- this is the pride and symbol of the Slavs. It is often called the tree of life.
Birch not without reason is considered sacred tree, spiritual symbol. Since ancient times, she has been taking care of people. Leaves - for health, branches - for brooms, bark for writing, handicrafts, tar and lighting, wood for warmth.
Birch in Russia has always been associated with a young maiden for her purity, whiteness, sophistication. Branches Birch bend over the traveler, like female hands, to embrace him in their affectionate embrace.
Birch name
The Russian word Bereza comes from praslav. berza, from the root * bhereĝ- "to glow, to whiten".
Where does Birch grow?
Birch widespread throughout Russia and the Northern Hemisphere as a whole, even beyond the Arctic Circle. Birch is undemanding, it tolerates heat and cold well.
Dwarf birch grows in the tundra of Europe and North America and the mountain tundra of Siberia. It does not even reach 1 m in height. In the ice and post-glacial periods, this birch was distributed much further south, now it is found there only in swamps as a relic.
What does a birch look like?
Birch is probably familiar to everyone. But still, let's write a few words.
Birch- a tall light tree with a spreading crown. It is always light in the Birch Forest, and not only because of the white trunks. Birch leaves are not large and the crown lets in a lot of light.
Birch Height usually 15-30m. However, the age of Birch is not long. Actually, 1st century. Birch usually lives for about 100 years.
Birch bark in most species it is white. The outer part of the bark - birch - usually peels off easily with ribbons. In old birches, the lower part of the trunk is covered with a dark crust with deep cracks.
Birch leaves are small toothed, pointed at the end, sticky in spring.
Birch Flowers- earrings. Birch's earrings are not all the same: there are men, there are women.
Men's earrings on a birch appear in the summer. At first, they are erect and green in color, then gradually turn brown. Outside, the entire earring is covered with a moisture-impermeable resinous substance. In this form, the catkins hibernate.
In spring, in March - May, the core of the male catkins lengthens, as a result of which the scales surrounding the flower open up, and yellow stamens, abundantly secreting pollen, become noticeable between them.
Womens birch catkins always sit on the side of a branch. During flowering, they are always shorter and narrower than male ones, which immediately fall off after pollination.
When to collect birch leaves?
Birch Leaves you need to collect in mid-May, as soon as the leaves are no longer sticky.
Harvested birch leaves in May - June - birch leaves should be fragrant and sticky, young, not coarse. For drying, birch leaves are placed on wide paper sheets in a dark, cool place with good ventilation.
Medicinal properties of Birch
The main medicinal properties Birch: antimicrobial, wound healing, good anti-inflammatory properties, absorbing ability - that's far from full list wonderful properties of these leaves.
Diuretic, and most importantly, choleretic properties are often used by herbalists in a variety of ways.
Birch leaves have a rich composition - essential oils, phytoncides, vitamin C, carotene, vegetable glycosides, tannins, nicotinic acid and other elements. A decoction of birch leaves is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic, a diuretic and choleretic drug.
Infusion from birch leaves is more saturated, therefore it is used for topical treatment. Alcoholic and essential substances that contain birch leaves have antimycotic and antiviral effects. Tannins, which are rich in birch leaves, have bactericidal and anti-inflammatory properties. Phytoncides and flavonoids are antioxidants that absorb free radicals, so Birch leaves can rejuvenate cells and tissues, and restore them.
Infusion from young birch leaves is used as a stimulant, is prescribed for disorders of the nervous system, renal colic, jaundice, as an anti-inflammatory and vitamin agent.
Birch buds are diaphoretic, diuretic and choleretic. For diseases of the kidneys and bladder, dropsy, an aqueous infusion or decoction is used in a ratio of 1: 5. Kidney infusions are prepared at the rate of 2 teaspoons per glass of boiling water. Take 2-3 tablespoons 3-4 times a day. The broth is prepared from 30 g of kidneys per glass of water and is also taken as an infusion.
Birch leaves make vitamin drink: young leaves are crushed and poured with hot boiled water, infused for 4 hours.
Birch juice... Birch sap is not only tasty but also healthy, has a good fortifying effect, its ability to dissolve stones has been revealed, so the juice is used in complex therapy for urolithiasis.
The usefulness of birch sap is determined by its chemical composition, the presence of many valuable substances, in particular glucose and fructose, well absorbed by the body, nicotinic, glutamic, aminoacetic acids.
Birch broom in the bath promotes the healing of wounds, abrasions, cleanses the skin from rashes and acne. It helps well after physical exertion, relieves pain and muscle tension. And its main advantage is that it improves ventilation in the lungs.
It is considered that the smell of birch heals melancholy and helps from the evil eye, and birch sap collected in special days March and April, purifies the blood.
Beryosta- one of better means for making a fire in any weather.
Sometimes on the Birch you can see growths - cap- on the cut, they have a kind of complex and beautiful pattern. The processed burl has long been used for the manufacture of exquisite handicrafts: caskets, snuff boxes, decorative pieces of furniture.
Birch is also characterized by specific types of mushrooms- destroyers of dead wood (saprotrophic), which play an important role in the process of self-cleaning of forests from dead wood and windbreaks.
Why is Birch white? Birch bark cell cavities are filled with a white resinous substance - betulin, which gives the birch a white color.
In beekeeping, birch is important as a pollen. After all, bees collect not only nectar, but also pollen - the main source squirrel and vitamins.
People living near the birch grove are much less likely to suffer from colds, since volatile phytoncides secreted by the tree inhibit the growth and development of bacteria.
Family: birch (Betulaceae).
Homeland: North hemisphere.
Form: tree or shrub.
Description
Birch is the most common hardwood in the Northern Hemisphere. Various types of birch (there are about 120 of them) are common from the subtropics to the tundra. Birch is a beautiful tree 30-45 m high or a shrub with an openwork crown. The main distinguishing feature of birch is a white, yellowish or pinkish trunk covered with birch bark. The leaves of the birch are petiolate, round or lanceolate, whole (rarely lobed), toothed. Birch leaves turn yellow in autumn. Birch blossoms begin before the leaves open. Birch flowers are collected in earrings. Birch fruits are single-seeded nuts 1-5 mm long with two membranous wings. Birches have a fairly large root system that takes moisture and nutrients from the topsoil. Therefore, the vegetation under the birches is scarce.
The life span of birch is 100-150 years.
In the European part of our country, two types of birch trees are widespread: downy birch and drooping birch.
Fluffy birch (curly birch) (B. pubescens), or warty birch(B. verrucosa) is a tree up to 15 m tall, with a pure white trunk that does not form a dark, rough crust at the base, for which it received another name - white birch. The crown of curly birch (warty birch) is broadly branched, ovoid. The branches are directed upwards. The bark of young branches is smooth, reddish-brown, later pure white. The leaves of fluffy birch are shiny, ovoid or rhombic, up to 6 cm, sticky and fragrant after blooming.
Hanging birch has several forms, of which the most decorative: pyramidal(f. fastigiata) - with a narrow pyramidal crown; funeral(f. tristis) - differs in very thin weeping branches and a rounded crown; cabin boy(f. Youngii) - with an irregular, graceful crown, with thin drooping branches; purple(f. purpurea) - with purple leaves.
