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Global problems of our time
- problems affecting all people on Earth
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Ecological problems
"The road of civilization is paved with tin cans" (Alberto Moravia, writer)
1. Atmospheric pollution with harmful gases (the problem of big cities)
2. Technogenic disasters as a result of human activities: - accidents at gas stations - oil spills - explosions in warehouses with chemicals, etc.
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3. The invasion of nature has the following negative consequences: - droughts - landslides - floods - global warming - soil depletion
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Waste - substances (or mixtures of substances) recognized as unsuitable for further use within the framework of existing technologies, or after domestic use of products. The amount of waste produced by humans is growing exponentially.
Waste
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Mankind has been deforesting for a long time, reclaiming land from the forest for farming and simply for getting firewood. Later, a person had a need to create infrastructure (cities, roads) and mining, which spurred the process of deforestation of territories. However, the main reason for deforestation is an increase in the need for food, that is, the area for grazing livestock and planting crops, both permanent and replaceable.
Deforestation
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The rapid growth of the world's population. Reduction and scarcity of natural resources
We are already almost 7 billion people!
Real threat of exhaustion of many important types of raw materials (oil, gas) Resource starvation may occur 2. Lack of drinking water is one of the most dangerous problems.
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Growth of the Earth
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Scientists have proven that the Earth's biosphere can contain only 1 billion people. Every day the population of the land increases by 200,000 people, which leads to an increase in the use of resources and exacerbates the problem of employment, housing, food. The circle closes: Increasing waste, pollution, deforestation. Lack of jobs gives rise to poverty and the development of bad habits.
The law of hyperbolic growth of the population of the Earth
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international security
6, 9 August 1945. Hiroshima and Nagasaki
weapons of mass destruction
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Nuclear weapons are a danger to all mankind. Large states that own nuclear weapons are forced to confirm their strength by increasing their number, although the explosion of even one bomb instantly destroys hundreds of thousands of people, and pollutes a vast territory with radioactive emissions, making it uninhabitable, changes the human genome, providing mutations and deformities in newborns children decades after the explosion, which could lead to the degeneration of mankind.
Nuclear weapon
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Terrorism (lat. terror - fear, horror), is aimed at the mass destruction of the civilian population, creates an atmosphere of fear in society.
Terrorism
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Poverty in the modern world
Millions of people in Asia and Africa exist on the brink of survival
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Poverty is a fundamental global problem facing the world community. It has a detrimental effect on the economy, social relations, politics, culture. Poverty and backwardness are characteristic primarily of the third world, but this does not make the problem less relevant in relation to highly developed states. The inability of most of the poorest countries to break out of poverty on their own has made the problem of poverty universal.
The connection of poverty with other global threats and risks is being consolidated - illegal migration, international terrorism, and the growth of transnational crime. A poverty-stricken existence, unsanitary conditions, chronic diseases are also dangerous for residents of rich countries (HIV, Ebola, SARS and other pandemics).
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Drugs cause both physical and psychological dependence. Irresistible attraction is associated with mental (psychological) and sometimes physical (physiological) dependence on drugs. Physical dependence means painful, and even painful sensations, a painful condition during a break in the constant use of drugs (the so-called withdrawal syndrome, withdrawal). These sensations are temporarily relieved by the resumption of drug use.
Addiction
What are the global problems of mankind? The last decades have posed many acute and complex problems before the peoples of the world, which have come to be called global. They have become the focus of attention of scientists, politicians, and the general public, and are studied by many sciences. What are called global problems? Global problems are called problems that cover the whole world, all of humanity, pose a threat to the present and future and require joint efforts, joint actions of all states and peoples for their solution.
Causes of HPP. Development of productive forces; Scientific and technological revolution; The rapid growth of the world's population; Increasing mutual influence of states. -Sharp and not always justified use of natural resources; -Negative impact of productive activities on the natural environment, deterioration of the environmental conditions of people's lives; - the creation of weapons of mass destruction that threaten the existence of human civilization. Consequences.
