Sectoral structure of the economy of Western Siberia. Western Siberia: population and economy

1. The Ob region is often figuratively called the “Russian Kuwait”. What is the basis for such a comparison? Do you agree with this statement?

The basis for comparison are oil fields. However, such a comparison is not entirely accurate. Little Kuwait has almost twice the oil reserves of Russia - 13.3 billion tons and 6.7 billion tons, respectively. True, sometimes in the Russian press there are also significantly higher estimates of Russian oil reserves - 20 or even 27 billion tons. Kuwait literally floats on an oil cushion, and this oil can gush and its cost is several times lower Russian.

2. Oil is an exhaustible natural resource. What do you think, what structural changes in the development of the economy Western Siberia and why should it happen now?

According to various calculations, oil reserves at current production rates will last for 10-20 years. Already, some birthplaces are largely worked out. The first step to be taken is a deeper refining of oil, the export of oil products, not crude oil. Further development of the chemical industry should follow. Even Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev said that drowning with oil is the same as throwing banknotes into the stove. Oil should be considered not so much as a fuel, but as a chemical raw material. In addition, in Western Siberia it is necessary to develop other industries.

As you know, coal reserves are much more significant than oil. It will last no less than 100 years, so in the coming years much more attention will be paid to the coal industry. Thus, in the Kemerovo region, where about 150 million tons of coal are already mined per year, more than 10 coal industry facilities (mines, cuts, coal processing plants) are being built. It is planned to increase production to 170-200 million tons of coal per year. Moreover, the stake is not on an extensive increase in production, but on the deepening of coal processing, increasing the efficiency of its use. In the near future, two complexes for the processing of energy raw materials will be put into operation in Mezhdurechensk. Machine-building plants of Kuzbass are increasing the production of equipment for the mining industry. The export of high-quality enriched coal is growing. For this, conditions are being created in large seaports: Ust-Lyra, Vyborg, Murmansk and Vysotsk. A coal terminal is also being built in one of the bays on the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory.

In March 2004, the Kotinskaya mine, which is part of the Kiselevskugol Coal Company (Kiselevsk, Kemerovo Region), was put into operation. The construction of a new mine on a coal seam with reserves of 37 million tons within the most promising in Siberia Yerunakovskoye deposit in the Prokopevsky district (55 km northeast of Kiselevsk) lasted 10 years. The projected payback period for construction is 4-5 years. Power coal "Kotinsky" will be consumed within our country and exported to Western Europe. Kotinskaya became the first mine in Russia with a fully mechanized coal mining process. Special underground equipment with remote control and modern conveyors performs the most dangerous and hard work in the face. About 800 miners will work here, which is significantly less than in the old mines. Special attention given to safety. Emergency warning systems for methane leaks and other emergencies have been installed in the faces, and cellular communications are working.

Another promising industry in Western Siberia is ferrous metallurgy. So far, the Novokuznetsk metallurgical plants - Zapsib and NKMK - are only 40% loaded with ores mined within the Kemerovo region - the Tashtagol ore base. By 2014, the Evrazruda company plans to increase the self-sufficiency of the Kemerovo ferrous metallurgy in ore raw materials to 60-65% by investing in the mines of Gornaya Shoria. At present, the depreciation of fixed production assets at the iron ore enterprises of the region reaches 90%. If urgent action is not taken, then soon there will simply be nothing to work in the mines and they will be closed. It is not difficult to guess about the social consequences of the closure of the mines, because there is nowhere for the population in Gornaya Shoria to work in the mines.

3. The development of the oil and gas industry leads to serious environmental problems. What? Suggest ways to solve them.

The main environmental problems of the oil and gas industry are oil spills during production and transportation, which can be avoided with more reliable pipeline laying, as well as associated gas flaring. Associated petroleum gases (ethane, propane, butane, etc.) are a valuable raw material for the petrochemical and chemical industries. However, most of them are still burned. The main oil production centers in Western Siberia are Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Nefteyugansk, Uray. Territorial shifts have been outlined in the oil industry. Along with the main region of the Middle Ob region, the formation of new, northern oil-producing regions began, up to arctic zone. When developing these areas, it is necessary to take into account the accumulated experience, to increase the reliability of structures. In addition to survey work, work should be carried out on the environmental justification of construction, the development and implementation of new modes of transport that have less impact on the vulnerable nature of the North. Another important task is the development of cost-effective ways to use associated gas. material from the site

serious ecological problems the coal industry also creates. The Kemerovo Region is a pioneer in environmental legislation. Local authorities set the miners the task of restoring 70,000 hectares of previously disturbed lands, putting hundreds of rivers and reservoirs in order in the region. Coal companies will be required to pay for each hectare of land, for each spring, to accept the conditions of local authorities regarding protection environment and social policy.

4. What role can the branches of the military-industrial complex play, taking into account their high technical level, in solving the problems of the long-term development of the main branches of Western Siberia?

The branches of the military-industrial complex can become the basis for the technical re-equipment of other branches of engineering, which, in turn, produces equipment for such priority sectors of the region as the mining industry and ferrous metallurgy.

5. Western Siberia occupies a vast territory. Identify territorial differences in the development of the economy. What areas could you single out?

