Peasant life: housing and outbuildings. Everyday life of peasants Life of peasants and townspeople in the 17th century

1. Lifestyle of peasants

Work, work ethic. Collectivism and mutual assistance, mutual responsibility, leveling principle. Rhythms of peasant life. The abundance of holidays in traditional folk culture. Combination of weekdays and holidays. Life of weekdays, life of holidays. Patriarchy of peasant life. Types of creativity in peasant life, positions of self-realization and self-service. social ideal. Folk piety, axiology of the peasant world. Ranking of life according to demographic and property characteristics. With the adoption of Christianity, especially revered days became official holidays church calendar: Christmas, Easter, Annunciation, Trinity and others, as well as the seventh day of the week - Sunday. According to church rules, holidays should be devoted to pious deeds and religious rites. Working on public holidays was considered a sin. However, the poor also worked on holidays.

2. Peasant community; community and family; life in the world

In the 17th century, a peasant family usually consisted of no more than 10 people.

They were parents and children. The oldest man was considered the head of the family.

Church orders forbade girls to marry under the age of 12, boys under 15, blood relatives.

Marriage could, was concluded no more than three times. But at the same time, even a second marriage was considered a great sin, for which church punishments were imposed.

Since the 17th century, marriages had to be blessed by the church without fail. Weddings are celebrated, as a rule, in autumn and winter - when there was no agricultural work.

A newborn child was to be baptized in the church on the eighth day after baptism in the name of the saint of that day. The rite of baptism was considered by the church to be the main, vital rite. The unbaptized had no rights, not even the right to burial. A child who died unbaptized was forbidden by the church to be buried in a cemetery. The next rite - "tons" - was held a year after baptism. On this day, the godfather or godfather (godparents) cut off a lock of hair from the child and gave the ruble. After the haircuts, they celebrated the name day, that is, the day of the saint in whose honor the person was named (later became known as the "angel's day"), and the birthday. The royal name day was considered an official state holiday.

3. Peasant yard

The peasant yard usually included: a hut covered with shingles or straw, heated "in black"; crate for storage of property; barn for cattle, barn. In winter, the peasants kept (pigs, calves, lambs) in their hut. Bird (chickens, geese, ducks). Because of the firebox of the hut "in black", the inner walls of the houses were heavily smoked. For lighting, a torch was used, which was inserted into the furnace crevices.

The peasant hut was rather meager, and consisted of simple tables and benches, but also for lodging, fixed along the wall (they served not only for sitting, but also for lodging). In winter, the peasants slept on the stove.

The material for clothing was homespun canvas, sheep skins (sheepskin) and hunting animals (usually wolves and bears). Footwear - basically served as bast shoes. Prosperous peasants wore pistons (pistons) - shoes made from one or two pieces of leather and gathered around the ankle on a strap, and sometimes boots.

4. Feeding the peasants

Food was cooked in a Russian oven in earthenware. The basis of nutrition was cereals - rye, wheat, oats, millet. Bread and pies were baked from rye (sowing) and wheat (on holidays) flour. Kissels, beer and kvass were prepared from oats. A lot was eaten - cabbage, carrots, radishes, cucumbers, turnips. On holidays, meat dishes were prepared in small quantities. Fish has become a more frequent product on the table. Wealthy peasants had garden trees that gave them apples, plums, cherries, and pears. In the northern regions of the country, peasants gathered cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries; in the central regions - strawberries. Also used in food and hazelnuts.

Thus, despite the preservation of the main features of traditional life, customs and mores, in the 17th century significant changes took place in the life and everyday life of all classes, which were based on both eastern and western influence.

THE LIFE OF RUSSIA IN THE 17TH CENTURY WAS PREPARED BY A STUDENT OF THE 7TH CLASS SIDOROV NIKITA.

In the 17th century, the main thing that united the way of life of all classes was Orthodox faith. The church prescribed a certain order, which was strictly observed: reading prayers, going to church services, observing customs and rituals

LIFE OF BOYARS AND NOBILIES Wealthy people lived in wooden and stone mansions. The windows in such houses were covered with mica, less often with glass; candles were used for lighting in noble and merchant houses.

