand LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES (LAS)

The Arab League Pact formed the basis of the League of Arab States formed in 1945. It was signed by seven Arab states (Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan).

Member States. (22): Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Qatar, Comoros, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, UAE, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia.

Goals: strengthening ties between Member States in various sectors (economy, finance, transport, culture, healthcare); coordinating the actions of member states to protect national security and ensure their independence and sovereignty; prohibition of the use of force to settle disputes; respect for the regimes existing in other countries and refusal to try to change them.

The headquarters is in Cairo.

ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)

It was organized in 1960 at a conference in Baghdad. The charter was adopted in 1965, later it was repeatedly amended.

Member States (12): Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, UAE, Saudi Arabia.

Goals: coordination and unification of the oil policy of the Member States; definition of the most effective means protecting the interests of the participating States; finding ways to ensure price stability on world oil markets; environmental protection, etc.

UNION OF ARAB MAGRIB (UAM)

Formed in 1989. Member States (5): Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia.

Objectives: to contribute to the successful solution of issues of economic development, to ensure greater competitiveness of the goods of the countries of the region in the markets of the world.

SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION OF THE REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)

Established in 1985. Member States (7): Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.

Objectives: to accelerate the economic development, social progress and cultural development of the member countries and the establishment of peace and stability in the region.

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)

Objectives: to promote regional cooperation in the economic, social and cultural spheres in order to strengthen peace in the region; accelerating economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint action in the spirit of equality and partnership; cooperation in agriculture, industry, trade, transport and communications in order to improve the living standards of the population; strengthening peace and stability, etc.

ASIAN PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) - Wikiwand ASIAN PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC)

The organization was founded on the initiative in 1989.

Member States (18): Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Canada, China, Kiribati, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Korea, Singapore, USA, Thailand, Philippines, Chile.

Goals: creation of the Asia-Pacific Economic Community; easing mutual trade barriers; exchange of services and investments; extending cooperation to areas such as trade, Environment and others. A group of eminent figures from the APEC countries is tasked with putting forward ideas about the future of the organization and discussing ways to implement them.

Formed on the basis of the Treaty of Montevideo II, signed by the LAST member countries and entered into force in 1981.

Goals: creation of a common market of countries and Mexico. Unlike LAST, the LAI integration process provides for differentiated progress towards the creation of a common market, taking into account the level of economic development of the participating countries.

Within the framework of the LAI, subregional groups are preserved: the Treaty of the La Plata River Basin, 1969 (members - Argentina, Bo-158 Libya, Brazil, Paraguay, ), Cartagena Agreement, 1969 (members - Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador), Agreement on cooperation between the countries of the Amazon zone, 1978 (members - Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador).

ANDINA SYSTEM OF INTEGRATION (SIA) - SISTEMA DE INTEGRACION ANDINA (SIA)

Formed on the basis of the Andean Pact. It includes two independent blocks of institutions: for political cooperation and for economic integration.

As a follow-up to the 1969 Cartagena Agreement on the establishment of the Andean Subregional Integration Group, a document was adopted called the Andean Strategy, which declared the development of the Andean economic space, the deepening of international relations, and the contribution to the unity of Latin America. At the same time, the “Peace Act” was adopted, which provided for the deepening of the integration process, the creation of the Andean common market (free trade zone, customs union) by 1995.

ANDINA PACT (AP) - ACUERDO DE INTEGRACION SUBREGIONAL ANDINA (AISA)

Created on the basis of an agreement that entered into force in 1969.

Member States (5): Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador. In 1976, Chile withdrew. Since 1969 it has been an associate member.

Goals: liberalization of regional trade and introduction of common external tariffs; creation of a common market by 1985; coordination economic policy in relation to foreign capital; industrial development, Agriculture and infrastructure through joint programs; mobilization of internal and external financial resources.

LA PLATA GROUP - ORGANIZACION DE LA CUENCA DE LA PLATA

Formed on the basis of the Treaty on Economic Integration and Joint Development of the La Plata River Basin in 1969.