In Western Siberia, the gas-producing north (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which provides 90% of Russian gas), the oil-producing Central Siberia (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug), the forest-steppe and steppe south, where, along with agriculture, coal mining and ferrous metallurgy, mountainous south-east with mining of ore minerals and limited logging. Such specialization of the economy of certain territories of Western Siberia is explained by the peculiarities of the resource base.

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• economy of western siberia briefly
• oil is an exhaustible natural resource what structural changes do you think

As a resident of Western Siberia, I can confidently state that the basis of the region's economy is the fuel and energy complex. However, Siberia is not the only one alive to them, agriculture is also represented quite well. But for him you need to make a "discount", after all, the natural conditions for agriculture leave much to be desired.

Specializations of the economy of Western Siberia

The economy of any region depends primarily on its natural resource base. If in Western Siberia 74% of economic activity is somehow concentrated around the extraction of hydrocarbons, then this will be the main specialization. And if you arrange the industries in descending order of importance, you get the following picture.

1. Fuel and energy complex.
2. petrochemical industry.
3. Engineering.
4. Agriculture.

If everything is clear from the first view, then the second is inextricably linked with the first. Most petrochemical enterprises are located in Tobolsk, Tomsk and Omsk and are engaged in the production of plastics, synthetic rubber, lacquer-based paints and the like.

With mechanical engineering, the question is twofold: it would be right to provide the same fields that are located to the north with equipment for their production, but our industry cannot yet produce analogues of oil-producing installations that can compete with foreign ones. Therefore, mechanical engineering is focused on the production of machine tools for other industries. Crop production is represented in Western Siberia mainly by frost-resistant crops: winter crops and rye.

Transport industry of the region

I don’t know if this industry can be included in the specialization, but one thing is clear: the transport network of the region is quite well developed. There are three highways encircling the region:

• Great Siberian Railway.
• South Siberian Railway
• Timber road Asino - Bely Yar.

There are still problems of access to hard-to-reach deposits, but this issue is being solved with the help of all-terrain special equipment, as well as the use of air transport.

The third largest airline of the Russian Federation, UTair PJSC, is based in the region.

Goals:

• To acquaint students with the features of the EGP of Western Siberia, natural conditions and resources. To study the branches of specialization of Western Siberia;
• Develop knowledge about the economic regions of the Russian Federation, work with the political and administrative map of Russia;
• attraction technical means teaching students, love for the subject of geography.

Lesson type: lesson learning new material.

teaching method: explanatory and illustrative;

Lesson technology: information and communication.

Lesson equipment: a computer with a multimedia projector, an electronic textbook "Geography grades 6-10", interactive visual aids.

During the classes

Hello guys, today, our lesson is devoted to the economic region of Russia in Western Siberia.

Knowledge update

Before proceeding to the study of a new topic, let's update our knowledge. Before you are test questions, for which you are given 5-7 minutes, and two of you will work at the computer and put the names of the subjects of economic regions and highlight the boundaries (which are written on the cards) on the policy-administrative map of Russia.

1st OPTION

1. Composition of the Volga region ____
2. In terms of oil reserves in the Volga region, it is concentrated:
   A) 6%;
   B) 8%;
   AT 10 O'CLOCK%.
3. The population of the country lives in the Volga region:
   A) 9%;
   B) 11%;
   C) 13%.
4. The largest city in the Volga region is:
   A) Samara;
   B) Kazan;
   B) Volgograd.
5. How many cars and trucks in Russia are manufactured in the Volga region:
   A) 80% and 20%;
   B) 80% and 25%;
   C) 80% and 30%.
6. How much grain is grown in the Volga region in the all-Russian sense:
   A) 15%;
   B) 20%;
   C) 25%.

2nd OPTION

1. Composition of the Urals ____
2. The basis of the population of the Urals are Russians, their number:
   A) 70%;
   B) 75%;
   C) 80%.
3. How much% of the country's copper is smelted in the Urals:
   A) 70%;
   B) 80%;
   C) 90%.
4. The city of Perm is known for the production of:
   A) artillery weapons;
   B) Tanks;
   C) firearms.
5. In the Urals, the number of cattle:
   A) 15%;
   B) 17%;
   C) 19%.
6. The Orenburg region is famous throughout Russia ____

1st option: 1 - , 2 - A, 3 - B, 4 - A, 5 - A, 6 - B.

2nd option: 1 -, 2 - C, 3 - C, 4 - A, 5 - B, 6 - Orenburg scarves.

New topic

Okay guys let's start learning a new topic. But I need one assistant (who should find the composition of Western Siberia on the Internet)

Listed as part of Western Siberia: 5 regions (Tyumen with Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Kemerovo), 1 Territory (Altai), 1 Republic (Altai). The student who found the material on the Internet dictates.

Let the guys remember about Western Siberia from the 8th grade course. (Children's story on the physical interactive map of Russia) The West Siberian Plain is the third largest after the Russian Plain in the world. It stretches from the Kara Sea to the mountains of Southern Siberia and the semi-deserts of Kazakhstan for 2500 km, from the Urals to the Yenisei for 1900 km. The borders are clearly expressed by borders: in the north, the shores of the Kara Sea, in the south, the Kazakh hills, Altai, Salair Ridge and Kuznetsk Alatau, in the west - the Urals, in the east - the valley of the Yenisei River.