(B. pendula) - a tree with an openwork, irregular crown. The height of the drooping birch can reach 20 m. The trunk of the drooping birch is white. In mature trees, the lower part of the trunk is covered with a rough blackish crust in deep cracks. Branches for the most part drooping, for which drooping birch received another name among the people - weeping birch. Hanging birch leaves are rhombic, glabrous, up to 7 cm, resinous, sticky for some time after blooming. Hanging birch fruits - drooping earrings. Hanging birch grows quickly, hardy.
The following types of birch shrubs are popular.
(B. nana) is a graceful bush up to 1 m high with small round leaves characteristic of birch. In autumn, the leaves of dwarf birch turn yellow. For growing dwarf birch, it is recommended to buy cultivated specimens.
Ferruginous birch (B. glandulosa) is similar to dwarf birch, but taller (up to 3 m) and has larger leaves.
Low birch (B. humilis) is a highly branched shrub with a straight crown. Low oblong birch leaves up to 3 cm long.
Birch Medvedev (B. medwediewii) is a large shrub that becomes tree-like with age. Medvedev's birch is very large, compared to other types of birches, buds and leaves (up to 10 cm long!).
Growing conditions
Birch is a tree that is undemanding to soils, however downy birch prefers more moist soils and humid climate... Birch shrubs are also not demanding on the soil, but prefer light sandy loam.
Birches need good lighting. With a lack of light, birches become frail and depressed.
Application
Due to their unpretentiousness, birches are used in groups, as well as to create small forest plantations, protective belts, etc. Birch is irreplaceable in the garden for landscaping recreation areas. Planting birch is possible, however, it should be borne in mind that they lose foliage and twigs throughout the summer, so the area around them requires periodic maintenance.
Fluffy birch is good for planting in wetlands and wet places: root system fluffy birch is able to cope with waterlogging of the soil.
But in urban landscaping, birches are not so popular because of the transparency of the crowns and are found mainly in parks and squares.
Dwarf birches are suitable for.
Planting and leaving
Birch care is minimal. In drought, watering is required.
It is better to transplant birch in early spring... Birch transplantation is carried out at the age of 5-7 years, since older specimens are poorly accepted. Autumn transplanting of birches is not recommended, as it has a higher mortality rate. When planting birch seedlings, it is not recommended to deepen the root collar. The roots of birches are shallow, therefore they require watering in a drought.
Reproduction
Reproduction of birch is carried out mainly by seeds. Some types of birches (usually cultivated) are cuttings.
Birch seeds are harvested during the browning of the catkins. Sowing seeds is recommended immediately after harvest, in late autumn.
Birch seedlings of cultivated species can be found in garden centers and nurseries. Wild birch seedlings can be taken from the forest.
Diseases and pests
Such pests of birch as the May beetle and the unpaired silkworm are dangerous.
Municipal educational institution
Moryakovskaya average comprehensive school
Birch image in
works of Russian poets and writers
Research on literature
5 "B" class
Head: Elena Bazdyreva, teacher of Russian language and literature
year 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction …………………………………………………………… .3
1. The lexical meaning of the word "birch" ……………………………………… 5
2. The image of a birch in oral folk art ……………………………… 7
3. The image of a birch in works of art ………………………… .11
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… 21
List of used literature ………………………………………… .23
Appendix.
INTRODUCTION
In fiction there are many works in which the authors glorify flowers and trees. The most popular is the image of a birch. There is probably no person who would not admire the delicate white-trunked beauty. Birch is one of our most beautiful trees. White birch trunks with a black pattern have a special appeal. I admire this tree, its beauty, mystery.
Relevance - I wondered why the image of a birch was and still is so loved and popular in literature? Many poems are dedicated to cedar, pine, oak, mountain ash. These trees are also very beautiful. But birch stands out from the rest.
In my work I will try to prove why.
Object of study – works of Russian writers and poets
Subject of study – the image of a birch in the works of Russian writers and poets.
4
Research Objectives – to determine what the image of a birch expresses in the works of Russian poets and writers; find out how in their work Russian poets and writers create its artistic image.
To achieve this goal, the following are settasks:
1) give the concept of the word "birch", determine the lexical meaning of this word;
2) consider the image of a birch in oral folk art;
to identify the traditions of the Russian people associated with the image of a birch;
3) find out how the image of a birch is revealed in the works of Russian writers and poets;
4) determine what the image of a birch symbolizes in the works;
5) compile a dictionary of visual aids used to describe birch.
When writing, the following were usedresearch methods : study of scientific and fictional literature, observation, method of search, comparison and analysis.
Hypothesis - the image of a birch is interconnected with the idea of the work.
1.Lexical meaning of the word "birch"
Our forests are beautiful, the trees are amazingly good. But the loveliest of all is our birch. There is probably no person who would not admire the delicate white-trunked beauty. The birch grove is always bright and clean. Russian birches! How often do we think on long journeys and mentally connect through them with our native land, with endless expanses, copses, edges, autumn mushrooms! How often do we hear from our acquaintances and friends from different corners peace, a little with reproach, a little with irritation - and what did you find in Russian birches ?! But with this we are born, because love for birch has its own history and is associated with the long traditions of the Russian people, with its culture and way of life.
Birch bark letters and dishes, birch sap and a birch broom for a bath - all this came from the distant Slavic past. And they treated with birch, and warmed themselves, and decorated it on great pagan holidays, and danced among the birches and sang songs about them and glorified their beauty.
Since ancient times, birch has been considered a symbol of Russia. Why was birch so popular in Russia? Birch is perhaps the most widespread tree in Russia. Birch always
accompanied the Russian person. In the summer, in the shade of the birch, it was possible to hide from the sun, in the winter birch firewood warmed well, in ancient times they wrote on birch bark, boxes and boxes were woven from it, and how many ancient Slavic rituals and customs are associated with birch, and you can't count!
It is impossible to imagine Russia without a birch. Birch is perhaps the most widespread tree in Russia, slender, white, with spreading branches and leaves rustling in a light breeze. Birch has always accompanied the Russian people.
Let's see what interpretation is given in the dictionary by SI Ozhegov: "Birch is a deciduous tree with white (less often dark) bark and heart-shaped leaves." The word "birch" of the common Slavic Indo-European character, comes from the Old Slavic "birch". V. I. Dal explains that this tree is named for the white color of the bark.
In old Petersburg, all deciduous trees were called birches, and conifers were called fir trees. If translated from Latin, which was spoken in ancient Rome, then in Russian the name of a birch will be a rod. "Birch porridge" was treated to careless schoolchildren for poor grades.
In ancient India, the word "BHER", which meant "light", once lived. The birch got its name from the light white bark - "svetlitsa".
Birch is one of our most beautiful trees. White birch trunks with a black pattern have a special appeal.
2. IMAGE OF A BIRCH IN ORAL FOLK CREATIVITY
Birch is the most festive and elegant tree. The whiteness of its trunk repels deceptive heat and does not allow the sun to awaken the tree from its winter sleep before its due date. The birch dress combines the two main colors of Russian nature: the green of the meadows and the whiteness of the snow-covered fields. For touching tenderness, the birch is called a bride. Songs, fairy tales, and poems have been written about her since antiquity..
