Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation Siberian State University of Technology

Faculty of Chemistry and Technology of Distance Education

abstract

"Timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory"

Completed: student of the specialty

form of study correspondence code of the record book

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic . The interest in the activities of forest industry enterprises, especially in the current economic conditions, is due, firstly, to the role that forest industry enterprises play in the local area management system. Secondly, the significance of the further development of foreign trade activities for our country, as it has moved to the market from a system of economic relations with a dominant state form of ownership and unified forms of economic organization. Thirdly, the opportunities for the formation in the process of development of the forest industry of diverse economic and social relations, which make it possible to better use the potential of management. Fourth, the fact that the domestic forest industry is an important branch of international specialization. Russia was and remains the first country in the world in terms of forest reserves. At the same time, both in terms of export earnings and a number of other industry indicators, Russia lags behind the leading countries - leaders in the global timber market. One of the reasons for this lag is the historically established inefficient orientation of exports to the country's raw materials, which continues to negatively affect the state of the forest industry, undermines the development base for the forest industry, and makes the prospects for their development unclear.

In addition, the importance of studying the timber industry is also associated with the social problems of society. This is due to the city-forming role of enterprises in this industry, and the fact that a very large number of people are employed at timber enterprises.

Characteristics of the timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the most "forested" regions

Russian Federation, which accounts for 14.5% of the forested area. The area of forest land - 160 million hectares - is 15% of the territory of Russia covered with forests.

However, the share of the region in the production of timber products

Russia is only 2.48%. This is due to the underdevelopment of deep wood processing and the pulp and paper industry. For example, the neighboring Irkutsk region, with a logging volume of 23 million m region annually.

The total volume of forest reserves of the region (including Taimyr and Evenkia) is approximately 6% of the world forest reserves. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the timber industry complex occupies the fifth place in the structure of the region's industrial production.

The total volume of timber products produced in the territory of the region is estimated at $0.25 billion. The share of the forest industry in the structure of industrial production of the region is 3.8%.

The average net profit margin of the 12 largest profitable enterprises in the region is 7%. More than 3 thousand enterprises of the timber industry complex are registered in the region. Forest users are about 1800 commercial enterprises, 1500 of which are small businesses.

About 50 thousand people work at the enterprises of the timber industry complex, which provides 15% of employment in the region. But, according to our estimates, this figure is underestimated by 1.5 times, since it does not take into account data on small businesses, illegal workers, and also, as a rule, does not take into account migrants from foreign countries(Ukraine, China).

Most timber companies are privately owned (91%).

Table 1: Form of ownership of timber companies in the region

Source: Regional Committee of Statistics

Timber base

The region accounts for 14.5% of forested areas. The total forest stock along the region, taking into account the autonomous regions, is 11.9 billion m3. The total allowable cutting area is 59.7 million cubic meters. m3.

AAC is used in the Krasnoyarsk Territory by only 15.3%, including for coniferous farming - by 24.1%. This is primarily the result of the lack of logging roads and the concentration of harvesting in areas located along the main transport routes. The low utilization rate of the cutting area is also associated with an insignificant degree of consolidation of logging and timber processing enterprises and the low quality of equipment and machinery.

The total forest stock is dominated by mature and overmature stands. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, they account for 70.6%. The predominant place is occupied by coniferous plantations.

Table 2: Characteristics of the forest resources of the regions.

		Krasnoyarsk region
Area covered with forest vegetation
Total wood supply
Stock of mature and overmature stands
of which conifers
annual growth
AAC
Actual felling by main use
Total volume of felling
Wood harvesting from 1 hectare.
Use of AAC

Source: OAO NIPIEIlesprom

The most valuable species in economic terms is pine. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, this is the main object of logging. The main area of pine forests is concentrated in the Angara River basin along its entire length, in the southern part of the Central Siberian Plateau, where a special kind of pine also grows, called Angara pine (pine Siberian stone). The second place in terms of economic value is occupied by larch wood. Larch forests dominate in the northern regions in the basins of the Podkamennaya and Lower Tunguska and Vitim.

Table 3: Species composition of the forest, thousand m 3

	Krasnoyarsk region	Irkutsk region


Larch

Structure

The timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 can be represented as follows:

Logging - 9.5 million m 3

Production of lumber - 1.8 million m 3

Production of fiberboard - 52.6 million m 3

Production of chipboard - 37.8 thousand m 3

Pulp and paper industry: 1.12 thousand tons of market pulp, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard

The main types of products manufactured in the region are:

· products of logging production (industrial timber, round timber);

· products of woodworking production (lumber, railway sleepers, fibreboards);

Pulp and paper products (pulp, cardboard).

Figure 1. Structure of the main types of products

logging

According to the results of 2004, the volume of logging in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is approximately 9.5 million m3. The total volume of logging has increased over the past 6 years by 28%. However, if we compare the harvesting with the Soviet period, the volume of harvesting at that time was about 25 million m3. According to the results of 2004, only 15.9% of the allowable cut was used in the region. The main reasons for not developing the full volume of the allowable cutting area, according to LLC Russian Investors - Siberia, are:

1) Transport inaccessibility of a number of sites (Right bank of the Angara River, Evenkia).

3) The impossibility of a number of companies to master their cutting area in full (as a rule, many logging enterprises master no more than 70% of the cutting area).

According to various estimates, the volume of illegal logging annually ranges from 0.5% (FALKH in the Asnoyarsk Territory, Taimyr and Evenkia). The average price of one cubic meter of forest (lease) on the vine is about $ 1-3 (depending on the conditions of forest management) per m3. The cost of harvesting-removal is $12-17 per m3 (with the whiplash method of harvesting). The cost price is constantly increasing due to the increase in prices for fuel and lubricants and wages in the region. At the moment, several main technological types of logging prevail in the region:

1) Using chainsaws.

2) With the use of feller bunchers.

3) With the use of automated complexes.

Logging by automated systems is just beginning to gain its positions in the region. From open sources of information, it is known that so far only two enterprises in the region have mastered this method of harvesting (Shiversky LPH, Angarsk LPH). But, as the practice of Finland, Canada and the European part of Russia shows, this is one of the most effective ways. OOO “Russian Investors - Siberia” 9 April 2005

In addition, when using this method harvesting, the share of fuel and lubricants and wages in the cost price decreases, and these are the two main categories that cause an increase in the cost of production.

A number of enterprises of the region use in their activities the labor of foreign workers (mainly from Ukraine). According to information from unofficial sources, teams of Ukrainian workers are equipped with logging equipment (chainsaws) and inventory and receive remuneration according to a piece-rate system for a certain amount of logging.

The main logging companies in the region are: Group of companies "Maltat" (harvesting about 700 thousand m3), OOO "Shiverales" (harvesting about 120 thousand m3), CJSC "Pashutinskoe" (harvesting about 250 thousand m3), CJSC "Angarsky LPH "(harvesting about 200 thousand m3), Sibartles LLC (harvesting about 200 thousand m3) and a number of other companies.