Oil and gas reserves make Western Siberia one of the world leaders. 60% of Russia's peat reserves are also concentrated on the territory. Minerals also include hot waters with a temperature of 40º to 120º. Well thank you. I would like to add to these words about the harsh climate of the West Siberian Plain.

District industry

/2 slide/

The West Siberian economic region is distinguished in the Eastern macroregion by its powerful economy. It is characterized by diversified industry and developed agriculture.

Currently, Western Siberia provides over 70% of oil, 92% of natural gas, about 30% of coal, about 20% of the country's timber, the region accounts for about 20% of grain production, the main livestock. In a notebook, draw round diagrams from slide 1

In terms of oil and natural gas reserves, ZS ranks first in the country, but is also rich in brown coal and iron ores, provides the main increase in the production of these types of raw materials and fuels.

Oil fields are concentrated in the middle reaches of the Ob, and gas fields in the far north.

Brown coal reserves are concentrated in the Cis-Urals (North-Sosvinskaya) and in the south-east of the plain (Kansko-Achinsk basin). The Kuznetsk basin is distinguished by coal reserves (30% of the country's reserves)

In Siberia, iron ore resources of the West Siberian basin were discovered, stretching parallel to the Yenisei far from the railways.

Large reserves of thermal waters are concentrated (at a depth of 1000 to 3000 m) on the territory of the Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk regions.

The formation of large deposits of peat and valuable fertilizers is associated with the wide swamping of 1/3 of the entire territory of Western Siberia.

Non-ferrous metals were found in Altai, reserves of various salts are concentrated in Kulunda Lake

On the territory of Western Siberia, two main natural-territorial complexes are distinguished: / fig. 103 p. 282, sl 3 /

• West Siberian complex (including the Tyumen region)
• Kuznetsk-Altai complex (including the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk and Tomsk regions)

The formation of such complexes is associated primarily with the uneven distribution natural resources across the territory of Western Siberia.

Guys, we are now using the textbook / pp 231-233, 4-5 sl / we will work and fill out the table. (They have an empty, unfilled table in their hands). Then we will just make sure why such a formation of two economic complexes took place, and we will see the main branches of specialization of Western Siberia

Centre	Industry of specialization
Novokuznetsk	metallurgy
Belovo	non-ferrous metallurgy
Kuzbass	mining and metallurgical equipment
Novosibirsk	machine tool building, instrument making, power engineering, agricultural engineering, defense plants
Rubtsovsk, Barnaul	agricultural engineering
Omsk, Tomsk	defense factories
Kemerovo	chemical industry
Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Urengoy, Yanburg	oil and gas industry
Mezhdurechensk, Asino	timber industry

The guys appear to be the main sectors of specialization in Western Siberia: oil, gas, coal, metallurgical and timber industries (they write in notebooks under dictation).

Each of these TPKs have centers. The largest city and the center of the Kuznetsk-Altai complex is the city of Novosibirsk / 6-11slide /, and the organizational center of the West Siberian TPK is the city of Tyumen / sl 12-15 /. / Appendix 1 /

District agriculture

Meat and dairy livestock breeding and sheep breeding have developed in the south of the region. Along with sheep breeding, deer antler breeding and beekeeping have been preserved. Spring wheat is grown in dry areas of the forest-steppe and steppe. (1/6 agricultural land in Russia)

A powerful thermal power industry has developed on the basis of its own coal; large TPPs Surgutskaya, Omskaya, Novosibirskaya are operating. There is a large Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station.

District population

The indigenous population of the region is the Nenets, whose main occupation is reindeer herding. The Nenets roam with herds of deer in summer to the coast, and in winter to the south in the forest tundra.

The middle part of Western Siberia is inhabited by two peoples: the Khanty and the Mansi, whose main occupation is hunting and fishing.

In addition to the indigenous population, Russians and Ukrainians live here. In general, 14 million 600 thousand people live in the region. A sharp increase in the population occurred in the 20th century - these are oil and gas workers, with the arrival of which new cities were built. Large population density along the highway and in the south of Western Siberia. Powerful oil concerns operate in the oil industry of Western Siberia. Among them are LUKOIL, Surgutneftegaz, Rosneft / fig. 107, page 287, sl 19 /

Generalization of knowledge

• Work on the political and administrative map of Russia. Students must show on an interactive map the composition of the district with administrative centers;
• Natural resources of the area;
• Branches of specialization of the economic region;
• Agriculture of the region;
• The population of the area;

Homework

§ 57 put on the map the subjects of Western Siberia, industrial centers.

Give a description of the TPK according to the plan:

1. Name of TPK;
2. Natural resources;
3. Energy sources;
4. Branches of specialization;
5. Let out production;

Message on the subject of oil concerns "LUKOIL", "Surgutneftegaz", "Rosneft" by choice.

In terms of the share of industrial production, the leaders were: Tyumen region. - 39%, Tomsk and Kemerovo regions. - 38%, and by specific gravity Agriculture Republic of Altai - 24.5% and Altai Territory - 16.5%. In the production of services, the Novosibirsk region stood out. - 57% and the Republic of Altai - 52%, providing a range of scientific and commercial services - the first and recreational - the second.