Birch is one of the main images of folk art. In folk songs, fairy tales, legends, it is a symbol of spring and homeland. The favorite tree was endowed with the most affectionate epithets. She was slender, curly, thin, white, fragrant, cheerful, appeared as a young girl in a green headscarf and always a positive heroine: either a treasure keeper, or an enchanted beauty, or a wise peasant daughter who wins in a duel with evil forces.
For a Russian person, there is no tree dearer than a birch. In ancient times in Russia, birch was considered the ancestor and patroness.Once birch was called a tree of “four deeds” “There is a tree, the color is green, in this tree there are three lands: the first is for the sick, the light is from the darkness, and the third is the well for people.” This ancient riddle is closely related to peasant life... Steam with a birch broom - sick on
health, to illuminate the dwelling with a torch - light from darkness, to quench thirst with birch sap - a well for people.
Our Slavic ancestors honored the main goddess, the mother of all spirits and riches on earth. No wonder the Russian people celebrated funny summer holidays around favorite birches, decorating them with ribbons,
braiding the branches in braids. They took round dances around the birches, sang songs. The word "birch" itself appeared around the 7th century and came from the verb "to take care".Birch has long been considered a symbol of fertility.
How many Russian people have composed songs, riddles, proverbs, in which there was mainly a birch!
Puzzles:
The columns are whitewashed,
They are wearing green hats.
In a white sundress
She got up in the clearing.
The tits flew
We sat on the braids.
Girls in the meadow
In white shirts
In green semi-shirts.
Scattered along the edge
Girlfriends in white dresses.
Some of them relied on the properties of birch bark:“Touch the trunk of this tree in summer. It's cool even in the sun. Only one tree in the world can have this: it is the only tree with white bark that does not heat up in the sun. " In others, birch was compared to girlfriends.
Usually, in riddles, a birch appears before us in a white sundress, with green braids or earrings.
Sometimes, when describing birch, short adjectives are used:Green, not a meadow, white, not snow, curly, not a man or lists the main distinguishing features of birch using homogeneous nouns:Alena is standing - a green shawl, thin waist, white sundress or using homogeneous verbs: The trunk turns white, the cap turns green, stands in white clothes, dangling earrings.
But always in riddles, the birch appears in the form of a young beautiful girl with a thin body, in a white sundress, with green braids and earrings:
A Russian beauty stands in a meadow in a green blouse and a white sundress.
Signs:
A lot of sap flows from a birch - by a rainy summer.
When the birch leaves the leaf in front of the alder, the summer will be dry.
When the birch begins to bloom - this oats.
In autumn, the birch leaves will begin to turn yellow from the top - the spring will be early, they will turn yellow from the bottom - late.
Proverbs, sayings:
Birch is not a threat - where it stands, there it makes noise.
Bela birch bark - and black tar.
For the enemy, birch is also a threat.
Green, not a meadow, white, not snow, curly, not a head.
Birch is not a threat; where it stands, it makes noise there.
A crooked birch tree does not hold snow, bad person will not keep his word. Bela birch bark - and black tar.
In Russia, people loved birch. She lived in every house in sayings, fairy tales, riddles, omens. People did not watch TV, did not play with a computer, but told fairy tales about birch, played riddles, taught through proverbs. So, in oral folk art, birch appears before us as beautiful girl and as an irreplaceable item in the national economy. The image of birch is often used by artists, poets and composers. Do the traditional ideas of the Russian people coincide with their vision? Has the concept of birch as a tree-healer, about a tree-savior changed?
3. IMAGE OF A BIRCH IN ARTISTIC WORKS
Many poets, writers, artists have dedicated their works to her. Birch is the only tree with thin snow-white bark. Her beauty fascinates any person. At the sight of her, a joyful feeling overwhelms others, it becomes more cheerful in my soul. No wonder our distant ancestors affectionately called her "merry". Goodness, calmness, beauty, responsiveness come from her. Admiring the wonderful uniqueness of birch, writers often turn to its image, talking about Russia, about dear to the heart home side... Under the shade of birches they created their own famous works composers: Glinka, Tchaikovsky and others.
The artists were also very interested in the image of a birch. Here are just a few of them:
one). I. Grabar "February glaze". A giant birch, like a wise old man, gray-haired, large, reliable. Such a birch will protect from wind, snow, bad weather.
2). I. Levitan "Birch Grove". This is a fabulous song where every birch sings. Through the colors of winter, blue, white, we feel the purity and grandeur of this tree. Bright colors greenery creates a mood of delight, paint the outfit like a girl's dress. We do not always know how to see and hear beauty native nature... And often artists and poets help us with this, teach us to peer and listen attentively to the world around us. Moreover, they not only convey their own mood, feelings in a work of art, but also convey sounds, colors, aromas, beauty and harmony to the viewer or listener. Birch is loved for its incomparable beauty, for its purity and bright kind Russian character, therefore, songs are sung about it, poems are written, and portrayed in paintings.
I love Russian birch,
That light, then sad,
In a bleached sarafan,
With handkerchiefs in their pockets
With pretty clasps
With green earrings.
That clear, ebullient,
That sad, weeping.
These are well-known lines from a poem about a birch by A. Prokofiev. How many definitions: "light", "sad", "in a bleached sarafan", "clear", "seething", "sad", "weeping". Every day on the way to school, near the house, I meet this tree. Today we will try to look at the birch with different eyes, try to consider this familiar image in the works of Russian poets.
The storytellers and poets saw in the birch that tender femininity, that sweet and soulful beauty, that bright pride that sounded for them in the name "Russia". Having studied the poems of Russian poets, in the center of which is a description of a birch. Among them are the works of S. Yesenin, A. Prokofiev, O. Shestinsky, V. Rozhdestvensky, S. Gorodetsky, N. Rubtsov, I. Sokolov-Mikitov, G. Skrebitsky, And Tokmakova. a certain symbol. I combined the poems of these poets about birch into groups: for some it is a symbol of Russia, for others a birch is a maiden - a beauty, for others it is a symbol of childhood, the verses of other poets represent a birch as a “peaceful tree”. Birch is a symbol of Russia: poems by O. Shestinsky, S. Yesenin.
In the poems of some Russian poets, birch merges with the image of Russia. This is how the poet O. Shestinsky wrote about her:
I can't imagine Russia without a birch, -
So bright is she Slavic,
That, perhaps, in other centuries
All Russia was born from birch ...
At the beginning of the poem "I Can't Think of Russia Without Birch," Shestinsky speaks of birch and Russia as a single whole. In one of the lines, he suggests that birch is primary: "from birch - all Russia was born." Birch occupied an incomparable place in the life of a Russian. The whole life of Russians, events are closely related to this amazing tree:
They sang under the birches, got married,
Choosing horses at the auction;
They buried dear mothers ...
So that there are birches at the feet.
Birches, according to the poet, also live "human life." At the same time, he uses personifications: they "... laugh with green foliage, ... shed tears with earrings," thereby proving that Russia and birch are a single whole, and they are inseparable.
For me, Russia is white birch,
For me, Russia is the morning dew ...