MIRRORS AND CLOCK APPEARED AMONG THE INNOVATIONS IN THE NOBILITY'S HOUSEHOLD. ON THE WALLS IN THE CHOIR YOU CAN SEE PICTURES, ENGRAVINGS, GEOGRAPHICAL MAPS. FOREIGN FURNITURE WAS IN Vogue.

CLOTHES OF RICH PEOPLE The clothes of men and women were a shirt - a shirt. The man put on trousers, a zipun and a caftan from above. Caftans differed in cut. The clothes of the rich were decorated with embroidery and precious stones. The usual clothes of women included a sundress, a skirt, and a shower warmer. Noble ladies wore outfits embroidered with gold and adorned with precious stones. The winter clothes of rich people were made of fur. Men and women wore high-heeled boots.

The life of peasants and townspeople The bulk of peasants and townspeople lived in chicken huts. A chicken hut is a hut with a stove without a chimney. In such a hut, smoke from the firebox exits through a window, an open door or through a chimney in the roof. The houses were lit with a torch. The windows were filled with bull bubbles.

The everyday life of the peasants was simple. It consisted mainly of the most necessary things without frills.

Clothing of peasants and townspeople Ordinary townspeople wore caftans more modest than those of boyars and nobles. In winter, they wore fur coats and hats of various shapes, depending on wealth. The peasant's wardrobe included - bast shoes, pants, a shirt; in winter - a fur coat and three.

The food of the Russian people The food of the Russian people did not differ in variety. 200 days a year it was necessary to fast, these days they were content with bread and grain products, vegetables, fish. The usual drink was bread kvass. They also consumed beer, as well as "hot wine" - vodka, but state-owned enterprises - taverns or mug yards - had the right to produce and sell them. Drinkers were called roosters, they were not respected.

traditions FAMILY. The head of the family is a man. The younger ones did not dare to contradict the elders and obeyed them. Women's lives were spent at home. They attended church. On Saturdays they bathed in the bathhouse, on Sundays and holidays they did not work. WEDDING RITE. The girl was strictly supposed to observe her honor. Before the wedding, she often did not even see her fiancé. Marriage was allowed no more than three times. Church marriage did not recognize divorce. Duty to the family was considered the main duty of a person.

THE LIFE OF A RUSSIAN PEASANT WOMAN INXVI- XVIICENTURIES

Koronova Lilia Romanovna

student of the faculty of history and jurisprudence of the EI K(P)FU

E-mail: lilia [email protected] yandex . en

Krapotkina Irina Evgenievna

cand. ist. Sciences, Associate Professor EI K(P)FU, Yelabuga

The history of everyday life is one of the most promising areas that have been developed in Russian historiography since the end of the 20th century. The topic is relevant against the backdrop of increased at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. interest in the study of the status of Russian women in modern society, which requires the study and understanding of the economic and socio-political position of women in Russia over a long historical period.

According to the first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897, the peasantry was the largest estate and accounted for 77.1% of the population, and peasant women accounted for 38.9% of the total population of the entire Russian Empire.

For the peasant family of the XVI-XVII centuries, it is characteristic that the spirit of mutual assistance reigned in it; responsibilities were strictly assigned. The authority of family life was very high among the people.

The Russian peasant family of the 16th century consisted of an average of 15-20 people. It was a patriarchal family in which three or four generations of relatives lived together. However, already in the 17th century, there were no more than 10 people in families, representatives of only two generations.

A peasant marriage was concluded for economic reasons: the feelings or desires of the young were not taken into account - the landowner could marry the serfs at his own discretion. In addition, it was not accepted among the people that young men and girls themselves entered into marriage.

When choosing a bride, preference was given to healthy and hardworking girls - this was due to the fact that after marriage, women's shoulders fell household, raising children, working in the garden and field. Girls who were engaged in needlework were more likely to successfully marry.

