The Far East occupies more than one third of Russia and includes three territories - Kamchatka, Primorsky and Khabarovsk, three regions - Amur, Magadan and Sakhalin, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Jewish Autonomous Region.

Due to its remoteness from the European part of Russia, it is often called the end of the world. Indeed, these places are very different from other regions of the country and have a special flavor, unique flora and fauna, peculiar relief and specific climate.

Climate of the Far East (Khabarovsk) by months:

The main feature of the Far Eastern climate is its diversity. The impressive extent of the territory causes its change from a sharply continental type in the central and Kolyma regions of the Magadan region to a monsoon type in the south. The average annual temperature in the Far East varies from -10°С in the north to +6°С in the southern territories.

Precipitation is also characterized by a large spread - from 200 mm. per year in the north and up to 1000 mm. on South. Far Eastern air is humid throughout the territory: relative humidity here is never less than 65%, in some areas its value exceeds 95%.

Spring

Spring in the southern part of the Far East begins in mid-April, and in the northern part closer to May. Usually it is arid in nature, this is due to low rainfall and poor snow cover.

River floods and floods are observed only in the northern regions, where the snow melts quickly and intensively. Daytime temperature varies from +5°С to +15°С. In the northern part, daylight hours are significantly lengthened.

Summer

In the Far East, summer comes slowly, gradually. The first warm days fall at the end of May-beginning of June. Coastal regions are heavily influenced by the Pacific Ocean - marine and continental air masses form the warm summer monsoon. average temperature in July it is +19°C.

In areas far from the sea, summer is hotter - the thermometer rises to +25..30°С. The coldest summer is on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kuril Islands, where the temperature does not rise above + 15 ° C, rain and fog prevail. Often, strong downpours with winds, hurricanes and typhoons fall on coastal areas.

In the Magadan region, the time of white nights begins, when the duration of daylight hours can be more than 18 hours.

Autumn

August is the month of transition from summer to autumn. The average daily temperature during the month ranges from +8°С to +16°С. September in the Far East is characterized by rainy but moderately warm weather.

At the same time, the first snow falls in the continental regions. At the end of October-November, a permanent snow cover forms in most of the Far Eastern territory, rivers and lakes freeze.

Winter

Winter comes to the Far East at the end of November. The average temperature in January is about -22 °С.. -24 °С. The warmest and short winter in Primorye, on Kamchatka and on Sakhalin Island, the most severe - in the Magadan region and on the Amur. In these places, January frosts can reach up to -50°C.

In Primorye, the snow cover is poor, while in Kamchatka and the Magadan region it can reach up to 3 meters in height.

The Far East region is forest zone. Average annual temperature here it starts from -12° and reaches +7°. Precipitation falls on average from 200-1000 mm per year, depending on the area. The relative humidity of the air is about 70%. The Far East receives significantly less high temperatures than it should be due to its territorial location. The reason should be sought, firstly, in the cold seas that wash the mainland, secondly, in the Asian mainland, which creates harsh conditions in winter, and thirdly, due to the cold seas, summer is accompanied by high cloudiness (70%).

Characteristics of the climate of the Far East

In territorial terms, the Far East is relatively far from the capital of the country. The region includes: Sakhalin, Yakutia, Jewish Autonomous Part, Magadan Region, Amur, Primorsky, Khabarovsk, Chukotka and Kamchatka Territories. About 80% of the entire surface of the territory is occupied by plateaus and low mountains (up to 3000 meters). In addition, geysers and about 160 volcanoes are located in the Kamchatka Territory, 40 of which are active. The coast of the Far East stretches along for 5,000 km. Often enough weather and climatic phenomena here I form a collision of warm and cold air currents, and lithospheric plates also have a significant impact on the climate.

Features of the climate of the Far East

The snow cover here does not disappear even in summer. The northern part of the mainland is characterized by a special permafrost and tundra. In the southern part, you can observe the territory, which is densely populated with spruce groves and exotic plants. Despite the fact that in different parts of the Far East the climate differs from each other, one common feature is still observed - this is the presence of constant air humidity. Scientists believe that it is the close location of the Pacific Ocean that contributes to this. In summer, a large amount of precipitation falls here, and despite the warm weather, snow can lie 2.5 meters thick.

Climatic zones of the Far East

Three climatic zones can be distinguished on the territory of the Far East: subtropical, temperate and.

In the Chukotka Territory, the arctic and subarctic belt prevails.

The Magadan region and Kamchatka belong more to the temperate zone.

The Khabarovsk Territory is located in a belt dominated by a continental slope.

The Amur Territory also belongs to the monsoon zone.

The climate of the cities of the Far East

The subarctic climate covers Chukotka. The region is characterized by complex atmospheric circulation. Winters are long and windy in the eastern part, cold in the west. Summer is cold and short. The weather is not stable. In winter, the temperature can be released from -25 ° to -50 °. The duration of the winter season with the preservation of severely low temperatures is about 8 months. Spring comes at the beginning of June and brings with it fogs and rainfall. Summer starts from mid-July. The average temperature is +10°. Also, the warm period is accompanied by strong winds and rains. The average duration of autumn is about 25 days and abruptly flows into winter.

Primorsky Krai has a more moderate climate. This happens due to the fact that on the one hand the influence is exerted by the Pacific Ocean, and on the other by the continental region of Eurasia. In the northern part, winter begins in November, comes to the southern part and lasts about 150 days. Only in Sikhote-Alin its duration increases to 200 days. The winter period is characterized by clear and dry weather, the air temperature during the day can reach +5°, in other periods, especially in windy weather, it can fluctuate from -15° to -20°. Precipitation falls closer to February and in very small amounts. In spring, the average temperature is from -3° to -9°. Snow passes closer to April, when the temperature rises to + 5 °. The first half of summer here is hot and dry. In the second half, intense heat sets in with a lot of precipitation. So in July the air temperature reaches +27°. In August, there can be heavy rains lasting 3-4 days in a row. In early September, autumn comes, the temperature drops to + 15 °. Autumn time is quite comfortable and dry.

On Sakhalin, the average winter temperature reaches -25° in the interior. In winter, relatively little snow falls than in other parts of the Far East. Winter lasts from October to May. Summers are cold with a lot of precipitation. The air temperature is not higher than + 12 °. In the Sakhalin and Primorsky Territories tsunamis, storms and avalanches are possible in summer.

The average daily temperature in the summer in the Amur valley and in the Ussuri basin stays at +25°C for more than two months. Then winter sets in sharply and the average temperature drops to 0°C.

Kamchatka has a moderately cold climate. Summer and autumn are characterized by a large number of doges. Winter is snowy, spring is warm and soft. Most of the time the temperature is above 0°. Due to the sharp difference in climatic conditions that are observed on the coast and in the interior of the region, most of the time it is quite foggy and damp here. In winter, the temperature can drop to -25°. In summer, the temperature is higher than in the western part of the mainland.

The climate of the coastal zone of the Far East

The coastal zone is dominated by the arctic climate. In this area, there is not a significant amount of solar radiation in summer period, so the temperature in winter here is at around -30°, and in summer from 0° to +6°. About 800 mm of precipitation falls on the Pacific coast during the warm period. At the beginning of summer, fast ice is destroyed by glaciers, which significantly lowers the temperature of the eastern seas. The total number of days without precipitation on the coast reaches 100. Snow cover is established only by the end of November, it reaches its highest rates by February 70-80 cm. In the first part of May, snow is no longer observed in the coastal zone.

On the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, the climate is very peculiar. The sea has an ice cover for about 11 months.

Monsoon climate of the Far East

This area is characterized by a change in the monsoon winds. So Northwest winds blow in winter and Southeast winds blow in summer. It cannot be said that precipitation falls evenly along the entire edge. Thanks to the winds that come from the west, bringing with them dry and frosty air, and in summer the wind blows from the ocean, it is rather cloudy here and there is a large amount of precipitation. In winter, the wind speed is not high and reaches 3-5 m/s. The maximum wind speed is observed on the coast and reaches 15 m/s. In the zone of the Kuril Islands, the wind speed reaches 40 m/s.

