The broad-leaved forest is characterized, first of all, by a wide variety of tree species. This is especially noticeable if we compare it with a coniferous forest, with a taiga. There are much more tree species here than in the taiga - sometimes you can count up to a dozen of them. The reason for the species richness of trees is that broad-leaved forests develop in more favorable natural conditions than taiga. Tree species that are demanding on climate and soil can grow here, which do not tolerate the harsh conditions of the taiga regions.
A good idea of the diversity of tree species in the broadleaf forest can be obtained by visiting the famous woodland, which is called the Tula notches (it stretches like a ribbon from west to east in the southern part of the Tula region). In the oak forests of the Tula Zasek there are such trees as pedunculate oak, small-leaved linden, two types of maple - holly and field maple, common ash, elm, elm, wild apple tree, wild pear.
For a broad-leaved forest, it is characteristic that the various tree species that make up its composition have different heights, forming, as it were, several groups in height. Most tall trees- oak and ash, lower ones - maple, elm and linden, even lower ones - field maple, wild apple and pear. However, trees, as a rule, do not form distinctly expressed tiers, well delimited from each other. Oak usually dominates, other tree species most often play the role of satellites.
Sufficiently rich in broad-leaved forest and species composition of shrubs. In the Tula notches, for example, there are hazel, two types of spindle tree - warty and European, forest honeysuckle, brittle buckthorn, wild rose and some others.
Different types of shrubs vary greatly in height. Hazel bushes, for example, often reach a height of 5 - 6 m, and honeysuckle bushes are almost always below human height.
The grass cover is usually well developed in the broad-leaved forest. Many plants have more or less large, wide leaf blades. Therefore, they are called oak broad grasses. Some of the herbs found in oak forests always grow in single specimens, never forming dense thickets. Others, on the contrary, can almost completely cover the soil over a large area. Such massive, dominant plants in the oak forests of Central Russia most often turn out to be common goutweed, hairy sedge and yellow Zelenchuk.
Broad-leaved trees have broad and flat leaves - in which the thickness is much less than the length and width, usually falling once a year. This group includes maples, beeches, ash trees, eucalyptus trees, various shrubs. In addition to classification according to the type of leaves, trees are divided according to the life of the leaves - into deciduous and evergreen. Deciduous trees have a clear change in leaf cover: all the leaves on the tree lose their green color and fall off, for some time (in winter) the tree stands without leaves, then (in spring) new leaves grow from the buds. evergreen trees do not have a clear change in leaf cover: the foliage is on the tree at any time of the year, and the change of leaves occurs gradually, throughout the life of the tree.
In areas with long, cold winters, hardwood trees shed their leaves in autumn. In the tropics, where the length of daylight hours varies slightly throughout the year, the leaves do not fall for the winter.
Shedding leaves helps save energy, as there is too little sunlight in winter for photosynthesis in the leaves. In autumn, the trees go dormant. The movement of water and nutrients through the vessels inside the trees stops, as a result, the leaves dry up and fall off. However, by this time the plant has already managed to accumulate enough nutrients to ensure bud break and the growth of new leaves in the spring. The green pigment chlorophyll is destroyed in autumn, and other pigments become clearly visible, which give the autumn leaves yellow, red and red colors.
Oak
Oak is the main forest-forming deciduous forests Europe. In the European part of Russia, the pedunculate oak (Quergus robur) grows - one of our most durable and largest trees. Nevertheless, in plantings, with the exception of parks, this plant is quite rare, although it has no equal in a number of properties. In particular, pedunculate oak has the highest recreational tolerance and is extremely drought tolerant.
In private areas, it is used in single plantings. It tolerates moderate pruning, so you can form very beautiful tapeworms with a spherical, obovate and even tent-shaped crown.
