6. THE ROLE OF ANCIENT HERITAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN CULTURE In the West, the memory of the Roman Empire has not disappeared. In 800, Charlemagne, King of the Germanic Franks, allowed the Pope, the head of the Christian Church in the West, to place the crown of the Romans on his head.

International organizations can be divided into two groups:

universal : UN, WTO, OECD;

regional which are created within the framework of integration associations: CES, APEC, etc.

An important role in the interstate regulation of international economic relations is played by United Nations (UN), which includes 185 countries . Among the UN organizations directly related to economic activity, we should mention the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), etc.

UN - the largest, universal and most authoritative international organization, designed to deal with the main political problems that concern humanity. The political activity of the UN is inextricably linked with economic and social tasks directly related to world politics.

The most famous specialized agencies of the United Nations are International Monetary Fund (IMF) and world bank group, which includes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Finance Corporation (IFC), International Development Association (MAP ) and International Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) . The UN also has specialized bodies, for example, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ,United Nations Commission on International Property Law (UNCITRAL) and etc.

V IMF includes 182 countries. The capital of the Fund is formed at the expense of contributions from member countries. Each state has its own quota in it, which is set depending on the share of the country in the world economy and trade. The largest quotas are: USA - 18.25%, Germany and Japan - 5.67% each, Great Britain and France - 5.10% each, Russia - 2.97%. A country's quota determines the number of its votes in decision-making in the IMF's Board of Governors, as well as its ability to use the Fund's resources.

Initially, the IMF was intended to provide financial support to developed countries, regulate their balance of payments and maintain the stability of their exchange rates. In 1947-1976. 60.6% of IMF loans received industrial the developed countries West. From the 70s. the emphasis in the activities of the IMF has shifted from balance of payments problems to stabilization programs (economic recovery programs). The main borrowers of the Fund were developing countries (92% of all IMF loans). The largest IMF loans received (in descending order) were Mexico, Russia, the Republic of Korea, Argentina, India, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Pakistan.

The World Bank intended for lending to the economies of developing countries. But unlike ordinary commercial banks, it provides technical assistance, advises on how to use loans more profitably, and in every possible way promotes investment in the economies of these countries. However, the functions of the World Bank institutions are somewhat different from each other.

IBRD goals is: the provision of guarantees for private foreign investment in order to stimulate them; direct participation in the implementation of foreign investment, promotion of international trade.

To join the IBRD, a country must first become a member of the IMF. The bank's funds consist of the authorized capital formed by subscribing member countries, borrowed funds that it draws on the world loan capital market through the issuance of bonds, and income from its own activities. The number of votes in the IBRD bodies is determined by the share in its authorized capital. The United States has the largest number of votes in the IBRD Board of Governors - more than 17%, and all the G7 countries - about 45%.

The IBRD, unlike the IMF, is aimed at stimulating the international flow of medium- and long-term investments, promoting the reconstruction and development of the economy. About 75% of all IBRD loans go to lending to specific projects - from schools to power plants and industrial plants - in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Recently, the World Bank has directed part of its loans for the purpose of structural adaptation of the economy (financing changes in the economy of a country to make it market-oriented), and the bank gives loans only to those states that implement stabilization programs approved by the IMF.

International Finance Corporation (IFC) was founded in 1956. Its main goal is to mobilize national and foreign capital for the development of private entrepreneurship in developing countries.

International Development Association (MAP) was established in 1960 to assist the least developed countries. It provides them with interest-free and extra-long-term loans from funds contributed by rich countries. .

International Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), founded in 1968, provides investors with guarantees against non-commercial risks (currency restrictions, nationalizations and expropriations, armed conflicts and revolutions, etc.).

The Republic of Belarus is a member of the UN, as well as many specialized agencies given organization (UNESCO, WHO, WMO, WIPO, ILO, UNIDO, UPU, ITU, ICAO, IMF).

The Republic supports the consistent policy of the UN in the field of maintaining international peace and security, in the field of strengthening and developing existing international regimes to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, reduce and eliminate their existing arsenals.

Since July 1992 the Republic of Belarus has become a member of the International Monetary Fund. The republic's quota in the IMF is 280.4 million SDRs (about $373 million), or 0.19% of the total quota, which was subsequently increased to 386.4 million SDRs (about $542.1 million). USA).