Birch is called the beauty of Russian forests. Slender, white-haired, with thin drooping branches and talkative elegant foliage, she always arouses admiration and joy.
S. Yesenin called Russia "the country of birch chintz". For him, the birch tree was like a gentle, young, pure girl:
I am forever behind the fog and dew
I fell in love with the birch tree,
And her golden braids
And her canvas sundress.
S. Yesenin emphasizes the slenderness of the tree, tenderness, compares it with a girl's figure. Birch branches remind the poet of a girl's braids.
S. Yesenin associates the calm state of trees with sleepy, peaceful, and therefore smiling birches.
The poet compares the fluffy branches with disheveled braids, the inflorescences of a tree - earrings - with decoration.
Sleepy birches smiled
Silk braids tousled
Rustling green earrings
And silver dew burns.
In such a small quatrain, Yesenin expressed all his feeling, all his mood in this moment writing. He admires her, gives her a special character.
S.A. Yesenin spiritualizes the image of a birch, comparing it to a girl.
His birch tree has a "girl's chest", the girl's things: a sundress, a comb, a skirt, and earrings. The birch is humanized, it "looked into the pond", it is all permeated with the expectation of joy and anxiety. As a girl, she is full of dreams and thoughts. "Looked in" - means, thought. The leaves rustle from the breezes of the wind - this is "the wind whispers." The author compares the fluffy branches of a birch with braids. Even "the sand is ringing" in Yesenin; everything around lives its own life, imperceptible to us. The image of the girl and the Motherland merge into a single whole in the work of S. Yesenin.
A. Prokofiev animates the birch, endows it with human qualities. As a person, she can be different in character: sad, cheerful, sad, cheerful. Her attire stands out from the rest of the plants. White bark is a beautiful white sundress, black spots on the bark are pockets or fasteners.
Prokofiev in the poem "Birch" uses the only verb - "I love", which conveys the author's attitude to unusual tree... The rest of the lines of the poem consist of epithets that reveal and enrich the image of a birch, thus
The birch is fabulously beautiful, unique, original, mysterious, therefore, probably, fabulous actions take place in a birch grove.
This is confirmed by the poet V. Rozhdestvensky in the poem "Trees":
But the sweetest girl to me is birch,
Came from fairy tales and epics,
Snow Maiden, favorite of frost,
Alyonushka hillocks and plains.
V. Rozhdestvensky, creating the image of a birch, uses a lot of pictorial and expressive means: epithets - green braids, from thin branches, a white dress, laced with foliage, hot summer, on the edge of a forest, brooding songs, a light outfit; comparisons: with a girl with braids, wearing a white dress, earrings, lace, the outfit is wonderful; personifications: the sun has warmed up, the birch has hung up, meets. As in oral folk art, a young girl - a birch tree with green braids that
fall from thin branches. She is dressed in a white dress, laced with foliage, all in earrings.
Her light outfit is wonderful,
There is no tree dearer to the heart,
And how many brooding songs
People are singing about her!
In I. Tokmakova's poem "Birch" specific traits a girl who looks after herself, her hair. Here the author fully personifies the birch, tries to introduce it into the image.
Of course, visual means are used here, such as comparisons: into the river, as in a mirror, looking; impersonations: birch changed her hairstyle; metaphors: I would have combed curly strands, it would have become a habit to braid a pigtail in the morning.
Using the conditional mood: if it would enter, change it b, comb it b, the author, as it were, introduces us into another world, forcing us to think and fantasize.
Birch is the keeper of secrets. In the depths of her tree bark, she thinks about something, dreams or waits with sadness autumn days... On this "starry night" the shepherd said goodbye to her - "shed tears", hugging the thin trunk of a tree, until next spring ("until the new cranes").
S. Gorodetsky in the poem "Birch" compares the white trunk of a birch with a white body. Its branches are like black hair, which Lel praises. The sun god Yarila participates in the creation of beauty,
who gifted the tree with green pointed foliage. Here, bright expressive means are used as personification, epithets, comparisons: amber day, luminous azure, laziness oozed, grateful branches, the body turned white; white as hops; seething waves, lake waves, cheerful Lel, rays of hair, black, Yarila crowned, magnificently crowned, with pointed foliage, scattered color, blue sky, color green.
But in N. Rubtsov's poem "Birches", thanks to the familiar rustle of birch leaves, the author has memories, experiences of his childhood and youth. Birches are a memory and a symbol of his childhood and youth. They evoke happy and sad memories. His childhood and youth passed among these trees, her image is associated with the death of the people closest to the author: father and mother.
At the same time, the poet uses pictorial and expressive means, personifications: birches rustle, tears come in, leaf fall rustled; metaphors: tears come, prose wins, bullets have killed. There are few epithets here: gloomy days, yellow leaf fall. There are also other pictorial means here: eyes weaned from tears; everything wakes up in memory involuntarily; will echo in the heart and in the blood. There are comparisons: it was noisy like a beehive.
Sokolov-Mikitov also decided to describe a birch and a birch grove. To reveal the theme and idea, the writer gives a description of the tree in spring, summer and autumn; uses the popular attitude towards this plant.
From the first sentence I. Sokolov-Mikitov conveys emotions in relation to the birch. The words are nicer, wonderful, good, you gasp with joy, special directly express the feelings of the author. To express thoughts and feelings, the writer uses pictorial and expressive means, such as epithets: Russian forest, light birch groves, white trunks, thin birch bark, resinous fragrant buds, life-giving sweet juice, songbirds, vociferous thrush, nimble titmouse, blue and white snowdrops - reveal the image of a birch grove; young foliage, green gentle haze, forest edges, delicate foliage, fresh breath - reveal the image of a birch in early spring;
summer sultry days, warm wind, fragrant strawberries, dense foliage, sunny people, in clean grass, across the blue summer sky, white swans, high clouds - reveal the image of a birch in summer;
golden foliage, golden leaves, wilting foliage, the slightest sound, birch forest - reveal the image of a birch in autumn;
in folk songs and fairy tales, village people, on holidays, round dance songs - the folk attitude towards birch is reflected.
The writer uses personification, reviving inanimate objects, endowing them with human properties: rays break through, clouds float; comparisons: swans, high clouds float and float.
I. Sokolov-Mikitov, using pictorial and expressive means, gives the expression an emotional coloring.
White birch as a plant attracts many writers. They are surprised by the whiteness of this peculiar tree, unlike any other tree.
"The white trunks of young trees shine brightly in the sun, and this makes the whole circle brighter." (G. Skrebitsky "In a birch grove"). It is always light in a birch grove, this light is transmitted with joy to any person, it raises everyone's mood.
White color is always pleasing to the eye, it is associated with tenderness, peacefulness, purity. Therefore, probably, birch is called a peaceful tree.
Poets call the birch not only white and green, but also golden because of its bright autumn yellowness.
Birch trees with yellow carvings
Shine in azure blue ... (I.A.Bunin. Leaf fall)
…The birch, like a fabulous tree, is all golden, beautifully drawn against the pale blue sky ... (I. Turgenev).
CONCLUSION
Every tree attracts the attention of people with some peculiarity peculiar only to it. But the birch conquered everyone. Its delicate and slender trunk from a distance beckons with its whiteness and purity.