Elm
In the forests of the non-chernozem zone, two species from the elm family naturally grow: smooth elm (Ulmus laevis) and c. rough (U. scabra). These are large trees that are part of the dominant layer of broad-leaved and coniferous-broad-leaved forests. The use of these species for landscaping in recent decades has been constrained by a widespread disease - Dutch elm disease.
common ash
Ash reaches a height of 30-40 m.
Its trunk is straight. The bark is light grey, darkening with age. The crown is very loose, openwork, transmitting a lot of light. root system powerful, highly branched. Ash is very demanding on the soil, but tolerates salinity better than others. This is one of the main breeds of field-protective breeding, it is photophilous, in its youth it is more shade-tolerant, thermophilic and does not tolerate spring frosts, it grows almost throughout the European part Russian Federation, often mixed with other species: oak, hornbeam, maple, sometimes forms pure or almost pure stands. Inflorescences paniculate, dense.
The flowers of these trees are usually dioecious, rarely bisexual, but sometimes there are dioecious trees. Ash-tree blossoms in May before blooming.leaves. Pollinated by the wind.
The fruits are single-seeded lionfish, collected in clusters, ripen in October-November and fall off in winter or early spring.
Forest beech (there is also oriental beech) - a tree up to 40 meters high and up to one and a half meters in diameter with light gray bark and elliptical leaves. It occupies large spaces in Western Europe, in our country it grows in the western regions of Ukraine, Belarus and in the Kaliningrad region. Eastern beech is common in the Caucasus at an altitude of 1000-1500 meters above sea level, in the Crimea - at a level of 700-1300 meters, forming a belt of beech forests.
The main value of beech is its fruits - nuts, ripening in September - October. They contain up to 28 percent fatty semi-drying oil, up to 30 percent nitrogenous substances, starch, sugars, malic and citric acids, tannins, up to 150 mg% of tocopherols and the poisonous alkaloid fagin, which decomposes when nuts are roasted, which as a result become harmless to humans. . A coffee substitute is prepared from nuts, ground nuts in the form of flour are added to ordinary flour when baking various bakery products. Beech wood is very valuable and decorative.
Maple
Various types of maples are widely distributed in broad-leaved forests. More often than others, the Norway maple, or common maple, is found here - a tree up to 20 meters tall, with gray bark and five-lobed large dark green leaves. Distributed in the European part of the country, mainly in the western and central parts, and in the Caucasus. Its leaves and shoots can be used medicinally. It has been established that the leaves contain up to 268 mg% of ascorbic acid, alkaloids and tannins. An infusion or decoction of the leaves has a diuretic, choleretic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, analgesic effect. In folk herbal medicine, it was used for nephrolithiasis, jaundice, as an antiemetic and tonic. Crushed fresh leaves were applied to wounds to heal them.
Oak and beech, elm, maple and ash are very valuable species of trees, the wood of which is considered a high-quality building material, and the bark is used for household and medical needs.
Mixed and broad-leaved forests, located between the steppes and taiga, occupy approximately 28% of the area of the whole of Russia.
They include trees such as pine, spruce, larch, maple, oak. These forests are distinguished by a large number of fauna: predatory, herbivorous animals, birds.
The mild climate, which is typical for this area, contributes to the prosperity of various vegetation, so the forests are rich in berry bushes, mushrooms, and medicinal herbs.
What are mixed and broadleaf forests
Mixed forests are a natural zone of coniferous and deciduous trees with an admixture of about 7% of plants of another type.
Broad-leaved forests are deciduous (summer green) trees with wide leaf blades. 
Characteristics of mixed forests
There is a variety scheme mixed forests:
It is characteristic that the description of the composition of the forest includes tiers of trees and shrubs of various heights:
Location of the zone of mixed and broadleaf forests
Mixed and broad-leaved forests of Russia have the following geographical position- originate at the western borders and extend to the Ural Mountains.
