Wastes of production and consumption are the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products formed in the process of production and consumption, as well as products that have lost their consumer properties. At the same time, hazardous waste must be neutralized, and unused waste is considered garbage.
Disposal of waste to a landfill is the cheapest, but at the same time short-sighted way of its disposal. Poisonous substances that end up in landfills penetrate into groundwater, which is often used as a source of drinking water, is blown around by winds, and thus damages the environment. Some decay products are capable of self-ignition, so fires regularly occur in landfills, in which soot, phenol, benzapyrene and other toxic substances are released into the atmosphere.
Another way of disposal is not just removal to a landfill, but waste disposal with subsequent reclamation. Approximately 2/3 of all waste of household and industrial origin is stored in storage facilities - landfills. Before burial, a number of activities are carried out: - dig a pit - line the bottom with silt - put insulating material on the silt layer - then alternately follow - a layer of waste and a layer of soil - compact the waste - for the removal of liquid waste, drains are installed; a treatment plant Wastewater- then fall asleep with a thick layer of soil and plant green spaces.
Many landlocked countries produce marine disposal various materials and substances - dumping, in particular soil excavated during dredging, drilling slag, industrial waste, construction debris, solid waste, explosives and chemicals, radioactive waste. The volume of burials amounted to about 10% of the total mass of pollutants entering the World Ocean.
In order to free up the vast areas occupied by landfills, the idea of incinerating waste arose. The first systematic use of garbage stoves was in Nottingham, England, in 1874. Incineration reduced the volume of garbage by %, depending on the composition, so it found its way on both sides of the Atlantic.
Incineration is not the most profitable option - both in monetary terms and in terms of resource saving. The cities that used these stoves soon abandoned them due to the deterioration of the air composition. But at present in developed countries up to 50% of all waste is incinerated. Non-combustible materials, such as metals and glass, retain their value when recycled, but when incinerated, they only take up space in warehouses and furnaces. V Lately the focus is on plasma incineration of waste (temperature around C). The high energy intensity and complexity of the process predetermine its use for the processing of waste only, the fire disposal of which does not meet environmental requirements.
Composts are organic fertilizers obtained as a result of the decomposition of plant and animal residues by microorganisms. When composting in the organic mass, the content of nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen) in the form digestible by plants increases, pathogenic microflora is neutralized, the amount of cellulose and pectin substances decreases; fertilizers become free-flowing, which facilitates their introduction into the soil. Composts are often used instead of scarce organic fertilizers (peat, manure).
When composting in special (compost) installations, a temperature of up to 70 ° C is created, at which microbes and weed seeds die. Composting is considered to be a very rational way to dispose of certain wastes, with almost no harmful effects on the environment. However, when processing waste containing metals, the latter can accumulate in the compost in large quantities.
According to modern requirements the placement of non-recyclable industrial waste should be carried out within special landfills that ensured their isolation and environmental safety for such a period until they become harmless to humans or economically viable technologies for their processing and subsequent use are developed. Underground storage facilities for industrial waste include those that are located remote from earth's surface geological formations, providing long-term isolation of waste from the biosphere.
Underground storage facilities are environmental structures and are designed for centralized collection and disposal of waste (including toxic waste) from industrial enterprises, research organizations and institutions. The placement of industrial waste in storage facilities can serve two purposes - their subsequent use (storage) and eternal burial. V general view underground storage is a complex structure consisting of ground and underground complexes and workings connecting them, designed to deliver waste to the storage, ventilate and conduct the necessary monitoring of the state of the workings and the waste itself.
All of the above methods of waste disposal have their drawbacks and therefore a radical solution to the problems of protection environment from the negative impact of industrial facilities is possible with the widespread use of waste-free and low-waste technologies. Under non-waste technology, non-waste production, non-waste system is understood not just the technology or production of a particular product, but the principle of organization and functioning of industries, regional industrial and production associations, territorial and industrial complexes of the national economy as a whole. At the same time, all components of raw materials and energy are rationally used in a closed cycle (primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary raw materials), i.e., the existing ecological balance in the biosphere is not disturbed.
