Presentation on the theme "life and customs". Life and customs of peasants Download presentation on the topic of life and customs

Common to the entire population were only church holidays with their common for each rite and traditions. Fairs were usually timed to coincide with church holidays, accompanied by festivities, amusements, choral singing and round dances. Patronal feasts were also solemnly celebrated in honor of the saint whose name the local church was named. Working people whiled away their short leisure mainly in cheap taverns.

LIFE AND CUSTOMS OF RUSSIA 19TH CENTURY

PREPARED BY A STUDENT OF THE 8th CLASS:

BARINOV ALEXEY

The house consisted of several rooms: a room, a room (usually in the houses of wealthy peasants and philistines) - with many windows.
Depending on the wealth of the owners, the houses were decorated with carvings, had drainpipes, shutters, etc. Since glass was very expensive, instead of glass windows in the huts of the peasants, they stretched a bull bubble.

Class differences were most clearly manifested in clothing. True, Catherine's times with the precious clothes of the courtiers sticking out for show were gone.

Since ancient times, our ancestors used a rich set of plant and animal foods: rye bread, porridge and jelly from millet, buckwheat, oats. Cabbage, beets, onions, garlic were eaten, and potatoes were becoming more and more common. Shchi was cooked from cabbage, potatoes were made in their uniforms.
The upper strata of society preferred European cuisine. Coffee, cocoa, oriental sweets, biscuits, French, German, Spanish wines became integral foodstuffs.

LEISURE AND CUSTOMS

Common to the entire population are only church holidays with their common rites and traditions for everyone. But here, too, the differences were clear. At Christmas, Christmas trees with gifts, masquerades, and balls were obligatory. For the poor, it was common these days for folk festivals, caroling - the performance of songs and poems, followed by treats or gifts to carol participants.

FAMILY AND FAMILY RITES

The family united, as a rule, a representative of two generations - parents and children. Such a family usually represented a large collective. Often there were 7-9 children in the family. If there were more than half of the children among the boys, then such families were considered prosperous - they had many workers.
Among the new rites can be called a wedding. Boys usually entered into marriage at the age of 24 - 25 years, and girls at the age of 18 - 22 years. Marriage must necessarily receive a blessing at a church wedding.

The life and dwellings of the main part of the Russian population in the first half of the 19th century retained the features of past times. Both in the countryside and in most cities, wood remained the main building material. Depending on the wealth of the owners, the houses were decorated with carvings, had drainpipes, shutters, etc. The life and dwellings of the main part of the Russian population in the first half of the 19th century retained the features of past times. Both in the countryside and in most cities, wood remained the main building material. Depending on the wealth of the owners, the houses were decorated with carvings, had drainpipes, shutters, etc. The city houses of the nobility and wealthy merchants looked more like palaces: they were built mainly of stone, decorated not only with columns, but also with sculptures, stucco bas-reliefs.

Class differences were most clearly manifested in clothing. The bulk of the country's population was committed to the old patterns of clothing. Depending on the well-being, working people, small and medium philistinism wore a city costume, which was a kind of pan-European with features of a Russian peasant costume. Boots were the main footwear. Class differences were most clearly manifested in clothing. The bulk of the country's population was committed to the old patterns of clothing. Depending on the well-being, working people, small and medium philistinism wore a city costume, which was a kind of pan-European with features of a Russian peasant costume. Boots were the main footwear. Peasants wore shirts and trousers as both everyday and weekend clothes. In winter, they wore sheepskin coats and short fur coats, long sheepskin coats, belted with bright sashes. Hats were mostly made of felted wool.

Since ancient times, our ancestors used a rich set of plant and animal foods. The main product was rye bread. From millet, peas, buckwheat, oats, porridge and jelly were cooked. They ate a lot of vegetables - cabbage, turnips, carrots, cucumbers, radishes, beets, onions, garlic, potatoes were becoming more and more common. Meat was a rare product on the tables of the poor. As a rule, it was only eaten at Christmas and Easter. But the fish was more accessible. The main drinks were bread and beet kvass, beer, sbiten. Since ancient times, our ancestors used a rich set of plant and animal foods. The main product was rye bread. From millet, peas, buckwheat, oats, porridge and jelly were cooked. They ate a lot of vegetables - cabbage, turnips, carrots, cucumbers, radishes, beets, onions, garlic, potatoes were becoming more and more common. Meat was a rare product on the tables of the poor. As a rule, it was only eaten at Christmas and Easter. But the fish was more accessible. The main drinks were bread and beet kvass, beer, sbiten. In cities, taverns and buffets were opened in large numbers for those who could not dine at home.