Industrial complexes. The branches of market specialization of the West Siberian economic region are part of the fuel and energy complex (fuel), metallurgical (ferrous metallurgy) and machine-building complexes. The fuel industry of Western Siberia has an all-Russian and global importance thanks to the extraction, transportation and processing of unique oil and gas and coal resources. The oil and gas produced here absorbs a significant part of investments in Russian industry and provides regular foreign exchange earnings to the federal and regional budgets.

Western Siberia is the main oil production base in Russia

The total length of the West Siberian oil transportation system is about 35,000 km. 10 main oil pipelines have been built from the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, transporting oil towards Russian cities: Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Omsk, Kirishi (Leningrad region) and Almetyevsk, as well as abroad - to Ventspils (Latvia), Chimkent (Kazakhstan), to Odessa (Ukraine). Currently, oil has begun to flow to the coast of the Gulf of Finland, where oil export terminals have been put into operation.

One of the best oil refineries in the country is located in Omsk, which stands out for its record depth of oil refining for Russia - about 80%. Oil is also processed in the Tyumen region. - in Tobolsk. There are favorable conditions for processing oil and associated gas at oil production sites - in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, for which it is planned to build economical mini-refineries designed to meet local fuel needs.

Natural gas production is concentrated in the Nadym-Purtazovsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Gas transportation systems originating in this area follow three corridors to the southwest - to the center of Russia and further towards Ukraine, Central and Western Europe. The largest Urengoyskoye and Yamburgskoye deposits, according to most experts, will remain the base in the region for the foreseeable future,

It is planned to significantly increase gas production in the northern regions of Western Siberia through the development of the Yamal gas field. The first stage of the development of the Yamal fields is based on the use of the existing system of gas pipelines laid from the Nadym-Purtazovsky district, with the connection to it of new gas pipelines of the Yamal-Europe system, the first trunk of which has already been partly built. Gas production on the Yamal Peninsula should fully meet Russia's domestic needs and increase exports.

coal industry Western Siberia is concentrated in the Kemerovo region, where the deposits of Kuzbass and brown coals of the Itatsky deposit of the Kansk-Achinsk basin are actively developed.

Coking coal from Kuzbass is delivered to large iron and steel enterprises in Western Siberia (Kemerovo region) and the Urals. Thermal coals from Kuzbass and the Kansko-Achinsk basin provide not only the West Siberian, but also the majority of the markets of the European part of Russia.

Power industry ZSER is mainly thermal, operating on associated gas: Surgut GRES 1 and 2) and Nizhnevartovskaya GRES in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, as well as on coal: Yuzhkuzbass GRES, Belovskaya and Tom-Usinskaya IES, several large thermal power plants in the Kemerovo region, Omsk, Novosibirsk and Tomsk. The construction of a large gas power plant in the city of Urengoy, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, is nearing completion. There is the only large Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station on the river. Ob (400 MW).

scoop metallurgy ZSER is concentrated in the Kemerovo Region: Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant and the West Siberian Plant of the Full Cycle, Guryev Processing Plant. The production of finished long products and steel pipes is located in Novosibirsk.

Machine building complex, the largest centers of which are located in the Novosibirsk, Omsk, Kemerovo regions. and the Altai Territory, includes: machine tool building (production of looms), energy, agricultural and radio engineering (Novosibirsk), coal (in the cities of Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Kiselevsk, Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo Region); enterprises for the production of machine tools, steam boilers, diesel engines, freight cars and tractors (in the Altai Territory). In the Omsk region aerospace association Polet is developing.

In the Altai Territory, priority is given to expanding the production of diesel engines at Altai engine plants, as well as tractors and power equipment.

Chemical and petrochemical industry. Modern petrochemical complexes are being developed in the cities of Tobolsk (Tyumen region), Omsk and Tomsk, where the production of various polymers, synthetic resins and plastics has been established. Synthetic rubber and tires are also produced in Omsk. Artificial fibers are produced in Novosibirsk and Barnaul, Kemerovo region. Large production of nitrogen mineral fertilizers with the parallel production of sulfuric acid and other chemical products based on coke chemistry at JSC Azot in the Kemerovo region. In the same region, in the city of Prokopievsk, the production of rubber products is developing. In the city of Seversk, Tomsk region. The Siberian Nuclear Chemical Plant is currently setting up the production of rare earth elements.

Agro-industrial complex stands out for its size - it is 1/6 of all agricultural land in the country, compactly located, mainly in the zone of the South Siberian steppes and forest-steppes of Omsk, Novosibirsk and the south of the Tyumen region. Local agriculture has a grain and livestock direction.

By the beginning of the 2000s. agriculture ZSER produced about 11%.

In the region, work is underway to irrigate the Kulunda steppe and drain the Baraba forest-steppe. Agriculture has a special focus in the northern regions, where reindeer breeding, fishing, fur trade and fur farming are widespread, as well as in the regions of the Altai Mountains, where antler reindeer husbandry, harvesting medicinal plants and beekeeping.

Transport complex Western Siberia received the greatest development in the southern steppe zone, where the latitudinal Trans-Siberian and Central Siberian railways pass with a branch towards South Kazakhstan (Turksib).