Ecological problem. Essence: deterioration of the environment and the growth of environmental threats as a result of human activities. Causes of occurrence: Irrational use of natural resources, pollution of the environment with waste. Solutions: Organization of production and non-production activities that would ensure normal "eco-development"; preservation and transformation of the environment in the interests of all mankind and each person.
Demographic problem Essence: "demographic explosion" in the countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, which leads to overpopulation of the Earth. Causes of occurrence: maintaining a high birth rate in connection with the traditions of having many children; living in conditions of socio-economic backwardness; the influence of religion. Solutions: carrying out a demographic policy and improving people's lives.
Food problem Essence: insufficient provision of some part of the world's population with food. Causes of occurrence: population explosion, irrational use of natural resources. Solutions: increasing the biological productivity of agricultural land in combination with an increase in their area.
The problem of peace and disarmament. Essence: the emergence of a real threat of destruction of countries and continents. Causes of occurrence: the creation of nuclear weapons in combination with ballistic missiles. Solutions: creation of a comprehensive security system, phased elimination of nuclear arsenals, reduction of arms trade, disarmament, peace treaties.
Energy and raw materials problem. Essence: insufficient supply of production and consumption of fuel and raw materials. Causes of occurrence: rapid growth in the extraction of limited reserves of raw materials; deterioration of mining and geological conditions for the extraction of raw materials; an increase in the territorial gap between the areas of production and consumption; promotion of production to areas with extreme conditions; growing consumption of resources; environmental issues associated with mining. Solutions: Using the achievements of scientific and technological revolution; Rational use of resources; Use of non-traditional energy sources; Exploration and development of new deposits.
The problem of the use of the World Ocean Essence: an increase in the use of the resources of the World Ocean and their depletion. Causes of occurrence: exacerbation of raw materials and energy problems; aggravation of the food problem; increase in maritime traffic. Solutions: rational oceanic nature management, a balanced, integrated approach to its riches, based on the combined efforts of the entire world community.
The problem of peaceful space exploration. Essence: depletion of the ozone layer, the occurrence of the greenhouse effect, the accumulation of space debris. Causes of occurrence: access to outer space of many countries. Ways of solution: abandonment of military programs, transition to waste-free technologies, use of solar energy.
Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries. Essence: a large number of problems in the poorest countries in the world. Reasons for occurrence: low standard of living (poverty, hunger, disease) Solutions: implementation of socio-economic transformations based on scientific and technological revolution and international cooperation.
Global forecasts Pessimistic approach: In the middle of the 21st century, the natural resources of the Earth will be completely depleted and crises will come: resource, environmental, food; Environmental pollution will reach a catastrophic level, in a word - "horses of the world"; The population of the planet will begin to die out. Optimistic approach: Scientists warn of serious crises, but at the same time, they proceed from the fact that the bowels of the Earth and the World Ocean still contain many undiscovered riches and new resources will replace traditional ones, scientific and technological revolution will help improve the ecological balance between society and nature. The main way to solve global problems is in the social progress of mankind in combination with scientific and technical progress, in the warming of the world political climate and disarmament for development.
Global hypotheses. Greenhouse effect hypothesis; The hypothesis of stabilization of the population of the Earth; Hypothesis of an Oikoumenopolis (or world city) that will arise as a result of the merger of metropolitan areas. Hypothesis - an assumption based on the natural cause of the connection of phenomena
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Lesson topic: Global problems The presentation was prepared by: Meshcheryakova E.V. MBOU VSOSH №3 Lipetsk
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Plan 1. The concept of "global problems" 2. Causes of global problems 3. Environmental problems 4. Nuclear threat 5. Demographic problem 6. Energy problem 7. What awaits humanity in the future?
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The global problems of humanity are problems that concern all of humanity. No state is able to cope with these problems.