Low Waste Technology is an intermediate step in the creation of waste-free production. With low-waste production, the harmful impact on the environment does not exceed the level allowed by the sanitary authorities, but for technical, economic, organizational or other reasons, part of the raw materials and materials goes into waste and is sent for long-term storage or disposal. Low-waste technology allows you to increase the volume of products, reduce consumption natural resources, reduce environmental pollution.
Household waste. Garbage is the problem of the century. The accumulation of municipal solid waste in a modern city reaches kg per person per year, and the annual increase in waste per capita is 4-6%, which is 3 times higher than the population growth rate.
The danger of landfills Landfills significantly affect all components of the natural environment and are a powerful pollutant of atmospheric air, soil and groundwater. These landfills are, in addition, breeding grounds for mice, rats, insects and can become a source of infectious diseases, especially in the southern regions of the country. Landfills significantly affect all components of the natural environment and are a powerful pollutant of atmospheric air, soil and groundwater. These landfills are, in addition, breeding grounds for mice, rats, insects and can become a source of infectious diseases, especially in the southern regions of the country.
Danger of landfills Mercury pollution is especially dangerous Mercury pollution is especially dangerous Currently, about 200 million pieces of fluorescent and arc-discharge lamps are annually wasted in the country. Each lamp contains 80 to 120 mg of mercury. At present, about 200 million pieces of fluorescent and arc-discharge lamps are annually wasted in the country. Each lamp contains 80 to 120 mg of mercury. Mercury-containing electric batteries are no less dangerous. In electric batteries, the mercury content reaches 300 mg. In general, tens of tons of mercury end up in landfills in our country. Mercury-containing electric batteries are no less dangerous. In electric batteries, the mercury content reaches 300 mg. In general, tens of tons of mercury end up in landfills in our country.
Epidemiological danger For example, in the Leningrad region, foxes infected with rabies were found at a landfill, which led to the need for costly preventive measures. So, for example, in the Leningrad region, foxes infected with rabies were found in a landfill, which led to the need for costly preventive measures. All urban solid waste is contaminated with a variety of insects and helminths. All urban solid waste is contaminated with a variety of insects and helminths. The world has already registered the infection of children with AIDS associated with the game of the latter with medical waste trapped in household containers. Infection of children with AIDS has already been registered in the world, associated with the play of the latter with medical waste that has fallen into household containers.
Toxicological hazard Solid household waste in cities contain a significant amount of various toxic substances and materials. Approximately 4% of waste is toxic. Municipal solid waste in cities contains a significant amount of various toxic substances and materials. Approximately 4% of waste is toxic. 100 names of toxic compounds, among them - dyes, pesticides, mercury and its compounds, solvents, lead and its salts, drugs, cadmium, arsenic compounds, formaldehyde, thallium salts, etc. 100 names of toxic compounds, among them - dyes, pesticides, mercury and its compounds, solvents, lead and its salts, drugs, cadmium, arsenic compounds, formaldehyde, thallium salts, etc.
Toxicological hazard A special place among solid wastes is occupied by plastics and synthetic materials, since they are not subject to biological destruction processes and can be in environmental objects for a long time (tens of years). When burning plastics and synthetic materials, numerous toxic poisons are released. A special place among solid waste is occupied by plastics and synthetic materials, since they are not subject to biological destruction processes and can be in environmental objects for a long time (tens of years). When burning plastics and synthetic materials, numerous toxic poisons are released.
Problems of removal and processing of household waste in modern cities. The first "incinerator" was built in 1870 near London. The first "incinerator" was built in 1870 near London. Now there are more than 1000 waste incineration plants in the world. Now there are more than 1000 waste incineration plants in the world. In our country, the first waste incineration plant was built only in 1972, that is, 102 years after the first one appeared in the world. In our country, the first waste incineration plant was built only in 1972, that is, 102 years after the first one appeared in the world.
In Russia, a technology has been developed for the mechanized extraction of six components from solid domestic waste: In Russia, a technology has been developed for the mechanized extraction of six components from solid domestic waste: ferrous metals, ferrous metals, tin-containing scrap, tin-containing scrap, aluminum, aluminum, waste paper, waste paper, polymer film , polymer film, food waste. food waste.