In the process of work, we came to the following conclusions:
1) What a Russian, what a lovely tree - birch. None of the trees contains so many national concepts, does not give rise to so many images and comparisons.
2) Birch is truly a peasant tree, it has everything: a woman's chintz shawl, a whitewashed hut, a Russian stove, a canvas shirt, and a poached chicken.
3) Birch is beautiful at any time of the year. She, like a beauty maiden, changes her outfits. In the fall he puts on gold dresses, in the winter he wraps himself in fluffy white fur coats, in the spring and summer he dresses up in soft green sundresses with flirty earrings.
4) Birch is called the beauty of Russian forests. Slender, with thin drooping branches and elegant foliage, it always evokes admiration and joy.
5) The poetic image of a birch tree consists of traditional epithets - white, curly, traditional metaphors - white swan,
birch catkins. But at the same time, each poet sees a birch in his own way.
6) Birch is presented in the works of poets and writers in different ways: the image of the homeland, the image of a girl, a symbol of childhood, a peaceful tree.
7) Compiled a dictionary of visual tools used to describe birch.
I love Russian birch,
That light, then sad,
In a bleached sarafan,
With handkerchiefs in their pockets
With pretty clasps
With green earrings.
That clear, ebullient,
That sad, weeping,
I love Russian birch.
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
1. Belskaya L.L. Song word. Poetic skill of Sergei Yesenin. - M., 1990.
2. Goroshenko V.P. Nature and people. - M .: Education, 1971.
3. Yesenin S. Favorites. Poems and poems. - M .: Children's literature, 1983.
4. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. - M .: Azbukovnik, 1999.
5. Petrov V.V. The forest and its life. - M .: Education, 1986
6. Prokofiev A. - Favorites. - M .: Education, 1988
7. Rozhdestvensky V. Poems. - M .: Education, 1986
8. Rubtsov N. Poems. - M .: Education, 1986
9. Tokmakova I. Evening tale. - M .: Onyx, 2003
10. Shansky N.M. Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - M .: Education, 1975.
Appendix
The sun slightly warmed the slopes
And it became warmer in the forest,
Birch green braids
Hanged from thin branches.
V. Rozhdestvensky
Means of artistic depiction that poets used to describe birch:
Impersonator ́ nie - trope, assignment of properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Quite oftenimpersonation it is used when depicting nature, which is endowed with certain human traits.
birches smiled
changed birch hairstyle
the sun has warmed up
birch hung
meets
birch trees rustle
tears come
leaf fall rustled
Comparison - comparison of the depicted object or phenomenon.
into the river, like in a mirror, looking
with a girl with braids
wearing a white dress
noisy in earrings
like a beehive
Metaphor - a word or expression used in a figurative sense, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with any other on the basis of their common feature.
combed b curly strands
would get into the habit of doing a pigtail in the morning
white swan
the birch has earrings
earrings rustle
tears come
prose wins
killed the bullets
Epithet - eh it is a figurative characteristic of a person, phenomenon or object through an expressive adjective.
white
curly
sleepy birches
silk braids
green braids
from thin branches
White dress
in lacy foliage.
RUSSIAN BEREZKA
Russian birch, white beauty.
Russian birch is famous all over the world.
Malachite earrings, green ribbons,
White sundresses, plaited braids.
A mischievous girl of rebellious disposition,
As if Russia is wide,
As if Russia is spacious.
How much grief I saw
How many tears did I cry
And everything is also fun
And everything is also more beautiful than everyone else.
All the years are running, beckoning,
Now rains, now snow, now carrying winds.
But she stands all white,
Like Russia is a mother,
You are dear to us
Alexey Moroz
BIRCH - RUSSIAN BEAUTY
When we see white birches, we immediately represent our Motherland.
Since ancient times, birches have been a symbol of Russia. Many poems and songs have been written about these Russian beauty trees.
Also in Ancient Rus birch was an assistant to the Russian people: letters and books were written on birch bark, ropes were woven from birch hemp. Birch was used in construction and agriculture.
Maybe not everyone knows that birch also has healing properties. Birch buds, leaves and pollen are used to prepare medicines.
Birch is a Russian beauty. In the spring, when all nature comes to life, wonderful transformations begin with a birch. The buds open, young sticky leaves appear and a birch, like a girl, decorates herself with fluffy earrings. The birch trunks are also very unusual, they have black stripes. From a distance, it seems as if the trees are standing in white dresses embroidered with black diamonds.
I really love this beautiful proud tree. In the summer, I often go to the birch grove. It is very beautiful there, a lot of mushrooms and berries. And the mushrooms that grow next to birches are called birch trees.
I believe that the proud and beautiful Russian birch will forever remain a symbol of our mighty Motherland.
Statsenko Irina
WHITE BIRCH - A SYMBOL OF RUSSIA
How many affectionate words can you say about a birch? A pure, gentle, modest friend, a beauty with emerald earrings, a kind counselor, an affectionate mother. Stand near her to drink from a spring of water. She will share both joy and sorrow with you. She will both calm and inspire to feat. Next to her, you feel the aroma of native fields and meadows, you feel at home. Communication with her pleases the heart, gives confidence, arouses the desire to do good, to love the whole world, to live for people. The same feelings overwhelm me at the word Motherland, Russia. On the state emblem, I would also find a place for a birch tree, because it is not only the personification of Russia, but also a symbol of love for the Motherland.
Araslanova Elena Vyacheslavovna
RUSSIAN BEAUTY
White-trunked beauty birch
The symbol of my glorious homeland.
You will not find in any country
The tree is neither slimmer nor sweeter.
The best poets of all nations,
Having seen the beauty, poetry is full.
And singers sing about her, artists paint,
After all, a birch is a symbol of the Russian side.
But how much is the use of a birch tree, which, probably, can not be counted,
That is why the beautiful birch
All show respect and honor.
Valega Julia
There are many beautiful trees, shrubs and flowers. Why did the birch become the symbol of Russia?
Birch is a genus of trees and shrubs of the birch family. There are about twenty species. Birch grows in temperate and cold zones of the Northern Hemisphere and in the mountains of the subtropics. Wood is used in furniture production, for crafts, buds and leaves as a diuretic and choleretic agent. That's all that is written about birch in the Encyclopedic Dictionary. Nothing special!
And yet, when you return from a long journey, you rejoice at the white birches that meet you on the road from the Moscow airport. You admire them and understand that they are more expensive than the brightest and most bizarre colors of hot countries. Suddenly you begin to understand that these birches are just as fragile, and at the same time persistent; vulnerable, and at the same time stately, in general, the same as Russia.
Or maybe the birch has become a symbol of our Motherland, because, like our snow-covered Russia, it is white, clean and fabulous. It is no coincidence that churches in Russia are also white. And white is the color of purity, innocence, defenselessness and vulnerability.
You can list many more reasons, put forward an uncountable number of assumptions, but, in my opinion, Vsevolod Rozhdestvensky said very subtly and accurately:
"Raised the church gold
Onions among river beams,
And birches, wax candles
Spread it generously around.
How many thunderstorms raged over her,
And she is silent and pure.
Everything is standing, as it always was, -
Russian living beauty ".