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Causes of global problems 1. The huge scale of human activity, which has radically changed nature, society, people's way of life. 2. The inability of humanity to rationally dispose of the mighty force of progress.
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Features Are of a planetary nature Threatening death to all mankind Require the collective efforts of the world community
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Classification of global problems Political Ecological Social Economic Emergence of local conflicts "Greenhouse effect" Demographic situation Food problem Danger of nuclear war Pollution of the atmosphere and waters of the oceans Contradictions between "north" and "south" Economic crises Differences in political systems "Ozone hole" Terrorism Depletion of resources
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Environmental issues Thinning of the ozone layer and increased influx of ultraviolet radiation. Atmospheric pollution by carbon dioxide and other waste products of human activities. Soil erosion, salinization and waterlogging. Deforestation, especially in equatorial regions. Pollution of the hydrosphere (world ocean waters)
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Nuclear threat Over the past 5.5 thousand. 14,500 wars have taken place over the years, in which 4 billion people died. The nuclear threat to mankind arose in the middle of the twentieth century. During these years, the US and the USSR launched a nuclear arms race, balancing on the brink of war. Such a danger has decreased, but not completely disappeared, because. at the beginning of the 21st century, the possibility of using nuclear weapons arose. There are several groups of potential sources of challenges and threats: - officially recognized nuclear states (USA, Russia, France, Great Britain and China); - unrecognized nuclear states that openly declared the presence of nuclear weapons (India and Pakistan); - states that possess nuclear weapons, but do not officially admit it (Israel); - states without nuclear status, but having the motivation to possess nuclear weapons and the scientific and technological potential necessary for this (DPRK, Iran); .
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Demographic problem As early as the end of the 18th century. the English priest Malthus put forward the theory (Malthusianism). According to this theory, the well-being of workers under capitalism is determined by the "natural law of population", which is determined by the fact that the population of the world grows exponentially, and the growth of production - only arithmetic. The number of earthlings has already exceeded 7 billion. The increase in the population is in the countries of the "third world" (India, China, Brazil, Mexico, etc.)
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Demographic problem Demography registers a decline in the indigenous population in the developed countries of the West due to a sharp decline in the birth rate. The birth rate in Europe has dropped to 1.34 children per woman. The birth rate required for simple population replacement is 2.1 births per woman. The following forecasts can be read in the press: “Europe is disappearing as a socio-cultural organism, by 2050 it will be reduced by 100 million people” (excluding immigration - by 120 million)”. All Western countries are trying to make up for the decline in the birth rate by replacing migration - "importing people." The European record is held by Switzerland, where every fifth inhabitant is a foreigner. There are 10 million Turks living in Germany, but, according to UN demographers, by 2050 the country's population will decrease from 82 to 58.8 million people.
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Energy problem The history of civilization is the history of the invention of more and more new methods of energy conversion. The first jump in the growth of energy consumption occurred when people learned how to make fire and use it to cook and heat their homes. During this period, firewood and the muscular strength of a person served as sources of energy. The next important stage is associated with the invention of the wheel, the creation of various tools, and the development of blacksmithing. By the 15th century, medieval man, using draft animals, water and wind power, firewood and a small amount of coal, was already consuming about 10 times more than primitive man. In modern society, I use nuclear energy, gas, oil. Today, the production of oil, gas and other minerals is increasing every year. According to the forecast of scientists, at the current rate of development of minerals, there will be enough for only a hundred years.
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Ways to resolve global problems Solving problems is an urgent task for all mankind. There are the following ways to solve the global problems of our time: 1. Curb the arms race, prohibit the creation and use of weapons systems of mass destruction, human and material resources, the elimination of nuclear weapons, etc.; 2. Economical use of natural resources and reduction of pollution by waste material production of soil, water and air; 3. Decreasing the rate of population growth in developing countries and overcoming the demographic crisis in developed capitalist countries; 4. To solve the food problem, it is necessary to use biotechnology, new high-yielding varieties, further development of mechanization, chemicalization and melioration.