Due to the openness of the zone to large full-flowing rivers - the Oka, the Volga, the Dnieper, moisture is felt in the forests. Deposits in these zones of clay, sand contribute to the development of lakes, swampy areas. The location of forests near the Atlantic Ocean, which has an impact on climate, is also important.
Climate
Mixed forests are most comfortable growing in a mild, humid, temperate continental climate with a clear alternation of seasons ( heat in summer and low in winter). The southern and western parts account for about 700-800 mm of precipitation. It is this balanced climate that contributes to the cultivation of various crops here: wheat, flax, sugar beets, potatoes.
In broad-leaved forests, the climate changes from temperate continental to temperate, winters become warmer, and summers cooler, but average annual precipitation increases. This atmosphere allows the favorable growth of coniferous and broadleaf trees together.
Animal world
The world of forest dwellers is rich and varied. Deer, moose, hares, hedgehogs live here. The most common predators of the mixed forest are the fox, wolf, marten, forest cat, lynx, Brown bear.
Mixed Forest Animals
Rodents live in the forests: mice, squirrels, rats. And in the European part of the forest, such rare inhabitants as the badger and lynx settled.
The forest floor and soil are inhabited by invertebrates that process the layer of fallen leaves. Leaf-eating insects live in the canopy of trees.
Birds of the mixed forest
Forest of this type perfect for birds: woodpeckers, capercaillie, tits that feed on caterpillars, and owls that are not averse to eating mice.
Plants of mixed forests
The temperate continental climate allows birch, alder, poplar, mountain ash, spruce, and pine to grow in mixed forests.
Willow feels very comfortable here due to sufficient humidity. The pride of this type of forest is oak, in mixed forests it grows tall, powerful and large, so it stands apart from other trees.
Mixed forests largely consist of shrubs: elderberry, wild raspberry, hazel, viburnum, which also loves moisture very much.
In addition to trees and shrubs, mixed forests are rich in various herbs, mosses and flowers. In the mixed forest, you can see such vegetation as fern, nettle, sedge, clover, horsetail, St. John's wort and many others. Flowers will delight the eye: chamomile, lilies of the valley, buttercups, bluebells, lungwort.
Dominant Soils
There are a lot of fallen leaves and needles in the forests, which, decomposing, form humus. In conditions of moderate humidity, mineral and organic substances accumulate in the upper soil layer.
Humus with organic matter are the main constituents of soddy-podzolic soil. From above, the soil is covered with vegetation, various herbs, mosses. The relief and properties of surface rocks can have a significant impact on the internal structure of the vegetation cover.
Environmental problems
In our time, one of the main environmental problems has become the problem of heterogeneous forests, which is exacerbated by selective felling of trees by humans.
Despite the fact that the broad-leaved tree species differs from others in its rapid growth, the area of \u200b\u200bthe forest has greatly decreased. Entrepreneurs are engaged in cutting down trees on a huge scale, which leads to other environmental issues- the accumulation of harmful gases in the atmosphere of our planet.
Over the past 7 years, forest fires have become more frequent, due to human negligence, entire hectares are burning.
Poachers illegally hunt forest inhabitants of a rare species.
Reserves of mixed and broad-leaved forests of Russia
Russia is filled with more and more nature reserves.
The most famous largest reserve is Bolshekhekhtsirsky ( Khabarovsk region), which is protected by the state. It grows trees (more than 800 species), shrubs and herbaceous plants.
The specialists of this reserve carried out large-scale work to restore the population of bison, beaver, elk, and deer.
Another well-known large nature reserve is Kedrovaya Pad (Primorsky Territory). Here they were to grow only coniferous trees, but later representatives of the broad-leaved forest appeared: linden, maple, birch, oak.
Human economic activity
Forests have long been mastered by people.
The most popular human economic activity:
Features of mixed and broad-leaved forests:
A mixed forest is a territory in which deciduous and coniferous trees harmoniously coexist. If the admixture of tree species is more than 5% of the total volume of flora, we can already speak of a mixed type of forest.