Since 1993, Belarus has used the Fund's resources three times to support the government's economic reform program. The total volume of credits and loans extended as of the end of June 1998 amounted to SDR 184.4 million. The IMF has provided technical assistance to Belarus in a number of areas, including public spending, taxation and customs, bank monitoring, monetary policy and the organization of the National Bank, and financial statistics (balance of payments, money, banking and real sectors of the economy).

The loans provided were mainly directed to the financial and credit sphere. In 1993, the Belarusian government signed an agreement with the IMF for a $200 million loan. United States through a systemic transformation fund to improve the balance of payments. The first tranche of this loan was received in August 1993 in the amount of SDR 70.1 million, which at that time was equivalent to $98 million. USA. It was intended to improve the republic's balance of payments. Its maturity was 10 years; moratorium on principal repayment - 4.5 years, interest rate - 5.67% (floating). The loan proceeds were used to purchase fuel oil, motor gasoline and diesel fuel, medical equipment, and were also partially used to ensure timely settlements with Russia for the supplied liquefied gas and maintain the exchange rate of the Belarusian ruble.

In 2001, a six-month Fund Monitoring Program (SMP) was implemented in the republic, serving as the basis for the transition to the stand-by mechanism. At present, the resumption of the stand-by program can be seen as the main topic of negotiations with the IMF. All monetary targets and virtually all structural benchmarks have been met.

The Republic of Belarus also closely cooperates with the World Bank Group (IBRD, IFC, MIGA, IDA) and other international organizations.

In the regulation of international trade in goods and services, a special role is played by World Trade Organization (WTO) , which from January 1, 1995 replaced General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Currently, 146 states are members of the WTO. The main task of the WTO is the liberalization of world trade on the basis of a consistent reduction in the level of customs duties and the elimination of various non-tariff barriers. Currently, WTO rules govern over 90% of world trade (by value).

The activities of the organization are based on a number of simple fundamental provisions:

trade without discrimination: WTO members undertake to grant each other the most favored nation in trade (i.e. conditions no worse than they are granted by any other country), as well as to treat goods of foreign origin the same treatment as national goods in the field of domestic taxes and fees, as well as in relation to national laws, orders and regulations governing internal trade;

protection of domestic production with the help of customs tariffs: publicly and openly established customs tariffs (duties) are the main, and in the future - the only instrument for regulating exports and imports of member countries; they refuse to apply quantitative measures of foreign trade regulation (quotas, import and export licenses, etc.);

a stable and predictable basis for trade: long-term fixing of duties in customs tariffs. Tariffs are set through multilateral negotiations;

promoting fair competition: counteracting such unfair methods of competition, such as the sale of goods at artificially low prices (dumping) or the use of government subsidies to underestimate export prices;

publicity and openness in trade regulation;

resolution of disputes and conflicts through consultations and negotiations.

One of the most important obligations that a country joining the WTO undertakes is to bring the national principles and rules governing its foreign trade into maximum compliance with the rules of this organization.

The main mechanism of WTO activity is rounds of multilateral negotiations. As a result of rounds of multilateral negotiations, the weighted average rate of customs tariffs in the United States, Western European countries and Japan was reduced from an average of 25-30% in the early 1950s. to about 4% in 1998. In 1996 - 1997. Within the framework of the WTO, agreements were reached on the liberalization of the telecommunications and information technology market and on the liberalization of the financial services market. The WTO leadership calls for the creation by 2020 of a single global free trade area.

Belarus' accession to the WTO is seen as the most important stage of integration into the world economy, which will provide the country with the necessary tools to protect and promote national interests within the framework of the international trade system. At the same time, accession to the WTO challenges the Republic of Belarus to ensure that its economic legislation complies with WTO rules, as well as to make balanced concessions to trading partners in order to ensure more open access for foreign goods and services to the domestic market.

An important role in the regulation of international economic relations is also played by such an institution as the Institute formed in 1960. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) . Currently, 29 countries are members of the OECD: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, USA, Turkey, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, France, South Korea, Japan. To the share of OECD countries with 16% of the population the globe accounts for 2/3 of world production.