In the north, the rail network continues to take shape. from previously built railway to oil centers

Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk, a highway was laid to Urengoy (the center of the largest gas production area).

The most important highways are: Tyumen - Omsk, Tyumen - Surgut, Kemerovo - Barnaul, the motorway towards Krasnoyarsk, and the Chuisky tract towards Mongolia. Railways serve mainly interregional and transit traffic, while road transport is engaged in for the most part intra-regional transportation.

River transport in Western Siberia performs the main function - the delivery of various cargoes to the areas of oil and gas production in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts. A significant part of the northern delivery, carried out with the help of river vessels, occurs during the spring flood, when big water cargoes are delivered along small and medium rivers to the deep regions of Western Siberia.

Maritime transport is in little demand in Western Siberia due to the impossibility of sea vessels entering the shallow Ob Bay.

Western Siberia is part of the Eastern macro region along with such regions as East Siberian and Far East. For many centuries, the indigenous population of the Eastern macro region was engaged in reindeer breeding (in the north), hunting and fishing in the taiga, breeding sheep and horse breeding in the steppe regions of the south. After joining Russia, the development of this territory begins. In less than 100 years, the Russian state secured vast territories from the Urals to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.

After the abolition of serfdom, and especially the field of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the population increased greatly in these areas. Western Siberia has become a major grain and livestock areas.

The discovery of oil and gas played an important role in the development of the region. As a result, the West Siberian region began to stand out as a powerful economy. AT Soviet years Western Siberia provided 70% of oil and natural gas production, about 30% of hard coal, and about 20% of timber harvested in the country. The district accounted for about 20% of the grain in the country, the main livestock of deer. Despite the fact that this area is the smallest in the eastern macro region in terms of area, the population here is larger than in the other two areas.

At the moment, our state is experiencing great economic difficulties and a more or less stable position in the world market is provided by the export of oil and gas produced in Western Siberia. Thanks to this, Western Siberia has become a sponsor of the country's foreign exchange earnings from the sale of oil and gas to other countries. Having got acquainted with the development of the territory, with the natural base and the peculiarities of the development of the region, I decided to find out what is the current state of the economy, economy and industry of this region, to determine the main problems and prospects for the development of the region

Western Siberia is one of the richest regions of the country in natural resources. A unique oil and gas province has been discovered here. Huge reserves of hard and brown coal are concentrated on the territory of the region, iron ores and ores of non-ferrous metals. There are large reserves of peat in the region, as well as large reserves of timber, mainly coniferous species. In terms of fish stocks, Western Siberia is classified as one of the richest regions of the country. Western Siberia has significant stocks of furs. The forest and forest-steppe zones have large areas of fertile land, which creates favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. Samotlor, Fedorovskoye, Varyganskoye, Vatinskoye, Pokurovskoye, Ust-Bulykskoye, Salymskoye, Sovetsko-Sosnytskoye - oil fields, Urengoyskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye - gas fields are among the largest oil and gas provinces. Oil and gas here are of high quality. Oil is light, low-sulfur, has a large yield of light fractions, it includes associated gas, which is valuable chemical raw materials. The gas contains 97% methane, rare gases, and at the same time there is no sulfur, little nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Oil and gas deposits at depths of up to 3 thousand meters in soft, but stable, easily drillable rocks are characterized by a significant concentration of reserves. More than 60 gas fields have been discovered on the territory of the complex. One of the most efficient is Urengoyskoye, which annually provides gas production of 280 billion cubic meters. The cost of extracting 1 ton of standard fuel of natural gas is the lowest compared to all other types of fuel. Oil production is concentrated mainly in the Middle Ob. In the future, the importance of northern deposits will increase. Currently, 68% of Russian oil is produced in Western Siberia. Natural gas is produced mainly in the northern regions. The most significant deposits are located here - Yamburgskoye and the Yamal Peninsula. Oil and gas processing plants are located in Omsk, Tobolsk and Tomsk industrial hubs. The Omsk petrochemical complex includes an oil refinery, synthetic rubber, carbon black, tire, rubber products, plastics, as well as a cord factory and others. Large complexes for oil and gas processing are being created in Tobolsk and Tomsk. The fuel resources of the complex are represented by the Ob-Irtysh and Severo-Sosva lignite basins. The Ob-Irtysh coal basin is located in the southern and middle parts of the West-Siberian Plain. It belongs to the closed category, since its coal-bearing seams, reaching 85 meters, are covered by a thick cover of younger sediments.. Coal b The basin is poorly studied and its approximate reserves are estimated at 1600 billion tons, the depth of occurrence varies from 5 to 4000 m. In the future, these coals can be of industrial importance only if they are underground gasified. The North Sosva basin is located in the north of the Tyumen region, its reserves amount to 15 billion tons. Explored deposits include Otorinskoye, Tolyinskoye, Lozhinskoye and Ust-Maninskoye.