Roundwood prices are currently on the rise in the Japanese and Chinese markets. The growth rate of prices for the period January 2003 - January 2004 amounted to 15-20%.

More than 5 million m3 of roundwood is exported from the region every year.

Lumber production

The Krasnoyarsk Territory ranks third in Russia in the production of sawn timber after the Arkhangelsk and Irkutsk regions. The total volume of lumber production in 2004 in the Krasnoyarsk Territory amounted to about 1,821 thousand m3.

Figure 2: Sawn timber by regions of the Russian Federation, 2004, thousand m 3

Source: Goskomstat RF

The share of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is 15% in the total Russian production of sawn timber. On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are two largest producers of sawn timber in Russia with production volumes of over 400 thousand m in 2003 amounted to 430 thousand m3 of lumber), which are located in the city of Lesosibirsk.

In addition, OJSC Maklakovsky LDK is located in Lesosibirsk (production volume in 2003 amounted to 160 thousand m3 of sawn timber).

Figure 3: Dynamics of lumber production, thousand m 3

Pulp and paper production

According to statistics, the pulp and paper industry produced: 1.12 thousand tons of market pulp, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard. The only manufacturer of pulp and paper products in the territory of the region is Yenisei Pulp and Paper Mill LLC, which is part of the Continental Management group.

Figure 4: Dynamics of paper production, thousand tons

The Pulp and Paper Mill includes: timber production, wood-pulp shop, cooking shops (pulp and semi-pulp production), paper mill, container board factory, cardboard drying shop, paper processing shop, acid shop, bleaching shop, chemical shop , treatment facilities, auxiliary production shops.

At the moment, the administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory has announced plans to build two pulp and paper mills in the region: in the city of Lesosibirsk and in the Boguchansky district (on the basis of the Boguchanskaya HPP).

Figure 5: Dynamics of cardboard production, thousand tons

Source: ULC Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Fiberboard production

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is the leader in the production of fiberboard in Russia. The region's share is 24% in the total Russian production of WPV. Fiberboard production in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 amounted to 59.2 million m 3 .

Figure 6: Dynamics of fiberboard production, thousand m 3 Source: ULC Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

There are two largest manufacturers of fiberboard in the Krasnoyarsk Territory - CJSC Novoeniseisky LHK (production volume in 2003 amounted to 25 thousand m2) and OJSC Lesosibirsky LDK-1 (production volume in 2003 amounted to 24 thousand m2), which located in Lesosibirsk. The volume of fiberboard production in 2004 increased by 10.8%.

Chipboard production

The volume of chipboard production in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 amounted to 72.8 thousand m 3

Figure 7: EAF production dynamics, thousand m 3 Source: ULC Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

In 2004, the output of particle boards decreased by 7.5%.

CJSC "Krasnoyarsk DOK" is the main producer of chipboard in the region. The decrease in the production of particle boards was due to the shutdown of the PKD production at the beginning of 2004 in order to carry out overhaul equipment.

CJSC "Krasnoyarsk DOK" does not produce laminated chipboard, which is in demand among furniture manufacturers, furniture makers of the region are forced to import this type of raw material from neighboring regions. The company's products are consumed mainly by the construction industry.

Markets

The main component of the timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in foreign economic activity is the export orientation of the industry. In terms of exports, it is in 3rd place after non-ferrous metallurgy and the petrochemical complex. The main timber consignors in 2000 were CJSC "Novoeniseisky timber chemical complex", CJSC "Lesosibirsky LDK No. 1", OJSC "Igarsky sea port", LLC "Taiga-Ex", CJSC "First Siberian timber company", CJSC "Dilen", OJSC JSC "Yeniseiles".

Exports of wood products and wood products can be divided into two relatively separate groups:

- raw timber- export in 2000 amounted to 25.1 million US dollars, having increased by 14.6%. The first position in the geographical structure over the past few years has been occupied by China (90.5%). However, it is worth noting the fact that raw wood is exported to China at a price of about 60 US dollars per 1 cubic meter, mainly to Manchuria, where the so-called "Forest Base" has been created. This is a huge center from which Siberian products are sold on the territory of Central and South China at a price of 120 US dollars, the creation of this base was initiated not by Russia, but by the Chinese side, so the main efforts should be directed to the development of relations with the southern provinces of China, which have benefits for conducting foreign economic activity.

- processed timber- exports in 2000 amounted to 101.3 million dollars, having decreased by 5.8% compared to 1999. The price for exported products varies from $80 per 1 cubic meter. m. up to 295 per 1 ton. This group makes up the main share in the commodity structure of exports - more than 60%.

The main positions in this group are still occupied by the two largest sawmills of the region, CJSC Novoeniseisky Timber Chemical Complex and CJSC Lesosibirsky LDK No. 1, located in the city of Lesosibirsk. In total, these enterprises produce about 900,000 cubic meters of export sawn timber per year, with an integrated wood utilization rate of up to 95%.

At the highest prices (per 1 ton of timber), products were exported to Syria ($295), Tunisia ($268), Great Britain ($248) and Spain ($203.7), while the lowest to Turkey (174.5 US dollars), Egypt (178 US dollars) and neighboring countries (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan). However, if in the early 90s the countries Central Asia were the main consumer of these products, today their share in consumption is very low.

One of the most important reasons for this situation was the existing policy of the Ministry of Railways of Russia regarding export tariffs for goods to the CIS countries. Today, it is more profitable for enterprises of the region to supply their products to the countries of the Far Abroad, for example, to China, than to the Republic of Uzbekistan. As a result, the delivery of products from the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Krasnoyarsk Territory is carried out mainly with the help of vehicles, which does not allow to provide the necessary volumes of product supplies for the enterprises of the region and fully meet demand.

Another reason that many enterprises are aimed at Western foreign partners is the prevailing level of prices for timber products of the region, which is inaccessible to the Central Asian market, and the introduction by the Republic of Kazakhstan of a duty on transit transportation of products to Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.

Also, sleepers for railway and tram tracks, chipboard, fiberboard, plywood are exported from the Krasnoyarsk Territory. These are mainly the countries of Central Asia, Egypt and Syria, however, here, too, the tariff policy of the Ministry of Railways of Russia has led to a reduction in the number of contracts for the supply of products from small and medium-sized enterprises of the timber industry complex of the region. D

Suffice it to say that in order to send one wagon of chipboard to Tashkent, it is necessary to pay a railway tariff in the amount of about $ 2,600, which is more than 60% of the price of the goods in the wagon. In general, the share of these commodity groups in the total volume of exports, according to 2000 data, amounted to 5.6%.

- pulp, paper and cardboard- exports in 2000 amounted to 3.99 million US dollars, which is 30% higher than in 1999. It should be noted that in 2000 the export of wood pulp began - to Greece (448.5 thousand US dollars) and China (50.2 thousand US dollars), while in 1999 this product was not exported.