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Conclusion - Global problems are a challenge to the human mind. It is impossible to get away from them. They can only be overcome by the efforts of all countries through cooperation. - Each person must realize that Mankind is on the verge of death, and whether we survive or not depends on each of us.
"Food problem" - The quality of human nutrition. Energy saturation. Power sources. Difficult food situation. Lack of food. The real situation with the nutrition of the population. Hunger and human health. Global problem. Borders of regional types of food. Reasons for hunger. Food shortage. Humanity.
"Modern global problems of mankind" - Mankind has already entered the transition period today. Limited reserves of organic and mineral resources. The essence of the food problem. Basic moments. Basic moments. Consequences. Population dynamics by regions in the 20th and early 21st centuries. Mechanism of formation of ozone holes. Man and the environment, the history of interaction.
"The food problem in the world" - Children affected by famine in Africa. The global nature of the problem manifests itself in another way. The hand of a hungry boy in the palm of a European. The above does not mean that the food issue has been resolved in developed countries. Inadequate and unbalanced nutrition is also the cause of high mortality, especially among children.
"Solving the global problems of our time" - Solving the food problem. Role in solving global problems. Geologists. The constituent elements of the ecological crisis. Causes of global problems. Solution. The process of globalization. Atlantic coast of the United States. disarmament issues. The problem of war and peace. Destruction of the ozone layer.
"World Problems" - The population explosion around the world has already subsided. The problem of human health. Ecological problem. That is why the food problem should be considered global. But AIDS poses a particular threat to all mankind. The problem of using the oceans. demographic problem.
"Contemporary Problems of Humankind" - The problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries lies in the existence of a huge gap in per capita income. Deadly weapon. Ecological problem. Geography. Energy and raw material problems. Agriculture. The reality of life. International terrorism. backwardness scale.
In total there are 34 presentations in the topic
Pollution environmental environments
WATER POLLUTION
Settlements. The most well-known source of water pollution, which has traditionally been the focus of attention, is domestic wastewater. Soap, synthetic washing powders, disinfectants, bleaches and other household chemicals are present in dissolved form in wastewater. Residential buildings receive paper waste, including toilet paper and baby diapers, plant and animal waste. Rain and melt water flows from the streets into sewers, often with sand or salt used to accelerate the melting of snow and ice on the roadway and sidewalks.
Agriculture. The second main consumer of water is agriculture, which uses it to irrigate fields. The water flowing from them is saturated with salt solutions and soil particles, as well as chemical residues that contribute to increased yields. These include insecticides; fungicides that are sprayed over orchards and crops; herbicides, a famous weed control; and other pesticides, as well as organic and inorganic fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other chemical elements.
Soil pollution
Residential buildings and public utilities.
The composition of pollutants in this category of sources is dominated by household waste, food waste, construction waste, etc. All this is collected and taken to landfills. Burning garbage in city dumps is accompanied by the release of toxic substances that settle on the soil surface and are difficult to wash off with rain.
The desire of a person to take more and more from the soil leads to the irrational use of land, and often to the complete disappearance of their fertility. Excessive application of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products from weeds and pests to the soil leads to its pollution. Heavy metals (for example, mercury) and radioactive substances emitted by some industrial enterprises accumulate in the soil. From the soil, these toxic substances enter living organisms, which can cause their irreversible changes.
Agriculture Soil pollution in agriculture occurs due to the introduction of huge amounts of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. Some pesticides are known to contain mercury.
Air pollution
The main cause of air pollution is the ingress of uncharacteristic physical, chemical and biological substances into it, as well as a change in their natural concentration.
This happens as a result of both natural processes and human activities. Moreover, it is people who play an increasing role in air pollution. The cause of a large part of chemical and physical pollution is the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in the production of electrical energy and during the operation of vehicle engines.
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