West Siberian TPK has significant water resources. The total runoff of the rivers is estimated at 404 cubic km. At the same time, the rivers have a hydropower potential of 79 billion kWh. However, the flat nature of the surface makes the use of the hydropower resources of the Ob, Irtysh and their large tributaries inefficient. The construction of dams on these rivers will lead to the creation of large reservoirs, and the damage from the flooding of vast forest areas, and possibly oil and gas fields will block the energy effect from the hydroelectric power station. The underground thermal waters are of great interest. They can be used for heating greenhouses and greenhouses, heating of agricultural facilities, cities and workers' settlements, as well as for medicinal purposes.

The total number of inhabitants of the West Siberian region is 15141.3 thousand people, the increase is positive and amounts to 2.7 people per 100 inhabitants, the role of the migration influx of the population is great. The share of the urban population is over 70%. In general, the district is experiencing a shortage of labor resources. If we allow the development of transport in the future, then the population density of Western Siberia will increase significantly.

On the territory of the district there are two cities of a millionaire - Omsk (1,160,000 inhabitants), Novosibirsk (1,368,000 inhabitants) and three large cities: Tyumen (493,000 inhabitants), Tomsk (500,000 inhabitants), Kemerovo (517,000 inhabitants). Western Siberia is a multinational region. About ten main nationalities live on its territory: (Russians, Selkups, Khanty, Mansi, Altaians, Kazakhs, Shors, Germans, Komi, Tatars and Ukrainians).

Omsk region 2175 thousand people 6 cities 24 urban-type settlements.

Altai Territory 2654 thousand people 11 cities 30 urban-type settlements.

Republic of Altai 201.6 thousand people Urban population 27% 1 city (Gorno-Altaisk) 2 urban-type settlements.

Novosibirsk region 2803 thousand people urban population 74% 14 cities 19 urban-type settlements.

Tomsk region 1008 thousand people urban population 69% 5 cities 6 urban-type settlements.

Tyumen region 3120 thousand people urban population 91% 26 cities 46 urban-type settlements.

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug 1301 thousand people Urban population 92% 15 cities 25 urban-type settlements.

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 465 thousand people Urban population 83% 6 cities 9 urban-type settlements.

Kemerovo region 3177 thousand people 87% urban population 19 cities 47 urban-type settlements.

The hypothesis of the oil and gas potential of the West Siberian Plain was first put forward in 1932 by Academician I.M. Gubkin. For many years, the supporters of this idea had many authoritative opponents.

In 1953, the first one was discovered - the Berezovsky gas field. In 1960, the first oil field in Siberia was discovered near the village of Shaim.

At first, exploration work was carried out only in the southern regions of the West Siberian Plain, but then research spread to the entire territory, to the subzone of the middle and southern taiga.

In 1961, a group of oil fields was discovered in the middle Ob region and gas fields in the Berezovsky gas-bearing region. In 1965, the Samotlor oil field was discovered. These discoveries laid the foundation for the development of the largest oil and gas province of world importance. After the construction of the Siberian railway (1891-1916), a wide agricultural settlement of the region began. During the years of the development of capitalism in Russia, the region turned into the largest supplier to the European part and for export of wheat and animal oil. There were also centers of mining, coal and food industries in Western Siberia, but their size was very small. In 1924, the first Kuznetsk coke went to the Ural factories. The ZS region was formed as a result of the division of Siberia in 1930, the Tyumen region was included in the composition. During the war years, 210 enterprises were evacuated here, which subsequently gave a significant impetus to the development of the economy of the entire region.

The development of Western Siberia for many years was determined by the needs of the state. Thanks to the large-scale development of natural resources, financed by the state, the region has become the main energy and raw material base and the basis of the country's financial stability. During the reform years, the West-Siberian region continued to play the role of a financial "sponsor" of the country. Moreover, its role has increased: due to the export of mineral resources and products of their processing, more than two-thirds of the country's foreign exchange earnings are provided. Raw material orientation of the region caused a significantly smaller loss of industrial potential in comparison with European regions in the years of reform. Almost 35% of the West Siberian Plain is occupied by swamps. More than 22% of the entire territory of the plain is peat bogs. Currently, there are 3,900 peat deposits in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions with a total peat reserves of 75 billion tons. The Tyumen thermal power plant operates on the basis of the Tarmanskoye deposit.

The fuel and energy complex is represented not only by enterprises for the production of energy fuel, but also enough major system thermal power plants on the middle Ob and individual power units in the areas of oil and gas production. The energy system has been significantly strengthened by new state district power plants - Surgutskaya, Nizhnevartovskaya, Urengoyskaya.

Currently, the Tomsk and Tyumen regions generate a little more than 2% of the total Russian electricity. The energy economy is represented by a significant number of small, non-economical power plants. The average installed capacity of one power plant is less than 500 kW. Further development of the electric power industry on the territory of the complex is inextricably linked with cheap associated gas, which, after being topped off at gas processing plants, will be used for energy purposes. The electric power of the Surgutskaya GRES is supplied to the oil fields, construction sites of the Shirotny Priobye and to the Ural energy system. On the territory of the complex, two largest thermal power plants are being built in the system of petrochemical complexes and two state district power plants using associated gases in Nizhnevartovsk and Novy Urengoy. Particularly acute is the problem of supplying electricity to the northern gas-bearing regions of the Tyumen region, where small, scattered power plants operate.