Common to the entire population were only church holidays with their common for each rite and traditions. Fairs were usually timed to coincide with church holidays, accompanied by festivities, amusements, choral singing and round dances. Common to the entire population were only church holidays with their common for each rite and traditions. Fairs were usually timed to coincide with church holidays, accompanied by festivities, amusements, choral singing and round dances. Patronal feasts were also solemnly celebrated in honor of the saint whose name the local church was named. Working people whiled away their short leisure mainly in cheap taverns.

The family united, as a rule, representatives of two generations - parents and their children. Such a family usually represented a large collective. Often there were 7-9 children in the family. If there were more than half of the children among the boys, then such families were not considered poor. On the contrary, they were rather “strong”, since they had many workers. The family united, as a rule, representatives of two generations - parents and their children. Such a family usually represented a large collective. Often there were 7-9 children in the family. If there were more than half of the children among the boys, then such families were not considered poor. On the contrary, they were rather “strong”, since they had many workers. Among the main family ceremonies can be called baptism, wedding, funeral. Boys usually entered into marriage at the age of 24-25, and girls at the age of 18-22.

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Project objectives: a) Tell about the dwelling of the first half of the 19th century.
b) Tell about the clothes of the first half of the 19th century.
c) Describe the nutrition of the first half of the 19th century.
d) Tell about the leisure and customs of the first half of the XIX
century.
e) Tell about the family and family rituals first
half of the 19th century.

Project relevance

The relevance of the project about the knowledge of the current
generation about the life and customs of their ancestors.

Sources of information

Educational literature
Internet resources

dwelling

Life and dwellings of the main part of the population of Russia in
the first half of the 19th century retained the features of the past
times. Both in the countryside and in most cities
was the main building material
tree. From it were built not only the huts of the peasants, but
and houses of artisans, small and medium officials,
nobles of the middle class. Depending on the wealth of the owners
houses were decorated with carvings, had drainpipes
pipes, shutters, etc. Foundation of the house
it was called a ditch. Tools were kept there.
there could be cattle. The further north people lived, the
the base was higher. main room
It was called the upper room and was located above the cellar.

In the upper room, the most important element was the stove. She
divided the room into male and female
half. Diagonal from the stove was red
the corner in which the icons were placed. In the same corner
there was a table. There were benches along the table. Usually,
the most important guests sat in the "red" corner, or
master of the house. Next to the owner, sat on the bench
sons, starting with the eldest. It was a male
half the table. The hostess sat on the side
bench. It should be closer to the oven. On the other
daughters sat at the side of the table. In the same way
shared the house.

Half of the house near the stove was for women. The utensils were kept here.
household items, spinning wheel. The baby's cradle hung to the hostess
could always approach the child. For a man to enter a women's
half were banned. Opposite was the male part of the house. Here
the owner was engaged in repairing shoes, household items and many other things.
others. Guests were received on the same half. From furniture in the hut
there were tables and benches. Chairs appeared in the middle of the 19th century. Slept
on the floors. As a rule, only old people could sleep on the stove. Everything
things were stored in chests. However, it should be remembered that the position
peasants were different. wealthier people could afford
better living conditions, while there were also very poor
peasants.
The living conditions of the workers were difficult; they lived in urban areas.
barracks, where rooms were located along the corridors, with a large
the number of beds.

The city houses of the nobility and wealthy merchants looked more like
palaces: they were built mainly of stone, decorated
not only columns, but also sculptures, stucco bas-reliefs.
And now let's see how rich philistines lived in cities and
merchant representatives. Their houses were mostly
stone, it was possible to meet those in which
the lower part was stone, and the upper part was wooden. V
at the disposal of the owners in such a house there were 8 rooms.
Mandatory
there were a living room, a dining room, a sofa room, a dance room,
cabinet. Separate rooms were assigned to servants.
The furniture was beautiful and varied: armchairs, sofas,
desks, cabinets for dishes and books. On the
walls, which must be pasted over with wallpaper, you can
see mirrors, paintings, clocks.