In some parts of the mainland, in the summer, there is an invasion of Mongolian cyclones, which brings drought. In summer, calm is much less common than in winter.

Sometimes thanks great influence continental winds, which brings large masses of snow. In some areas of the Far East, a blizzard can be observed lasting up to two weeks. When the wind meets the mountain plains, the speed is lost and the snow mass begins to fill up. In open areas, the snow is so dense that it can support the weight of a person.

The climate of the mountainous territories of the Far East

Closer to the southern part of the region, where the largest number of mountain ranges (Verkhoyansk, Chersky, Koryaksky, Kolyma Uplands) are located, the arctic climate replaces the subarctic one. The air temperature becomes abnormally cold and low and reaches -50°. In summer the temperature reaches +17°. For the year falls from 400-600 mm of precipitation.

The Central Siberian and Aldan highlands cover a sharply continental climate. In winter, the temperature drops to -45°, and in summer the air temperature is kept at a fairly high level of +25°. The average amount of precipitation per year here falls from 400-600 mm.

In some mountainous areas, about 1000 mm of precipitation can fall during the summer period.

The climate of the Far East in winter

The beginning of winter in the Far East falls on the first part of November. The temperature drops to 0°C and the soil begins to freeze. In the southern part of Primorye and on Sakhalin, the temperature in winter can drop to -15-20°. With all this, there will not be much snow here. In winter, strong and gusty winds can blow on the coast in the interior regions of the Far East. All this is due to the temperate monsoonal climate, which brings dry and at the same time sunny winters. The temperature in winter falls below -20°. On the Aldan-Okhotsk part of the mainland, the temperature is much lower and can drop to -35°. In part of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, winter is much warmer and milder due to the sea.

The climate of the Far East in spring

In the southern part of Primorye, the temperature rises up to +1°C in spring. In early May, the snow cover begins to melt and finally disappears in the first half of June. Further, snow can be observed only in certain parts of the region. The spring period of time in the Far East is closely connected with the beginning of economic activity on the mainland. This mainly concerns the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region, where dry winds blow out the upper layers of the soil. This negatively affects all agricultural activities. In some cases, the crop can be saved due to the rains that fall in April and May. The average temperature in spring is kept at +10°.

The climate of the Far East in summer

A feature of the summer period in the Far East is the presence of solar radiation. Rains are typical for this region in the warm season. This is due to the fact that in the atmosphere there is a merger of continental and marine air masses. To a greater extent, this applies to the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region.

In June, moist winds begin to blow from the ocean, so the weather becomes warm, but rainy. The first half of summer is quite cloudy with high humidity. In the second half it becomes more comfortable. The air temperature becomes more stable and stays on average until the very end of September.

In the northern part of the mainland, the temperature is +15°, in the south +19°, on the Kuril Islands about +20°.

In normal times, it is in the summer in the Far East that about 80% of all precipitation per year falls.

The climate of the Far East in autumn

Due to the fact that in autumn the daylight hours become shorter, along with it, the streams of warm air also leave. An anticyclone begins to form in the Asian part of the mainland. Already at the end of September, you can feel significant frosts. In the southern part it gets colder a little later. Frost can be felt already at the end of October. Summer winds are replaced by winter ones, which adversely affects navigation in the Sea of Okhotsk. V autumn time it rarely rains, and by the end of November, snow falls on the already frozen ground. A sharp change in temperature during the growing season, which takes place in September and October, often has a detrimental effect on the soil and vegetation in general. The air temperature is on average kept at around + 10 °. In some years it can drop to -5°.

Climate records of the Far East

In general, it can be safely noted that the average temperature in the Far East is getting higher every year. In the Primorsky and Amur Territories, temperatures have risen by 1.6°C since 1976, exceeding the overall rise in global temperatures by 0.7°C. In Eastern Siberia, the growth is not much higher and amounts to 2°.

In the Chukotka region in 2010, a record low temperature was recorded in winter. Its rate was below the norm by 15° than in winter in 1961-2000. In the summer of the same year, the temperature exceeded the figure by 7 °. Also in 2011, in the same region, the snow cover exceeded the norm by 2 times.

In the northern part of the Far East, there is an increase in summer temperatures and a decrease in winter indicators. In spring and summer, the temperature regime remained almost unchanged.

On the Kamchatka peninsula and in the Magadan region in the spring season, there is a rapid melting of the winter cover, which over time can lead to floods and floods. Although in Primorsky Krai, where precipitation is no less than this anomaly, there is no such anomaly.

The largest amount of precipitation, winds and snowstorms was noted in 2012 and amounted to 96 dangerous weather events. In Russia, this figure was 470.

Regarding past years, scientists made calculations and found that with the current trend in temperature changes, in 30-50 years in the Far East there will be 10-20% more precipitation than in 2015.

Due to the stable increase in temperatures in the Far East, some seas may be without ice cover.

This can be especially seen from the rise in temperatures:

On average, the temperature in winter in 1981-2000 from 2012-2032 will increase by + 2.3 ° by 2041, this figure will rise to + 8 °.

The temperature in the spring in 1981-2000 from 2012-2032 +0.7° by 2041 to +3°.

In the summer of 1981-2000 from 2012-2032 from +1.5°, and by 2041 this figure will double and amount to +3°.

In the spring in 1981-2000 from 2012-2032 from + 1.5 °, by 2041 + 3.5 °.

In a year, the temperature rises about + 0.2-0.3 °.

Page 16

INTRODUCTION

Qualitatively and quantitatively, the physical state of the atmosphere and the processes taking place in it are expressed using certain quantities, the so-called meteorological elements and atmospheric phenomena. The most important for human life and economic activity are the following: air pressure, air temperature and humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, wind, fog, snowstorms, ice, thunderstorms, dust storms. These elements are often referred to as weather elements. They are closely interconnected with each other and always act together, manifesting themselves in very complex and variable combinations. The state of the atmosphere over a given territory and for a given time, determined by the physical processes that take place in it when interacting with the underlying surface, is called the weather.

Observations over the weather over a long period allow us to determine the climate of the area. Climate is a natural sequence of atmospheric processes created in a given area as a result of the interaction of solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and physical phenomena occurring on the underlying surface, and causing in this area the weather regime characteristic of it.

In addition to these factors, human activity also has a certain influence on the climate, since it can change physical properties underlying surface, as well as the atmosphere and its properties.

The terms "weather" and "climate" are often confused. There is a big difference between these concepts. Weather is the physical state of the atmosphere over a given territory and for a given time, characterized by a certain combination of weather regimes, and the long-term weather regime is understood to mean not only prevailing, but generally possible weather conditions in a given area.

The science that studies the conditions of climate formation and the climatic regime of various countries and regions is called climatology. Climatology considers the relationship between individual climate-forming factors and their interaction with the underlying surface. She is engaged in the study of patterns in the distribution on the surface the globe various meteorological phenomena and types of climate, as well as the resolution of issues related to climate change under human influence.

In our work, we consider the climate of the Far East and its features.

1. general characteristics climate of the Far East

The Far East region captures the Amur basin and a strip stretching along the coasts of the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk. This area also includes Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

The entire Far Eastern region, with the exception of its northern tundra regions, is a forest zone and belongs to the monsoon climate of temperate latitudes. Subzone mixed forests occupies only the southern Amur region and Primorye, having a northern border line Albazino - Blagoveshchensk, up to 50 ° N. sh.

Due to the vast extent of this region from south to north (from 42.5 ° N to 67 ° N), topographic diversity and features of atmospheric circulation, sharply different climatic regions are distinguished here: the Amur-Primorsky, the Okhotsk coast, the northern region , Sakhalin and Kamchatka.

In the Far Eastern region, the maritime climate, as it were, meets the continental one, and the gradual transition from one to the other is disturbed by the alternation of lowland and mountainous spaces. Due to high pressure monsoonal circulation dominates over the mainland in winter and low in summer.