In marriage in XVI-XVII centuries they entered very early - girls from the age of 12, and boys from 15. And there was also a ban on marriages with relatives up to the sixth generation and with non-believers. It was possible to enter into marriage no more than three times, and Stoglav also speaks of this: “The first marriage is the law, the second is forgiveness, the third is a crime, the fourth is wickedness, there is life like a pig.”

Creation new family necessarily accompanied by a wedding celebration. The Russian wedding contained two elements: Christian (wedding) and folk (“fun”). It was customary to play weddings in autumn or winter - this was the most successful time, since all agricultural work was completed. Before the wedding, matchmaking always took place, during which the bride's parents decided whether they should marry their daughter to this groom. If they agreed, then a “conspiracy” took place: the groom and his father came to the bride’s parents in the house and the parties agreed on wedding expenses, terms, the size of the bride’s dowry and the groom’s gifts. Having come to a single decision, they began preparing for the wedding.

"Domostroy" taught parents to collect their daughter's dowry from birth, setting aside "from any profit." The dowry included pieces of linen, clothes, shoes, jewelry, dishes - all this was put in a box or chest.

After all the preparations were completed, the wedding was played at the agreed time. A peasant wedding of the 16th-17th centuries was accompanied by many rituals: scratching the head with a comb dipped in honey, putting hair under a kiku, showering the newlyweds with hops, treating them with bread and salt - these rites were aimed at attracting happiness to the young in family life. However, there was a custom that determined the further position of a woman in the family: the groom put a whip in one of the boots, and a coin in the other. The task of the bride was to remove the boots from the groom's feet in turn, if the first was a boot with a coin, then she was considered lucky, and family life happy, and if the first was a boot with a whip, then the husband defiantly hit his wife with it - in this way the husband showed the nature of further relationships in the family.

The position of a married peasant woman of the 16th-17th centuries was freer than that of women of the upper classes: she could freely leave the house, doing household chores.

Peter Petrey notes that peasant women worked in the field and at home on a par with their husbands. At the same time, the woman had other things to do, such as cooking, washing, needlework, that is, making clothes for all family members, and they also carried firewood and water to the hut. In addition, the foreigner notes that husbands often beat their wives.

However, the woman had great authority in the family. It especially increased after the birth of a boy - this was due to the allotment of land only to men. Peasant women of the 16th-17th centuries were constantly busy with business even during pregnancy, in connection with this, childbirth could take place anywhere - in a field, in a hut or in a barn. In the Russian medieval society, the hospital was replaced by a bathhouse and, if possible, they tried to give birth there. "Domostroy" ordered to teach children respect for parents. The child was taught the appropriate craft from an early age. The mother taught her daughter to housekeeping and needlework from an early age: from the age of 6 she began to master the spinning wheel, from 10 - the sickle, sewing. At the age of 14, girls already knew how to weave, mow hay and bake bread. At the age of 15, peasant girls worked in the field on an equal basis with adults.

In their free time from field and household work, women were engaged in weaving. I. E. Zabelin writes that the linen business in the peasant economy was exclusively in the hands of women. In addition, sewing and spinning were also the occupation of women and girls on long winter evenings. Sewing shirts was a very troublesome business: the preparation of flax fiber took place in the summer, then it was soaked for several weeks, then the stems were crushed, ruffled and combed - as a result, raw materials for spinning were obtained. Having finished spinning, peasant women wove canvases, for this a loom was brought into the house from the shed. In the summer, when the linen was woven, it was whitewashed in the sun, spread out on a meadow. Only after all this was the canvas ready for cutting and sewing. In the XVI-XVII centuries, girls were engaged in needlework, having gathered together by the light of a torch; Evenings were spent in conversation.

Since ancient times, clothing has been designed not only to hide nudity, but also to emphasize the wealth of a person. In addition, it was believed that clothes are designed to ward off evil spirits.