In 2000, exports of paper and paperboard amounted to US$ 3.49 million, an increase of 29%. In contrast to 1999, deliveries to the countries of Central Asia increased - Uzbekistan (+40.4%), Tajikistan (+58.9%), Kyrgyzstan (+50.9%). Deliveries to Kazakhstan decreased (-7.4%), which is the main importer of paper and kraton.

Export to other regions

The main timber and paper products, which play a significant role in the markets of other regions of Russia and are exported by the Krasnoyarsk Territory, are commercial timber and sawn timber.

Export to foreign markets

The main flows of timber products are directed along the Trans-Siberian and Lesosiberian railways, as well as along the Yenisei and Angara rivers.

Huge forest areas in the north cannot be developed due to x distance from roads. and the share of the Krasnoyarsk Territory accounts for 5% of all-Russian timber exports. In the total volume of timber exports of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the main share is accounted for by roundwood and sawn timber.

The export of timber and paper products from the Krasnoyarsk Territory is mainly focused on non-CIS countries. The share of the CIS countries is insignificant. The main roundwood importing countries are China and Japan, which account for more than 90% of the total export of roundwood from the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Lumber is exported to many countries in Asia, Europe, North Africa: Japan, China, Egypt, Austria, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Turkey, Tunisia, Lebanon, Greece, Italy, France. Pulp is exported to China, Ireland, Italy, Republic of Korea, Poland, Slovakia.

At present, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk region are exporters of softwood lumber. The largest importers in this market are France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy and Germany.

The main timber industry regions of the region

Conventionally, the territory of the region can be divided into several timber processing districts: Yesosibirsk (sawmill center), Boguchansky district (logging center), Kezhemsky district (logging and sawmilling), Krasnoyarsk (sawmilling and pulp and paper mill), Kansk (sawmilling).

Lesopromyshlenny district of Lesosibirsk

Lesosibirsk is the largest timber industry center of the region and the largest city in the Nizhneangarsk region, which is located on the Yenisei tract 260-280 km north of Krasnoyarsk. The city is located at a distance of 27 km south of the mouth of the river. Hangars. All riverside timber enterprises on the Angara River have an inconvenient transport location, and the city of Lesosibirsk will remain the only place through which forest streams will pass (raft downstream the Angara River). In addition, in Lesosibirsk there are Railway Achinsk-Lesosibirsk (274 km). CJSC Novoeniseisky LHK, CJSC Lesosibirsky LDK-1, OJSC Maklakovsky LDK are engaged in sawmilling and woodworking. In addition, there are about twenty small enterprises in the city that are engaged in sawmilling, mainly on the basis of P-63 frames, or reselling sawlogs to China.

Boguchansky district

The Boguchansky District is the leader in logging in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. According to the results of 2004, harvesting volumes in the Boguchansky district amount to 3.1 million m3. Sawmilling in the area is not developed. Several small enterprises carry out sawmilling in the area on the basis of the R-63 sawmill, as well as a number of other small lines (machine tools). The average volume of production of sawmills does not exceed 10-20 thousand m3 of sawn timber annually. The transport infrastructure is poorly developed in the region, the main ways of exporting raw materials from the region are: the railway (single-track line from Karabula station) and the Angara River.

Most of the logging enterprises of the region, located on the left bank of the river. Angara, send their products for export to China and Japan, due to high prices for products in 2004. Right-bank enterprises cannot take the prepared volumes to the railway sidings, and are forced to float them to the city of Lesosibirsk along the Angara River.

The largest logging enterprise in the region is the Maltat group of companies (harvesting about 700 thousand m3), which is part of the MS Management group. In addition, harvesting is carried out on the territory of the district: Shiverales LLC (harvesting about 120 thousand m3), CJSC Pashutinskoye (harvesting about 250 thousand m3), CJSC Angarsky LPH (harvesting about 200 thousand m3), LLC Sibartles" (harvesting about 200 thousand m3) and a number of other enterprises. Currently, the main harvests are shifting to the right bank of the Angara River due to the depletion of forest reserves on the left bank.

Kezhemsky district.

Timber industry district of Krasnoyarsk

In the city of Krasnoyarsk there are a number of industries aimed at timber processing. Among these industries: OJSC "Yenisei Pulp and Paper Mill", OJSC AK "Eniseiles", CJSC "KLM Co", CJSC "Krasnoyarsk DOK", OJSC "Krasnoyarsk BHZ". In addition, in 2004, the Yenisei woodworking plant was built in the village of Berezovka.

The advantages of the city of Krasnoyarsk, as a site for the processing of raw materials, are:

Availability of qualified personnel.

Developed infrastructure.

Availability of a pulp and paper mill, where part of the waste can be delivered

production.

The disadvantages of the city of Krasnoyarsk, as a site for the processing of raw materials, are:

The lack of raw materials in the vicinity of the city leads to growth

transport logistics at least $9-20 per m3 of lumber.

Growing environmental requirements for city enterprises.

High land fees.

According to Russian Investors - Siberia LLC, projects related to the deep processing of wood will be developed in the city. Lumbering district of Kansk There are two main sawmills in Kansk: CJSC "LDK Kansky" and LLC "Kanskwood". In addition, the city has Kansky BHZ JSC, which accepts sawmill waste - wood chips and sawdust, etc. According to information obtained from open sources, CJSC LDK Kansky produces about 46 thousand m3 of sawn timber annually. In December 2004, a new shop for drying lumber was opened in Kansk. According to the public statements of the management, already in 2005 the enterprise will process 100,000 m3. Kanskwood LLC is part of the MS Management group and produces about 15-20 thousand m3 of lumber annually. The company is focused on the production of high quality larch lumber.

Conclusion

The concept of development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

In 2004, the administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory adopted the "Concept for the development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the period 2004-2015"

Implementation of the Concept and main directions for the development of the forest complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the period 2004-2015. will make it possible to involve in industrial production more, currently unclaimed, resources of low-quality raw materials (due to the commissioning of new capacities for deep processing of wood), while ensuring the growth of marketable products from 1 m3 of harvested wood from $25.2 to $70-80 in 2010 and $140-160 in 2015

In case of implementation of the concept (see Table 4)

The volume of harvesting will increase by 1.8 times - from 9.5 to 18 thousand m3

The production of sawn timber will grow by 2.5 times - from 1.8 to 4.5 thousand m3

Conditions are being created to increase profitability in forestry activities (on average 3 times).

The annual profit of the industry will be 16.6 billion rubles, while the budget revenue will be about 13.0 billion rubles.

The number of timber workers will increase by 15-16 thousand people.

The average salary will be about 16 thousand rubles.

The timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in terms of profitability can reach the level of investment self-sufficiency for the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of production, as well as accumulate funds for equity participation (in the amount of 50-60%) in investing in new construction of forestry facilities, including the development of timber resources that were previously inaccessible .

