Type Echinoderm Grade 7 Teacher: Tipikina T.I.
General characteristics Echinoderms are the most ancient groups that had bilateral body symmetry. Then they switched to a sedentary, and some to an attached way of life, and in connection with this, the symmetry of adult forms became five-rayed, but their larvae retained bilateral symmetry. The modern classes of the type include: sea lilies, starfish, serpenttails (brittle stars), sea urchins and holothurians. At present, there are about 6,500 species. They live in the seas, oceans, both at great depths and in shallow waters.
Echinoderms The mouth of echinoderms is located on the oral side of the body. The anus is most often located on the aboral side, but in crinoids and irregular sea urchins, it is located on the oral side of the body. the digestive tube is represented by a long intestine. Starfish develop a voluminous stomach that can turn inside out through the mouth.
Nervous system The nervous system of echinoderms is primitive, consisting of three separate parts built according to a radial plan: the nerve ring and the radial nerve cords.
Class Starfish Starfish are exclusively marine animals, they are not found in fresh water. About 150 species live in the Russian seas. All starfish in adulthood lead a bottom lifestyle, crawling along the bottom surface or burrowing into the ground. Many of the starfish are active predators. Among the deep-sea starfish, hoboids predominate - they use sea soil for food, extracting organic matter from it. Some starfish can feed on plankton. Most starfish detect and locate their prey through substances that the prey releases into the water.
Hermaphrodites and dioecious. Reproduction is sexual and asexual. Asexual. Some starfish also reproduce by regenerative means. In their body, softening of the connective tissue occurs and they break up into several parts, more often into two. Soon independent starfish will grow from these parts. Sexual. Reproduction is carried out by fertilization of the female eggs with the reproductive products of the males, which are hatched directly into the sea water. A female starfish can release several million eggs at a time.
Class Sea lilies Bottom animals with a body in the form of a cup, in the center of which there is a mouth, and a corolla of branching rays goes up. Lead si. they are active and are found at depths from 200 to 9700 m. All sea lilies are passive filter feeders, filtering out a nutrient suspension from the water: protozoa (diatoms, foraminifera), invertebrate larvae, and small crustaceans.
Reproduction Separate sexes; gametes develop in pinnules. Development with a floating larva The larvae, attaching to the substrate, turn into a miniature stalked likeness of an adult lily. In stemless lilies, as they grow into an adult form, the stalk dies off.
Class Sea urchins Free-living. Sea urchins are bottom crawling or burrowing animals. The body of sea urchins is usually almost spherical, ranging in size from 2-3 to 30 cm; covered with rows of calcareous plates. The plates, as a rule, are fixedly connected and form a dense shell (shell), which does not allow the hedgehog to change shape.
Almost omnivorous. The diet includes algae, sponges, bryozoans, ascidians and a variety of carrion, as well as mollusks, small starfish and even other sea urchins.
Sea urchins have separate sexes. Development with planktonic larvae (echinopluteus); some Antarctic species are viviparous - eggs develop under the protection of needles on the upper side of the body or in the brood chamber, so that the young hedgehog leaves the mother fully formed. Hedgehogs reach sexual maturity and commercial size in the third year of life.
Class Holothurians or Sea cucumbers Species eaten are collectively called "trepang".
Holothurians are sedentary or crawling animals, distinguished by their oblong, worm-like, less often spherical shape, the absence of protruding spines, and the reduction of the skin skeleton to small calcareous “bones” that lie in the body wall. They live in the seas at various depths.
Reproduction Separate sexes, there are hermaphrodites The genital organ (gonad) is unpaired, in the form of a bundle of finger tubes. Fertilization of the egg and development of the embryo in most species is external. Some holothurians catch eggs with tentacles and attach them to the dorsal side of the body; in rare cases, embryos develop in the body cavity. Holothurians develop with metamorphosis: floating larvae emerge from the eggs. The initial form of the larva, as in all echinoderms, is represented by a dipleurula; after three days, it turns into auricularia, and then into doliolaria.