The mixed forest forms a zone of coniferous-deciduous forests, and this is already a whole natural zone characteristic of forests in the temperate zone. There are also coniferous-small-leaved forests that are formed in the taiga as a result of the restoration of previously cut down pines or spruces, which begin to displace different types birch and aspen.
Main characteristic
(Typical mixed forest)
Mixed forests almost always coexist with broad-leaved forests in the south. In the northern hemisphere, they also border the taiga.
There are the following types of mixed forests in the temperate zone:
- coniferous-broad-leaved;
- secondary small-leaved with the addition of coniferous and broad-leaved species;
- mixed, which is a combination of deciduous and evergreen species.
Subtropical mixed fox is distinguished by a combination of laurel and coniferous species. Any mixed forest is distinguished by a pronounced layering, as well as the presence of areas without a forest: the so-called opolye and woodlands.
Location of zones
Mixed forests as a combination of coniferous and broad-leaved species are found in the East European and West Siberian plains, as well as in the Carpathians, the Caucasus and the Far East.
In general, both mixed and broad-leaved forests do not occupy such a large share of the forest territory of the Russian Federation as coniferous taiga. The fact is that such ecosystems do not take root in Siberia. They are traditional only for the European and Far Eastern regions and at the same time grow in broken lines. Pure mixed forests are found south of the taiga, as well as beyond the Urals to the Amur region.
Climate
Forest plantations of mixed type are characterized by cold, but not very long winters and hot summers. Climatic conditions are such that precipitation does not exceed 700 mm per year. The moisture coefficient is increased, but may change during the summer. In our country, mixed forests stand on soddy-podzolic soil, and in the west - on brown forest soil. Usually, winter temperatures do not fall below -10˚C.
Broad-leaved forest plantations are distinguished by a humid and moderately humid climate, where precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year. At the same time, temperatures are quite high, and even in January it is never colder than -8˚C. High humidity and abundant heat stimulate the work of bacteria and fungal organisms, due to which the leaves quickly decompose, and the soil retains maximum fertility.
Features of the plant world
Features of biochemical and biological processes cause the density of species diversity as you move towards broad-leaved species. European mixed forests are distinguished by the obligatory presence of pine, spruce, maple, oak, linden, ash, elm, and viburnum, hazel, honeysuckle are in the lead among shrubs. Ferns are very common as herbs. Caucasian mixed forests in large volumes contain beech, fir, and Far Eastern - birch, walnut, hornbeam, larch. These same forests are distinguished by a variety of lianas.
Fauna representatives
Mixed forests are inhabited by those animals and birds that are generally considered typical for forest conditions. These are moose, foxes, wolves, bears, wild boars, hedgehogs, hares, badgers. If we talk about individual broad-leaved forests, then here the species diversity of birds, rodents and ungulates is especially striking. Roe deer, fallow deer, deer, beavers, muskrats and nutrias are found in such forests.
Economic activity
The temperate natural zone, including mixed forests, has long been mastered local residents and densely populated. An impressive part of the forest plantations was cut down several centuries ago, because of which the composition of the forest has changed and the proportion of small-leaved species has increased. In place of many forests, agricultural territories and settlements appeared.
broadleaf forests in general can be considered rare forest ecosystems. After the 17th century, they were cut down on a large scale, largely because wood was required for sailing fleet. Broad-leaved forests were also actively cut down for arable land and meadows. Oak plantations have been especially hard hit by such human activities, and it is unlikely that they will ever be restored.
Broad-leaved forests predominate in the Northern Hemisphere of the planet, but are also found in regions of the Southern Hemisphere. Very often they are adjacent to the zone of mixed forests and have much in common with it. What features are characteristic of the flora and fauna of mixed and deciduous forests? We will talk about their main features in the article.