Energy source Since the mid-70s of the XX century. in the midst of the global energy crisis, municipal solid waste began to be viewed as an additional raw source of energy - the heat of waste gases generated during the combustion of garbage can be utilized: five tons of garbage is equal to a ton of standard fuel. Since the mid-70s of the XX century. in the midst of the global energy crisis, municipal solid waste began to be viewed as an additional raw source of energy - the heat of waste gases generated during the combustion of garbage can be utilized: five tons of garbage is equal to a ton of standard fuel.
Separate waste collection system In Germany, the batteries of garbage barrels near houses are painted in three colors: gray, yellow, green. In Germany, batteries of garbage barrels near houses are painted in three colors: gray, yellow, green. Old newspapers, magazines and cardboard boxes are carried into a gray barrel. Old newspapers, magazines and cardboard boxes are carried into a gray barrel. Cans, plastic and paper bottles, as well as partially metal packaging are thrown into the yellow barrel. Cans, plastic and paper bottles, as well as partially metal packaging are thrown into the yellow barrel. The green barrel is for biodegradable food waste that will later be composted. The green barrel is for biodegradable food waste that will later be composted.
Questions for self-examination: Consequences of garbage pollution? Consequences of garbage pollution? Classification of household waste? Classification of household waste? Problems of disposal and recycling of household waste in modern cities? Problems of disposal and recycling of household waste in modern cities? Ecological study: "Are we using too many packages?" Ecological study: "Are we using too many packages?" Ecological actions: "Clean entrance", "Spruce". Ecological actions: "Clean entrance", "Spruce".
One of the main problems of our time is the disposal and processing of MSW - municipal solid waste. It is still difficult to talk about cardinal changes in this area in our country. As for European countries and the United States, people there have long come to the conclusion that the resource potential of MSW should not be destroyed, but used. It is impossible to approach the problem of MSW as a fight against garbage, setting the task to get rid of it at any cost. It is no longer news to anyone that multi-colored containers for selective waste collection (glass, waste paper, etc.) have been installed on the streets of Western European cities. At the same time, the duties and responsibilities of the parties are clearly distributed, taking into account the total profit. In almost all countries, the sale of food in a non-degradable plastic shell is prohibited. In the United States in 1998, for example, there was an "America Recycles" day. The prize for the most effective entry was a $200,000 home made entirely from recycled materials. Since 1990, the UK government has been implementing a pan-European directive: at least 70% of food plastic containers (bottles, glasses, bags, blister packs, etc.) must be recycled. One of the latest decisions is to achieve in the year 2000 the recycling of all household and industrial waste plastics produced.
The Problem of Waste and Ways
deliverance
from them became one
from a serious problem
Relocation to cities and their development
led to a different structure
consumption:
for better transport
food and other
products needed packaging;
new artificial and
synthetic materials that
absent in nature;
society of many developed countries
turned into a society
consumption", where the quantity
"necessary" things immeasurably
increased.
What is waste?
Waste - substances recognized as unsuitable forfurther use within the existing
technology, or after domestic use
products.
MAIN TYPES OF WASTE:
household (communal);
industrial (production waste);
dangerous (toxic);
radioactive
Household waste
the share of food is decreasingwaste, wood, black and
non-ferrous metals;
the share of waste is increasing
packaging materials
made from
hardly decomposing substances;
rapidly growing
number of served
household appliances,
cars used
batteries, etc.
Municipal solid waste is a source of environmental hazard:
Solid household waste is a sourceenvironmental hazard and:
MSW emits an unpleasant odor and
are breeding grounds
pathogenic bacteria, insects and
rodents - carriers of infectious diseases
diseases;
burning is a serious hazard.
MSW (especially synthetic materials
and substances) in bins and trash cans, so
How are they released into the air?
toxic substances that quickly
enter the respiratory organs of others
people;
scattered everywhere (in entrances, on
street, playgrounds) garbage is
shame of our society, characteristic
level of our everyday culture, environment, in
which we all live.
The problem of waste is compounded by the fact that the natural decomposition of various materials requires a certain time.
Paperfrom 2 to 10 years
Tin
90 years old
Cigarette filter
100 years
polyethylene
package
200 years
Glass
1000 years
Waste disposal at landfills
Solid waste landfills are nothing but the officialthe name of the authorized landfills.