Table 4: Calculation of marketable products in 2015 (“Concept for the development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for 2004-2015”)

Products		Production volume	Production cost (mln.$)
Wood removal
lumber






Total main products
Other products -3-5% (joinery and building products, sleepers, wood chemistry, etc.)
Total timber products			2 362,2-2 408,1
Total timber products	million rubles

References

1. Granberg A. G. Fundamentals of regional economics - M.: GU HSE, 2000

2. Regional economy: Textbook for universities / T. G. Morozova M.P. Pobedeeva et al., 2001

3. The economy of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2001. Statistical Yearbook

4. Overview of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory LLC Russian Investors-Siberia. Statistical review 2004

5. Magazine "Expert-Siberia" ("Top-200" Krasnoyarsk Territory)

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Siberian State Technological University

Faculty of Chemistry and Technology of Distance Education

abstract

"Timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory"

Completed: student of the specialty

form of study correspondence code of the record book

Checked: _________________

Introduction. 3

Characteristics of the timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. 4

Structure. 7

Sales markets. thirteen

The main timber industry areas of the region. 17

Conclusion. 21

References. 23

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic . The interest in the activities of forest industry enterprises, especially in the current economic conditions, is due, firstly, to the role that forest industry enterprises play in the local area management system. Secondly, the significance of the further development of foreign trade activities for our country, as it has moved to the market from the system economic relations with the dominant state form of ownership and unified forms of economic organization. Thirdly, the opportunities for the formation in the process of development of the forest industry of diverse economic and social relations, which make it possible to better use the potential of management. Fourth, the fact that the domestic forest industry is an important branch of international specialization. Russia was and remains the first country in the world in terms of forest reserves. At the same time, both in terms of export earnings and a number of other industry indicators, Russia lags behind the leading countries - leaders in the global timber market. One of the reasons for this lag is the historically established inefficient orientation of exports to the country's raw materials, which continues to negatively affect the state of the forest industry, undermines the development base for the forest industry, and makes the prospects for their development unclear.

In addition, the importance of studying the timber industry is also associated with social problems society. This is due to the city-forming role of enterprises in this industry, and the fact that very a large number of of people.

Characteristics of the timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the most "forested" regions

Russian Federation, which accounts for 14.5% of the forested area. The area of forest land - 160 million hectares - is 15% of the territory of Russia covered with forests.

However, the share of the region in the production of timber products

About 50 thousand people work at the enterprises of the timber industry complex, which provides 15% of employment in the region. But, according to our estimates, this figure is underestimated by 1.5 times, since it does not take into account data on small enterprises, illegal workers, and also, as a rule, does not take into account migrants from foreign countries (Ukraine, China) employed in production.

Most timber companies are privately owned (91%).

Table 1: Form of ownership of timber companies in the region

Source: Regional Committee of Statistics

Timber base

The total forest stock is dominated by mature and overmature stands. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, they account for 70.6%. The predominant place is occupied by coniferous plantations.

Table 2: Characteristics of the forest resources of the regions.

		Krasnoyarsk region	Russia
Area covered with forest vegetation	million ha	106,3	774,2
Total wood supply	billion m3	11,9	81,9
Stock of mature and overmature stands	billion m3	8,4	44,1
of which conifers	billion m3	7,3	34,6
annual growth	million m3	102,7	970,4
AAC	million m3	59,7	551,5
Actual felling by main use	million m3	9,4	130
Total volume of felling	million m3	10,2	167,9
Wood harvesting from 1 hectare.	m3	0,1	0,2
Use of AAC	%	15,3	23,5

Source: OAO NIPIEIlesprom

The most valuable species in economic terms is pine. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, this is the main object of logging. The main area of pine forests is concentrated in the Angara River basin along its entire length, in the southern part of the Central Siberian Plateau, where a special kind of pine also grows, called Angara pine (pine Siberian stone). The second place in terms of economic value is occupied by larch wood. Larch forests predominate in the northern regions in the basins of the Podkamennaya and Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Vitim rivers.

Table 3: Species composition of the forest, thousand m 3

Structure

The timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 can be represented as follows:

Logging - 9.5 million m 3

Production of lumber - 1.8 million m 3

Production of fiberboard - 52.6 million m 3

Production of chipboard - 37.8 thousand m 3

Pulp and paper industry: 1.12 thousand tons of market pulp, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard

The main types of products manufactured in the region are:

· products of logging production (industrial timber, round timber);

· products of woodworking production (lumber, railway sleepers, fibreboards);

Pulp and paper products (pulp, cardboard).

Figure 1. Structure of the main types of products

logging

1) Transport inaccessibility of a number of sites (Right bank of the Angara River, Evenkia).

2) Economic unavailability of a number of logging sites (due to poor species composition (less than 40% coniferous), low yield quality, small average diameters).

3) The impossibility of a number of companies to master their cutting area in full (as a rule, many logging enterprises master no more than 70% of the cutting area).

Extraordinarily varied. Here you can see almost everything: the classic dry steppes, and the deaf taiga, and lifeless arctic deserts... No other region of the country has such a set of natural and climatic zones.

Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The Krasnoyarsk Territory occupies about 13% of the territory of Russia. It is bordered on both ends mountain systems: Byrranga mountains from the north, Sayans and - in the south. The region is extremely rich in various minerals. In particular, over 90% of the country's nickel and platinum reserves, about 40% of Russian lead reserves and about 20% of gold are concentrated here.

The territory has a sharply continental climate. Temperature regime very different, since the Krasnoyarsk Territory is very elongated in the meridional direction. In the far north, winter temperatures often reach -30...-35 degrees.

The flora, nature and animals of the Krasnoyarsk Territory simply amaze with their diversity and exceptional wealth. 340 species of birds and 89 species of mammals live here, including sable, arctic fox, ermine and reindeer. There are more than 60 species of fish in rivers and lakes, many of which are of industrial importance (sterlet, sturgeon, and others).

Nature Protection of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

They try to preserve the wealth of nature in the region by creating a large number of protected areas and objects. To date, 30 reserves have already been created here, as well as 7 nature reserves, the most famous of which is the Tunguska, Putoransky, Great Arctic "Pillars". In addition, 39 reserves are planned to be created in the near future.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, they are also quite widely represented. Today there are 51 such objects in the region. These are lakes, rocks, sections of rivers, waterfalls and much more. Consider the most famous and visited of the natural monuments of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

stone town

The nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory will amaze any tourist with its grandeur and beauty. Vivid proof of this is the natural monument Kamenny Gorodok, located on one of the ridges of the Western Sayan. These are columnar rocks up to 40 meters high, impressive with their unusual shapes.

There are about a hundred pillars here. On one of them, which is called the Watchtower, there is an observation deck from which you can admire the general panorama of the entire Stone Town. An amazing sight: bizarre, as if built by a man, turrets emerge from the thick of the forest.