The wood chemical complex is represented mainly by logging and woodworking industries. A significant part of the timber is exported in an unprocessed form (roundwood, ore stand, firewood). The stages of deep wood processing (hydrolysis, pulp and paper, etc.) are not sufficiently developed. In the future, a significant increase in logging is planned in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions. The presence of huge reserves of wood, cheap fuel and water will allow the formation of large enterprises in the region for the chemical and mechanical processing of wood raw materials and waste. On the territory of the West Siberian complex, it is planned to create several timber processing complexes and sawmills and woodworking plants. Their construction is expected in the cities of Asino, Tobolsk, Surgut, Kolpashevo, in the villages of Kamenny and Bely Yar.

The machine-building complex has been formed mainly in Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Ishim and Zladoukovsk. Machine-building enterprises produce equipment and machines for the oil and gas and forest industries, transport, construction, and agriculture. Many enterprises are still insufficiently focused on meeting the needs of the subdistrict. In the near future, it is necessary to strengthen the role of Omsk, Tyumen, and Tomsk as supporting bases for the development of oil and gas bearing regions of Western Siberia and to deepen the specialization of the mechanical engineering of these centers in the production of various equipment in the "northern version". The formation of the machine-building complex on the territory of the Tomsk and Tyumen regions should be subordinated, first of all, to the tasks of providing the necessary, especially low-transportable and special equipment for enterprises and construction sites of the leading sectors of the national economy of the eastern zone of the country and, above all, its northern regions.

In the future, ferrous metallurgy can be developed on the territory of the complex. On the basis of Bakchar ores in the south of the Tomsk region, it is possible to build a metallurgical plant. The Bakchar deposit can become the main source of raw materials for the development of ferrous metallurgy in the eastern zone of the country.

The industrial and construction complex is focused on ensuring the reconstruction and new construction of oil and gas chemical and timber enterprises. A number of building materials are supplied by the Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict. There is a certain shortage in the construction base for the creation of civil structures.

The main construction organizations are concentrated in large industrial centers, mainly in the south of the subdistrict. During the development of oil and gas resources, the method of complete-block, prefabricated construction became widespread here, which can significantly reduce the cost of human labor and speed up the construction of facilities. At the same time, basic building materials enterprises are being created in Tomsk and Tyumen. Currently, there are 17 concentrated construction sites on the territory of the Tomsk and Tyumen regions: Tomsk, Tyumen, Nzhnevartovsky, Surgut, Ust-Balyksky, Strezhevsky, Megionsky, Neftyugansky, Nadymsky, Tobolsky, Asinovsky, Berezovsky, Urengoysky, Yamburgsky, Kharasaveysky, Beloyarsky, Tugansky other.

Contacts of enterprises with the outside world are not limited to the export and import of goods. More than 100 joint ventures have been registered in the West Siberian region. The export of these enterprises in 1995 amounted to $240 million. During the first half of 1996, these enterprises produced 4 million tons of oil. Among the largest investors in joint ventures are countries such as the USA, Canada, Germany. And the most significant joint ventures in terms of scale of activity are Yuganskframaster and Yugraneft. The priority task in the field of contacts with foreign capital is to attract large-scale creditors to the region's fuel industry. Among the projects financed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development are the restoration of oil and gas fields in Western Siberia, the supply of equipment to Samotlor. In 1995, the World Bank provided a targeted loan of $610 million to P/O Kogalymneftegaz.

Speaking about the economic development of the West Siberian region in 1999 and the first half of 2000, the data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation on the main economic indicators were used.

According to these data, Western Siberia is currently in the top ten leading regions, which contribute 63.6% of taxes to the general state treasury, of which the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts accounted for 1999. - 9.3%, and in the first half of 2000 - 11.9%.

The increase in inter-district freight turnover and intra-district transportation contributed to the expansion of the transport network. Oil pipelines Shaim-Tyumen, Ust-Balyk-Omsk, Aleksandrovskoye-Anzhero-Sudzhensk-Krasnoyarsk-Irkutsk, Samotlor-Tyumen-Almetyevsk, Ust-Balyk-Kurgan-Samara, Omsk-Pavlodar and gas pipelines in the Medvezhye-Nadym- Ural (two stages), Nadym-Punga-Center, Urengoy-Nadym-Ukhta-Torzhok, Vengapur-Surgut-Tobolsk-Tyumen, Yamburg-Center, Nizhnevartovsk-Myldzhino-Tomsk-Novokuznetsk, Yamburg-Western border of Russia. This powerful pipeline transport ensures the delivery of almost 400 million tons of oil and 450 billion cubic meters of gas to consumers. At present, over 10,000 kilometers of pipelines have been built to release Tyumen oil. Gas pipelines stretched for more than 12 thousand kilometers. Here, for the first time, pipes with a diameter of 1420 mm were used. Railway transport plays a special role in the industrial development of new regions. The Tobolsk-Surgutsk-Nizhnevartovsk railway line was laid from Tyumen through the Shirotnoye Ob region. There are various options for continuing this highway. She can connect through Tomsk with Trans-Siberian Railway or go to Abalakovo, along the Keta River. Timber roads Ivdel-Ob, Tavda-Sotnik, Asino-Bely Yar were built on the territory of the complex. Road transport is of great importance for solving local problems. Currently, an outer and inner road ring with a hard surface has been built around Samotlor, and access roads to the Tyumen-Tobolsk-Surgut railway line are being created. However, the transport network is not yet sufficiently developed. Calculated per square kilometer of territory, the length of railways here is almost 3 times and motor roads with hard surface is 2 times less than in the whole country.