Protection Strongly shrinking, holothurians throw out their insides through the anus, which are subsequently restored
Class Ophiura Ophiura live on the seabed everywhere, at a depth of up to 6-8 km. Most are found at depths greater than 500 m; also inhabit coral reefs. They crawl along the bottom by bending rays or burrow into the ground. They move in jerks, stretching forward 2 pairs of arms and sharply bending them back. When feeding, the hands of the ophiur rise almost vertically upwards. Some ofiur hands branch
Nutrition Ofiura by the nature of nutrition are mucous-ciliary filter feeders; there are also brittle stars - detritophages and corpse-eaters.
The brittle stars have developed the ability to regenerate rays, but if all the rays are cut off from the disk, the animal will die. The brittle stars often form mass settlements and serve as food for fish. Some brittle stars live on algae, sponges, corals and sea urchins.
Reproduction and development of Ophiura are usually dioecious, but there are also hermaphrodite species. Only a few are able to reproduce asexually - by dividing in two, with the subsequent restoration of the missing parts. Development occurs in most cases with metamorphosis, with the formation of a free-swimming larva - ophiopluteus. Rarely direct development
ECHINODERMSPIMENOVA ANNA YURIEVNA
Biology teacher GBOU School No. 2086
SWAD of Moscow
2017-2018 academic year Type Echinoderm
Sea creatures,
pertaining to type
echinoderms live on
the bottom of the seas and oceans.
The name itself
points to them
appearance, because
most of them
covered with sharp
needles of different lengths.
In addition to needles,
the surface of their skin
may have bumps or
special grasping
organs of pedicellaria. Type Echinoderm
Echinoderms have a calcareous
plate skeleton,
lying in one of the layers
skin. Echinoderm body
built symmetrically,
and so
symmetrically, which is possible through
conditionally draw its middle
five lines in all
directions, and every time
both halves will be absolutely
are similar. Such symmetry
called the five-pointed
(radial). Type Echinoderm
Adult echinoderms are characterized by radial and usually
five-ray body symmetry, while their larvae -
bilaterally symmetrical. Thus, echinoderms have
secondary acquired radial symmetry of the body. Type Echinoderm Type Echinoderm
All echinoderms go through a five-ray stage of development, even if in
As a result, they again acquire bilateral symmetry (marine
cucumbers, irregular sea urchins). Many sea lilies and
some starfish have more arms
usually a multiple of five. In some ophiuroids, the arms branch out, forming
complex tree structure. Type Echinoderm
In an adult echinoderm, the oral side is distinguished, on which
there is a mouth, and the opposite aboral side, on which
the anus is usually located. oral side
actively moving starfish, brittle stars and sea urchins
facing the substrate on which the animal is crawling. Type Echinoderm
The body of sea cucumbers is elongated in the oral-aboral
direction: at one end is the mouth, and at the other -
anus. Sea lilies lead a sedentary lifestyle, attaching to
substrate with the aboral side. Type Echinoderm
Echinoderms vary in size from a few millimeters to
meters, and in some extinct species - even up to 20 m. Body
starfish and brittle stars have a pentagonal or stellate
shape, sea urchins - spherical, heart-shaped
(heart-shaped sea urchin) or discoid (flat sea urchins)
hedgehogs) shape, in holothurians the body is barrel-shaped or worm-shaped,
and in sea lilies it resembles a flower. Type Echinoderm
The rays (arms) of an echinoderm are called radii. On the
oral side of each radius are usually located
ambulacral legs, with which the animal
moves. Opposite the radii are the interradii.
The external radial symmetry of the animal is violated
madrepore plate, located on one of
interradii. Type Echinoderm
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Echinoderms - deuterostomes. - extensive, about 5000 species (13
000 extinct species that thrived in the seas since
early Cambrian).
2. Echinoderms - a group of marine bottom animals, for the most part
freely mobile, rarely attached to the bottom by means of
special stalk
3. Echinoderms have a radial and, moreover, usually a five-ray
symmetry, but their ancestors were bilaterally
symmetrical animals. Type Echinoderm
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
4. A skeleton develops in the subcutaneous connective layer of echinoderms
from calcareous plates with spikes sticking out on the surface of the body,
needles, etc.