During the summer period, when the monsoon blows, the baric relief over this territory is of such a nature that it can be considered as a low-pressure trough running along the sea coast at some varying distance, with cyclones passing through it. Consequently, the main circulation is monsoonal as a consequence of thermal differences between the mainland and the ocean, as well as cyclonic activity.

O. G. Sarochan believes that the monsoon, as a complex phenomenon, consists of primary and secondary monsoons, which are most simply found in the example of the general summer monsoon.

Primary monsoon, a smaller scale monsoon occurring between the land (coastal area) and the nearby sea, is due to local pressure systems occurring in late spring and early summer (maximums in the seas of temperate latitudes and minimum in the coastal region, due mainly to thermal causes), air the currents of the primary monsoons come from the nearby sea to the land and have a southern component; however, they do not give precipitation, being dry and cold, which is determined by the region of their formation.

The secondary monsoon is a macroscale phenomenon. It is due to the interaction of the greatest of the continents - Asia and the greatest of the oceans - the Pacific, manifesting itself as a member of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Associated with high-order baric systems such as the Pacific High and the Asian depression (in summer).

A study of summer conditions shows that the main air currents, which represent the secondary monsoon, are formed in the southern regions, mainly in the zone of increased near-tropical pressure ring.

A.I. Voeikov points out that the monsoon penetrates to the west as far as the Nerchinsk plant, and to the north - to the lower reaches of the Amur and the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The monsoon associated with the low pressure zone gives little rainfall, but in the event of a long rainy period, the rivers overflow. Sometimes the maximum precipitation occurs in September due to typhoons. At Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, the precipitation is significantly moving inland due to the absence of elevations. Here their maximum is late, since the Sea of Okhotsk warms up late. Typhoon precipitation, in contrast to monsoons, is more dangerous, but covers only the Ussuri region.

Table 1

Characteristics of climatic elements

Item names

Station height (in m)

Air temperature

Relative humidity

Average annual cloudiness (in %)

Precipitation (in mm)

Number of days with precipitation

Moisture coefficient

coldest month

most warm month

average annual

average of the driest month

annual amount

summer

winter

Markovo

0,73

North of the Sea of Okhotsk

1,09

Blagoveshchensk

0,82

Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky

1,68

Klyuchevskoe

1,43

Bolsheretsk

3,10

In general, the monsoonal climate of the Far East region is characterized by cold dry and sunny winters, cool and humid summers, stable circulation, frequent fogs and the passage of typhoons. The average annual temperature ranges from -10° in the north to +6° in the south, annual precipitation ranges from 200 mm in the north to 800 mm in the south (up to 1000 mm in Kamchatka), relative humidity all year round above 65% (Table 1).

The Far East region receives less heat than it should geographic location. The reasons for this must be sought, firstly, in the relatively cold eastern seas, which take away a lot of heat in summer, and secondly, in the influence of the huge Asian continent with its harsh winters, thirdly, in the action of summer winds from the seas, causing large cloudiness (60 - 70%). In winter, heavier cold air rushes towards the ocean (the baric gradient is high), freezing its coastline, creating an exceptionally dry and clear atmosphere along the path of the air currents. In summer, temperate sea air flows deep into the mainland, forming clouds, fogs and lowering insolation. Mountains and ranges receive a lot of precipitation. Warm continental temperate air is observed, as a rule, in transitional seasons and, being characterized by relatively high temperatures, forms powerful inversions with radiation fogs and poor visibility. In summer, although temperate sea air prevails (summer monsoon), but as soon as it crosses the coastal mountain ranges, transforming, it greatly changes its properties, leaving a significant part of the moisture on the mountain slopes. During periods of monsoon change (spring and autumn), continental tropical air flows, sometimes occupying the Amur basin; the weather with this air is warm and dry, without precipitation. The southern regions are characterized by the passage of typhoons, more frequent in summer and autumn, extremely rare from February to April.

table 2

Average number of typhoons (1893 - 1919)

							VIII

The region of typhoon precipitation occupies the southern coast of both the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan, reaching the line Nikolaevsk-on-Amur - Ussuriysk. In terms of their magnitude, these precipitations in July, August and September are significant: sometimes 70 - 90% of the total monthly amount falls in 5 - 6 days. In May and June, precipitation from typhoons is low, especially in Primorye, compared with the areas of Port Arthur and Dalny, where the influence of cyclones on the climate is more pronounced. The climate of these areas with non-freezing ports is milder and warmer. Tropical air can be observed here at any time of the year.

The winter regime is generally established in October, the summer regime in May, and in the north in September and June, respectively. A characteristic of the Far Eastern monsoons is the delay of the summer regime and its early termination as the distance from the coast goes inland. In winter, the wind from the northwest and north prevails, in summer - from the southeast or from the east. The monsoon circulation is well expressed not only in the distribution of wind and precipitation directions, but also in the annual course of relative humidity with two maxima (summer and winter) and two minima (spring and autumn). In summer there are more cloudy and less clear days, in winter - on the contrary.

2. Climate of the Amur-Primorsky region

The climate of the Amur-Primorsky region has the most pronounced monsoonal character. In Voroshilov, in summer, the winds of the southern quarter are 53%, in winter only 8%, the winds of the northern quarter are 6% in summer, and 20% in winter.

In Vladivostok, from June to September, 386 mm of precipitation falls, i.e., 65% of the annual amount, while in winter it is only 28 mm (5%). Relative humidity is maximum in summer (88%), minimum in autumn (65%). The duration of sunshine in June is minimal (34% of the possible), in December it is maximum (75%). The sunniest season in Primorye is winter, when the sun is on average up to 70%, and in the mainland up to 90-95% of the possible (Khabarovsk). The daily temperature amplitudes in summer are smaller than in winter (February - 7.3 °, July - 4.5 °), due to the large cloudiness in summer. The snow cover is thin and stable only in the northern part.

The duration of the monsoon decreases from the coast inland and north along the coast. Thus, the period of the summer monsoon along the line Vladivostok - Olga Bay - 4 - 4.5 months, in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur - 3 - 3.5 months, in Blagoveshchensk - 2.5 - 3 months. On the coasts washed by the cold current, thick fogs are often observed in summer. If not for the winter monsoon, the port of Vladivostok, located at the latitude of Sochi, would not have resorted to the help of icebreakers. Precipitation increases from 350 mm in the west to 800 mm in the Lesser Khingan mountains. The amount of summer precipitation in the mainland part of the region (Blagoveshchensk) is almost 60 times more than precipitation winter months, and on the coast (Olga Bay) 10 times, while in Moscow, located almost at the same latitude, only 2 times. Summer spills and floods are a common occurrence in the Amur-Primorsky region. Excess moisture during the period of pouring and ripening of grain crops is very harmful to the crop. There are no spring floods, since the snow cover is small, and the precipitation in spring and autumn is mostly of local origin. The intensity of winter precipitation is 1 mm per day, while in summer it is 7-10 mm. During the passage of cyclones during the day sometimes falls from 100 to 238 mm. Such precipitation, due to the deforestation of the slopes, leads to destructive floods. The duration of the growing season increases from north to south from 130 to 200 days, and the duration of the frost-free period - from 80 to 140 days. It is characteristic that in winter it is warmer on cloudy days than on clear days, and vice versa in summer, since the southern warm winds, which bring cloudy weather in winter, passing over the sea, are moistened; , moderate the temperature. The summer of Khabarovsk in many ways resembles the summer of Gorky, the summer of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur resembles that of Vologda. Winters here are Yakut.

For every 100 m of elevation in the Sikhote-Alin, the annual precipitation increases by almost 20%. The watersheds of the southern part of the region, already 350-450 m high, are covered on clear days by clouds and fogs. The coast with the most rainfall has less days with precipitation - 70, while on the ridge - 100, and on the western slope - 130 - 140 days.