The main goal of the OECD is to analyze the state of the economy of member states and develop recommendations for member countries on the implementation of economic regulation at the macro and sectoral levels. These recommendations are usually taken into account by member countries in the development and implementation of national economic policies. In this regard, the Organization is actually a body for coordinating the economic policy of the leading Western countries.

In general, all international organizations aim to regulate certain aspects of the functioning of the world community in order to create all the conditions for its harmonious development in the future. In them, in many respects, a kind of legal space is created, within which all components of the world economy interact.

The UN determines the priorities, goals and strategies for the development of international cooperation in the formation of the world economic space.

The activities of the UN are carried out in four main areas:

1) overcoming global economic problems;

2) cooperation assistance to countries with different levels of economic development;

3) promoting the economic growth of developing countries;

4) search for solutions to problems related to regional development.

Many specialized UN agencies play an active role in the development and unification of economic policy measures, analyze the state of international markets and infrastructure, and contribute to the harmonization of rules and procedures of private commercial law. Among the regulatory functions of the UN and the agencies responsible for developing international business regulations, the most important are the following:

· Enforcement of agreements on areas of state jurisdiction (General Assembly), which helps to determine which country has the authority in relation to a particular land and water territory, airspace, stipulating, for example, the conditions for transportation or mining;

· Implementation of agreements on intellectual property rights (World Intellectual Property Organization - WIPO). The export of high-tech products, the protection of trademarks and patents would be difficult without respect for the strictly regulated intellectual property rights, which are protected through WIPO and TRIPS (Treaty on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights).

· unification of economic terms, systems of measures and indicators (UN Statistical Commission, UN Commission on International Trade Law - UNCITRAL, etc.). Virtually all UN bodies provide some degree of standardization, which facilitates objective international comparisons;

· development and harmonization of the rules of international commercial activity (UNCITRAL, UN Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD). The regulation of commercial activities strictly through the proposed tools and procedures undoubtedly promotes trade and logically links the global flows of goods and information,

· prevention of damage to goods and services presented on world markets and provision of cost compensation (UNCITRAL, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, Universal Postal Union). Without effective agreements to prevent damage to carriers and goods, as well as guarantees for the preservation of information, businesses would be less inclined to conduct international business transactions.

· combating economic crimes (United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice). Criminal activity creates an additional financial burden for law-abiding businesses, as it indirectly encourages corruption, limits free competition, and inevitably increases security costs;

· collection, analysis and dissemination of reliable economic information that contributes to the conclusion of international agreements (UNCITRAL, UNCTAD, the World Bank), helps countries and companies in evaluating markets, comparing their own resources and capabilities and developing foreign economic strategies.

The issues of investment in developing countries, the development of small and medium-sized businesses are currently among the most pressing. They affect any UN agency with a mandate in the field of economic development. Leading among them are the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). UNIDO is making the necessary efforts to increase the economic potential of developing countries and countries with economies in transition through the development of their industrial enterprises. UNIDO's guidance is intended to help these countries overcome social and economic difficulties and achieve greater and more successful participation in international cooperation.

UNDP promotes business development through financing and support mechanisms for private and public companies in developing countries. UNDP and UNCTAD, among other UN agencies, regularly involve business representatives in forums and seminars on economic issues

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD) was established in 1962 by decision of the UN ECOSOC. The initiator of the creation were developing and socialist countries in order to fill the lack of attention to the trade problems of the third world.

Tasks of UNCTAD: promoting the development of world trade, ensuring stable peace and equal and mutually beneficial cooperation; development of recommendations, principles, organizational and legal conditions and mechanisms for the functioning of modern international economic relations; participation in the coordination of the activities of other agencies of the UN system in the field of economic development, the establishment of economic ties and the promotion of international trade.

There are 6 committees in the structure of UNCTAD, specializing in the main areas of its activity: committees on commodities; finished products and semi-finished products; for maritime transport; on "invisible" articles of trade; financing and crediting of international trade; on preferences; on commercial technology transfer. A special area of ​​UNCTAD's activity is the control over the activities of international corporations.

The main principle of UNCTAD's work is group based on socio-economic and geographical characteristics: A - Afro-Asian countries; B - industrialized countries; C - Latin American countries; D - former socialist (European) countries. Countries included in groups A and C, as well as Vietnam, Cuba, North Korea, Romania, Yugoslavia, created the group "77" in 1975.