Moroz Natalia Anatolievna
WHITE BIRCH IS A SYMBOL OF MY HOMELAND
It has long been believed that birch is a symbol of Russia. This is probably because there are many birch forests in Russia, and the Russian people have always been grateful to this tree for its medicinal properties. People made medicines from the leaves, twigs and buds of birch and drank birch sap in the spring. And in Ancient Russia, they made bast shoes from it and learned to write on birch bark. Therefore, the Russian people fell in love with the white beauty for her generosity and beauty.
Jalolov Roman
RUSSIA - BEREZKA
Birch, birch, yellow earring!
You stand free, but in an open field.
You are not prettier, you are not dearer.
You have long been a symbol of my Motherland!
You are the pride of Russia, you are her beauty.
Your wonder-working juice is pure as dew.
In the spring you give it to me generously.
There is nothing better than your juice!
And once upon a time daughters, sons,
Having defended Russia, having seen the world of dreams,
They dreamed about you, you called to you,
White birch is my homeland!
Dudoit Galina Dmitrievna
(grandmother of Julia Burtseva)
"THIS YEAR WAS A WAR"
There was a war
There was a war
A young guy was sneaking in the thick fog.
He was wounded in a fierce battle,
Because with a sharp eye
He did not notice the enemy.
The strength of a guy is leaving
He bleeds.
Suddenly he saw a birch,
And a tear flowed from her.
And the soldier decided to drink pure juice,
To quench my thirst in the last hour.
And when I got drunk on juice
That's when he realized
That the birch helps him
And as if it brings back to life.
Suddenly he shouted loudly: "Down with the fascists!"
I got up exactly and ran forward
And the war is over, the years go by
The young soldier turned gray.
Already he walks with his grandson in the park
And talks about the war:
“I am grateful to the birch that saved me then.
If not for her, then who saved me
In that hour of death?
So know, granddaughter and remember:
If there were no birches, -
There wouldn't even be a grandfather! "
Statsenko Irina
CRYING BIRCH
It's a spring day!
Streams are running, drops are ringing.
Suddenly a shot rang out
Breaking this silence
Bullet rushed after the beast,
But she missed.
A soft crunch was heard, -
The birch has broken.
And shedding bitter tears
The birch began to cry.
And a detachment of soldiers walked by
He was carrying a wounded man.
And the birch sap that fled from the bark,
Saved a man.
He has not forgotten this birch,
And every year comes to her,
And he says: "Thank you!"
And bows low to her.
Murzaeva Diana
SAVING BIRCH
This incident happened to my uncle Grisha. He lives in the city of Abakan and loves to talk about the war.
In 1943 he turned 18 and went to the front.
Once he was given the assignment to sneak behind enemy lines and mine the bridge.
After completing the assignment, he returned to his unit. The area was unfamiliar, swampy, and they had to walk in the dark. Uncle Grisha fell into the swamp. There was no one around, and it was impossible to shout - the Nazis were nearby. What to do?
Suddenly, my uncle saw a little birch. She stood alone at the very edge of the swamp. The birch was small, white, with thin twigs. Uncle reached out to her, and grabbed as much as he could! The tree bent down, stretched out like an arrow, but did not break, helped his uncle to get out of the swamp.
My uncle still remembers his savior, and in gratitude to her, he planted birches at his dacha.
They have grown up, and now every summer they are covered with greenery and chatting merrily with the breeze. And Uncle Grisha sits on a bench in their shadow and tells us about the war.
This year my uncle turned eighty years old.
Alexey Moroz
BIRCH TEARS
One summer I was resting with my great-grandmother, and she took me to some field. There was a birch grove near the field, and we went there. When we entered the grove, my great-grandmother began to tell me a story about my great-grandfather: “During the Second World War, he served. And on this field there was a battle. The shell hit one birch, and she began to cry. An hour later, they put my grandfather under this birch. And all day he drank birch tears. Soon his wounds healed. "
Granny, why did you tell me this?
So that you know which tree you live on
Reshetnyak Victoria
HISTORY OF BIRCH
At the edge of the village, surrounded by young beauties of birches, there is an old, blackened from time and hardships, birch.
A huge, gnarled, semi-dry tree with the shadow of its foliage seems to attract to itself in order to tell about its difficult fate. This wise tree remembers many stories. It told me one of them when I was resting in its shadow.
It was a clear, sunny day. Birds chirped in the foliage, village children swayed on a swing arranged on birch branches. Suddenly everything around went dark, the earth trembled. Bombs fell from the sky on peaceful land, several fragments hit the birch. She cried from pain and resentment with sweet tears - birch sap.
So the war began and then there were fierce battles. Our soldiers fought bravely for the freedom of their homeland. Birch saw the death and feat of Russian soldiers. She saved many from bullets and shrapnel, covering them with herself. And how the whole Russian people withstood, despite the cold, fire and pain.
And in the victorious spring, she again delighted people with her green beauty.
Statsenko Irina
SPAS IN BATTLE
Once I went to the forest with my grandfather and brother. There were many birches in the forest. They began to collect berries, mushrooms and flowers. We left the house at noon. Two hours later, we spread the bedspread and began to dine. We stayed in the forest until evening. We walked through the forest for a very long time. We saw a family of hedgehogs, a snake, an eagle's nest and an owl. When we were having dinner, my grandfather told us a story that happened to him in the war.
At the age of 19, my grandfather was taken to the war. My grandfather had a best friend, his name was Styopa. Together they bombed the fascists, buried mines. A week later, my grandfather was wounded in battle. The battle took place in a birch grove. His friend Styopa did not allow him to die and dragged him to the birch. Stepa made a notch on one of the birches and dripped juice from the birch. A friend treated my grandfather's wounds with juice. Grandpa felt better and the pain subsided. The wound healed quickly. Since then, friends have become even closer and dearer.
This is the story our grandfather told us. I will never forget this story, and I will tell it to all my loved ones.
Murzaeva Diana
BIRCH - THE SAVIOR
There was a war, a fierce battle. Soldiers were wounded and killed in action. One soldier saw a birch in the last minutes of his life. She cried. He decided to quench his thirst and went to the birch. He got drunk, and again his strength returned. Then he said: "Thank you, dear birch!" They began to water the wounded with birch sap. All survived. The enemies have been defeated! The war is over!
After many years, a soldier who was saved by a birch brings his grandson to a birch grove and says to him: "Granddaughter, this is the birch that saved me from death."
Pivneva Alina
War. A shell flew like a spark
Plunged into the thin trunk of a birch.
Groaning in pain, the birch screamed.
Leaned over the ground, and tears poured in a stream,
Like pure rain.
I fell, hit by a bullet, under a birch
Soviet warrior and crying with her.
But he knows that he needs to survive,
After all, both children and wife are waiting for him.
And the main thing is to get out of the war with a victory.
"Give me strength, birch!" he shouted.
Voloshin Vladislav
GREAT BIRCH
Every year I go to a village near Bryansk. There are very large forests. There is a birch grove not far from the village. During the Great Patriotic War heavy fighting was going on here. During those battles, many birches were crippled or destroyed. Many civilians went to the forests, where birches and other trees helped to hide from the Germans.