Stone town is a real paradise for rock climbers. For them, more than 60 routes of varying difficulty are organized here. After all, rocks of such a columnar shape are ideal for practicing this extreme sport.

Lake Oiskoe

"Water is life itself," as A. de Saint-Exupery once said. There is a whole "sea" of unique and beautiful water objects in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. One of these is Lake Oiskoe, a hydrological monument of nature. It is very loved by tourists because of its geographical accessibility - it is located right next to the road.

The lake gives rise to the Oya River - one of the tributaries of the Yenisei. The water in it is very cold, even in summer its temperature does not rise above +10 degrees. This is explained by the fact that Lake Oyskoye is located in the mountains - at around 1500 meters.

Shindinsky waterfall

Shindinsky (aka Chinzhebsky) waterfall received the status of a natural monument in 1987. The peak of high water here falls on May-June. The waterfall is extraordinarily beautiful: it falls in a powerful stream from a 30-meter steep ledge. The object is very accessible: you can drive directly to it by car. However, walking to it will bring much more impressions.

The width of the Shindinsky waterfall does not exceed ten meters. It is located at the foot of the picturesque Moscow Mountain, which, if desired, can also be conquered.

In conclusion...

The nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is very many-sided and diverse. Here you can see virgin forests, cold arctic plains, high mountain ranges, cliffs and lakes, turbulent rivers and waterfalls. Without a doubt, and even despite the sharp ecological problems in the region, this marvelous region of Russia deserves to be visited.

general characteristics forests

The area of forests in the Krasnoyarsk Territory as of 01.01.2008 is 163.6 million hectares. All forests of the region are divided into the forest fund (LF) and forests that are not included in the forest fund. Forests not included in the forest fund include forests of the Russian Ministry of Defense (military forestries) and urban forests.

The area of forest fund lands as of 01.01.2008 amounted to 158.5 million hectares. In the regional state institutions of the "forestry" of the region, previously located in the structure of the Ministry natural resources RF, it is 155.8 million hectares (including 102.1 million hectares covered with forests). The area of rural forest enterprises is 2.8 million hectares (including 2.6 million hectares covered with forests).

Characteristics of the forest fund, which is under the jurisdiction of the agency of the forest industry of the administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (the territory includes the Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky and Evenksky municipal districts). Forest and non-forest lands are distinguished as part of the forest fund lands. Forest lands are represented by areas covered with forest vegetation, and areas not covered with forest vegetation, but intended for its restoration (cutting areas, burnt areas, areas occupied by nurseries, etc.). Non-forest lands include lands intended for forestry (clearings, roads, etc.).

As of 01.01.2008, 57 regional state institutions of "forestry", FGU Zapadno-Sayanskoye CFM and KSU "Krasnoyarskles", as well as rural forestry enterprises functioned under the jurisdiction of the Forestry Agency of the Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The main forest-forming species are larch (43.7 million ha), birch (13.6 million ha), pine (13.1 million ha), cedar (9.7 million ha). Coniferous plantations occupy more than 77.4% of forested areas.

The age structure of forest stands is characterized by the predominance of mature and overmature plantations, which make up 59.7% of the land area covered with forest vegetation. As part of coniferous forests their share exceeds 66.2% of the registered areas.

According to the state accounting of the forest fund, the total timber stock in the region is estimated at 11.2 billion m3. The volume of coniferous wood is 9.6 billion m3, of which 6.8 billion m3 are mature and overmature plantations. The stock of softwood timber as a whole does not exceed 1.6 billion m3, including 1.1 billion m3 in mature and overmature forests. Up to 3.0 billion m3 of mature and overmature wood is concentrated in forests that can be exploited.

The distribution of forest fund lands on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory by forest groups in the context of administrative territories is presented in Table 5.1.

The total area of forests of the first group of the agency of the forest industry of the administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory as of 01.01.2008 amounted to 50,754 thousand hectares, or 32.5% of the total area of the forest fund, forests of the 2nd group - 720.0 thousand hectares (0.5% ), forests of the 3rd group - 104307 thousand hectares (67%).

Forest management

The following types of forest management can be carried out in the forest fund:

Wood harvesting;

Preparation of resin;

Harvesting of secondary forest resources (stumps, bark, birch bark, fir, pine, spruce paws, Christmas trees and others);

Secondary forest management (haymaking, grazing, placement of beehives and apiaries, harvesting of tree sap, harvesting and collection of wild fruits, berries, nuts, mushrooms, and other food forest resources, medicinal plants and technical raw materials and other types of secondary forest management;

The use of forest fund plots for the needs of the hunting economy, for research purposes, for cultural, recreational, tourism and sports purposes. The use of forest fund plots can be carried out both with the withdrawal of forest resources, and without their withdrawal. A plot of the forest fund may be provided for the implementation of one or several types of forest management to one or several forest users.

In 2007, the actual volume of wood harvesting for all types of cuttings amounted to 15,653.6 thousand m3, including 14,150.4 thousand m3 for coniferous farming.

Table 5.1 Distribution of forest fund lands by administrative regions and forest groups, 2007

The main forms of organizing forest management are the lease of forest fund plots and forest auctions for the sale of standing timber (Table 5.2). In 2007, forest fund plots were not leased out based on the results of auctions for the sale of the right to conclude a lease agreement due to the lack of a regulatory framework.

Table 5.2 Leased Forest Fund Plots

In 2007, 77 auctions were held for the sale of the right to conclude a contract for the sale of forest plantations, where 914 cutting areas were sold. The volume of timber sold amounted to 1,383.4 thousand m3, including 1,197.1 thousand m3 (86.6%) for coniferous farming. The auction price of 1 m3 of wood sold was 124.07 rubles. (coniferous - 127.72 rubles, softwood - 100.65 rubles), and the cost of 1 m3 of wood at the minimum rate was 29.91 rubles.

The main use of the forest

In 2007, compared to 2006, the AAC for the main use amounted to 66,354.7 thousand m3, including 41,596.6 thousand m3 for coniferous farming. The actual volume of fellings for the main use in the region in 2007 amounted to 10257.5 thousand m3 with the development of the allowable cutting area by 16%, for coniferous farming - 22%, for deciduous farming - 6% (Table 5.3).

On leased forest fund plots, 7.7 million m3 of wood was harvested (in 2006 - 7.3 million m3).

Intermediate use and care of the forest

Thinning is aimed at improving the species composition of forest stands and the quality of wood, the formation of sustainable and highly productive forest stands, the preservation and enhancement of their useful functions, as well as the timely use of wood.

In accordance with forestry requirements, 156.9 thousand hectares of plantations per year need care on the lands of the forest fund. In fact, in 2007, 39,176 ha were covered by thinning (in 2006 - 27,000 ha), while 1,575.1 thousand m3 of marketable wood was harvested.