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL) was established in 1964 to promote the progressive harmonization and unification of the law of international trade. The commission's assets include the preparation of the texts of the UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea ("Hamburg Rules"), the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna Sales Convention), etc.

In general, the Commission has given priority to the development of uniform rules of law in areas such as the international sale of goods, international payments, international commercial arbitration and international maritime law.

International Chamber of Commerce(MTP) was established in 1922 and plays a generally complementary and supportive role. It publishes collections of international commercial terms (“INCOTERMS”), disseminates the customs, rules and regulations of international trade, and also acts as an intermediary in establishing contacts between traders and entrepreneurs. different countries and their chambers of commerce and industry.

The second group of organizations specializing in the regulation of international trade in certain types of goods includes:

OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries;

MOPEM- International Organization of Producers and Exporters of Metals;

APEF- Association of Exporting Countries iron ore;

SIPEC- Organization of Copper Exporting Countries;

ECSC- European Coal and Steel Organization;

ICCO- International Cocoa Organization;

IOC- International Coffee Organization;

MONK- International Organization for Natural Rubber;

ISO- International Sugar Organization, etc.

30. World Trade Organization: history of development, purpose, objectives, functions. WTO accession procedure.

The WTO plays a decisive role in regulating world trade in goods, services, intellectual property, as well as shaping the trade policy of member countries and regulating trade disputes between them.

The WTO was founded in 1995 and became the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), concluded in 1947. The WTO is both an organization and a set of legal documents, a kind of multilateral trade agreement that defines the rights and obligations of governments in the field of international trade in goods and services.

The legal basis of the WTO consists of three agreements:

General agreement on Tariffs and Trade (as amended in 1994);

General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS);

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).

The purpose of the WTO is the liberalization of international trade and giving it a sustainable basis, thus ensuring economic growth and development and improving the well-being of people.

The main tasks of the WTO are:

Liberalization of international trade;

Ensuring its fairness and predictability;

Contribute to economic growth and improve the economic well-being of people.

The specific task of the WTO is to regulate world trade mainly by tariff methods with a consistent reduction in the level of import duties, as well as the elimination of various non-tariff barriers, quantitative restrictions and other obstacles in the international exchange of goods and services.

The WTO in its composition in 2011 has 153 member countries (in 2012 - 157 members).

Solutions for highest level The WTO hosts a Ministerial Conference, which meets at least twice a year. Subordinate to the Ministerial Conference is the General Council, which is responsible for the implementation of current work and meets several times a year at the WTO headquarters in Geneva (Switzerland) as part of representatives of WTO members. Ambassadors and heads of delegations of the participating countries usually act in their capacity. Under the jurisdiction of the General Council are two special bodies for the analysis of trade policy and for the resolution of disputes. A number of functional committees (on trade and development, on budget, finance and administrative issues) are also subordinate to him.

The WTO Secretariat, based in Geneva, has over 600 employees. The main responsibilities of the Secretariat are to provide technical support to various councils and committees, as well as to the Ministerial Conference, to assist developing countries, to analyze world trade and to explain the provisions of the WTO.

The procedure for joining the World trade organization, developed over half a century of GATT / WTO existence, is multifaceted and consists of several stages. As the experience of applicant countries shows, this process takes an average of 5-7 years.

At the first stage, within the framework of special Working Groups, a detailed consideration at the multilateral level of the economic mechanism and the trade and political regime of the acceding country is carried out for their compliance with the norms and rules of the WTO. After that, consultations and negotiations begin on the conditions for the applicant country's membership in this organization. First of all, the negotiations relate to "commercially significant" concessions that the acceding country will be ready to provide to WTO members on access to its markets (fixed in the bilateral Protocols on access to markets for goods and services), as well as on the format and timing of the assumption of obligations under the Agreements, arising from WTO membership (formulated in the Report of the Working Group).

In turn, the acceding country, as a rule, receives the rights that all other WTO members have, which will practically mean the end of its discrimination in foreign markets. In case of illegal actions on the part of any member of the organization, any country will be able to file a corresponding complaint with the Dispute Settlement Body (DRB), whose decisions are binding for unconditional execution at the national level by each member of the WTO.

