In Russia in the area North Caucasus bats are found. One of the varieties of bats is a large horseshoe bat.
Appearance
The length of the horseshoe reaches 10 cm, of which 3 cm is the tail, 7 cm is the body length itself. Weighs such bat a little, on average 27 grams, but the wingspan for such a small mammal is quite impressive, reaching up to 40 cm.
The horseshoe nose has a rather interesting shape, it has skin growths resembling a horseshoe. Thanks to this shape of the nose, the large horseshoe got its name. The growths help create sounds.
Varieties of bats like the great horseshoe bat
Bats like the horseshoe bat can be found all over the world. In total there are 80 varieties, but the territory of European countries is inhabited by only five species. A distinctive characteristic feature is inherent in the great horseshoe bat and its varieties: during sleep, these bats use their wings as a blanket, wrap themselves in them.
Life style and nutrition
Favorite habitats of horseshoe bats are open areas with rare trees and shrubs. The animal prefers to sleep in caves. In summer, when choosing a place to sleep, a horseshoe can make an exception and rest, for example, under the roof of a barn. Horseshoe bats hibernate already in late autumn, while their body temperature drops and their heartbeat slows down. But, in case of alarm, horseshoe bats wake up quickly and easily.Horseshoe bats prefer to get food at night. They feed on insects, mainly beetles. Having outlined the route of night hunting once, horseshoe bats rarely change it afterwards. Animals catch insects with their teeth or use their membranous wings for this. Wings for horseshoe bats are a kind of hands, with which they send beetles directly into their mouths. Such bats eat small insects right on the fly, and with large insects it is a little more difficult, they eat them while hanging on a tree branch. Thanks to skin growths on the nose, horseshoe bats can make sounds even while eating.
Horseshoe bats do not breed every year. Female individuals reach sexual maturity only from two years, and sometimes by three years. In connection with this circumstance, subject to the disappearance of places suitable for the habitation of the horseshoe bat, its numbers may sharply decrease.
Large horseshoe bats usually mate in late autumn, before hibernation. Embryo development is directly dependent on temperature environment the warmer, the faster the maturation of the embryo. In this regard, pregnant females are combined into one colony. Only one individual is born. At first, horseshoe bats are completely blind and naked, but they grow up so quickly that when they reach 22 days old, they begin to fly. When the cubs are 30-40 days old, they can catch their own food and fly long distances.
Responsibility of people
The population of bats, or rather large horseshoe bats, has decreased by 90% over the previous century, and continues to decrease at the present time. Who is to blame for this? Of course, man. It is people who are to blame for the disappearance of a large number of horseshoe bat habitats. The development of rural lands at the beginning of the last century led to a decrease in the original appearance of fields and meadows. Poisonous substances used in agriculture, destroy insects, and, as a result, bats that feed on them. All this led to the inclusion of large horseshoe bats in the list of endangered species of animals.
Features of the behavior of a large horseshoe
The main feature of the horseshoe bat is its active life at night. He flies out to hunt at nightfall, and returns back before dawn dawns. Therefore, to see directly the flight of a horseshoe bat is a very rare sight. Cold nights are not a hindrance to the active nocturnal life of the bat. The ultrasonic signals of horseshoe bats are accessible to human hearing.They rarely leave their young alone, as they make a lot of noise and screaming when left unattended, which can give away the hiding place of a bat colony.
When the horseshoe bat goes into hibernation, it produces 10 breaths in one minute, just before leaving hibernation, their number increases per minute and reaches 200 breaths.
When the horseshoe bat flies, it picks up ultrasonic waves by moving its ears 60 times in one second.
Large horseshoe bats have taken root perfectly in the Krasnodar Territory and Dagestan. In addition, they live in Western Europe, North Africa and Japan. Within the range, the animals inhabit desert areas confined to low mountains, foothills and settlements, deciduous forests, as well as various cultivated landscapes. Usually they settle in shelters suitable for life: crevices in rocks, caves, dungeons, grottoes, gullies in river cliffs, in attics of houses and in other human buildings. Very often, horseshoe bats share these secluded places with other types of bats.