Table 5.3 Use of AAC for final fellings in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2007, thousand m3

Intermediate felling had a positive impact on improving the species composition of plantations and the quality of wood, the formation of highly productive forest stands. Information on the actual execution of intermediate fellings is given in Table 5.4. Compared to 2006, the area where thinning was carried out increased by 12,000 ha. In 2007, the areas of thinning and passing cuttings also increased significantly (by 42%).

Table 5.4 Volumes of intermediate fellings in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

reforestation

The complex of works on reforestation includes the creation of forest plantations, the promotion of natural reforestation, the implementation of additions and agrotechnical care for forest crops, the harvesting of seeds and the cultivation of planting material, the introduction of young stands into the category of economically valuable tree plantations, and thinning in young growth, breeding work, etc.

The volume indicators of reforestation are set in accordance with the recommendations of the forest inventory, the data of the forest fund accounting and the scope of work provided for by federal and regional target programs.

Reforestation was carried out on an area of 60.4 thousand hectares, including:

Forest cultures have been created on 10.2 thousand hectares;

Assistance was provided to natural regeneration on an area of 50.2 thousand hectares;

Agrotechnical care for forest crops was carried out on an area of 50.5 thousand hectares, seeds were sown in a nursery on an area of 44.5 hectares.

In 2007, an additional planting of forest crops was carried out on an area of 2.6 thousand hectares, the soil was prepared for next year's forest crops on an area of 7.4 thousand hectares, and 20.2 tons of forest seeds were harvested.

The presence of seeds in the forestries of the region as of 01.01.2008 amounted to 13.1 tons, of which seeds of small coniferous species - 4.5 tons. The volume of cultivation of standard planting material amounted to 40.3 million pieces.

The data of the autumn inventory of forest crops, nurseries, areas with measures taken to promote natural regeneration indicate the following:

In general, for forestry enterprises of the forest industry agency, the standard survival rate for all three years of accounting is as follows: 2007 - 89.0% with a standard survival rate of 86%, 2005 - 86.2% with a standard one - 82%, 2002 - 80.9% with the normative 78%;

The planned output of standard planting material from a unit area is ensured;

Young stands were introduced into the category of economically valuable tree plantations on an area of 73.3 thousand hectares, including forest plantations - 10.2 thousand hectares, young stands grown as a result of measures to promote natural reforestation - 46.1 thousand hectares and areas renewed as a result of natural overgrowing - 17 thousand hectares;

Own needs for sowing and planting material are provided.

The cost of reforestation activities in 2007 amounted to 63.7 million rubles.

An important place in the performance of work on the reproduction of forests is occupied by issues of forest selection. In 2007, the range of selection works included:

Establishment of 5 hectares of forest seed plantations, establishment of 1112 hectares of forest crops using planting material from the seeds of forest seed plantations and sowing seeds from a permanent forest seed base (PLSB), establishment of permanent forest seed plots on an area of 10 hectares;

Maintenance of seed plantations, archives of clones and mother plantations on an area of 92 ha, maintenance of test forest crops on an area of 16 ha, maintenance of seed plots on an area of 73 ha and thinning - 20 ha;

Vaccination 1.0 thousand pcs. cuttings for growing selective planting material.

The costs of selection work in 2007 amounted to 1.1 million rubles.

As a result of reforestation work, the area of land covered with forest vegetation in 2007 increased by 73.3 thousand hectares: due to the transfer of forest plantations to the area covered with forest - by 10.2 thousand hectares, due to the transfer of plots with measures taken to promote natural regeneration forests, as well as at the expense of areas renewed as a result of natural overgrowing - by 63.1 thousand hectares.

As of January 1, 2008, the area of land covered with forest vegetation is 102,119.5 thousand hectares, of which 348.7 thousand hectares are closed forest cultures. The area of closed forest cultures summer period 2007 increased by 7.8 thousand hectares. The area of non-closed forest plantations in 2007 increased by 2.4 thousand hectares and amounts to 83.6 thousand hectares.

As a result of reforestation activities in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, a positive balance has been achieved between logging and reforestation. In the period 2003-2007. 254.4 thousand hectares were cut down, 36.8 thousand hectares of land covered with forest vegetation died from forest fires and other causes, which amounted to 291.2 thousand hectares. During the same period, 530.9 thousand hectares of unforested lands of the forest fund were restored and transferred to forested lands.

The total area of land on which forests grow in the Krasnoyarsk Territory as of 01.01.2015 is 164.0 million hectares. The forests of the region are located on the lands of the forest fund, lands of defense and security, lands of specially protected areas, lands of settlements and lands of other categories. The area of forest fund lands as of 01.01.2015 amounted to 158.7 million hectares.

Forest and non-forest lands are distinguished as part of the forest fund lands. Forest lands are represented by areas covered with forest vegetation, and areas not covered with forest vegetation, but intended for its restoration (cutting areas, burnt areas, areas occupied by nurseries, etc.). Non-forest lands include lands intended for forestry (clearings, roads, etc.).

According to Rosreestr) as of January 1, 2015, the area of forest land was 120.9 million hectares, including 110.9 million hectares covered with forest vegetation, 10.0 million hectares not covered with forest vegetation (Table 7.2).

Table 7.2

The total area of forest fund lands of the Krai according to Rosreestr is 155.6 million hectares (Table 3.1 in Section 3 of this Report), according to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Krai - 158.7 million hectares (see Table 7.3). This discrepancy is explained by the fact that not all forest lands that are currently in the category of agricultural land (as of 01.01.2015 - 3.55 million hectares) and in other categories of land are put on state cadastral registration with the category of land "lands of the forest fund ". AT municipal areas work is systematically carried out on forest management and land surveying on all forest areas with the subsequent setting of forest plots for cadastral registration in the Rosreestr Administration for the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 2014, due to similar work in the Abansky district, the area of forest fund lands increased by 7.0 thousand hectares.

Forest plantation zoning of the Krasnoyarsk Territory ) . The forest vegetation of the region is rich and varied. It is characterized by clear meridional and altitudinal zoning. In the vegetation cover of the northern regions, pine and larch forests predominate, in the southern regions - dark coniferous forests with the participation of spruce, fir, and cedar in the forest stand.

For the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (within the framework of the Forest Plan of the Krasnoyarsk Territory), forest vegetation zoning of the forest fund was carried out: 4 forest vegetation zones and 7 forest regions were identified with relatively similar conditions for the use, protection, protection, and reproduction of forests (the Forest vegetation zoning map is given in the Forest Plan of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the forest fund).

Zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga occupies 25413.7 thousand hectares or 15.5% of the total area of all forests in the region. The zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga includes one forest region - the Central Siberian region of tundra forests - forest tundra and sparse taiga, represented by larch sparse forests, alternating with shrub tundra and hilly peat bogs. The predominant tree species is the Dahurian larch V-Va of the quality class. The forest cover of the region is about 4%.

characteristic feature The vegetation cover of the tundra forest area is its mosaic and complexity, due to the wide development of micro- and mesorelief forms, as well as the rapid change in soil and hydrological conditions. All forests of the Central Siberian region of tundra forests are classified as protective forests.

taiga zone occupies the most extensive territory, over 120 million hectares or 73.2% of the region's forests. The average forest cover of the taiga zone is 70.6%. According to the nature of the vegetation cover, it is divided into 3 forest regions: the West Siberian plain taiga, the Central Siberian plateau taiga and the Angara forest.