Geography of natural areas
Deciduous or summer-green forests differ from other tree communities in their falling leaves in autumn. One of their varieties are deciduous forests. They are characterized by relatively large leaf sizes, which is why they got their name. Such forests love light and warmth, but are considered shade-tolerant. They grow in humid areas of the temperate zone with a mild climate and an even distribution of rainfall throughout all seasons.
These forests are distributed throughout Europe, except for the Mediterranean and Scandinavia, growing in Western and Central Ukraine, and a little in the western part of Russia. There they are represented mainly by beeches, oaks, a little less often - maples, ash-trees, hornbeams, lindens and elms. The undergrowth is hazel, bird cherry, wild apple, buckthorn. IN East Asia broad-leaved forests are much richer than in Europe. Many species of herbs, shrubs, ferns, and vines grow in them.
In the northeastern states of the United States and in southern Canada, oak-chestnut forests, hickory trees, oaks, maples, tulip trees, plane trees, and nuts are common. The Southern Hemisphere is dominated by evergreen species and there are very few deciduous forests. They are distributed mainly in Chile and the islands of New Zealand.
Mixed forests, in fact, are transitional between broad-leaved and coniferous, therefore, they contain features of both zones. They withstand colder conditions, located in regions with cool, long winters and warm summer. They are distributed in northern Europe, the south of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Far East and the plains of Siberia, the Great Lakes and California in the USA, South America and New Zealand.
Within one region, plants and animals of broad-leaved forests have much in common with representatives of mixed communities. Zones often border on each other and have a similar species composition. For example, in the mixed zone of Europe, the same oaks, beeches and maples grow, but pines, spruces, firs and other conifers coexist next to them.
Animal world of deciduous forests
Due to the presence of not only trees, but also shrubs, grasses, mosses, as well as a layer of falling leaves, layering is well expressed in the forests of the temperate zone. Thus, they create conditions for the habitat of a wide variety of life forms.
The high bedding and upper soil layers are home to a huge number of invertebrates: stag beetles, barbels, earthworms, caterpillars, insect larvae, mites, spiders. Birds nest in the crowns and pillars of trees, squirrels, lynxes, forest cats and all kinds of insects live. The most populated are the ground tiers. Here, animals of mixed and broad-leaved forests are represented by ungulates, large and medium predators, various birds, amphibians and reptiles.
Brown bear
dangerous predator The brown bear inhabits North America, Central and Eastern Europe, East Asia and Siberia. It is the largest animal in broad-leaved forests. Its average weight is 300-400 kilograms, and the body length reaches from 1.2 to 2 meters. The species consists of several geographical races, which differ from each other in color and size. In the forests of the temperate zone, the Siberian and European subspecies are common.
pine marten
Zheltodushka, or pine marten, lives mainly in Europe. It has long and thick dark brown fur. On the chest of the animal there is a light yellow spot, by which it is easy to distinguish it from other martens. The animal climbs trees perfectly, makes jumps of 4 meters in length, easily maintaining balance. Martens live in hollows or abandoned nests of large birds, spending most of their lives in trees.
Skunk
In our broad-leaved forests, the animal skunk is not found, but for North America it is typical. It lives in burrows, which it digs with its own hands with the help of long claws and powerful paws. The skunk climbs trees beautifully, but does not live on them. He has a good hearing and sense of smell, but his eyesight, as for a predator, is weak. He sees the animal no further than 3-4 meters.
It is difficult to confuse him with someone, because his appearance and habits are quite memorable. The skunk is black with two wide white stripes running from the head to the tip of the tail. With his coloring, he does not even try to disguise himself in the forest, but, on the contrary, warns that they should not approach him. If the enemy gets too close, then the animal sprays an odorous secret with the aroma of rotten eggs on him.
Amur goral
Goral is a representative of the mountain forests of East Asia and Far East. It lives on the Korean peninsula, in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk regions of Russia, as well as in northeastern regions China.