Such a distribution of days with precipitation over the year is explained by the fact that the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin are steeper, less wooded, air masses leave almost all precipitation here, and the whole process proceeds intensively; and the remaining moisture on the western slope is cooled by a cold current and falls in the form of small but frequent rains. The amount of precipitation in winter is higher on the uplands, so the snow cover is thicker than in the neighboring plains.

3. Climate of the Okhotsk coast

The climate of the Okhotsk coast is peculiar. The high latitudes and the cooling influence of the Sea of Okhotsk with its ice for 10-11 months a year make the local climate very cold. For example, the average January temperature in Okhotsk is 25.2° (in Leningrad, which lies almost at the same latitude, -7.6°).

The monsoonal climate of the Okhotsk coast is characterized by high continentality in winter, cool maritime summers, and frequent fogs. grow here coniferous forests.

In summer, the south and southeast wind dominates, in winter, the northwest and north; the lowest wind speed falls in summer, the highest in winter and spring. From October to March, steady, often stormy northwest winds blow. A sharp change in annual temperatures (from -3 to -6°), summer (from +12 to +18°) and winter (from -20 to -24°) along the coast and watersheds indicates sharp microclimatic differences associated with relief and influence seas. July temperature in Okhotsk is +12.5°C, in Ayan +17.0°C. The high temperature of Ayan, due to the good protection of the city from sea influences, was also noticed by A.I. Voeikov.

In general, the differences in the thermal regime of the Okhotsk coast are largely dependent on the degree of protrusion of the coast into the sea, the direction of the coastline, the proximity of mountains, etc. Autumn cooling sets in early: frosts are noted from mid-October, snow falls, rivers and lakes freeze. Snow has been falling in the mountains since September. Cold, snowy, cloudless winter lasts from November to March. Spring begins in April, although frosts continue into May. Summers are also cool (due to sea ice melting), cloudy with high relative humidity. The best time of the year is autumn: even, relatively high temperatures, frequent calms. Autumn only lasts 1 1/2 - 2 months.

4. The climate of the northern region

The climate of the northern region (from Shelikhov Bay to the Chukchi Peninsula) is characterized by less stable monsoon circulation and severe winters. With distance from the coast, these features are more pronounced. Northeasterly winds predominate in the coastal strip, northerly winds blowing with great constancy within the region. The average wind speed decreases in the direction inland. The temperature drops, its annual amplitudes increase. On the coast, winters are milder, summers are cooler. For example, the average December temperature in the Magadan region is 5.5-6.0° higher, and the average June temperature is the same value lower than in Markov on Anadyr. The amount of precipitation does not exceed 200 mm, excluding the southeastern part of the region (250 mm). In years with intense cyclonic activity in the area of the Aleutian Low, there is more precipitation on the coast than in the interior of the region; in the years of the least development of the Icelandic trough, there is more precipitation in the mainland part of the region than in the coastal part. It should be borne in mind that the removal of moisture from the Aleutian depression occurs mainly towards the Pacific Ocean, which is why the mountain ranges of the Far East do not serve as a big obstacle to the distribution of precipitation. In the warm half of the year (from May to September), due to moist east winds on the coast, the weather is mostly cloudy and windy: often fogs cover the sun; inside the region on such days it is often sunny, dry weather with relative calm. Due to the greater amount of heat and precipitation received by the highlands remote from the sea, the latter are often covered with forests of alder, willow, aspen, birch, while the coast has only a low-growing shrub, turning in some places into a real tundra. However, such a summer landscape does not take place for long: a short northern summer is replaced by an even shorter cloudy, rainy and windy autumn, followed by a snowy winter. Snow blizzards (blizzard) here are a common companion of winter. The mainland wind carries masses of snow, so nothing can be seen at 10-12 m. Blizzards continue sometimes 1 1 / 2 - 2 weeks. Where the wind meets even a small hill, its speed is lost, a mass of loose snow is packed, and near the rocky steep banks on the leeward side, a mass of snow often accumulates, the so-called "slaughter". In open places, the snow, tightly beaten by the wind, freely bears the weight of a person, representing an ideal path. The southern snowstorm prevailing in the north of the Chukchi Peninsula, with strong winds blowing from the south, is often accompanied by icing. This is most likely due to hypothermia. humid air brought to the north to the region of the lowest temperatures of the Chukotka Peninsula.

The height of the snow cover is on average 50-60 cm, reaching 100 cm in the faces. On the mountains, the snow stays for a very long time - until the end of July and even until the beginning of August, and in shady places sometimes it does not have time to melt at all before new snow.

5. Climate of Kamchatka

The moderately cold monsoonal climate of Kamchatka is characterized by rainy summers and autumns, snowy winters with snowstorms, but clear and quiet springs. The climate here is much more severe than one would expect, judging by the position of Kamchatka between 60 and 50°N. sh. Cold sea currents, mountainous relief, strong winds cause low temperatures throughout the summer. At the same time, a sharp difference in climatic conditions between the coasts and the interior, protected by mountains from the influence of the seas, is striking. Inside the peninsula, the climate is much more continental than on the shores. The western coast of Kamchatka in winter, when the Sea of Okhotsk freezes, is, as it were, a continuation of the Asian continent, and in summer it warms up slightly, being cooled by melting ice. The climate here is drier and colder, there is less rainfall, but more fog, cloudiness is high, there is little snow, snowstorms are rare compared to the southeast of the peninsula. On the contrary, the eastern coast, under the influence of the non-freezing ocean, keeps the temperature above 0° for quite a long time. This part of Kamchatka is more affected by the Aleutian Low. In summer, the temperature here is higher than on the west coast. Interestingly, in winter, a Beric maximum is formed inside the peninsula, and in summer, a minimum, as a result of which local monsoon circulation is observed, on which the general monsoon is superimposed, in connection with which the latter weakens and variable winds often occur. A distinct monsoon type of circulation extends into the interior of the peninsula for 50 km, rarely for 100 km, being especially clearly reflected in the annual variation of relative humidity at all coastal stations, where two maxima (winter and summer) and two minima (spring and autumn) are noted.

In the middle of winter, during the period of massive ice formation (usually in February), the barometer drops noticeably off the coast (which should be associated with the release of a large number latent heat of ice formation), and then the winter monsoon is characterized by a higher wind speed and a large number of storms. The summer monsoon is less developed than in winter, since the northwest and west winds predominate in the year. The time of predominance of southeast and south winds (summer monsoon) is June and July (in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the speed of the winter monsoon is 8.1 m/s, the summer monsoon is 4.2 m/s). The lowest average annual temperatures (-2.5°) are observed in the middle part of the peninsula (Milkovo). From this line, the temperature rises in all directions (except north) to -1.0°, at coast stations to 2.2° (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky), and on the Kuril Islands to 3-4°. The annual 0° isotherm runs along the 56th parallel.

Inside the peninsula, in the valley of the river. Kamchatka, summers are warm, and winters are colder and less snowy than on the shores. The southeastern coast of Kamchatka has warmer winters and a more humid climate, frosts are not lower than -30 °, thaws occur in all months, and snowstorms are observed in winter.

The climate of Central Kamchatka is characterized by the greatest dryness, little snow, and an insignificant number of fogs. Autumn frosts come later, spring is earlier, the sky is clearer. In Tolbachik, for example, horses spend the whole winter grazing. It is no coincidence that even with a short, usually three-hour drive from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Paratunka, one gets the impression of a transition to a completely different climate. In terms of the severity of winters, the western coast differs slightly from the interior of the peninsula. The growing season lasts 134 days in Klyuchevskoy, 127 days in Bolsheretsk, 107 days in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and 96 days in the north of the peninsula (Tigil), Climatically optimal for Agriculture(according to Koloskov) are: the region of the river valley. Kamchatka, narrow western Kamchatka foothill region, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky region, coast of the Kronotsky Bay.

Annual precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest (from 1000 to 300 mm). Their minimum is in the region of the central valley (Klyuchevskoye - about 400 mm). The southeast receives the most rainfall, as moist winds blow from the sea in both summer and winter. In Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, even winter precipitation prevails.