West Siberian Plain Taiga Region covers the basins of the tributaries of the Yenisei - rr. Kas, Sym, Kolchum and the upper reaches of the rivers of the Ob basin - Sochur, Bolshaya Elovaya. This is a drained section of the eastern margin of the West Siberian Plain. The total forest cover of the region is 73%; swampiness of the area is 27%.

The most valuable are the pine forests of the green moss group of forest types (cowberry, bilberry, rosemary), growing on sandy ridges with podzolic soils. Forest stands of III–IV quality class, mostly of the same age. Renewal, both under the forest canopy and after logging or fires, occurs successfully without changing species.

The area is also characterized by lichen pine forests with strongly podzolic soils of grade IV, less often grade V. Larch forests are quite rare, birch forests are derivatives.

Central Siberian plateau taiga region occupies the largest area. The southern border runs along the watershed of the Angara and Podkamennaya Tunguska rivers and in the southwestern part along the watershed of the Dubches and Sym rivers. Northern - from Igarka through the Putorana plateau to the administrative border of the Republic of Sakha.

In the northern part of this forest area, sparse forests grow with small wood reserves, about 100 m³ per 1 ha. The forests here are mainly represented by Dahurian and Siberian larch, downy birch, and spruce. Productivity of larch stands of V-III quality class. Pine and spruce forests are always V-Va bonitet. Mature and overmature forest stands prevail here, accounting for almost 70% of timber reserves. There is no industrial exploitation of forests, a small amount is harvested for local needs. The forests are used for deer grazing and as hunting grounds.

In the middle part of the forest area, the forest stand becomes more dense, the average wood stock increases to 150 m³ per 1 ha, the average growth also increases, and the grass-shrub undergrowth becomes richer. The vegetation cover is dominated by low-productive sparse dark coniferous forests of spruce, cedar with Siberian larch in the 1st layer and birch forests derived from them from warty and downy birch. Significant areas are occupied by larch forests of Siberian larch and a hybrid form between Siberian and Dahurian larch - Chekanovsky larch. Small areas are occupied by aspen and birch forests. The predominant groups of forest types are: shrub-moss, lichen, sphagnum, green moss. In small areas there are reed forests. Fir elfin is widespread in the undergrowth. Dark coniferous species are more often of grade V. Green moss larch forests can be grade III.

In the southern part of the Central Siberian plateau taiga region, the dominant position in the vegetation is occupied by cedar and spruce forests. Often cedar and spruce form mixed stands. Forests with a predominance of fir are very rare, but mixed with cedar and spruce are widespread. Larch and pine forests (forb and green moss groups of forest types) are marked by small areas in river valleys and watersheds. Birch forests are widespread on the site of the burnt dark coniferous taiga, where a layer of dark coniferous species is formed under the canopy everywhere. The most widely represented stone pine forests are green moss and long moss. Stands IV less often V quality, ripe and overmature with a fullness of 0.5-0.6. More common are cedar forests of wild rosemary-long-moss, sedge-ledum-long-moss.

Forests are developed only for the purpose of harvesting furs, fish, berries, mushrooms, etc.

Priangarsky forest district occupies a vast area. The forest cover is dominated by light coniferous forests of Scotch pine and Siberian larch with an admixture of birch. Three types of soils predominate: soddy-podzolic, soddy-calcareous and gray forest gleyed, long-seasonally frozen.

The pine forests of the Angara region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are distinguished by a relatively high productivity (III-IV, less often II grade) and high quality wood. In the last two decades, a significant part of the territory has been covered by clear cuttings, as well as large forest fires. Natural regeneration by light coniferous species is proceeding quite satisfactorily.

Within the boundaries of the forest region, 8 economic groups of forest types have been identified: lichen, green moss, forb, tall grass, fern-horsetail, moss, sphagnum and grass-marsh. The predominant (about 67%) are the forb and green moss groups of forest types.

forest-steppe zone is located in the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and has a forest area of 7465.7 thousand hectares, which is 4.6% of the total area of forest land in the region. The forest-steppe zone includes the Central Siberian subtaiga-forest-steppe region.

The forests of the region are economically most developed, and at present, almost the entire territory of this forest region has not preserved native ("virgin") vegetation from pine, larch and spruce-fir forests. The average forest cover of the region (forest-steppe forest-vegetation zone) is 56.6%. The entire modern vegetation cover is represented, to one degree or another, by derivative (secondary) groups of birch and aspen forests that arose under the direct influence of human activity or experienced its indirect transformative influence. Pine, as well as dark coniferous black forests, have survived very little.

Profitable geographical position: attraction to the Trans-Siberian railway, convenient raftable rivers (Yenisei, Chulym, Kan) contributed to the development of forests in this forest area. Climatic and soil conditions contributed to the development Agriculture and deforestation.

South Siberian mountain zone covers most Western Sayan and, to a small extent, the northwestern part of the Eastern Sayan. The total area of forests is 9207.5 thousand hectares or 5.6% of the total forest area of the region. The average forest cover is 74.4%. Two forest regions have been identified in the zone, Altai-Sayan mountain-taiga and Altai-Sayan mountain forest-steppe.

Altai-Sayan mountain-taiga region stretched out in the form of a mountain bridge 100-200 km wide at a distance of more than 700 km, and occupies the southern part of the region, including mainly the northern slope of the Western Sayan and the Krasnoyarsk part of the Eastern Sayan with the upper reaches of the Mana, Kizir and Kan rivers. It consists of a series of ridges composed of ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks. The relief is predominantly mid-mountain and high-mountain, strongly and deeply dissected. Significant fluctuations in absolute heights determined the altitudinal-zonal distribution of climate, soils and vegetation. Forests cover about 70% of the territory of the Western Sayan, yielding dominance in the highlands to bald mountains, stony placers and subalpine meadows, and in intermountain basins to steppes and forest-steppes.

The belt of light coniferous and deciduous forests is associated with conditions of sufficient moisture and relatively high heat supply. It occupies a narrow strip along the northern periphery of the Western Sayan. The dominant groups of forest types are pine and birch forests, forb low-mountain II and III quality class, largely changed by logging, grazing and periodic fires.

At the contact with the dark coniferous belt, there is a strip of low-mountain black aspen forests of large grass-fern groups of II-III quality class on thick, well-moistened gray forest soils. The dark coniferous belt dominates the region and covers the entire mid-mountain, partly low-mountain and high-mountain regions. The main forest-forming species are cedar and fir; spruce forests occupy about 1%.