Thanks to the information of foreign guests, it is possible to compile a description of the outfits of Russian peasant women. The clothes of men and women were very similar; was not pleasing to the eye and was sewn at home. The peasants worked in old clothes, after finishing their work, they changed into everyday clothes, and on holidays, they put on smart clothes to the church. Clothes were often inherited, carefully stored in crates and chests, and cleaned after each wear. The main item of clothing in the 16th-17th centuries was a shirt made of woolen fabric, the so-called sackcloth, and linen or hemp, but due to the complexity of the manufacturing technology, linen shirts were less common.

According to Russian medieval mores, a woman was not allowed to emphasize her figure, so the shirt had a loose fit, did not fit to the body and reached the knees. From the 17th century, they began to wear a sundress over a shirt, that is, a sleeveless dress that fitted the chest and expanded downwards or poneva - a blue or black woolen skirt with a decorated bottom.

In the clothes of peasants until the 16th-17th centuries, the belt played the role of a talisman, but by the indicated period this meaning had been lost and it became just a traditional costume detail.

Special attention in the XVI-XVII centuries it was given to women's headdresses, as there was a clear distinction between girls' and women's. Before marriage, girls were allowed to bare their heads, after marriage - this was considered indecent behavior. The girls wore dressings - decorated strips of fabric that wrapped around their heads with a hoop, "kosniks" - decorations on the braid, and married women- volosniki (home dress), podbrusniks (soft hats worn with a ubrus or scarf), ubruses (holiday dress), kokoshniks (worn from marriage to the birth of the first child and on holidays) or kiki, that is, they twisted their hair and hid them under the cap.

Peasant outerwear was made from ram skin, which had a specific smell. Peasant women had bast shoes on their feet, which were made in their own household from bast mixed with pieces of fur or coarse cloth. In winter, felt boots and woolen socks were worn. There were no stockings - they were replaced by pieces of linen that wrapped the legs.

It is typical for the peasants that they always kept their elegant dresses clean and stored in chests, taking them out only on holidays and for going to church. Often items of clothing passed by inheritance.

Women of the peasant class of the 16th-17th centuries could not afford to purchase expensive items of jewelry, so clothes were decorated with embroidery.

The girl in advance began to make clothes that would be her dowry, since this required a very long and painstaking work. For the wedding, most often the bride wore a beautiful, that is, red dress.

I would like to note that the peasant women did not care about grace, taste or combination of colors. All clothes were made by hand and therefore they were treated very carefully, new clothes dressed in exceptional cases and taking care of its safety, they put it back in the chests where they were stored. Clothing in the XVI-XVII centuries was worn until it became completely unusable. Another feature of Russian peasant clothing in the period under review is that there were no clothes made specifically for children - they were forced to wear the clothes of adults, and if clothes were sewn on them, then “for growth”.

In other words, the clothes of a Russian peasant woman of the 16th-17th centuries did not differ in a variety of forms and matter, so they tried to decorate them with embroidery and other methods. The main purpose of clothing was protection from the cold and covering nudity - and homespun clothing coped with this.

The peasant table of the 16th-17th centuries did not differ in variety and was based on custom. The basis of the diet was black bread, cabbage soup, porridge and kvass; many dishes were similar to each other.

"Domostroy" advised the hostess to be interested in the tricks of cooking from "good wives". The food of the peasants was closely connected not only with religion (strict observance of fasts), but also with what the peasant farms themselves produced.

The observance of fasts in the XVI-XVII centuries gave special meaning every Orthodox Christian. For this reason, the table of the Russian peasant was divided into lean and modest (meat-eater). During fasting days, the use of meat and dairy products was prohibited, and all this was allowed in the meat-eater. AT Orthodox calendar there were four main multi-day fasts and many one-day fasts. Thus, the number of fasting days in total took about 200 calendar days. In addition to large fasts, Wednesday and Friday throughout the year, with the exception of Christmas time and continuous weeks, were also fast days. Religious norms and "Domostroy" regulated the use of certain products during the four main posts.