In warm winters, the height of the snow cover in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky reaches 130–200 cm. In snowy winters, the height of the cover reaches 3 m. Such were the winters of 1936/37 and 1946/47. exceeds 10 cm, and then for a short time.

Blizzards are observed in the northern part of Kamchatka. The origin of blizzards is twofold: some blizzards are caused by strong winds from the sea during cyclones and occur with a sharp drop in pressure, accompanied by heavy precipitation and an increase in temperature; others are not accompanied by snowfall, are observed in clear skies, caused by a cooling monsoon or wind from a high pressure area in the center of the peninsula.

Most the best time The year in Kamchatka is March and April, when the sun shines brightly, the soil and air heat up quickly, winds/weak, clear weather prevails.

Due to the action of volcanoes, Kamchatka is less covered with glaciers than one would expect in its climate. During volcanic eruptions, the snow melts, and only part of it remains, forming firn glaciers. The snow line here occupies a low position (about 1600 m, i.e. lower than in the Alps).

6. The climate of Sakhalin Island

Characteristic features The monsoonal climate of Sakhalin Island are: continentality, low temperatures (cool summers, cold winters), large clouds, frequent fogs.

These features are associated mainly with thermal differences in the surrounding seas and with the configuration of the island. Despite its insular position, Sakhalin has a pronounced continentality of both the warm and cold seasons, which is associated with the predominance of cold sea winds in summer and continental winds in winter. Being in the region of the East Asian monsoon, in winter Sakhalin forms its own monsoon blowing from the middle of the island in all directions, regardless of the general direction of the winter East Asian monsoon. The Sakhalin monsoon, which usually stabilizes by January, is a consequence of the establishment of low temperatures inside the island compared to the outskirts. Of course, this monsoon has a small vertical power and at the top, already at an altitude of 500-800 m, it is replaced by general winds of a western or north-western direction.

The summer monsoon is more pronounced in terms of the stability of the winds. But along with this, summer is the quietest time of the year. In winter and autumn, storms occur more often when cyclones come from the Aleutian Islands. At the same time, a large barometric gradient arises in the Sakhalin region. Typhoons reach Sakhalin only to a small extent.

The climate of Sakhalin is abnormally severe for its latitudes corresponding to the latitudes of Tula and Odessa. Winter on Sakhalin is colder than on the shores of the White Sea. The winter cold is brought by the northwest monsoon and intra-island winds, and the summer coolness depends mainly on the cold Sakhalin Current, which flows from the north along the eastern coast of the island and brings ice to the shores until August.

Of decisive importance for the nature of the vegetation on Sakhalin are not so much the cold winters as the low temperatures of other seasons and the scarcity of sunlight in summer due to heavy cloud cover. Cloudiness on Sakhalin on average for the year is the same as on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, but its distribution over the seasons is different due to the monsoon climate. Winter on Sakhalin is frosty, with sharp thaws, there are snowstorms. A snow cover of 50-60 cm completely ensures sledge communication everywhere. Snow lies at least 200 days a year. The best winter weather is inside the island.

In spring, the monsoons change, the temperature rises, precipitation falls more often, in April snow melts everywhere. Summer drags on in South Sakhalin 2 - 2 1 / 2 months and is characterized by calm and humid weather (relative humidity - 85 - 90%). Sunshine is rare, fogs, thick clouds and light rains are frequent, thunderstorms are intensifying. The average air temperature is +10, +12°, but at night it can be +4°. In autumn, the speed of the winds increases rapidly, westerly winds appear, frosts, humidity drops, and snow falls in October.

mountain ranges, passing in the middle of the island, divide it into three climatic regions: the west coast, the central part and the east coast. The east coast has a harsher climate than the west coast. The most favorable climatic conditions are observed in the middle lowlands, protected by ridges from the monsoons.

On the west coast, sunshine is less in winter and more in summer, as in summer the winds pass over the island and deposit some of their moisture on it, leaving the west coast relatively dry. In the cold season, the winds pass over the non-freezing sea between the mainland and the island and come to it saturated with moisture and thereby increase the cloudiness, and hence the small amount of sunshine. On the east coast in spring and summer there are dense fogs that do not contribute to the heating of the earth's surface by the sun's rays. Fogs are less frequent on the western coast. In the central region, the climate becomes bright features continentality: the heat in July reaches + 32 °, winter frosts - up to -48 °. There are days when the temperature is -33° before dawn, and the snow melts at noon. Precipitation for the year falls 550 - 750 mm. Here, calm weather is more common, fogs are less common; when there is fog over the coasts, rarefied gray clouds rush through the mountains.

Snow cover is established on the coasts at the end of November, in the center - from the second decade of November, reaching its maximum thickness in February and March (50 - 70 cm). Snow melts quickly in the first days of May on the coast and by the second decade of May in the central region. Permafrost is widespread in the northern half of the peninsula.

CONCLUSION

Thus, we considered the climate of the Far East. As a result, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The largest area in Russia is occupied by the climate zone of temperate latitudes. It captures the flat part of the European territory of Russia, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East with Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

Monsoon air circulation is created in the Far East. In winter, this region is captured by the monsoon, which brings cold masses of continental air from North-Eastern Siberia. In summer, the summer monsoon dominates the Far East, bringing moist masses of sea air from the south and southeast. Pacific tropical air can also penetrate into Primorye in summer.

The Far Eastern region of the monsoon climate is characterized by the predominance AB in winter and SW summer. During most of the year, this area is under the influence of anticyclonic processes. Summer is humid with a maritime climate, the rest of the year (especially winter), on the contrary, is dry. Cyclonomic activity is typical for the seas of the Far Eastern region, especially in winter.

The climate of Sakhalin is cool, inside the island the climate is more continental. In its interior regions, winters are colder than on the shores, and summers are warmer. Permafrost is widespread on the island.

On the Kamchatka Peninsula, the winter monsoon is very weak due to the warming influence of the Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea, and partly the Sea of Okhotsk. This influence is especially noticeable at the southeastern tip of the peninsula. The climate inside the peninsula is more continental than on the coasts.

The climate of the Kuril Islands, especially the northern ones, is severe. Spring is cold, with frequent and strong winds. Summers are short, cool, cloudy, rainy, with thick fogs.

LITERATURE

Kobysheva N.V., Kostin S.I., Strunnikov E.A. Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980.
Borisov A.A. Climates of the USSR. – M.: Enlightenment, 1980.
Agro-climatic atlas of the world / Ed. I.A. Goltzberg. – M.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1982.
Pogosyan Kh.P. General circulation of the atmosphere. - - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1984.
Kostin S.I., Pokrovskaya T.V. Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985.

Outstanding Russian naval commander and explorer of the Far East, Admiral Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876)

3.3 Exploring the Far East

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Home > Wiki-textbook > Geography > 8 grade > Short description of the Far East: climate, relief, flora, economy

Nature

This region is characterized by contrasting phenomena and processes, which are due to the interaction of various air masses, cold and warm air masses, as well as the junction of lithospheric plates. All this became a prerequisite for the formation of colorful natural conditions.

The Far Eastern Territory is located on the line of collision of the Pacific and Eurasian plates, resulting in the formation of mountain systems that stretch parallel to the ocean.

Most of the mountain ensembles of the Far East were formed back in the Mesozoic period, but mountain building processes continue to this day, as evidenced by systematic earthquakes in this region.

Climatic conditions

The contrasting climate of the Far Eastern Territory is predetermined by the interaction of marine and continental air masses in the temperate zone. Due to the cold air flow from the Asian High, winters in the region are severe and frosty.

Under the influence of warm currents from the ocean in winter, a large amount of precipitation falls here, sometimes the thickness of the snow cover reaches 2 m.

Summer in the region is quite warm, but monsoon rains fall here every day. Many rivers of the Far East, in particular the Amur, begin to flood in the summer, because due to the long spring, the snow melts gradually.