IN summer period mice are kept mostly alone or in small groups, are nocturnal, and rest during the day. During the rest, the animals hang head down, wrapping themselves with wings, like a cloak, and with the help of tenacious claws, they hold on tightly to the support. With the onset of dusk, large horseshoe bats fly out to hunt. They hunt low from the ground, near their shelters. The basis of their diet is nocturnal insects - these are various types of scoops, butterflies, beetles, caddisflies, etc. The animals find food with the help of a sound echo sounder, easily determining the places where large insects accumulate. During feeding, their flight is rather slow, silent and straightforward.
In October, horseshoe bats flow into hibernation. At this time, their body temperature decreases, and in a state of stupor, the mice spend several months in secluded places where the air temperature is 7-10°C. Males winter together with young ones, in groups of 5-15 individuals, but separately from females with cubs. If the weather in winter is warm enough for the appearance of insects, then the animals interrupt hibernation with short awakenings and can hunt. Full awakening occurs in April, when the air warms up over 15 degrees.
Mating in large horseshoe bats occurs in autumn during wintering, however fertilized egg does not develop until spring. Pregnancy in females lasts almost 3 months. The only cub is born in June or July. On the 7th day of age, his eyes open, and by 3-4 weeks of life, the baby is already starting to fly. It becomes independent at the age of 2 months, sexually mature - only for 3 years, but often until the age of 5 females do not mate. The highest mortality among young animals is observed in the first year of life, especially during long winters.
In natural natural conditions The life expectancy of a large horseshoe bat is about 20 years. He tolerates captivity well, but cases of reproduction in this situation are unknown. And although the animals are not threatened with complete disappearance from the face of the Earth, the large horseshoe bat is listed in the Red Book of Russia, as a species rare in the territory of the Russian Federation, with the status of category 3 (security). In Austria and western Germany, these bats are now threatened with extinction. A large number of animals die from pesticide poisoning by eating poisoned insects.
BIG HORSESHOE
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
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VERTEBRATES - VERTEBRATA Squad:Bats - Chiroptera Family:Horseshoes - Rhinolophidae Genus: Rhinolophus Schreber, 1775 |
Spreading: Sowing enters Russia. edge of the range. A large horseshoe bat was found in the territory of the North. Caucasus from the Krasnodar Territory to Dagestan. Outside of Russia, it is distributed in a significant part of Europe, in the North. Africa; further, the range is extended from Western Asia and the Caucasus along the foothills of the Pamirs, the Himalayas and Tibet to Korea and Japan.
Habitat:Habitats are confined to the foothills and low mountains, as well as to the flat regions, where there are shelters suitable for animals: natural and artificial dungeons, ravines in river cliffs, human buildings. In summer, most males and young females stay alone or in small groups, breeding females form clusters of 200-500 individuals, often adjacent to colonies of other bat species. The female gives birth to one cub at the end of June. They winter, apparently, in the same place where breeding takes place, singly or in groups of 5-15 individuals of both sexes; some individuals may migrate to more south. districts. Perhaps some individuals are associated with only one refuge throughout their lives. Departure for hunting late, after dark. Various flying insects serve as food, including relatively large Coleoptera. High mortality is observed in the first year of life, primarily during wintering; individual life expectancy (according to observations in France) is very high - 20 years or more.
Number:The number of large horseshoe bats in Russia can be approximately estimated at no more than several tens of thousands of individuals. The great horseshoe bat is relatively protected from direct anthropogenic impact in winter time due to the sporadic distribution of individuals (at least in the Caucasus). But the open location of brood colonies, together with low fecundity, leads to a high sensitivity of animals to an increase in the disturbance factor. The development of speleotourism has a negative effect; horseshoe bats are often subjected to excessive collection fees and easily fall prey to wanton extermination. Changes in architectural styles, as well as the reconstruction of old buildings, deprive the animals of part of their summer shelters. A large number of animals can die as a result of pesticide poisoning. A significant impact on the state of the population of great horseshoe bats is exerted by the general degradation of biota associated with various human agricultural activities, including changes in the composition and dynamics of the number of food objects.