Waste at landfills
unloaded from containers
or body and leveled
with the help of a special
technology.
A layer of debris
thickness periodically
covered with soil, after
which again pour waste.
Waste containing a lot
organic matter,
start gradually
rot
Burial of toxic waste
Toxic solid industrial wasteneutralized at special landfills and
structures. To prevent pollution
soil and groundwater waste is subjected to
curing with cement, liquid glass,
bitumen, treatment with polymeric binders and
etc.
Burial, disposal of toxic solids
industrial waste produced in
specialized territories.
Waste,
incoming
on the
factories,
First of all, they pass control on
radioactive isotope content
Manually from
large
batteries
wheels
beds and
masses of MSW are removed
items
–
cast iron
central
heating,
cars,
iron
etc.
The selection of secondary raw materials is carried out -
waste paper,
colored
metals,
cullet.
Also sorted products from
plastics and polyethylene. Of them
it turns out
secondary
raw material
–
plastic
chit,
which
sorted
on
bloom
And
packaged.
The main stages of waste processing
Coming out of trash with magnetsemit ferrous scrap
(consisting mainly of
cans and corks
beer bottles). This scrap metal
pressed into bales and sent to
remelting
on the
metallurgical
produced by other factories.
car tires also
subject to separate
processing; of them receive
pyrocarbon - black powder,
widely used for
rubber production,
plastics, wastewater treatment
and soil from herbicides.
Biocomposting
mechanized recyclingsorted MSW is produced according to
biocomposting technologies
organic part to obtain
compost.
Waste is fed into rotating
biothermal drums 60 m long
and 4 m in diameter each.
In biodrums is activated
vital activity of microorganisms
in the trash, as a result
what happens naturally
biological decomposition process
organic matter at
temperature 50 °C.
48 hours from waste to
compost is formed in the biodrum
- moist crumbly dark gray mass. peeled off
impurities (polyethylene
films, etc.) compost is
good fertilizer,
containing minerals and
organic substances.
waste incineration
Waste incineration is a thermalrecycling and disposal of solid
household and industrial waste. V
as a result of this process, the waste is not
only neutralized, but can also
be a source for
electrical and thermal energy.
There are also several groups of waste, incineration
for which it is necessary to apply. It's waste
which may be infected: medical
- dressings, syringes, overalls,
medical instruments, organic
postoperative waste; bioorganic waste of forensic services,
carcasses of animals; food waste. They must
be subjected to immediate thermal
neutralization
Burial of poisonous waste
The generation of toxic waste is inevitablethe result of industrial and construction
production in cities.
In 1970 in St. Petersburg for burial
toxic waste landfill "Red
Bor" (30 km from St. Petersburg and 6.5 km
from Kolpino).
Selected from several options
territory corresponding to the following
requirements:
a large thickness of Cambrian clays
acts as an absolute water seal
(liquid waste does not seep into
The groundwater);
the area is not flooded by floods
waters.
Equipped around the perimeter of the landfill
annular channel for interception
surface water from adjacent
territories.
1. WASTE PREVENTION:
a key factor in any waste management strategy.
If it becomes possible to reduce the number of
waste and reduce their toxicity by reducing hazardous
components in the final product, then waste disposal
will automatically become
more simple. Prevention
waste generation is closely related to the improvement
production technologies and impact on consumers,
which should demand more environmentally friendly
products with less packaging.
THREE PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE EU
2. RECYCLING AND REUSE:If the generation of waste cannot be prevented, then
use as many materials as possible
reused, preferably by recycling.
European
Commission
defined
several
specific “waste streams” that should be given
special attention in order to reduce their overall negative
environmental impact. They include: packaging waste,
out of order vehicles, batteries,
electrical and electronic waste. Today, the EU requires
member countries to adopt legislative acts on the collection
waste, their reuse,
processing and
recycling. Several EU countries are already
recycle
up to 50% of packaging waste
THREE PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE EU
3.improvement
technologies
final disposal and monitoring:
where possible, waste that cannot be
reused or recycled must
be burned;
landfill should be applied
as the last possible alternative.