Country estates were popular. To build a house
chose a picturesque area with a park, lake or river. This
It was a one-, two-, or three-story building. In estates
there was a front hall in which they arranged
tricks; living rooms; library, where the nobles liked to read and
discuss what has been read study, women's room, or boudoir,
where hostesses could receive guests; buffet and dining room.
The layout of the rooms was interesting. They were lined up
one after the other, forming a suite. Those who entered developed
the impression of infinite space. The furniture was the same as
in merchant houses, only more expensive. Compulsory
the subject were tables for playing cards. In the hall were
musical instruments played during
evenings organized by the hosts. Stucco was expensive
decoration of ceilings, it struck with its variety in
every single house.

Cloth

The costume of a peasant woman consisted
from a shirt, sundress or skirt, kokoshnik
holidays or scarf. On my feet in summer
they wore bast shoes, and in winter - pistons or felt boots.
Unmarried girls could not wear
headdress, they decorated their hair with ribbons.
Married women always hid their hair under
caps, scarves or kokoshniks. To appear
being bare-haired in public was a great disgrace.
An integral element of the costume was the belt, which
was a guardian.

Men-
the peasants wore a shirt, an army coat and ports made of coarse
fabrics. Felted wool was used as a headdress for men.
hat, cap. Popular in the early 19th century
steel "buckwheat" - these are hats,
shaped like a buckwheat flour cake.
Peasants wore bast shoes or boots on their feet.

Workers in the cities wore belted shirts, trousers,
which they tucked into high boots, vests and jackets,
or long coats. The headdress of the workers was a cap,
the visor of which was varnished.

In a merchant's suit for a long time
traced the features of peasant clothing.
Men wore zipuns, caftans. Later
frock coats appeared, popular among the townspeople. On the
the feet of the men wore high boots. In winter
time they wore fur coats, fur hats, sheepskin coats.
Of interest is the clothes of merchants. With its bad taste
it caused laughter in all segments of the population. Women
I wanted to show my status, show off my wealth.
Therefore, they decorated their dresses with various bows,
variegated colors, making it as bright as possible.
An invariable attribute of merchants
was a shawl or a colored scarf.

Another distinctive detail of the merchant's costume is
it's decorations. Massive gold watch, rings with
precious stones. Everything that can show prosperity,
despite being tasteless and inappropriate.
The noblest fashion was the most diverse and beautiful.
Women's dresses were made of thin fabrics. They were overpriced
waist, short sleeves and open neckline. That was very
beautiful, but did not correspond to the climate of Russia. Fashion victims
an increasing number of women. In the 19th century they became
popular redingots are outerwear, in shape
reminiscent of a dress. In winter it was lined with fur. In the end
In the first quarter of the 19th century, a combination of lantern sleeves and long narrow sleeves became fashionable. The bottom of the dress was decorated
embroidery, flowers, frills. Dresses differed in quality
fabrics. The deep neckline of the ladies was covered with a chemiset.
Women's hats were often decorated with ribbons. Complete the look
a variety of decorations helped.

Casual men's clothing was a redingote, which was sewn with
a high collar that protected from the wind; tailcoat, which
worn with pantaloons and a waistcoat; high hat, or top hat;
on their feet they wore high boots or shoes.

Nutrition

Since ancient times, our ancestors have used a rich set of
vegetable and animal food. The main product was rye
bread. From millet, peas, buckwheat, oats, porridge and jelly were cooked.
They ate a lot of vegetables - cabbage, turnips, carrots, cucumbers,
radishes, beets, onions, garlic, potatoes came into use more and more widely.
Meat was a rare product on the tables of the poor. As a rule, his
only eaten at Christmas and Easter. But the fish was more accessible.
The main drinks were bread and beet kvass, beer,
sbiten. Tea began to be consumed. For dessert, fruits and berries were served.
In the cities, taverns, buffets were opened in large numbers.
for those who could not dine at home.

On the tables of the merchants there were cabbage soup, various pies with
stuffing, fish, meat, sour cream, cream,
curdled milk, caviar. Popularized in the 19th century
the word "soup", which combined stews, cabbage soup
and other liquid foods. On the merchant tables were
a large number of cutlery: dessert,
tea and tablespoons, knives, forks. The dishes were
made of porcelain or faience.

Leisure and customs

Common to the entire population were only
church holidays. For church holidays
fairs were usually timed, accompanied by
festivities, amusements, choral singing and
round dances. Peasants most of the time
worked. In their free time, there were festivities and
holiday entertainment. Christmas caroling,
divination went for holy water. On Maslenitsa-baked
pancakes, rolled from the mountains. Started with Ivan Kupala
swim, weave wreaths and jump over fires.