Relief, flora and fauna

A complex relief system, a combination of various air masses and closed basins are the factors that lead to the diversity of the vegetation cover of the Far Eastern Territory. The flora includes species characteristic of both cold Siberia and hot Asia.

Here, spruce coniferous forests coexist with impenetrable thickets of bamboo. Lindens, spruces, hornbeams, pears, pines and nuts can be found in the forests. Dense thickets of broad-leaved forests are entwined with lianas, lemongrass and grapes.

The Far Eastern fauna is also distinguished by a wide variety: reindeer, squirrels, sables, elks, which belong to Siberian species, as well as black deer, raccoon dogs, Amur tigers.

Economy of the region

Vivid contrasts are typical and for the economy of the region.

1. General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

Industry and agriculture are well developed in the Far East. Rice, potatoes, soybeans, legumes, wheat and a variety of vegetables are grown in the central and southern parts.

Also, the south of the Far East specializes in gardening. In the northern part of the region, expensive furs are made. The coastal areas are dominated by fishing.

In the bowels of the Far Eastern Territory, a large-scale ensemble of minerals is presented, which are rarely found in the same territory, these are copper, non-ferrous and iron ores, gold, phosphorites, oil, natural gas, apatites and graphites.

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The Far East occupies the extreme eastern part Soviet Union, located between the system of watershed ranges - Stanovoy, Yablonov, Dzhugdzhur, Kolyma - and the shores of the Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas. Hydrographically, it includes the rivers of the Pacific Ocean basin - the basins of the Amur, Penzhina, Anadyr and a number of less significant rivers flowing into the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean. This also includes the Kuril Islands, about. Sakhalin and the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Relief of the Far East

The relief of the Far East has a strongly rugged character and is represented mainly by mountainous forms. In addition to the already mentioned watershed ranges - Kolymsky, Dzhugdzhur, Yablonovy and Stanovoy, powerful mountain systems are also located inside the country, of which the Tukuringra and Dzhagdy ranges can be named, which together make up a powerful mountain range extending directly south of the Stanovoy Range, the Bureinsky and Dusse- Alin, which are, as it were, a continuation to the north of the Lesser Khingan, and finally, the Sikhote-Alin ridge, stretching along the coast of the Sea of Japan, from Vladivostok to the mouth of the Amur, for more than a thousand kilometers.

The heights of the mountain ranges of the Far East are relatively small and, as a rule, do not exceed 2000-2500 m.

Along with numerous mountain ranges, there are also vast lowlands - Zee-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Ussuriyskaya and Prikhankayskaya. In the northern part of this region there is a relatively extensive lowland, which occupies the central part of the Anadyr basin. By its nature, the Far East belongs to the forest zone and belongs to the area of distribution of mixed broad-leaved forests. Only in its southwestern part (the Argun basin) does the forest vegetation in places give way to the steppe.

Climate of the Far East

Climatic conditions Far East are sharply different from other regions of the USSR. The climate is mainly formed here under the influence of the interaction between the mainland and the ocean and is called the monsoon climate. Its main features are harsh winters with little snow and relatively warm and abundant summers.

In winter, due to the large cooling, a high pressure area (Siberian anticyclone) is established on the mainland; it covers the territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. At the same time, low pressure is established over the Pacific Ocean. As a result of this ratio of pressure over land and over the ocean, in winter, the air seems to flow down from the mainland to the ocean. Calm prevails over land in the center of the high-pressure area, and weak winds are observed towards the periphery, gradually increasing towards the sea.

In summer, on the contrary, the mainland is very hot and therefore the pressure over the land becomes low. The sea at this time is much colder than land and high pressure is established above it, and therefore in summer the winds blow from the ocean to the mainland.

Winter in a monsoon climate is characterized by a predominance of calm weather or very light winds, an abundance of sunshine, low rainfall, little snow cover and severe frosts.

Weather and geographical location of the Far East

These features are most clearly manifested in areas remote from the sea, for example, in Transbaikalia, where on average no more than 10 mm of precipitation falls during the winter. There is so little snow here that the toboggan run is not set up every year.

If in winter most of the Far East is in a polar climate, then in summer, according to climatic conditions in the southern part, it approaches the subtropics. The general thermal regime of the Far East is characterized by continentality, which increases with distance from the sea inland.

Compared with European part In Russia, the air temperature here at the same latitudes is much lower. So, for example, Primorye, located at the latitude of the Crimea, in terms of the average temperature of the coldest month - January - approaches Arkhangelsk.

Precipitation of the Far East

The annual amount of precipitation, with the exception of Primorye, where in some places it reaches 800 mm, in general differs little from the middle zone of the European part of the USSR and is mostly 450-600 mm per year. However, the distribution of precipitation throughout the year has significant features compared to the European part of the USSR: they are plentiful during the warm part of the year and extremely small in winter. Summer monsoons carry a large amount of moisture from the ocean, while winter monsoons are characterized by great dryness. Under these conditions, up to 95% of precipitation falls in the warm part of the year and only about 5% falls in the cold. The greatest amount of precipitation (up to 70-80% of their annual amount) falls in July and August. For example, in Blagoveshchensk, an average of 1 mm of precipitation falls in January, and 130 mm in August.

Rains in the Far East are torrential in nature, cover large areas and are characterized by high intensity. Especially intense showers are observed in Primorye. There are times when up to 150-250 mm falls in one day.

Almost the entire Far East, with the exception of Primorye and the southern half of Kamchatka, is located in the permafrost zone, which, along with the peculiarities of the monsoon climate, leaves its own characteristic imprint on the regime of the region's rivers - they are full of water in summer and poor in winter.

The Far East is characterized by a wide development of surface bogging, especially within the vast lowlands - Zee-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Prikhankayskaya and in Birobidzhan; swampiness reaches 15-20%. The thickness of peat deposits in swamps is usually small. Vast spaces here are occupied by mari, which are a transitional form from a swampy meadow to a peat bog; A distinction is made between dry mari, which form under relatively good runoff conditions, and wet mari, which occur with a slow runoff of surface water.

In the Far East of Russia, the climate is monsoonal in nature, which is most pronounced in the south, and gradually weakens towards the northeast. The seasonal change of oceanic and continental influence is reflected in the nature of the climate: summers are moderately warm and rainy, winters are cold and with little snow.

The distribution of cold air in winter from the interior regions of Siberia causes a low average temperature, which in the lower reaches of the Amur is -27 ° C, and in the southern regions of the Far East at the latitude of Crimea - 20 ° C. On Sakhalin, winter is less severe than on the mainland.

Climate in the Far East

In Kamchatka, where winters are milder, the influence of the continental monsoon is less. In the southern half of Primorye, there is so little snow that there is no spring flood in the rivers. In the north of the Amur region, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, precipitation and snow cover are increasing. The snow cover is especially thick in Kamchatka, where it reaches 2 m. In summer, southeasterly winds predominate, with which humid Pacific air spreads to the continent. Both western cyclones (Mongolia, Siberia) and the south - Pacific cyclones spread to this territory. The humid climate of the Far East is due primarily to southern cyclones, which bring significant precipitation, which sometimes leads to floods. In rare cases, the southern regions of the Far East are visited by typhoons. Typically, typhoons come to this area in the fall.

The influx of sea air to the mainland, high cloudiness and precipitation somewhat reduce the influx of solar radiation and air temperature.

Precipitation of the warm period reaches 500 mm on the plains and 800 - 1000 mm in the mountains and makes up 80% of the annual amount. The annual amount of precipitation everywhere exceeds evaporation, therefore, everywhere, to a greater or lesser extent, there is an excess of moisture. Mixed forests predominate.

Climate in the Far East wikipedia
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Introduction

2. Climate of the Amur-Primorsky region

3. Climate of the Okhotsk coast

4. The climate of the northern region

5. Climate of Kamchatka

6. The climate of Sakhalin Island

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Observations over the weather over a long period allow us to determine the climate of the area. Climate is a natural sequence of atmospheric processes that is created in a given area as a result of the interaction of solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and physical phenomena occurring on the underlying surface, and which determines the weather regime characteristic of this area.