5. Internal organs lie in a vast body cavity (coelom).
One of the most original structural features of echinoderms is
consider the complex differentiation of a part of a whole into a number of systems, in
including education due to coelom ambulacral
(water-vascular) system of organs of movement. Type Echinoderm
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
6. There is a circulatory system; respiratory organs are poorly developed or
missing; there are no special excretory organs.
7. The nervous system is primitive and partly lies directly in
thicker than the skin epithelium or in the epithelium of parts of the body wall,
sunk inside.
8. Echinoderms have separate sexes. The eggs experience full radial
splitting up. In the development of echinoderms there is a characteristic larva
dipleurula undergoing complex metamorphosis. Type Echinoderm
COVERS AND SKELETON
In the subcutaneous layer of echinoderms
develops biomineral
endoskeleton, which is
lime plates and often
forms a variety
external appendages: needles,
spines and pedicellaria. At
many sea urchins
appendages develop
especially strong. Needles
perform a protective function.
Often they are
mobile. Type Echinoderm
COVERS AND SKELETON
Some sea urchins point their quills to the side
approaching danger. Pedicellaria are needles
modified into grasping tweezers.
Pedicellaria) - modified in form
tweezers skeletal formations of sea urchins and
sea stars. They sit on flexible "stalks" or
directly on the surface of the body. built
on the principle of claws, consisting of 2, 3 or more
sashes. They act as a defense against enemies and
cleansing the body of foreign particles, excrement and
fouling organisms. Some marine
hedgehogs pedicellaria are armed with poisonous
glands. Type Echinoderm
COVERS AND SKELETON
Sea urchins have a skeleton
takes part in
formation of a special
chewing organ -
Aristotelian lantern. At
ophiur skeleton especially
developed in the rays, where he
forms a series of massive
calcareous segments -
vertebrae. Holothurians
the skeleton is reduced. Type Echinoderm
COVERS AND SKELETON
The epidermis of echinoderms contains mechanoreceptor cells,
providing touch, pigment cells,
causing the color of the animal, and glandular cells,
releasing a sticky secretion or even toxins. Type Echinoderm
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The mouth of echinoderms is located on the oral side of the body. anal
the opening is most often on the aboral side, but in
sea lilies and irregular sea urchins, it is located on
oral side of the body. The ophiur has no anus. Type Echinoderm
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The most common alimentary canal
represented by the long intestine. At
starfish are forming
large stomach capable of
turn inside out through the mouth.
The star envelops the stomach
booty that cannot
swallow, and thus
carries out external
digestion. Digestive
glands are hepatic
outgrowths and rectal glands.
starfish can reveal
bivalve shell
shellfish and digest it
right in it Type Echinoderm
BODY CAVITY
One of the most
original features
structures of echinoderms
should be considered
complex
differentiation
whole to a number of systems:
body cavity,
ambulacral
(water vascular) and
perihemal
systems.
The internal organs of echinoderms lie in
large body cavity. cavity wall
body consists of peritoneal
epithelium - one layer of flat
cells surrounding all the insides Type Echinoderm
BODY CAVITY
The skin of echinoderms has
outgrowths into which
body cavity enters
skin gills,
performing
respiratory function.
Their walls are very thin
so it's easy through it
gas exchange takes place. At
holothurians are formed
special respiratory organs
- water lungs. Type Echinoderm
BODY CAVITY
The body cavity is filled
cellomic liquid,
containing numerous
amoeboid cells. These
cells absorb food
life and
foreign bodies and out of
body through the covers. So
so they perform
excretory and immune
functions. Type Echinoderm
AMBULACRAL SYSTEM
Ambulacral system
unique to everything
animal kingdoms. This
communicating with
environment
through the rocky channel and
madrepore plate
network of channels filled with
liquid, composition
close to sea water Type Echinoderm
AMBULACRAL SYSTEM
From radial
ambulacral canals
many depart
ambulacral legs,
at the base of which
there are ampoules
muscle vesicles,
with the reduction of which
leg lengthens. On the
end of the leg is
sucker. Type Echinoderm
AMBULACRAL SYSTEM
Ambulacral system
involved in respiration
movement and acquisition
food. Yes, with the help
joint work
many ambulacral
legged starfish
can open the shell
bivalve mollusk
With the help of ambulacral
sea urchin legs move Type Echinoderm
PERIHEMALE AND BLOOD
SYSTEMS
The perihemal system is a collection of canals and cavities
(sinuses) surrounding the circulatory system of the animal.