Member States (5): Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay.

Objectives: optimal use and protection natural resources basin of La Plata.

In 1986, a long-term program of economic cooperation was signed between Argentina and Brazil - the "Integration Act", to which Uruguay joined, and in 1991 Paraguay.

COMMON MARKET OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE SOUTHERN CONE - EL MERCADO COMUN DEL SUR (MERCOSUR)

Formed as a development of the Integration Act of 1986 on the basis of the Treaty on the Common Market of the countries of the Southern Cone in 1991.

Member States (4): Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay. For the less developed economic terms Bolivia instead of direct participation in the integration provides for the preservation of existing benefits.

Objectives: Creation of a common market of the participating countries within 10 years on the basis of projects and enterprises carried out within the framework of the La Plata Organization.

AMAZON PACT - EL PASTO AMAZONICO

Formed on the basis of the Agreement on Cooperation in the Amazon and entered into force in 1980.

Member States (8): Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Peru, Suriname, Ecuador.

Objectives: accelerated joint development and rational use of the natural resources of the basin, their protection from foreign exploitation, cooperation in the creation of infrastructure.

ORGANIZATION OF CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES (OCAS) - ORGANIZACION DE LOS ESTADOS CENTROAMERICANOS (OESA)

Formed in 1951 at the conference of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador and Costa Rica.

Objectives: Economic and political integration of the states of Central America, cultural cooperation of the participating countries, prevention and settlement of emerging conflicts.

CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY (CARICOM)

Political and economic organization on cooperation in the field of trade, credit, currency relations, coordination of economic and foreign policy, creation of joint facilities.

The community was formed in 1973 on the basis of the Chagua Ramas Treaty (Trinidad and Tobago).

Member States (13): , Bahamas (member only of the Community, not of the Common Market), Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Guyana, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago , Jamaica. Associate members: British and Virgin Islands, Terke and Caicos.

Goals: Political and economic cooperation; foreign policy coordination; economic rapprochement through the liberalization of mutual trade and the establishment of a common customs regime; policy coordination in the areas of currency and credit, infrastructure and tourism, agriculture, industry and trade; cooperation in the field of education and health.

CARIBBEAN COMMON MARKET (CCM) - CARIBBEAN COMMON MARKET (ССМ, CARICOM)

Formed in 1974 in accordance with the annex to the Treaty of Chaguaramas, includes all members of the CC, with the exception of the Bahamas.

Governing bodies: Conference of Heads of Government and Common Market Council. In 1976, the participating countries introduced uniform customs tariffs. In 1982, at the Conference of Heads of Government, a proposal was put forward to create an Association of Caribbean States. In 1994, the Conference considered the prospects for membership of the COP-KOR in NAFTA.

ASSOCIATION OF THE CARIBBEAN STATES (ACG) - ASOCIACION DE LOS ESTADOS CARIBES (AEC)

The agreement establishing the ACG was signed by representatives of 25 countries and 12 territories at a conference in Cartagena in 1994.

Member States: Anguilla, Antigua, Barbados, Belize, Venezuela, Guyana, Guatemala, Honduras, Grenada, Dominica, Colombia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Montserrat, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica.

Objectives: To promote the economic integration of Caribbean countries.

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)

The forerunner of the OAS was the Pan American System - a set of bodies and organizations operating under the control of the United States in the first half of the 20th century.

The OAS was formed in 1948 at the 9th Inter-American Conference in Bogota, which adopted the Charter of the OAS. At present, all 35 independent American states are members of the OAS. In 1962, Cuba was excluded from participation in the work of the OAS bodies.

Goals: maintaining peace and security in America; prevention and peaceful resolution of conflicts between Member States; organizing joint actions to repel aggression; coordination of efforts to solve political, economic, legal problems; promotion of economic, social, scientific, technical and cultural progress of the participating countries.