Walked first great post, which had a duration of 40 days, lean bread, fish, cereals with it, porridge from peas, dried and boiled mushrooms, cabbage soup, pancakes, jelly, pies with jam, onions, peas, turnips, mushrooms, cabbage were served at the table.

The next was Peter's fast, which began a week after Trinity Day and ended on Peter's Day, that is, on July 12. During this fast, Orthodox peasants ate fish, fish soup seasoned with saffron, onions and garlic, pies with millet and peas, mushrooms, cabbage soup.

Next came the Assumption Fast, which lasted from 1 to 14 August. At this time, fish food was served at the table: sauerkraut with fish, fish seasoned with garlic, in gravy with seasonings, fish jellies, fish soup, fish balls, pastries, sour pies with peas or fish.

And the final major post was Christmas, which lasted 6 weeks from November 12 until the Nativity of Christ. Here, the peasants of the 16th-17th centuries ate boiled and stewed fish seasoned with garlic and horseradish, fish jelly, fish soup, loaves. At the end of the Christmas Lent, the peasants tried to serve dishes from the meat of piglets or ducklings on the festive table.

The largest one-day fasts are the day of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, Christmas Eve. On these days, wholemeal porridge, peas, baked turnips, cabbage soup and pickle were served.

The basis of peasant nutrition was rye bread, and pastries made from wheat flour were put on the table only on major holidays. No meal was complete without bread. In addition, he played an important role in various rites: religious (prosphora for communion, Easter cakes for Easter), wedding (newlyweds were greeted with “bread and salt”), folk (pancakes for Shrovetide, gingerbread for spring).

Bread was baked once a week in a special wooden tub - a kvass, which was rarely washed, because it was constantly in operation. Before putting the dough, the hostess rubbed the walls of the tub with salt, then poured warm water over it. In the peasant economy of the 16th-17th centuries, a piece of dough left over from previous baking was used for sourdough. Next, the flour was poured and thoroughly mixed, left overnight in a warm place. The hostess kneaded the dough that had risen in the morning until it began to lag behind both the hands and the walls of the kneading bowl. After that, the dough was again put in a warm place for the night, and kneaded again in the morning. Now the dough was molded and placed in the oven. Baked bread was stored in special wooden bread bins. A woman who knew how to bake delicious bread was especially respected in the family. In lean years, the peasants were forced to add quinoa, tree bark, ground acorns, nettles and bran to the flour, as a result of which the bread acquired a bitter aftertaste.

In the 16th-17th centuries, peasants baked not only bread from flour, but also pies, pancakes, pancakes, gingerbread, but all this was present exclusively on the festive table. Pancakes can be considered the most popular flour dish: they were cooked for Shrove Tuesday, fed a woman in labor and commemorated the deceased. Next came pies - they were prepared from yeast, unleavened and puff pastry, and they could be baked in oil (spun) and without it in the hearth of the oven (hearth). The filling for pies was eggs, fruits and berries, meat and fish, cottage cheese, vegetables, mushrooms, cereals. Another flour dish of the Russian peasant holiday table was gingerbread of various shapes. When preparing the dough, honey and spices were added to it - hence the name. Kalachi was baked from a mixture of rye and wheat flour.

In the peasant environment of the 16th-17th centuries, cabbage soup and porridge were the most widespread, and any stew was called cabbage soup. Porridges were cooked from cereals in milk or water with the addition of butter. Kashi was an attribute of many folk rituals, for example, it was boiled for christenings, weddings and commemorations. If a woman knew how to cook tasty cabbage soup and bake bread, then this was already a reason to consider her a good housewife. Shchi was prepared from fresh and sauerkraut, often with the addition of turnips, beets. In general, turnips were considered the second bread. Shchi was cooked both in meat broth and simply in water.