Both of these methods require careful
control because of its potential hazard to
environment.
Basic technological solutions for waste management
PRINCIPAL APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING
There are four recycling options:1. burial at landfills;
2. incineration, less often pyrolysis and others
high temperature processes;
3. composting;
4. sorting for recycling,
disposal and recycling.
Each of these types has its own advantages and
shortcomings. The presentation used
materials:
dy-1/Use-otkhodov.html
http://900igr.net/prezentatsii/ekologija/Otkho
dy-2/Pererabotka-otkhodov.html
1 slide
THE PROBLEM OF HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE Performer: Beltyukova O.A. MBOU-SOSH No. 36, Yekaterinburg
2 slide
3 slide
From the history of waste disposal 200 thousand years BC. e. The first garbage heaps found by archaeologists. 400 BC e. The first ever municipal landfill was founded in Athens. 200 A city waste collection service was established in Rome. 1315 After a long break, garbage collection resumed in Paris. 1388 The English Parliament forbade throwing rubbish into the streets. 1775 The first garbage cans appear in London. 1800 The City of New York ordered pigs to be driven onto the streets of the city to eat garbage. 1897 The first waste sorting and recycling center opens in New York. 1932 In the United States, garbage compactors are invented. 1942 In the USSR and the USA, mass collection of garbage for processing for military purposes begins. 1965 U.S. Congress passes the Recycling Act solid waste. 2000 EU countries set a goal to achieve recycling and reuse of 50% of waste.
4 slide
Reasons for the increase in waste. production growth disposable; . increase in the amount of packaging; . raising the standard of living, allowing usable things to be replaced by new ones.
5 slide
MSW: paper, glass, food waste, plastics, fabrics, metal objects. In addition to all this, large-sized solid waste (garbage - old furniture, broken household appliances, car tires, etc.)
6 slide
7 slide
8 slide
9 slide
10 slide
Burial is the most anti-environmental option In a conventional landfill, toxic infiltration water flows out of it, and methane enters the atmosphere, which contributes to an increase in the greenhouse effect (today, methane "takes on" 20% of the climate warming effect)
11 slide
Burial - a landfill for the storage of MSW is a "bath" with a bottom and sides made of clay and polyethylene film, in which the compacted layers of MSW are sprinkled with layers of soil. The volume of garbage is growing so fast that in a few years any landfill is full and a new one needs to be built.
12 slide
MSW burning. 1 ton of garbage can produce 400 kWh. However, even with the most advanced combustion technology, these plants pollute the atmosphere.
13 slide
Sorting and recycling - the most environmentally friendly option for dealing with solid waste Recycling requires investments to make waste processing plants economically viable. It is profitable to process MSW, there is always a demand for secondary raw materials - paper, glass, plastic, aluminum, non-ferrous metals, etc.
14 slide
Recycling of solid waste in Russia is no more than 2% one of the reasons is insufficient ecological culture of the population
15 slide
Unauthorized landfill 1. Disfigures the landscape. 2. Creates a threat to human health: - breeding rodents are carriers of infectious diseases; - toxicological hazard from escaping methane, sulfur dioxide. 3. The released biogas creates an explosion and fire hazard. 4. Contamination of soil and groundwater with compounds of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel.
16 slide
When arranging a garbage site, the following is taken into account: rose, winds in the landfill area; distance from settlements, water protection and nature protection zones; soil permeability; the area of the territory allocated for the landfill (the area should be sufficient to receive garbage for a long time); location convenient for transport access
17 slide
Special waste: 1. Industrial waste - must not be disposed of together with household waste, pesticides, mercury and its compounds - chemical industry waste; radioactive waste generated at nuclear power plants; arsenic and its compounds - waste from metallurgical industries and thermal power plants; lead compounds - waste from the oil refining and paint industries, etc.
18 slide
Special waste: 2. Household waste - which after their use becomes special waste, Batteries; unused medicines; residues of chemical plant protection products (toxic chemicals); residues of paints, varnishes and adhesives; cosmetic residues (eyeshadow, nail polish, nail polish remover); balances household chemicals(cleaning products, deodorants, stain removers, aerosols, furniture care products); mercury thermometers.
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