In accordance with the established procedure, the results of all negotiations on the liberalization of market access and the terms of accession are formalized in the following official documents:

Report of the Working Group, which sets out the entire package of rights and obligations that the applicant country will assume as a result of the negotiations;

List of commitments for tariff concessions in the field of goods and by level of support Agriculture;

List of Specific Service Obligations and List of MFN (Most Favored Nation) Exemptions;

One of the main conditions for the accession of new countries to the WTO is to bring their national legislation and practice of regulating foreign economic activity in line with the provisions of the package of agreements of the Uruguay Round.

Decisions on the accession of new members are made by the Ministerial Conference, which must approve the agreement on the conditions for the accession of a new country in 2/3 of the votes of WTO members. When any new country joins the WTO, it must always be remembered that it will not be able to do after accession:

Autonomously raise import customs duties;

Discriminate imported goods at all stages of transportation and sale;

∙ apply quantitative restrictions;

Apply maximum and minimum mandatory prices;

Restrict transit and access to transit networks;

Link imports to an export obligation;

Apply export subsidies;

Apply measures restricting trade without their advance publication;

Grant privileges to their state-owned enterprises or monopolies;

Limit current payments on foreign trade transactions;

Limit payments on capital transactions;

Deteriorate conditions for access to the market and activities in the service market;

License or otherwise restrict the activities of the service provider;

Discriminate the service provider or the service itself compared to the domestic provider or service.

At the final stage of accession, the national legislative body of the candidate country ratifies the entire package of documents agreed within the Working Group and approved by the General Council. After that, these obligations become part of the legal package of WTO documents and national legislation, and the candidate country itself receives the status of a WTO member.

The most important functions of the WTO are:

Monitoring the implementation of agreements and arrangements of the package of documents of the Uruguay Round;

Conducting multilateral trade negotiations between interested member countries;

Resolution of trade disputes;

Monitoring the national trade policy of member countries;

Technical assistance to developing countries within the competence of the WTO;

Cooperation with international specialized organizations.

31. International trade in goods and services: forms, volumes, structure.

international trade- the most important and ancient form of international economic relations, which is a combination of foreign trade of all countries of the world. The participation of countries in international trade is based on the international division of labor (MRT) - the specialization of individual countries in the production of certain goods and the subsequent exchange of these goods among themselves.

Basic forms: export (export of goods from the country sold to a foreign buyer for the purpose of sale on a foreign market or processing in another country) and import (import of goods into the country for the purpose of purchase), also re-export - export of goods previously imported into it from the country for the purpose of resale other countries, and re-import (re-import from abroad of previously exported national goods)

World trade- the totality of foreign trade turnover of all countries of the world: the totality of world exports and world imports . Nominal value international trade is usually expressed in US dollars at current prices, therefore it is highly dependent on the dynamics of the dollar exchange rate against other currencies . Real volume of MT is the nominal volume converted to constant prices using the chosen deflator.

The role and place of the UN in the development of IER.

For more than half a century now, the international community has been looking for ways to solve problems in the world economy with the help of the UN and its mechanisms, not without reason counting on its global character.

According to UN experts, improvement in the state of affairs in the world economy should not be expected until mid-2003. Until recently, the UN believed that the world would recover from the economic downturn that began in 2000 by the end of December of this year. In particular, UN experts predicted that in 2002 the economic growth rate would be 1.8%, and in 2003 - 3.2%. Now the UN Economic and Social Council has revised its estimates, BBC reports. According to experts, in 2002 the world economy will grow at a rate of 1.7% per annum, and in 2003 - only 2.9%. Considering that last year the growth rate of the world economy was the lowest in the entire past decade - only 1.3%.

The main reason for the slowdown is the low volume of world trade. Its volumes in the 1990s increased at an unprecedented rate until now, and this year its growth rate will be only 1.6%.

Along with this, the UN diplomatically notes that the world's leading economies are still experiencing difficulties. Thus, the deficit of the foreign trade balance of the world's largest economy - the US - is increasing. On the general position Affairs in the global economy is affected and the recession in Latin America. The region was hit by the Argentine crisis: the country's economy will shrink by 12% over the year due to default and the refusal of the IMF to support the article.

African GDP growth rates are also well below those needed to maintain economic stability. The UN expects that this year this figure for African states will be 2.7%, and next year - 4%.