The circulatory system is underdeveloped and is a system
cavities in the connective tissue (lacunae) that do not have
endothelial lining. Type Echinoderm
PERIHEMALE AND BLOOD
SYSTEMS
Each beam contains two radial
perihemal canal, in the septum
between which is
radial blood vessel.
The radial vessels drain into the oral
blood ring in
partition between two roundabouts
perihemal canals. Sexual
the sinus surrounds the aboral circulatory
ring and genital stolon. Two
blood rings are axially connected
organ surrounded by left and right
axial sinuses Type Echinoderm
PERIHEMALE
AND CIRCULAR
SYSTEMS Type Echinoderm
AXIAL COMPLEX
In one of the interradii of echinoderms, there is an axial complex
organs. It consists of organs from different systems:
rocky channel
Axial body
Left axial sinus
Right axial sinus
Genital sinus Type Echinoderm
AXIAL COMPLEX
Rocky canal connecting the ring
ambulacral canal with madrepore
plate;
Axial organ inside which the network is located
blood vessels;
The left axial sinus is part of the cellom,
connecting inner ring
perihemal canal with right axial sinus;
The right axial sinus, capable of rhythmically
contract and thereby promote the movement of blood
in the vessels, that is, performing the functions of the heart;
The genital sinus is a section of the celloma containing
genital cord, which consists of immature genital
cells. Type Echinoderm
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous system
echinoderm primitive,
consists of three separate
parts built to
radial plan:
nerve ring and
radial nerve
strands. In the oral wall
bodies lie two nervous
systems - sensitive
and motor. V
aboral wall of the body -
only motor. Type Echinoderm
NERVOUS SYSTEM
sense organs
enough echinoderms
varied, but
primitive in
structure. They
diffusely distributed
over the body in the form
various
sensitive cells
(features of touch,
chemical sense,
vision). Type Echinoderm
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Photosensitive
cells can be
collected in the eyes. At
starfish eyes
located on
ends of the rays, and
sea urchins - around
anus. Type Echinoderm
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Most echinoderms are dioecious animals, form
many small, yolk-poor eggs and throw them into the water.
Fertilization in echinoderms is external. Embryo development
occurs in water, as part of plankton. Fertilized
the ovum (zygote) begins to split and after a while
forms a blastula. Crushing is complete, radial type. Type Echinoderm
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Echinoderms usually hatch
from an egg at the blastula stage. Such
blastula larva
is a bubble
which consists of one
epithelized layer
flagellated cells
(blastomeres), and the cavity of which
(blastocoel) filled
gelatinous liquid. Blastula
able to move with
using flagella.
Pluteus - larva
sea urchin Type Echinoderm
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Then the process starts
gastrulation, which promotes
segregation of wholes,
the formation of a mouth and larval arms.
This completes the process
gastrulation, which
three germ cells separate
leaf: ectoderm (larval
covers), endoderm (intestine) and
mesoderm (primary and secondary
mesenchyme, whole).
Bipinnaria - larva
starfish Type Echinoderm
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
The blastopore moves to
ventral side and becomes
powder (anus). On the
anterior end, ventral
side, an invagination is formed
ectoderm that merges with
intestine and forms the mouth. Intestine
is divided into three sections:
esophagus, dilated
stomach and small intestine.
marine larva
stars Type Echinoderm
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
The body becomes ovoid.
Perioral cavity forms around the mouth
depression along the edge of which is formed
eyelash cord, on the rest
body surface cilia disappear. WITH
by beating cilia cells
ciliary cord, larva
moves and brings food to the mouth.
This is common to most echinoderms
bilaterally symmetrical stage
the larvae are named
dipleurula.
early larva
echinoderms Type Echinoderm
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Later the larva
acquires
adaptations to
plankton image
life, different
different classes and
becomes a pluteus
(sea urchins and
ophiura), auricularia
(holothurians) or
bipinnaria, and later
- brachiolaria
(sea stars).