Altai-Sayan mountain forest-steppe region covers a small part of the Western Sayan, located on the periphery of the Minusinsk Basin and having a range of belts: steppe, forest-steppe, light coniferous forests, dark coniferous forests and in some places mountain tundra.

The area is mid-mountain, with a slope of 15-30 o and heights from 500 to 1000-1300 m. Larch and pine forests of the forb group are widespread here, with cedar in the upper boundary of the belt. Their productivity is quite high, II-III quality in pine forests and I-III in larch forests. There is a noticeable admixture of birch in the composition.

In the transition zone to the Minusinsk Basin, xerophytic forests with reduced productivity are formed, often with an undergrowth of caragana, honeysuckle, spirea, and wild rose.

Of particular note are the ribbon pine forests located within the Minusinsk depression in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. They are an intrazonal formation and occupy sandy massifs on the right bank of the Yenisei; their origin is due to the activity of the ancient river systems of the Yenisei and Tuba.

Characteristics of the forest fund. The area of forest fund lands as of 01.01.2015 amounted to 158.7 million hectares. The total forested area within the forest fund lands amounted to 105.1 million hectares.

The Federal Forestry Agency, in accordance with the orders of July 18, 2008 No. 207 “On determining the number of forest areas and establishing their boundaries”, in order to form territorial management units on the lands of the forest fund of the region in the field of use, protection, protection, and reproduction of forests, 61 forest areas were created . The boundaries of 32 forestries included both state and former rural forestries.

The age structure of forest stands is characterized by the predominance of mature and overmature plantations, which make up about 59% of the land area covered with forest vegetation. In the composition of coniferous forests, their share exceeds 65.5% of the recorded areas.

According to the State Forest Register, the total timber stock in the region is estimated at 11.5 billion m 3 . The volume of coniferous wood is 9.6 billion m 3 , of which 6.8 billion m 3 are mature and overmature stands. The stock of wood of softwood species as a whole does not exceed 1.9 billion m 3 , including 1.2 billion m 3 in mature and overmature forests.

The main forest-forming species of the forest fund are larch (43.7 million ha), birch (15.5 million ha), pine (13.4 million ha), cedar (9.7 million ha). Coniferous plantations occupy more than 76% of forested areas.

Forests located on the lands of the forest fund, according to their intended purpose, are divided into protective, operational and reserve. The distribution of forests by purpose in the context of administrative territories is presented in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3

Distribution of forests by purpose in the context of administrative

territories as of 01.01.2015

District name	Area as of 01.01.2015, ha	Total forest area, ha	Forest area by purpose, ha
protective	operational	reserve
Aban					-
Achinsk					-
Balakhtinsky					-
Berezovsky					-
Birilyussky					-
Bogotolsky					-
Boguchansky					-
Bolshemurtinsky					-
Bolsheuluysky					-
Dzerzhinsky					-
Emelyanovsky					-
Yenisei
Ermakovskiy					-
Idrinsky					-
Ilanian					-
Irbeysky					-
Kazachinsky					-
Kansky					-
Karatuzsky					-
Kezhemsky					-
Kozulsky					-
Krasnoturansky					-
Kuraginskiy					-
Mansky					-
Minusinsky				-	-
Motyginsky					-
Nazarovsky					-
Nizhneingashsky					-
Novoselovsky					-
Guerrilla					-
Pirovsky					-
Rybinsky					-
Sayan					-
North Yenisei
Sukhobuzimsky					-
Taimyr				-	-
Taseevsky					-
Turukhansky
Tyukhtetsky					-
Uzhur					-
Uyarsky					-
Sharypovsky					-
Shushensky					-
Evenki
GO Divnogorsk					-
Edge Total

To protective forests include forests that perform useful functions of water protection, soil protection, sanitary and hygienic, general cultural, fruit production and others, and at the same time are sources of mature and overmature wood. The use of forests in protective forests is primarily aimed at strengthening their target functions. The total area of protective forests as of 01/01/2015 is 51880.2 thousand hectares or 32.7% of the total area of the forest fund. The most significant part of protective forests is located in the forest-tundra zone in the Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky, Evenki, Turukhansky regions. Protective forests of the forest fund of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are categorized into main groups (Table 7.4).

Table 7.4

Categories of protective forests	Area, thousand ha
Forests located in water protection zones	1196,6
Forests that perform the functions of protecting natural and other objects - total, including:	644,4
protective belts of forests located along railway tracks general use, federal public roads, public roads owned by constituent entities of the Russian Federation	172,9
green areas	458,4
forest park zones	12,3
forests located in the first, second and third zones of the districts of sanitary (mountain-sanitary) protection of health-improving areas and resorts	0,8
Valuable forests – total, including:	50039,3
erosion control scaffolding	1048,0
forests located in desert, semi-desert, forest-steppe, forest-tundra zones, steppes, mountains	36702,3
forests with scientific or historical meaning	32,5
walnut commercial zones	2514,5
restricted lanes located along water bodies	2692,2
spawning belts of forests	7049,8

To operational forests include forests that are subject to development for the sustainable and efficient use of forest resources, obtaining high-quality commercial timber and other forest resources while maintaining the useful functions of forests. Commercial forests in the region occupy an area of 62,352.2 thousand hectares, or 39.3% of the forest fund lands. More than 5.1 billion m 3 of mature and overmature timber are concentrated in commercial forests.

To reserve Forests on the territory of the region include forests mainly in the northern regions of the region, sparse, unproductive and remote from transport routes, where logging for economic reasons is impractical for the next 20 years; their area is 44503.6 thousand hectares, which is 28.0%.

In 2014, compared to 2013, the area of protective and commercial forests increased by 22.7 thousand hectares and 394.1 thousand hectares, respectively, while the area of reserve forests decreased by 415.6 thousand hectares. The total area of forests increased by 1.2 thousand ha compared to 2013.

Compared to 2013, in 2014 the total area of forests increased in Nizhneingashskoe (by 0.6 thousand ha), Kuraginskoe (by 0.5 thousand ha), Irbeisky (by 0.2 thousand ha), Idrinsky and Kansk (on 0.1 thousand ha) districts (Table 7.3). Areas of protective forests increased in Ilansky (by 19.3 thousand hectares), Idrinsky (by 2.6 thousand hectares), Kuraginsky (by 0.8 thousand hectares), Irbeisky (by 0.1 thousand hectares), districts . The area of commercial forests increased in Turukhansk (by 415.6 thousand hectares), Nizhneingashsky (by 0.6 thousand hectares), Irbeisky and Kansky (by 0.1 thousand hectares) districts.

The decrease in the total area of forests occurred in the Ilansky district (by 0.4 thousand hectares). The area of commercial forests decreased in Idrinsky (by 2.5 thousand hectares), Ilansky (by 19.7 thousand hectares), Kuraginsky (by 0.3 thousand hectares) districts. The area of reserve forests in the Turukhansk region has decreased (by 415.6 thousand hectares).