The methods by which governments usually control the state of affairs in macroeconomics are often ineffective in the current situation, experts conclude. An analysis of the 50-year practice of the UN leads to the conclusion that, along with the all-round increase in the role of world political problems, economic aspects occupy a large place in its activities. This is expressed primarily in the expansion of the economic functions of the UN. All new areas of the world economy, international economic relations are becoming the subject of its study, analysis, search for ways and means of solution, development of appropriate recommendations. In parallel with this, the organizational structure of the UN itself is changing, the number of economic institutions and countries participating in them is increasing, the field of activity of these institutions is expanding, their contacts with other international, as well as national institutions and organizations.
The importance of the economic activities of the UN is also growing with the complication of the processes taking place in the world economic relations and the international division of labor, with the growing diversity of problems arising in the world economy, the dynamism of the international economic life necessitating fast and efficient solutions.
In carrying out economic activities, the UN remains primarily a political organization. The political character is clearly manifested in the interpretation and application of the fundamental principles that the organization itself has enshrined in its resolutions and programs, in the development of measures to resolve them, in relation to UN to world markets, development problems of individual countries, etc.
Article 1 of the UN Charter formulates in a concentrated form the goals of international cooperation, including in the economic sphere “... to carry out international cooperation in resolving international problems economic, social...” character. A number of other provisions of the Charter directly relate to issues of economic cooperation. Yes, ch. IX and X are entirely devoted to economic and social cooperation. Special meaning has Art. 55, containing indications of the specific goals of economic cooperation within the framework of the UN. Among these goals are called "creating conditions for stability and prosperity necessary for peaceful and friendly relations", "raising the standard of living, full employment of the population", promoting "conditions for economic and social progress and development". The charter does not contain a list of special principles of economic cooperation, however, fixed in Art. 2 general principles of international cooperation within the framework of the UN fully apply to the sphere of cooperation on economic problems.
Economic activity The UN includes four main areas:
solution of global economic problems common to all countries;
· assistance to economic cooperation of the states with different levels of social and economic development;
· assistance to economic growth of developing countries;
solving the problems of regional economic development.
In practice, work in these areas is carried out using the following forms of activity: information, technical advisory and financial.
Information activity is the most common type of work of the UN. Issues of interest are put on the agenda of political discussions, written reports are prepared, and so on. The purpose of such activities is the overall impact on the economic policies of the member countries. To a greater extent, this work is “in reserve”, “for the future”. A significant amount of various information is published, statistical publications that have a high reputation among specialists. The work in the field of unification, collection and processing of initial statistical data is headed by the Statistical Commission and the Statistical Bureau. Activities in the field of accounting and statistics are very useful and beneficial for underdeveloped countries, since, on the one hand, they do not (often) have their own economically verified statistical methods, and on the other hand, foreign economic entities, seeking to penetrate the markets of these countries, have practically the only opportunity to get real information about the economy of a given country.
Technical advisory activity UN provided in the form of technical assistance to states in need of it. As early as 1948, some kind of principles for the provision of such assistance were adopted, which:
should not serve as a vehicle for foreign economic and political interference in internal affairs;
must be provided exclusively through the government;
must be provided exclusively to that country;
should be provided, as far as possible, in the form that is desirable for the given country;
must meet high quality and
technically.
More details about this area of ​​activity are given below. Monetary and financial activities are carried out mainly through international organizations of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. International Finance Corporation. International Association Development, International Monetary Fund. These organizations are formally specialized organizations UN.
ECOSOC - Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, under whose auspices most of the other economic bodies of this organization operate. The functions of ECOCOS include organizing research and preparing various kinds reports and recommendations on a wide range international economic, social, cultural and related issues. ECOCOS is also empowered to create various bodies, on the basis of which its organizational structure is formed in the sphere of the implementation of decisions made. Currently, 54 states are members of ECOCOS, elected for a term of 3 years. At the same time, every three years, a third of the composition of ECOCOS changes. By geographical regions, representation is formed as follows: for Asia - 11 places, for Africa - 14, for Latin America - 10, for Western Europe and other countries - 13, for countries of Eastern Europe– 6 places.
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the next most senior body in the United Nations Economic Mechanism. ECOSOC, established in 1946, coordinates all UN activities in the socio-economic field. ECOSOC members are 54 UN member states elected by the UN General Assembly, with 5 permanent members of the Security Council being permanent members. The supreme body of ECOSOC is the council session. Three sessions are held annually:
spring - on social, legal and humanitarian issues;
summer - on economic and social issues;
organizational.
In activity ECOSOC There are three main functions to be distinguished, these are
responsible specialized forum of states within the UN for a qualified discussion of international economic and social problems and development of a principled policy line;
coordination of all activities UN on economic and social issues, coordination of activities of specialized institutions UN;
preparation of qualified research on general and special problems of economic and social development, international cooperation.
So, ECOSOC coordinates the activities of:
standing committees (economic committee, social committee, etc.);
functional commissions and subcommittees (statistical, social development, etc.);
regional economic commissions (European Economic Commission - EEC, Economic Commissions for Africa, etc.);
UN specialized agencies (FAO, UNIDO, etc.).
ECOSOC's relations with organizations that have an autonomous character, for example, with UNDP, which is a subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly, are regulated by the relevant regulations.
According to Art. 68 of the Charter, in order to fulfill its functions, ECOSOC has the right to create subsidiary bodies that operate between sessions. There are currently 11 standing committees and commissions (for natural resources, for non-governmental organizations, etc.), 6 functional commissions (statistical, social development, etc.), 5 regional economic commissions and a number of other bodies.