Development
maritime
hedgehog Type Echinoderm
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Over time
free-swimming bilaterally symmetrical larvae begin to
metamorphosis, which
transform into a radially symmetrical adult animal. In body
larvae form the germ of the future
adult animal (imaginal
disk). On the left side of the larva
the oral side is formed
animal, and on the right - aboral. TO
the end of the metamorphosis is complete
reduction of larval organs.
Maritime development
hedgehog Type Echinoderm
LIFESTYLE
inhabit
exclusively on
seabed from
littoral and
almost to
extreme depths.
At great depths
echinoderms, mainly
holothurian way,
- dominant
bottom group
animals. Type Echinoderm
LIFESTYLE
Cannot tolerate change
salinity of the water, as
unable to regulate
salt composition of liquids
body. Many echinoderms
- detritophages, there are
polyphages (many
ophiurs), predators
(most marine
stars) and
herbivores
(many sea urchins).
MBOU Pavlovskaya secondary school
- Biology teacher
- Alkhimova Anna Alexandrovna
- The phylum Echinoderm includes 5 classes.
Sea stars
sea lilies
sea urchins
Holothurians
sea lilies
- The body of the lily consists of the so-called "calyx", which is fixed at the bottom. Rays extend upward from the calyx. The main task of these rays is to filter out small crustaceans from the water and transfer them to the mouth located in the center of the cup. The length of the rays can reach 1 m. In total, the animal has five of them, but each ray can branch strongly, forming many “false legs”.
- Ophiurs are deep-sea marine animals that live at a depth of up to 8 km. Better known as " serpenttails" because of the ability of each ray to squirm like a snake as it moves.
- They are distributed throughout the world's oceans, occurring both on coral reefs and in deep ocean trenches. Most serpentine tails have 5 rays used for movement, but there are species that have 10 processes. The size of such a leg reaches 60 cm in length, but the body of the animal itself does not exceed 10 cm in diameter.
sea urchins
- The body of sea urchins is devoid of prominent rays and has an almost spherical or flat disk-like shape. In some hedgehogs, it is egg-shaped and even heart-shaped. In the coloring of the body of hedgehogs of different species, there is a whole range of colors. Some species can even change body color like chameleons. The shape of the body of sea urchins does not change, since it is enclosed in a shell (shell), made up of large chitinous plates fixed motionless to each other.
Holothurians
- Holothurians are sedentary or crawling animals found in almost any part of the ocean - from the coastal strip to deep-water depressions; most numerous in tropical coral reefs. Usually they lie "on their side", raising the anterior, oral end. Holothurians feed on plankton and organic residues extracted from bottom silt and sand, which is passed through the digestive canal. Other species filter their food with sticky mucus-covered tentacles from the bottom waters.
- Some types of holothurians are eaten under the name "trepangs". Their fishing is most developed off the coast of Japan and China.
Type Echinoderms GBOU SOSH s. Kamenny Brod Pupils of the 7th grade Victoria Tyshkevich Biology teacher: Etrivanova Evgenia Viktorovna.
Type Echinoderm
Echinoderms exclusively marine benthic animals. There are about 7000 modern species (400 in Russia). This type includes approximately 13,000 extinct species. Type Echinoderm has 5 classes: starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars (serpenttails), holothurians (sea cucumbers) and sea lilies.
General characteristics.
The size of echinoderms can be from a few millimeters to a meter, in extinct species even up to 20m. They have ray symmetry. All echinoderms have a water-vascular system. The body is not divided into sections. Echinoderms have well-developed regeneration.
Sea stars.
Starfish are sedentary animals with 5 to 10 rays, pentagonal (star-shaped) shape. The mouth opening is located on the lower part of the body. Life expectancy of 20 years or more. Most starfish are predators, feeding on mollusks, polychaete worms, etc. Having found a bivalve mollusk, a starfish clasps its shell with its hands, sticks to it and, due to muscle tension, pushes the valves apart. Sea stars are most often dioecious. One female can lay up to 200 million eggs.
Sea stars.
Interesting Facts
This echinoderm can open a bivalve shell and digest it right there. The starfish's stomach can turn inside out and envelop food (thus digesting) that it cannot digest.
Sea lily.