The nobles spent their free time in different ways. They
attended concerts, theaters.
There were balls and masquerades. And the balls were one
of the most popular leisure activities. Nobles must always
were to observe the limits of decency, at work they were
employees, at home - fathers of families and caring mothers. AND
only at the ball they were just having fun nobles,
who are among their peers. children from the very
at an early age they were taught to dance and the manner of leading a secular
conversation. One of the most important days in a girl's life was
the day of her first appearance at the ball.
A new type of leisure for the nobles was clubs, where
representatives of high society gathered, united
common interests.

In their homes, the nobles set up salons where light gathered
society. Important topics were discussed there,
literary and musical evenings. Everything happened clearly
scenario thought out by the owners.
An innovation of this period was the tradition of decorating the Christmas tree for
Christmas. The first to do this was Alexandra Feodorovna in 1817.
In Moscow, she arranged a Christmas tree for her children, a year later the Christmas tree was
staged at the Anichkov Palace. Under the tree were laid out
sweets and gifts. Among the people, this tradition took root only to
forties of the nineteenth century.
The main holidays for townspeople and peasants remained
religious and related to the folk calendar. For Christmas
it was Christmas. New Year brought the desire to change your
the future to influence it. It was a time of divination.

Family and family rituals

The family united, as a rule, representatives of two
generations - parents and their children. This family usually
was a large team. Often
There were 7-9 children in the family. If among children
there were more than half of the boys, then such families are not
were considered poor. On the contrary, they were
quite “strong”, since they had a lot
workers. Among the main family rituals
can be called baptism, wedding, funeral. in marriage
usually young men entered at the age of 24-25, and
girls aged 18-22.

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Slides captions:

Life and customs of Russia in the 1st half of the 19th century Malkova N.E. teacher of history and social science Sergeeva Elizaveta 8 "B" MBOU "Gymnasium" No. 13 2015-2016

Dwelling Life and dwellings of the main part of the population of Russia in the first half of the 19th century retained the features of past times.

The basement is the lower floor of a wooden house, used for housing, storing valuable tools and many things. The basis of the rural dwelling of the peasants was a basement. The main part of the house was located above the basement, "on the mountain", and was called the upper room.

Depending on the wealth of the owners, the houses were decorated with carvings, had drainpipes, shutters, etc. Wealthy peasants got mica windows. Glass remained expensive and was available only to nobles, merchants and the most prosperous peasants.

Working people lived in factory barracks. Kuva plant. Station barracks. 19th century Kuva plant. Type of mine barracks. 19th century

Since the 18th century, the fashion for country houses has been preserved. Following the landlords, who had such buildings before, now they began to be built by representatives of the bureaucracy, the intelligentsia. Such houses were built, as a rule, from wood. The front wall was decorated with two to four columns.

The interior decoration of the dwelling was also different. In the houses of peasants and townspeople, the place near the swords was considered the main place. Diagonally from it was a red corner, where the most valuable icons hung.

In the houses and palaces of the nobility, the central position was occupied by the main hall, where balls and receptions were held. The rooms were located sequentially one after another - an enfilade. By the middle of the century, a “corridor” system had developed in new buildings - all the main rooms opened onto the corridor. Oriental furniture, decoration of halls with carpets and weapons came into fashion.

Peasant in a shirt-kosovorotka Peasant clothes Bast bast shoes Sinner Heavy leather galoshes "cats" Clothing

Food The main product was rye bread. They ate a lot of vegetables. The most popular dish, cabbage soup, was cooked from cabbage. The second dish was porridge. In the first half of the 19th century, Chinese tea became widespread. At the same time, samovars and tea utensils became popular. Metal pots - "cast iron".

Leisure and customs Christmas trees for rich children with gifts and performances. caroling

Masquerade, ball for the nobility, officials. Maslenitsa Easter Feast of Ivan Kupala

Family and family rites The family was usually a large group. Often there were 7-9 children in the family. The main family ceremonies: Baptism Wedding Funeral Marriage must have received an official blessing at a church wedding. Only such a marriage was considered legal. The baptism of each child in the first months of life was also indispensable. The funeral service of the deceased in church or at home was one of the main rites.

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