In the early days, on the Russian medieval peasant table, one could often find milk soups and cereals from various cereals, flavored with butter or lard, cheeses, cottage cheese, sour cream and meat dishes. There was plenty of meat on Russian soil, but the peasants ate little of it; each type of meat was supplemented with garden crops (turnips, garlic, onions, cucumbers, peppers, radishes). From spring to late autumn meat dishes were prepared mainly from lamb; in winter - from beef (since a large number of meat did not spoil in the cold), before Christmas - from salted or smoked pork.

However, not everything on the peasant table was grown by the peasant family itself. Fish soup, cooked from river fish caught on communal lands, was widely used. The fish was also consumed in a salted, boiled, smoked form and was used to make cabbage soup, pies, cutlets, served with buckwheat, millet and other cereals. Poultry dishes (home-raised or hunted) were well seasoned with horseradish and vinegar.

A feature of the dishes of the Russian table is that they were richly seasoned with onions, garlic, pepper, mustard and vinegar, but salt, due to its high cost, the peasants could rarely afford.

The most common drinks among the peasants of the 16th-17th centuries were kvass, fruit drink, and in April - berezovets, that is, birch sap. Beer, honey, vodka were also widely used.

Kvass drinks were available to many, besides, many dishes could be prepared on its basis, for example, okroshka, beetroot, tyuryu. A good housewife knew how to prepare a wide variety of kvass: from barley or rye malt, from honey and berries (cherries, bird cherry, raspberries, cranberries) or fruits (apples, pears). In addition, kvass, as well as cabbage, were excellent means of preventing diseases such as scurvy. Beer was brewed from barley, oats, rye and wheat. The original and best Russian drink, famous among foreigners, was mead; all travelers unanimously recognized his dignity. Honey was brewed from berries (raspberries, currants, cherries, lingonberries, bird cherry), with yeast or hops.

In the 17th century, vodka appeared and became widespread among the peasantry. Usually Russian vodka was made from rye, wheat or barley, but there was an exception - this is women's vodka, which was made with the addition of molasses or honey, due to which it turned out to be sweet. In addition, in the manufacture of vodka, they often insisted on various spices (cinnamon, mustard) and fragrant herbs (mint, St. John's wort, juniper) and made liqueurs on different berries.

Alcoholic drinks were widely used - they were usually consumed on different holidays and occasions, but foreign travelers note that drunkenness was a frequent occurrence among the Russian people in the 16th-17th centuries. "Domostroy" forbade a woman to drink intoxicating drinks, however, Jacques Margeret notes that women and girls were often given to drunkenness.

In the peasant environment, it was believed that food must be earned, so they rarely had breakfast. A peasant family of the 16th-17th centuries rarely managed to dine together: in a bad time, they ate right in the field in order not to waste time.

Based on the foregoing, we can say that the food culture of the peasants of the XVI-XVII centuries was fully dependent on religious fasts and products Agriculture. The daily diet of the peasants was extremely unpretentious and consisted of cereals, vegetables (such as turnips, cabbage, cucumbers), meat and fish, that is, their meal was mostly simple, due to the fact that food was consumed that was grown on their plot .

Summing up, I would like to note that a Russian woman of the 16th-17th centuries provided full support and assistance to her husband, she worked on an equal footing with him; in addition, she was engaged in raising children, sewing clothes and cooking. The peasant family was large, and the incomes were small, as a result of which the woman could not afford to buy clothes - everything was produced on the farm itself. The situation was also with the peasant table - most produced they were forced to give to the landowners. Thus, the peasant family was very close-knit, and the position of a woman in the family depended on her own skills.

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Each person should be interested in the past of his people. Without knowing history, we will never be able to build a good future. So let's talk about how the ancient peasants lived.

Housing

The villages in which they lived reached about 15 households. It was very rare to find a settlement with 30-50 peasant households. In each cozy family yard there was not only a dwelling, but also a barn, a barn, a poultry house and various outbuildings for the household. Many residents could also boast of vegetable gardens, vineyards and orchards. Where the peasants lived can be understood from the remaining villages, where courtyards and signs of the life of the inhabitants have been preserved. Most often, the house was built of wood, stone, which was covered with reeds or hay. We slept and ate in one cozy room. The house had a wooden table, several benches, a chest for storing clothes. They slept on wide beds, on which lay a mattress with straw or hay.