Bottom animals with a body in the form of a cup, in the center of which there is a mouth, and a corolla of branching rays goes up. Hands 5, however, they can be repeatedly divided, giving from 10 to 200 "false hands" . More often, sea lilies lead a sedentary lifestyle. Some lilies can detach from the substrate, move along the bottom and emerge due to the movement of the hands. All crinoids are passive filter feeders.
One of the representatives of Sea lilies ...
An anti-distributed species of lilies in the Mediterranean Sea, lives among algae, at a depth of 220 m. Has a red-orange color. This sea lily can break away from the substrate and swim freely in the open sea.
Sea urchins.
According to the shape of the body, hedgehogs are correct and incorrect. In irregular hedgehogs, the body is almost round and they are built according to strictly radial five-ray symmetry. Irregular hedgehogs have a simplified body shape, and they have distinguishable anterior and posterior ends of the body. Needles are movably connected to the shell of sea urchins. The length ranges from 1-2mm to 25-30cm. The spines of sea urchins are used for locomotion, protection and nutrition. The sense organs and the nervous system are poorly developed. Sea urchins cannot withstand a significant change in the salinity of their habitat.
Meaning of sea urchins.
1. Sea urchins are used for food. 2. Of particular value is caviar. 3. The shell is a good fertilizer for marginal lands, as it contains a lot of calcium and phosphorus.
Holothurians.
Holothurians differ from other echinoderms in their oblong, worm-like, less often spherical shape and the absence of protruding spines. Most holothurians are black, brown, dark green in color. Body length varies from 3cm to 1-2m. With strong irritation, the back of the intestine is thrown out through the anus along with the water lungs, scaring away or distracting the attackers. Discarded organs are quickly restored. Life expectancy is 5 to 10 years.
"Types of invertebrates" - Tournament table. Eyelash ciliates. What insects do you most often meet in the meadow. Arthropods. Plankton. Cephalopods. In the world of invertebrates. Shellfish. Choose a description for the animal. Coelenterates. Arachnids. Insects. Invertebrate animals. Sort the animals by size. Determine the type of animal. biological tournament. Examine preparations under a microscope. Images. Coleoptera. Where is my house.
"Characteristic of the echinoderm type" - Calcareous skeleton. Features of the external and internal structure. Sea stars. Nervous system. Meaning of echinoderms. Sea bottom animals. ambulacral system. Sea urchins. General characteristics. Statement. Echinoderms have the ability to regenerate. Adult individuals. Holothurians. Ofiura. Body shape. sea lilies. Development of echinoderms. Type Echinoderm.
"Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom" - Similarities between plants and animals. Sizes from microscopic to 35 m. Types of symmetry. Most have sense organs and a nervous system. Most are mobile. General signs of animals according to the type of metabolism are heterotrophs. There are unicellular (protozoa) and multicellular. Methods of zoology. Stages of formation of zoology. Variety of animals. The difference between animals and plants. Animal science. Zoology is the science of animals.
"Invertebrates" - What serves as a source of human infection with a bovine tapeworm. What kind of breathing is typical for an adult roundworm. Target. There is no scarier beast in the endless ocean. Make up as many words as possible from the letters of this word. What protozoa cause infectious diseases in humans. The division of the body into sections. Knowledge about the type of Mollusk. The body of a spider-cross. Generalization, repetition of the studied types. Nutrition. Starry hour, 7th grade.
"Systematics of animals" - The name of the species. Eukaryotes. Cedar pad. Tarpan. The main groups of animals. Red Book. Human influence on animals. Black list. Passenger pigeon. The marsupial wolf. Reserve. Human influence. How to understand the diversity of animals. Carl Linnaeus. Steller's (sea) cow. Systematics. Dodo. Wingless auk. federal value. Animal classification. View. Zebra quagga.
"Classes of echinoderms" - Ophiura class. Holothurians or sea cucumbers really look like cucumbers. Echinoderms are a type of invertebrate deuterostome. Sea lilies are the only modern class of attached echinoderms. Meaning. The body of the ophiur or serpentine consists of a flat disc. Test your knowledge. Internal structure. Reproduction. The size and shape of the body of echinoderms is very diverse. Class Sea urchins. Holothuria class.
Loading...