To the question Who is this and what is interesting about the Great Horseshoe? given by the author Friend #1 the best answer is Large horseshoe bat - Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Order Bats - Chiroptera, Family Horseshoe Bats - Rhinolophidae, Genus Horseshoe Bats - Rhinolophus
Appearance.
The length of the forearm is 5.3-6.3 cm, the wingspan is 29-35 cm. The low anterior lobe of the ear is separated from the outer edge by a narrow and deep notch.
On the nose of horseshoe bats there are complex leathery outgrowths that serve as a kind of mouthpiece for focusing the ultrasonic beam (1). The lower flat outgrowth is called a horseshoe; the middle one, sticking forward, is a saddle, and the upper one is a lancet. In a large horseshoe bat, the upper ledge of the saddle in profile looks rounded. The ears are large, oval, with pointed tips, without tragus. The wings are short and wide. Coloring from brown to fawn.
Spreading.
It lives in the mountains and steppes of the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia, found in large colonies of up to 400-500 animals.
Habitat.
The habitats are confined to the foothills and low mountains, as well as to the flat regions, where there are shelters suitable for animals: natural and artificial dungeons, ravines in river cliffs, and human buildings. In summer, most males and young females stay alone or in small groups, breeding females form clusters of 200-500 individuals, often adjacent to colonies of other bat species. The female gives birth to one cub at the end of June. Apparently, they overwinter in the same place where breeding takes place, singly or in groups of 5-15 individuals of both sexes; some individuals may migrate to more south. districts. Perhaps some individuals are associated with only one refuge throughout their lives. Departure for hunting late, after dark. Various flying insects, including relatively large beetles, serve as food. High mortality is observed in the first year of life, primarily during wintering; individual life expectancy (according to observations in France) is very high - 20 years or more.
Biology and behavior.
Hunts late in the evening and early in the morning, flying along cliffs and gorges, or low above the ground. The flight is noisy, fluttering, with frequent wing beats. Unlike other bats, horseshoe bats cannot walk on a horizontal surface. The day is spent in caves and attics (2), hanging upside down and wrapped in their own wings, like a cloak (3). Horseshoe bats usually hang on the ceiling of the cave at some distance from each other, only spectacled horseshoe bats often huddle together. In winter, they hibernate in deep caves in places of summer residence or make flights.
Voice.
The voices of bats are absolutely individual, so the animal can easily recognize the reflection of its own signal in a cave, where hundreds of thousands of animals use the echolocator at the same time. In addition to ultrasound, bats also use conventional sound signals, mainly for communication. These sounds usually lie at the threshold of human perception. Children hear the chirping and squeaking of most species, the elderly only a few.
Reproduction.
The cub is alone. At first, he hangs on the mother's body, clinging his teeth to the inguinal mastoid formations, and the mother envelops him with her wings. The mother leaves a few grown cubs for a while to hang on their own in the shelter.
A source:
Answer from User deleted[guru]
What is interesting? Common bat.
Answer from Cheshire_cat[guru]
Distributed from North Africa(Morocco, Algeria) through all of Eurasia - from France and Spain through Asia Minor and Western Asia, the Caucasus, the Himalayas, Tibet, to China, the Korean Peninsula and Japan. The northern edge of the range enters the territory of Russia; here a large horseshoe bat is found in the North Caucasus from the Krasnodar Territory to Dagestan. Listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation as a species
Answer from ENJI[guru]
Large horseshoe (lat. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) is a species of bats of the horseshoe genus. The largest representative of horseshoes in Europe: its body length is 5.2-7.1 cm, wingspan 35-40 cm, weight 13-34 g. The color of the back and wings is brownish-gray with a reddish tint; belly lighter than back, greyish. Young animals are uniformly gray.
It is distributed from North Africa (Morocco, Algeria) through all of Eurasia - from France and Spain through Asia Minor and Western Asia, the Caucasus, the Himalayas, Tibet, to China, the Korean Peninsula and Japan. The northern edge of the range enters the territory of Russia; here a large horseshoe bat is found in the North Caucasus from the Krasnodar Territory to Dagestan.