In addition to these factors, human activity also has a certain influence on the climate, since it can change the physical properties of the underlying surface, as well as the atmosphere and its properties.

The science that studies the conditions of climate formation and the climatic regime of various countries and regions is called climatology. Climatology considers the relationship between individual climate-forming factors and their interaction with the underlying surface. It is engaged in the study of regularities in the distribution of various meteorological phenomena and types of climate on the surface of the globe, as well as the resolution of issues related to climate change under human influence.

In our work, we consider the climate of the Far East and its features.

1. General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

The Far East region captures the Amur basin and a strip stretching along the coasts of the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk. This area also includes Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

The entire Far Eastern region, with the exception of its northern tundra regions, is a forest zone and belongs to the monsoon climate of temperate latitudes. The subzone of mixed forests occupies only the southern Amur region and Primorye, having the northern boundary line Albazino - Blagoveshchensk, up to 50 ° N. sh.

In the Far Eastern region, the maritime climate, as it were, meets the continental one, and the gradual transition from one to the other is disturbed by the alternation of lowland and mountainous spaces. Due to high pressure over the mainland in winter and low pressure in summer, monsoonal circulation dominates.

O. G. Sarochan believes that the monsoon, as a complex phenomenon, consists of primary and secondary monsoons, which are most simply found in the example of the general summer monsoon.

A study of summer conditions shows that the main air currents, which represent the secondary monsoon, are formed in the southern regions, mainly in the zone of increased near-tropical pressure ring.

A.I. Voeikov points out that the monsoon penetrates to the west to the Nerchinsk plant, and to the north - to the lower reaches of the Amur and the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The monsoon associated with the low pressure zone gives little rainfall, but in the event of a long rainy period, the rivers overflow. Sometimes the maximum precipitation occurs in September due to typhoons. At Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, the precipitation is significantly moving inland due to the absence of elevations. Here their maximum is late, since the Sea of Okhotsk warms up late. Typhoon precipitation, in contrast to monsoons, is more dangerous, but covers only the Ussuri region.

Table 1

Characteristics of climatic elements

Point name Station height (in m) Air temperature Relative air humidity Average annual cloudiness (in %)Precipitation (in mm) Number of days with precipitation Humidification coefficient of the coldest month of the warmest month ,9---43124717-1.09Blagoveshchensk134-2421-0.17056485233465490.82Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky10-18170.4---54618078-1.68Klyuchevskoye30-1815-1.677--45915ol-1-1-1.2-1.4 525209511313.10

The Far East region receives less heat than it should due to its geographical location. The reasons for this must be sought, firstly, in the relatively cold eastern seas, which take away a lot of heat in summer; secondly, in the influence of the vast Asian continent with its severe winters; - 70%). In winter, heavier cold air rushes towards the ocean (the baric gradient is high), freezing its coastline, creating an exceptionally dry and clear atmosphere along the path of the air currents. In summer, temperate sea air flows deep into the mainland, forming clouds, fogs and lowering insolation. Mountains and ranges receive a lot of precipitation. Warm continental temperate air is observed, as a rule, in transitional seasons and, being characterized by relatively high temperatures, forms powerful inversions with radiation fogs and poor visibility. In summer, although temperate sea air prevails (summer monsoon), but as soon as it crosses the coastal mountain ranges, transforming, it greatly changes its properties, leaving a significant part of the moisture on the mountain slopes. During periods of monsoon change (spring and autumn), continental tropical air flows, sometimes occupying the Amur basin; the weather with this air is warm and dry, without precipitation. The southern regions are characterized by the passage of typhoons, more frequent in summer and autumn, extremely rare from February to April.

table 2

Average number of typhoons (1893 - 1919)

IIIIIIIVVVIVIIIIIXXXIXII1,20,60,70,51,31,33,53,54,23,62,01,3

The winter regime is generally established in October, the summer regime - in May, in the north - in September and June, respectively. A characteristic of the Far Eastern monsoons is the delay of the summer regime and its early termination as the distance from the coast goes inland. In winter, the wind from the northwest and north prevails, in summer - from the southeast or from the east. The monsoon circulation is well expressed not only in the distribution of wind and precipitation directions, but also in the annual course of relative humidity with two maxima (summer and winter) and two minima (spring and autumn). In summer there are more cloudy and less clear days, in winter - on the contrary.

The climate of the Amur-Primorsky region

In Vladivostok, from June to September, 386 mm of precipitation falls, that is, 65% of the annual amount, while in winter it is only 28 mm (5%). Relative humidity is maximum in summer (88%), minimum in autumn (65%). The duration of sunshine in June is minimal (34% of the possible), in December it is maximum (75%). The sunniest season in Primorye is winter, when the sun is on average up to 70%, and in the mainland up to 90-95% of the possible (Khabarovsk). The daily temperature amplitudes in summer are less than in winter (February - 7.3 °, July - 4.5 °), due to the large cloudiness in summer. The snow cover is thin and stable only in the northern part.

For every 100 m of elevation in the Sikhote-Alin, the annual precipitation increases by almost 20%. The watersheds of the southern part of the region, already 350 - 450 m high, are covered with clouds and fogs on clear days. The coast, with the greatest amount of precipitation, has fewer days with precipitation - 70, while on the ridge - 100, and on the western slope - 130 - 140 days.

The climate of the Okhotsk coast

The monsoonal climate of the Okhotsk coast is characterized by high continentality in winter, cool maritime summers, and frequent fogs. Coniferous forests grow here.

In summer, south and southeast winds dominate, in winter - northwest and north; the lowest wind speed falls in summer, the highest in winter and spring. From October to March, steady, often stormy northwest winds blow. A sharp change in annual temperatures (from -3 to -6°), summer (from +12 to +18°) and winter (from -20 to -24°) along the coast and watersheds indicates sharp microclimatic differences associated with relief and influence seas. July temperature in Okhotsk is +12.5°C, in Ayan +17.0°C. The high temperature of Ayan, due to the good protection of the city from sea influences, was also noticed by A.I. Voeikov.

The climate of the northern region

The climate of the northern region (from Shelikhov Bay to the Chukchi Peninsula) is characterized by less stable monsoon circulation and severe winters. With distance from the coast, these features are more pronounced. In the coastal strip, northeast winds prevail, inside the region - northerly winds blowing with great constancy. The average wind speed decreases in the direction inland. The temperature drops, its annual amplitudes increase. On the coast, winters are milder, summers are cooler. For example, the average December temperature in the Magadan area is 5.5 - 6.0° higher, and the average June temperature is the same value lower than in Markov on Anadyr. The amount of precipitation does not exceed 200 mm, excluding the southeastern part of the region (250 mm). In years with intense cyclonic activity in the area of the Aleutian Low, there is more precipitation on the coast than in the interior of the region; in the years of the least development of the Icelandic trough, there is more precipitation in the mainland part of the region than in the coastal part. It should be borne in mind that the removal of moisture from the Aleutian depression occurs mainly towards the Pacific Ocean, which is why the mountain ranges of the Far East do not serve as a big obstacle to the distribution of precipitation. In the warm half of the year (from May to September), due to moist east winds on the coast, the weather is mostly cloudy and windy: often fogs cover the sun; inside the region on such days it is often sunny, dry weather with relative calm. Due to the greater amount of heat and precipitation received by the highlands remote from the sea, the latter are often covered with forests of alder, willow, aspen, birch, while the coast has only a low-growing shrub, turning in some places into a real tundra. However, such a summer landscape does not take place for long: a short northern summer is replaced by an even shorter cloudy, rainy and windy autumn, followed by a snowy winter. Snow blizzards (blizzard) here are a common companion of winter. The mainland wind carries masses of snow, so nothing can be seen at 10 - 12 m. Blizzards continue sometimes 11/2 - 2 weeks. Where the wind meets even a small hill, its speed is lost, a mass of loose snow is packed, and near the rocky steep banks on the leeward side, a mass of snow often accumulates, the so-called "slaughter". In open places, the snow, tightly beaten by the wind, freely bears the weight of a person, representing an ideal path. The southern snowstorm prevailing in the north of the Chukchi Peninsula, with strong winds blowing from the south, is often accompanied by icing. This, in all likelihood, is due to the supercooling of moist air brought north to the region of the lowest temperatures of the Chukotka Peninsula.