The war is over, years have passed. In place of the destroyed trees, new birches have grown. Every time I come to the village on vacation, I see beautiful tall birch groves. As if there was no war.
Sukolenov Yuri
"I LOVE RUSSIAN BEREZKA!"
WHITE BEAUTY
So many wonderful songs have been sung about her, so many good words have been said. I think that poets will sing about her forever, because one cannot but love our amazing Russian birch with silk braids and golden earrings.
I rarely see birches because I live in the Far North. And so sometimes you want to get up early in the morning, when the leaves are still covered in dew, hug the white-trunk beauty and feel her warmth. I'm sure she understands everything, feels everything, only she cannot say. She, like a person, cries when she is hurt or sad. But her tears give a person both strength and vigor, turning into a wonderful and tasty drink. These are the tears of joy of our white-barrel beauty.
Voloshin Vladislav
WHITE BEAUTY
Not to the cranes in the morning
She swaying
Pulling branches?
Is it not waving to them in the wind
An orange wing? "
V. Semyonov
If there was a beauty pageant between the trees, I think the best would be a birch. A thin black-and-white trunk, from which such tasty and healthy juice flows in spring, green curls, green earrings - this is a birch - a white-trunk beauty. She is always smart, beautiful, always pleasing to the eye, and you stop to look at her for a longer time, you just cannot walk by and not look at the birch. In winter, frost envelops everything. The birch also stands all covered with frost, small drifts of snow lie on its branches, and red-breasted bullfinches and other wintering birds sit on the snowdrifts. In the spring, beautiful green catkins appear on the birch, and if you make an incision in the bark, a transparent tasty healthy birch sap will flow from it. In summer, the birch becomes even more beautiful: the branches, wrapped in green foliage, hang so low that they can be reached by hand. Various birds also sit on the branches: sparrows, tits, crows. In autumn, the birch wears bright outfits of red, yellow, orange colors. Some of the leaves have already fallen and, blown by the wind, are flying along the ground. But, despite this, the birch still remains a beauty. At any time of the year, she is beautiful, smart and cheerful. And whenever you see a birch, you will definitely like it!
Ischuk Diana
BIRCH - BEAUTY
Birch is a noble slender tree with a white trunk. In the spring, she acquires earrings and becomes a written beauty. Birch buds have medicinal properties... In autumn, this tree, like all deciduous trees, turns yellow. The birch sheds its golden leaves, and they smoothly sink to the ground. It is good at this time to walk along the alley, admiring these white-barrel beauties.
Khromenko Alla
WHITE BIRCH
White, white, white birch has grown under our window. A white birch is wrapped in snow, but it's summer outside, not a single snowflake on the tree, not a single icicle hanging on the roof, not a single snowman on the hillock. All birches are black and white, only you are not like everyone else. Why? Tell us your secret. I was born this way. That's why I'm so white!
Deltsova Tatiana
BEREZKINA SLEZKI
The long winter is over. Streams flowed, the sun began to warm brighter. Spring came. White-trunk birches were the first to feel the approach of spring. Small buds swelled on their thin twigs. The roots began to draw water from the moist earth, and transparent tears appeared on the delicate white skin. It's time to collect birch sap.
When I was little and visited my grandmother in the spring, then together with other children I went to a birch grove to collect juice. I made a notch on the birch, inserted a small twig along which the birch sap ran into the jar. The juice was clear and sweet as sugar. Birch sap is very useful and cures many diseases.
Yerlykov Denis
WHITE BEAUTY
At the edge of the hill stood a white-trunked beauty. It was a birch. Its white trunk is like a white sundress, and its foliage is like silk braids. And green earrings hang on the sides. The birch stood alone and from the strong wind it bent lower and lower. Spinning in the air, golden leaves fell. She dreamed of growing up in a birch grove among her friends. Sometimes various birds and insects flew up to it. Once a woodpecker flew up to a birch. He pierced the bark with his beak, drank birch sap and flew away. And the white-trunked beauty was left alone again.
Kalinin Kirill
TRIP TO THE BIRCH GROVE
Once I was vacationing with my grandparents. My grandfather and I went to the forest and stopped in a birch grove. It was very beautiful there. It seemed to me and my grandfather that we were surrounded by zebras. The birches looked like twin sisters.
We had a tablecloth in the trunk, and we sat down to rest. We got buns, which we bought on the way, decided to have a snack. When we were eating buns, a bird flew up to us, and I broke off a piece of a bun for her. Before leaving, grandfather cut twigs and made an incision in the tree trunk. From it, like tears, birch sap began to drip. I held up a cup and scooped up some juice. I really liked its taste. It was so sweet and sour that it knitted the tongue.
Arriving home, my grandmother put birch twigs in a vase of water. A few days later, buds blossomed on the branches. They were white and soft like cotton wool. I really enjoyed this trip.
Deltsova Tatiana
I love to travel. Always looking forward to my next vacation. The mood rises from the memories. I want to recall a trip to the Leningrad region to visit relatives.
We went by car with the whole family. We drove for a long time, two days. Time flew by imperceptibly behind songs, reading books. Outside the window, landscapes and cities were changing. It's interesting to watch this.
I was amazed woodlands... They were huge and endless. The most amazing thing is to drive along a winding road, and around there is a forest and only a forest. There are no cities or villages. And suddenly a blue edge appeared very far away - this is Lake Peipsi. We have heard so much about him, but here all the beauty is before our eyes. We were delighted and even filmed this beauty on camera.
We got to the place, and the owners treated us to birch sap. Relatives collect the juice every spring. Then all the collected juice is rolled into jars. We liked the juice and drank it all the time. The juice is not only pleasant to the taste, but also healthy, as it is rich in vitamins. And for us northerners this is very important, because the winter is long and harsh.
These are the vivid impressions I have from this trip.
Murzaeva Anna Evgenievna
RUSSIAN BEREZKA
Why do I love our Russian birch? This is the memory of my childhood.
The first time I saw a birch grove was when I was visiting my grandmother.
In winter, a birch tree against the background of a snow-covered forest sparkles with its pure whiteness, incomparable with the whiteness of snow. Its trunk is whiter. And the branches! They will turn rusty with hoarfrost, as if the artist had applied with a brush, not stingy, white paint. She stands slender, and so I want to warm her up, wrap her up in a warm sheepskin coat.
But in the spring, the sticky leaves a little pecked out of the buds. There are no earrings yet, but the smell is already worn through the birch grove, excites, invigorates! And now it has come! Here they are gold earrings and the fragrance and the singing of birds. I love Russian birch, there is no sweeter one in the whole wide world!
Burtseva Julia
BEREZKA STANDED ONE IN SILENCE
The birch stood alone in silence,
And she thought about herself.
And suddenly a thunderstorm attacked
And in an instant she became bored.
She felt cold and sad
She forgot when she was happy.
And suddenly she thought about the sun, about the sky,
And I really wanted the clouds to go away sooner,
And so that rooks fly in the sky.
And the clouds were gone, and the sun shone.
The birch smiled, the birch laughed
And next to her, a small birch made its way,
And life went on
Pilipenko Ekaterina
White birch, delicate leaves,
Do you remember how you once said:
"Time is far from careless youth"
And it passed quickly and easily.
Youth has come, look out the window.