Habitats are confined to the foothills and low mountains, as well as to flat areas where there are shelters suitable for animals: natural and artificial dungeons, karst caves, crevices, gullies in river cliffs, suitable human buildings. In the mountains, this species is found up to 3500 m above sea level. During the summer, most males and young females stay alone or in small groups; females with offspring form clusters of 200-500 individuals, often in the neighborhood of colonies of other bats. Horseshoe bats fly out to hunt after dark. The flight is slow, straight; animals hunt not far from shelters, low above the ground. Food is served by large and medium-sized nocturnal insects (scoops, beetles, caddisflies). When hunting, echolocation signals are used at a frequency of 77-81 kHz, which are emitted through the nose.
They winter in caves, adits, dungeons, attics, where the temperature is above 7-10 ° C, singly or more often in groups of 5-15 individuals of both sexes. Some individuals may migrate to the southern regions. Hibernation lasts from October to April, interrupted by short awakenings. If the weather is warm enough for insects to appear, horseshoe bats can also hunt in winter. Large horseshoe bats mate in autumn, on wintering grounds, less often in spring; however, the fertilized egg does not develop until spring. Pregnancy lasts about 3 months; the only cub is born in June-July. His eyes open on the 7th day; by 3-4 weeks of life, he already knows how to fly. It becomes independent by 2 months, but puberty (in females) occurs only at 3 years. Females often do not mate until 5 years of age. The highest mortality is observed in the first year of life, primarily during wintering. It does not breed in captivity. Life expectancy is very high - more than 20 years.
The large horseshoe bat is a widespread, sometimes common species within its range. It is listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation as a rare species in Russia. It is also endangered in western Germany and Austria. Large brood colonies and wintering grounds are vulnerable to anthropogenic impact. A large number of horseshoe bats die as a result of pesticide poisoning by eating poisoned insects. The general degradation of the biota associated with human agricultural activities also has a significant impact on the state of the population.
Answer from Yörgey[guru]
he is interesting in that everyone who knows something about him has never seen him live
Answer from Elena[guru]
The large horseshoe bat - Rhinolophus ferrumequinum - is found on the territory of the North Caucasus from the Krasnodar Territory to Dagestan, where it is confined to foothill and low-mountain regions with suitable shelters. In this capacity, he uses dungeons, gullies in river cliffs, and human buildings. In summer shelters it is placed openly, and therefore it is very noticeable and vulnerable. Most males and young females are kept alone or in small groups, breeding females form clusters of 200-500 individuals, often adjacent to colonies of other bat species. The female gives birth to one cub at the end of June.
They winter in their breeding areas, singly or in small groups. Departure to hunt after dark. Flying insects serve as food. High mortality in the first year of life. Individual life expectancy is very high - 20 years or more.
see also 2.2.1. Horseshoe genus - Rhinolophus
Large horseshoe bat - Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
(Table 8)
Forearm length 5.3-6.3 cm.
The top ledge of the saddle looks rounded in profile. The low anterior lobe of the ear is separated from the outer edge by a narrow and deep notch. It lives in the mountains and steppes of the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia, found in large colonies of up to 400-500 animals. Hunts late in the evening and early in the morning, flying along cliffs and gorges, or low above the ground.
- - - Rhinolophus hipposideros see also 2.2.1. Genus Horseshoe bats - Rhinolophus - Rhinolophus hipposideros and rounded. The large anterior lobe of the ear is separated from the outer edge by a narrow and deep notch...
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- - - Rhinolophus mehelyi see also 2.2.1. Horseshoe genus - Rhinolophus - Rhinolophus mehelyi The length of the forearm is 5-5.3 cm. The color is always light, often with a dark pattern on the muzzle. The upper ledge of the saddle is pointed...
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- - - Rhinolophus euriale see also 2.2.1. Genus Horseshoe bats - Rhinolophus - Rhinolophus euriale The length of the forearm is 4.3-4.5 cm. The color is always dark. The upper ledge of the saddle is pointed...
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