The height of the snow cover is on average 50 - 60 cm, reaching 100 cm in the faces. On the mountains, the snow stays for a very long time - until the end of July and even until the beginning of August, and in shady places sometimes it does not have time to melt at all before new snow.

Climate of Kamchatka

The moderately cold monsoonal climate of Kamchatka is characterized by rainy summers and autumns, snowy winters with snowstorms, but clear and quiet springs. The climate here is much more severe than one would expect, judging by the position of Kamchatka between 60 and 50°N. sh. Cold sea currents, mountainous relief, strong winds cause low temperatures throughout the summer. At the same time, a sharp difference in climatic conditions between the coasts and the interior, protected by mountains from the influence of the seas, is striking. Inside the peninsula, the climate is much more continental than on the shores. The western coast of Kamchatka in winter, when the Sea of Okhotsk freezes, is, as it were, a continuation of the Asian continent, and in summer it warms up slightly, being cooled by melting ice. The climate here is drier and colder, there is less rainfall, but more fog, cloudiness is high, there is little snow, snowstorms are rare compared to the southeast of the peninsula. On the contrary, the eastern coast, under the influence of the non-freezing ocean, keeps the temperature above 0° for quite a long time. This part of Kamchatka is more affected by the Aleutian Low. In summer, the temperature here is higher than on the west coast. It is interesting that a Beric maximum is formed inside the peninsula in winter, and a minimum in summer, as a result of which local monsoon circulation is observed, on which the general monsoon is superimposed, in connection with which the latter weakens and variable winds often occur. A distinct monsoon type of circulation extends into the interior of the peninsula for 50 km, rarely for 100 km, being especially clearly reflected in the annual variation of relative humidity at all coastal stations, where two maxima (winter and summer) and two minima (spring and autumn) are noted.

In the middle of winter, during the period of massive ice formation (usually in February), the barometer drops noticeably off the coast (which must be associated with the release of a large amount of latent heat of ice formation), and then the winter monsoon is characterized by higher wind speeds and more storms. The summer monsoon is less developed than in winter, since the northwest and west winds predominate in the year. The predominance of southeast and south winds (summer monsoon) is June and July (in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the speed of the winter monsoon is 8.1 m/s, the summer monsoon is 4.2 m/s). The lowest average annual temperatures (-2.5°) are observed in the middle part of the peninsula (Milkovo). From this line, the temperature rises in all directions (except the north) to -1.0°, at coastal stations - up to 2.2° (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky), and on the Kuril Islands - up to 3 - 4°. The annual 0° isotherm runs along the 56th parallel.

Inside the peninsula, in the valley of the river. Kamchatka, summers are warm, and winters are colder and less snowy than on the shores. The southeastern coast of Kamchatka has a warmer winter and a more humid climate, frosts are not lower than -30 °, thaws occur in all months, and snowstorms are observed in winter.

The climate of Central Kamchatka is characterized by the greatest dryness, little snow, and an insignificant number of fogs. Autumn frosts come later, spring is earlier, the sky is clearer. In Tolbachik, for example, horses spend the whole winter grazing. It is no coincidence that even with a short, usually three-hour drive from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Paratunka, one gets the impression of a transition to a completely different climate. In terms of the severity of winters, the western coast differs slightly from the interior of the peninsula. The growing season lasts 134 days in Klyuchevskoy, 127 days in Bolsheretsk, 107 days in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and 96 days in the north of the peninsula (Tigil). Kamchatka, narrow western Kamchatka foothill region, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky region, coast of the Kronotsky Bay.

In warm winters, the height of the snow cover in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky reaches 130 - 200 cm. In snowy winters, the height of the cover reaches 3 m. Such were the winters of 1936/37 and 1946/47. exceeds 10 cm, and then for a short time.

The best time of the year in Kamchatka is March and April, when the sun shines brightly, the soil and air heat up quickly, winds/weak, clear weather prevails.

Characteristic features of the monsoon climate of Sakhalin Island are: continentality, low temperatures (cool summers, cold winters), high cloudiness, and frequent fogs.

These features are associated mainly with thermal differences in the surrounding seas and with the configuration of the island. Despite its insular position, Sakhalin has a pronounced continentality of both the warm and cold seasons, which is associated with the predominance of cold sea winds in summer and continental winds in winter. Being in the region of the East Asian monsoon, in winter Sakhalin forms its own monsoon blowing from the middle of the island in all directions, regardless of the general direction of the winter East Asian monsoon. The Sakhalin monsoon, which usually stabilizes by January, is a consequence of the establishment of low temperatures inside the island compared to the outskirts. Of course, this monsoon has a small vertical power and at the top, already at an altitude of 500 - 800 m, it is replaced by general winds of a western or northwestern direction.

Of decisive importance for the nature of the vegetation on Sakhalin are not so much the cold winters as the low temperatures of other seasons and the scarcity of sunlight in summer due to heavy cloud cover. Cloudiness on Sakhalin on average for the year is the same as on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, but its distribution over the seasons is different due to the monsoon climate. Winter on Sakhalin is frosty, with sharp thaws, there are snowstorms. Snow cover of 50 - 60 cm completely provides sled communication everywhere. Snow lies at least 200 days a year. The best winter weather is inside the island.

In spring, the monsoons change, the temperature rises, precipitation falls more often, in April snow melts everywhere. On South Sakhalin, summer lasts 2 - 21/2 months and is characterized by calm and humid weather (relative humidity - 85 - 90%). Sunshine is rare, fogs, thick clouds and light rains are frequent, thunderstorms are intensifying. The average air temperature is +10, +12°, but at night it can be +4°. In autumn, the speed of the winds increases rapidly, westerly winds appear, frosts, humidity drops, and snow falls in October. climate far east monsoon

The mountain ranges that run through the middle of the island divide it into three climatic regions: the west coast, the central part and the east coast. The east coast has a harsher climate than the west coast. The most favorable climatic conditions are observed in the middle lowlands, protected by ridges from the monsoons.

On the west coast, sunshine is less in winter and more in summer, as in summer the winds pass over the island and deposit some of their moisture on it, leaving the west coast relatively dry. In the cold season, the winds pass over the non-freezing sea between the mainland and the island and come to it saturated with moisture and thereby increase the cloudiness, and hence the small amount of sunshine. On the east coast in spring and summer there are dense fogs that do not contribute to the heating of the earth's surface by the sun's rays. Fogs are less frequent on the western coast. In the central region, the climate acquires bright features of continentality: the heat in July reaches +32°, winter frosts - up to -48°. There are days when the temperature is -33° before dawn, and the snow melts at noon. Precipitation for the year falls 550 - 750 mm. Here, calm weather is more common, fogs are less common; when there is fog over the coasts, rarefied gray clouds rush through the mountains.

Conclusion

Thus, we considered the climate of the Far East. As a result, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The Far Eastern region of the monsoon climate is characterized by the predominance of AW in winter and HC in summer. During most of the year, this area is under the influence of anticyclonic processes. Summer is humid with a maritime climate, the rest of the year (especially winter), on the contrary, is dry. Cyclonomic activity is typical for the seas of the Far Eastern region, especially in winter.

The climate of the Kuril Islands, especially the northern ones, is severe. Spring is cold, with frequent and strong winds. Summers are short, cool, cloudy, rainy, with thick fogs.

Literature

Kobysheva N.V., Kostin S.I., Strunnikov E.A. Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980.

Borisov A.A. Climates of the USSR. - M.: Enlightenment, 1980.

Pogosyan Kh.P. General circulation of the atmosphere. - - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1984.

Kostin S.I., Pokrovskaya T.V. Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985.