The United Nations not only occupies a central place in the system of interstate organizations, but also plays an exceptional role in modern international political development. Established in 1945 as a universal international organization with the aim of maintaining peace and international security and developing cooperation between states, the UN currently unites 192 countries of the world.

The impact of the UN on modern international relations is significant and multifaceted. It is determined by the following main factors:

− The UN is the most representative forum for discussions between states on topical issues of international development.

− The UN Charter is the foundation of modern international law, a kind of universally recognized code of conduct for states and their relations; it is used to compare other international treaties and agreements.

- The UN itself has become an important mechanism for international rule-making and occupies a very special place among other organizations - sources of international law. On the initiative and within the framework of the UN, hundreds of international conventions and treaties have been concluded that regulate the state of affairs in the most diverse spheres of public life.

− The principles of building the UN (primarily in granting a special status to the permanent members of the Security Council) reflected the objective realities of the international political system, and their change became the main stimulus for the ongoing work to reform this organization.

− Under the shadow of the UN, there are a large number of intergovernmental organizations that regulate international life within the framework of their functional purpose.

− The UN is endowed with exceptionally important competence to resolve issues of war and peace, including through the use of armed force.

The United Nations is headquartered in New York, where five of its six principal organs are located. In the General Assembly, each state has one vote; it meets at its regular sessions annually, as well as at special and emergency sessions (there were 29 in total); decisions on the agenda (which includes more than 100 issues) are taken by a simple majority vote and are not binding on member states, but are considered as the opinion of the world community and in this sense have significant moral authority. (During its activity, the General Assembly adopted over 10,000 resolutions.) The Security Council consists of 15 members; 5 of them are permanent (Russia, USA, UK, France and China), the rest are elected by the General Assembly for two years. Decisions are taken by a majority of 9 votes out of 15, including the concurring votes of all permanent members (who thus have veto power). When considering issues related to the emergence of a threat international peace, The Security Council has exceptionally broad powers, including the power to impose economic sanctions and decide on the use of military force

1. UN Partners
   by development goals

1. UNDP
   United Nations Development Program

1. Millennium Campaign

1. DESA
   Department of Economic and Social Affairs

1. The World Bank

1. UNICEF
   United Nations Children's Fund

1. UNEP
   United Nations Environment Program

1. UNFPA
   United Nations Population Fund

1. WHO
   World Health Organization

1. IMF
   International Monetary Fund

1. UN Habitat
   United Nations Human Settlements Program

1. FAO
   Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

1. IFAD
   International Fund for Agricultural Development

1. ILO
   The International Labour Organization

1. ITU
   International Telecommunication Union

1. UNAIDS
   Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS

1. UNCTAD
   United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

1. UNDG
   United Nations Development Group

1. UNESCO
   United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

1. UNHCR
   United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

1. UNIFEM
   United Nations Development Fund for Women

1. OHCHR UN
   Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

1. WFP