It is an animal of broadleaf forests appearance resembles a goat covered with thick warm fur. It has a gray-brown color with a dark longitudinal stripe on the back and a white spot on the neck. Its head is decorated with two small horns curved backwards. Gorals live in small groups or alone. They are not fighters, and in case of danger they begin to hiss and try to climb higher into the mountains.
Chilean cat
Another exotic animal of the broadleaf forests is the Chilean cat, or kodkod. The animal lives in Chile and Argentina, and is endemic. South America. This is the smallest representative of wild cats in the entire Western Hemisphere.
Kodkods also inhabit mixed and coniferous forests, living mainly at an altitude of 2000-2500 meters. They are slightly larger than ordinary domestic cats. The body weight of a kodkod usually does not exceed 3 kilograms, and the length is 80 centimeters. Chilean cats have large and round eyes, rounded ears and a large tail, which is almost half the length of the body. The entire body of the kodkod is painted dark red with dark spots on the back, sides and paws. There are dark stripes on the head and tail.
Beaver
There are only two modern representatives of beavers - Canadian and ordinary, or river. The first inhabits most of North America, the second - Europe and Central Asia. Both species are found in deciduous forests and are among the largest rodents on the planet.
The beaver is a powerful squat animal whose body length can reach 1.3 meters. He has short paws with swimming membranes between the fingers, a long paddle-shaped tail covered with horny scales like scales. Its entire structure suggests that it spends a lot of time in the water. He swims and dives perfectly, holding his breath for 10-15 minutes.
Main Feature These animals have strong teeth that can gnaw through a tree pole in one night. With the help of such a tool, beavers build housing from logs and branches. Their house is located right on the water and consists of a hut and a dam around it. The construction of a beaver can stretch for several hundred meters.
Fox
red fox- the most familiar inhabitant of the temperate zone. It is distributed throughout Europe, most of North America and Asia. The animal lives even on the northern outskirts of Africa. It inhabits the tundra, desert and semi-desert, and, of course, broad-leaved and mixed forests.
The fox is a predator, but it can also eat plant foods. She hunts small mammals, rodents, birds, snakes, eats eggs and young animals. Foxes living near major rivers often catch fish. So, animals living in Canada and in the north-east of Eurasia, during the spawning season, completely switch to a salmon diet.
Foxes live in burrows that they dig themselves, or settle in abandoned dwellings of other inhabitants of the forest. They belong to the canine family and have many habits that are characteristic of their "brothers".
Geographic location of the natural forest zone
Broad-leaved forests are common in areas that are characterized by the optimal ratio of humidity and heat:
- temperate Europe,
- Far East,
- Menchuria,
- Eastern regions of China,
- Japan,
- North America.
Southern South America and Central Asia there are small patches of deciduous forests.
In Russia, broad-leaved forests occupy an area that looks like a triangle, the top of which rests on Ural mountains, and the base is located at the western border of the country. IN Quaternary this area was repeatedly covered with continental ice, so it has a mostly hilly terrain. Clear traces of the Valdai Glacier can be found in the northwest of the country, where the zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests is characterized by a disorderly heap of steep ridges, hills, hollows and closed lakes. In the south of the territory there are secondary moraine plains, formed as a result of the decrease in the sloping surface of hilly areas.
IN Western Siberia the taiga is separated from the forest-steppe by a narrow strip of aspen and birch forests.
Remark 1
In the relief of broad-leaved and mixed forests, there are sandy plains of various sizes, of water-glacial origin. They are undulating, you can meet sand dunes.
Climatic conditions and soils of broad-leaved forests
The main condition for the development of an ecosystem of broad-leaved forests is the complex interaction of climate, water, topography and soil features. The climate is moderately warm with mild winters and long warm summers.
The average annual rainfall exceeds the level of evaporation, which reduces the degree of waterlogging of soils.
Remark 2
characteristic feature is the light regime: the first light maximum is observed in spring, when the trees are not yet covered with foliage; the second light maximum appears in autumn, with a period of leaf fall.