The summers swirled abruptly, great.
White flowers whirled in the sky.
Do you remember, birch, how you said goodbye?
Throwing white hands on the sand
How did the toothless lips kiss your temple?
Do you remember how you fell in love in March?
White birch, delicate leaves.
Parkhomenko Marina Nikolaevna
I AM GOD
Curly birch stands in the yard.
Dismissed beautiful earrings at dawn.
Silvery foliage rustles in the wind.
Its white bark shines in the sun.
Slender birches lined up in a row
They make a merry noise in the wind, swaying.
With earrings, admiring, I adore
Lovely birch. I love you!
Parkhomenko Karolina
"BIRCH - HEALER"
BIRCH - SOURCE OF HEALTH
White-barked birch is famous not only for its beauty, but also for the benefits that it gives to humans.
For medicinal purposes, people use birch buds, young leaves, birch tar and sap. The buds are harvested in March-April, the leaves are harvested in the early morning.
It has long been known that the use of a birch broom in a steam bath has great benefits for human health. Steamed with a broom, immediately feels a surge of vivacity and strength. And healers say that all types of damage can be removed with a birch broom in the steam room.
Everyone knows that birch has a very tasty sap. People always want to try it. In summer, they see a birch, make a hole in the trunk, and the birch cries with its juice. Having collected juice, people leave, and the tree dries up and becomes suitable only for firewood.
Literate and experienced people do not pick up juice that way. They make an incision in the trunk of a birch, release the juice, and then rewind the wound of the tree with a rag so that the birch does not dry out. After that, the tree recovers, and the next year you can recruit birch sap from the same tree.
Valega Julia
THE PEOPLE'S DESTINATION
In Russia, since ancient times, they knew about the healing properties of birch. Alcohol tincture on birch brunks (as the kidneys were called at that time) were used as a prophylactic agent. Traditional healers prescribed it for diseases of the kidneys, stomach and for quick healing of wounds.
Medicinal raw materials are not only buds, but also leaves and juice. The buds are harvested in early spring during the period of their swelling, but always before the leaves open. Leaves are harvested in June-July in dry weather. Birch sap is harvested during sap flow from trees to be cut, since various ways of disturbing the bark bring harm to birch. At home, the juice is used fresh.
In various parts of the birch contains biologically active substances: resinous acids, essential oil, vitamin C, bitterness. Birch tar is a good disinfectant for treating skin diseases in animals. Infusion of birch leaves is used for inflammatory diseases kidney and bladder. Well steamed leaves are used to relieve pain in joints affected by rheumatism.
The use of birch sap is especially useful. Due to the presence of easily digestible sugars, trace elements and other substances in it, it has a general strengthening effect, increases the body's resistance, and promotes the healing of sluggish ulcers. The head and face are washed with birch sap. It improves skin turgor, removes dandruff and improves hair growth.
Araslanova Elena Vyacheslavovna
Birch is one of the most recognizable deciduous trees. This was facilitated by the type of plant. The tree is characterized by white bark with black blotches, small pointed leaves and a spreading crown. Birch lives in natural conditions for about 150 years. Tree planted on summer cottage can live longer with initial care. Its life span can reach 200-300 years. Common birch is a tree that is often found in the Northern Hemisphere. The history and culture of the Slavic and Scandinavian peoples are closely connected with it, as a symbol of purity and wisdom. Now she has taken pride of place on the list decorative trees suitable for planting in cold-temperate climates.
The genus of birches has more than a hundred varieties. Only four of them are growing in Russia. Shrub trees can be distinguished. Their wood is not used in production, but only as a decoration. The common birch shown in the photo is not one of them. This type is widely used in the woodworking industry.
For industrial processing, the plant becomes suitable only when it reaches 70 years. The woody material of birch is the lightest of all tree species in the forests of the Northern Hemisphere. In the photo you can see the texture and color of common birch products using parquet as an example. In production, both the bark and parts of its trunk can be involved.
Among physical properties distinguish such characteristics of the rock: high strength, impact resistance and structure, which differs from others deciduous trees its uniformity. The trunk of common birch is not used in construction. It is used in the production of wood-based materials for the assembly of furniture. The growths that form at the very roots of a birch have an intertwined structure. They are suitable for the production of boxes or individual pieces of furniture, as they have a high density.
Physical properties
Best of all, the properties of birch material reveal the possibility of mechanical processing associated with high level rock hardness.
The properties of wood characterize in detail the material obtained from this kind of trees:
- Density. This is a proportional ratio of equal parts of wood by weight. Moreover, one of them should have a minimum amount of moisture, and the second should be at the limit of hygroscopicity. For birch, the following density indicators are characteristic: with a moisture content of 12% - 0.65-0.67 g / cubic meter, and with 25% - 0.7-0.71 g / cubic meter. In the process of growth, the density of the wood only increases.
- Strength. The value characterizes the property to resist mechanical damage. Common birch belongs to the species with medium strength.... The material obtained from them is characterized by average indicators of impact strength. When radially split, the birch trunk has a low level of strength. Therefore, tangential splitting is preferable, in which the material reaches high strength indicators, which significantly expands the range of its application.
- Hardness. This value is determined using a special Brinell method. According to Brinell, this type of wood has an average hardness. However, the durability makes it possible to put it on a par with the raw materials made from hard rocks... The hardness of birch is 38.6 MPA.
- Weight. The mass of any tree species depends on the percentage of cellular tissue in the structure of the plant, its moisture and hardness. The birch family belongs to medium-heavy species. In the process of growth, the weight increases significantly due to the development of the root system of the tree, and this increases the consumption of moisture from the soil. Common birch needs about 200 liters of water per day.
- Thermal conductivity. The entire family of birches has a thermal conductivity of 630 kg / cu at a moisture content of 12%. meter. When materials obtained from the trunks of this family are ignited, a significant temperature of 1547 degrees is reached. At the same time, the ignition point of dry wood of this species is very low and ranges from 300 to 400 degrees Celsius, and coals retain heat for a long time. These features, which are characteristic of any kind of birch, require that solid wood must be impregnated with fire retardants, otherwise the material from this tree species can easily ignite even with slight contact with fire.
- Humidity . The indicator for the entire family of birches is the same. Before drying, it reaches a level of 78%. Wood of this genus deciduous actively absorbs moisture from the air.... At the same time, moisture yield is minimal. For reliable moisture insulation, a special impregnation is required.
How is birch used?
Common birch wood is used for the production of high quality chipboard sheets. This type of raw material makes it possible to make a really durable material, which is often used for assembling furniture structures. The mechanical properties of wood from this genus of plants makes it possible to produce durable chipboard sheets, which, in comparison with many analogues, have good elasticity and strength.
High quality veneer and plywood sheets are obtained from birch. Samples can be seen in the photo. Solid, prepared wood is usually used for the manufacture of individual elements of furniture structures.
Birch boards are impregnated with various oils that tend to polymerize (stabilize). Such processing significantly increases the service life of products from this breed, increases strength and resistance to mechanical damage. The homogeneous structure makes it easy to polymerize the raw material. After impregnation with oils, birch, unlike other species, is easy to process. This type of material is used in the manufacture of carved pieces of furniture.
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