Of great importance is river transport, the importance of which will increase significantly in connection with the construction of river ports in Tomsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk and Kolpashevo, the improvement of navigation on the rivers Tom, Keti, Tura and Tobol.

The agro-industrial complex of the complex as a whole specializes in the cultivation and processing of grain. On a small scale, in places where industrial crops are grown - flax, hemp, sunflower - there is a primary processing of flax - curly and hemp, oil milling. The livestock branch of the agro-industrial complex includes butter and dairy, milk canning plants and meat, leather, wool, and sheepskin processing plants.

Carpet weaving is an ancient craft of the region (in Ishim and Tobolsk there are mechanized carpet factories). Textile, leather and footwear industries operate on local and imported raw materials. The main centers for processing agricultural raw materials are Omsk, Tyumen, Tomsk, Yalutorovsk, Tatarsk, Ishim.

Fishery complex - fishing in rivers and lakes, sea fishing in the Gulf of Ob, fish processing and canning. This complex is served by a network knitting factory in Tyumen and a shipyard in Tobolsk, bases for the receiving and transport fleet. Container and tin-can production is located at fish processing plants.

Analyzing the abstract data, I came to the conclusion that Western Siberia is the most promising region of the Eastern macro region in economic terms. Western Siberia has the richest oil and gas provinces. The region's economy is built mainly on the extraction of minerals (oil, gas, coal and others), in the reform years the economic condition of the region was maintained as a result of extensive oil and gas production. Because of this, the growth of those not included in the fuel and energy complex, such as the agro-industrial complex, the machine-building complex, and others, fell into decay. The ecology of the area has deteriorated sharply due to mining. Due to the fact that the country is experiencing serious economic difficulties, Western Siberia, with its richest natural resources, has become an economic sponsor of the country through the export of these resources. Due to the fact that the economic condition of the region and the country is not supported by the development of other industries, the economy is highly dependent on the price of fuel resources.

In order to develop the region, it is necessary to expand the transport network, since the region has a fairly favorable physical and geographical position and further development requires the construction of roads to the north to oil, gas and timber harvesting sites, but construction is not possible without large investments in the economy of the region in in general. Further development of Western Siberia is not possible without the construction of transport routes.

The West Siberian region has a great economic potential. In the south of the region there are fertile soils and a fairly warm climate. climatic conditions which favors the development of agriculture. However, over the past decade, agricultural production has decreased several times.

The area also experiences a lack of labor resources, which also hinders economic development. The development of this region is not possible only due to the extensive extraction of natural resources. The region also suffers large economic losses due to the fact that not refined oil is exported, but crude oil. This is also due to the lack of oil refineries in the West Siberian region.

Table 1.

Dynamics of industrial production volumes, %.

Subjects of the Russian Federation	1995 to 1990	1996 to 1995	1997 to 1996	1998 to 1997
Altai Republic		77,4
Altai region
Areas:
Kemerovo
Novosibirsk
Omsk
Tomsk
Tyumenskaya			100,2	97,4

Table 2.

The level of provision with fixed assets and the educational level of those employed in the economy.

Subjects of the Russian Federation	The level of provision with fixed assets	Number of employees*
		With higher education	With secondary education
The Russian Federation generally		18,4
Republic Altai	0,41	12,6	32,7
Altaic edge	0,74		31,4
Areas:
Kemerovo	0,95	14,3	37,5
Novosibirsk	0,91	20,7	35,4
Omsk	0,95		32,1
Tomsk	1,33	23,6	33,1
Tyumenskaya	3,29	14,6	41,5

* % of the number of employees. Table 3

Indicators of the standard of living of the population.

Subjects of the Russian Federation	Population with cash incomes below the subsistence level	Level
		Retail turnover	Unemployment
Republic Altai	1,06	0,5	0,66
Altaic edge	1,36	0,56	0,9
Areas:
Kemerovo	8,75	0,96	0,56
Novosibirsk	1,61	0,83	0,63
Omsk	1,2	0,97	0,78
Tomsk	1,24	0,85	1,25
Tyumenskaya	0,78	1,43	0,78

Table 4

Gross harvest of crops of Western Siberia in 1992

culture	thousand tons
Corn	10293	11.5
Sugar beet	650	2.68
Sunflower		2.83
Flax fiber	5.1	5.5
Potato	4089	11.91
Vegetables	876	8.4

% are given from the total collection in Russia

Bibliography

"Observer - Observer", No. 12, 1999; No. 1-5, 2000. M. Golubitskaya, Candidate of Economic Sciences

"Economics and Life", No. 22, 2000

"Economy and Life", No. 37, 2000

Economic geography of Russia, account. settlement, part II, resp. ed. Stepanov M. V., M., REA, 1995.

"International Relations and the World Economy", No. 6, 1995.

"Region", No. 1, 1996

Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius 2000

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site were used.