Trees protect from excessive winter evaporation: thick bark of branches and trunks, the presence of dense, resinous, scaly buds, leaves falling in autumn.
Organic residues of plants form humus, favor the formation of various organo-mineral compounds, which are based on calcium, silicon, potassium and ash. In smaller quantities they contain phosphorus, aluminum, magnesium, iron, manganese, sodium and chlorine.
On the composition of the soil, a strong blow is caused by a stable snow cover during the melting of snow.
The following types of soils are found in deciduous forests:
- sod-podgolden,
- brown,
- gray,
- varieties of black soil.
Species composition of deciduous forests
The main tree species of broad-leaved forests include: elm, oak, maple, linden, beech, ash, hornbeam, wild pears and apple trees. Oaks and ash trees are the tallest trees, a little lower - lindens, elms, maples, the lowest - wild pears and apple trees, field maples.
The most common representatives of dendroflora:
- Oak. One of the largest and longest growing trees. As a rule, they are the most among other trees.
- Elm. Rough and smooth species are found in the forests of non-chernozem zones. Large trees represent the main layer of broad-leaved and coniferous-broad-leaved forests.
- Common ash. Tall plant (30-40 m in height) with a straight trunk, light gray bark and openwork, loose crown. Heat and light-loving plant. Very picky about the composition of the soil. This is the main plant of field protection cultivation.
- Forest beech. Tree with light gray bark and elliptical leaves, can reach up to 40 m in height and 1.5 m in diameter. It is most common in the Caucasus, Western Europe and the Crimea.
- Maple. Grows up to 20 m in height. A tree with large, five-lobed, dark green leaves. Most often found in the forests of the European part of Russia and the Caucasus.
Most forests are multilayer systems: herbaceous plants, shrub undergrowth, high tree layer.
The ground layer is formed by mosses and lichens.
The grasses of broad-leaved forests are characterized by wide and large leaf blades, which is why they are called “broad-herbs of oak forests”. Often grasses cover large areas like a carpet. Among them are: hairy sedge, common gout, yellow Zelenchuk.
Most herbs are perennial plants that can live up to several decades. They reproduce mainly vegetatively, have long underground and ground shoots that grow intensively in all directions.
There are forests in which there is no herbaceous cover and undergrowth due to the presence of dense and high tree crowns. The soil in them is covered with a dense layer of old leaves.
In autumn, the above-ground part of most of the broad grass dies off. Only rhizomes and roots that are in the soil hibernate.
Of the shrubs, lingonberries and blueberries are common.
Oak ephemeroids include: ranunculus anemone, spring chistyak, goose onion, various types of corydalis. These are small but rapidly developing plants that appear immediately after the snow melts. They develop most intensively in spring, in summer the aerial part dies off.
Remark 3
Ephemeroids are perennial plants, their underground roots are represented by rhizomes, bulbs, tubers.
Animal world of deciduous forests
The main representatives of deciduous forests are predators, ungulates, rodents, insectivores and bats.
Most striking is the species diversity of territories untouched by human activity. Wild boars, roe deer, fallow deer, elks, deer, wolves, foxes, ermines, martens, weasels, squirrels, beavers, nutrias and muskrats are common in broad-leaved forests. Many small animals: rats, mice, hedgehogs, moles, snakes, shrews, marsh turtles and lizards.
In the recent past, bison were found in broad-leaved forests. Today, only a few dozen remain. They can be found in Belarus in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, in Russia in the Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve, in Poland and in some countries of Western Europe.
Among the most common birds are finches, larks, tits, warblers, swallows, flycatchers, starlings, rooks, crows, woodpeckers, black grouse, hazel grouses, crossbills, jackdaws. Birds of prey of deciduous forests: owls, hawks, eagle owls, owls, harriers. Cranes, waders, gulls, herons, geese and ducks live in marshy areas.
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