Food

The diet of the peasants included cereals from various grain crops, vegetables, cheese products and fish. During the Middle Ages, baked bread was not made due to the fact that it was very difficult to grind grain into a state of flour. Meat dishes were typical only for the festive table. Instead of sugar, farmers used honey from wild bees. For a long time, the peasants were engaged in hunting, but then fishing took its place. Therefore, fish was much more often on the tables of peasants than meat, which the feudal lords spoiled themselves with.

clothing

The clothes worn by the peasants of the Middle Ages were very different from the period of ancient times. The common attire of the peasants was a linen shirt and knee-length or ankle-length trousers. Over the shirt they put on another one, with longer sleeves - blio. For outerwear, a cloak with a clasp at shoulder level was used. The shoes were very soft, made of leather, and there was no hard sole at all. But the peasants themselves often walked barefoot or in uncomfortable shoes with wooden soles.

Legal life of peasants

The peasants who lived in the community were in different dependence on the feudal mode. They had several legal categories with which they were endowed:

• The bulk of the peasants lived according to the rules of "Wallachian" law, which took as a basis the life of the villagers when they lived in a rural free community. Ownership of the land was common on a single right.
• The remaining mass of peasants was subject to serfdom, which was thought out by the feudal lords.

If we talk about the Wallachian community, then there were all the features of serfdom in Moldova. Each member of the community had the right to work on the land only a few days a year. When the feudal lords took possession of the serfs, they introduced such a load on the days of work that it was realistic to complete it only for a long time. Of course, the peasants had to fulfill the duties that went to the prosperity of the church and the state itself. The serfs who lived in the 14th - 15th centuries split into groups:

• State peasants who depended on the ruler;
• Privately owned peasants who depended on a certain feudal lord.

The first group of peasants had much more rights. The second group was considered free, with their personal right to transfer to another feudal lord, but such peasants paid tithes, served corvee and sued the feudal lord. This situation was close to the complete enslavement of all peasants.

In the following centuries, various groups of peasants appeared who were dependent on the feudal order and its cruelty. The way the serfs lived was simply horrifying, because they had no rights and freedoms.

Enslavement of peasants

In the period of 1766, Grigory Gike issued a law on the complete enslavement of all peasants. No one had the right to move from the boyars to others, the fugitives quickly returned to their places by the police. All feudal oppression was intensified by taxes and duties. Taxes were imposed on any activity of the peasants.

But even all this oppression and fear did not suppress the spirit of freedom in the peasants, who rebelled against their slavery. After all, otherwise serfdom hard to name. The way the peasants lived in the era of the feudal order was not immediately forgotten. The unrestrained feudal oppression remained in the memory and did not yet give long time peasants to restore their rights. There was a long struggle for the right to a free life. The struggle of the strong spirit of the peasants has been immortalized in history, and still amazes with its facts.

In the 17th century it was associated with the church. At birth, he was baptized in the church; newlyweds - were married in the church; the deceased was buried in the church. The service was held according to church books. In some families, moralizing books about the lives of the saints were read. The sprouts of the new in various areas of life were also reflected in the views of the people of the 17th century. New values ​​appeared in society, a new perception of reality, a person's worldview changed.

Along with obedience and fulfillment of the will of the elders, which was very much appreciated in previous centuries, interest in independent actions is awakening. The desire for knowledge and education is valued, the desire to understand and explain what is happening around. More attention is paid to the person, his earthly affairs. All these changes were reflected in the culture.

The spiritual world of the peasant was closely connected with nature and was based on the experience of generations. In solving many issues, the peasants acted according to custom: as great-grandfathers and grandfathers lived and acted.

Tradition in peasant culture was traced in folk art and folklore. In winter, young people gathered "for gatherings" in some spacious hut. Fairy tales and legends were told there, old songs were sung. In the summer they led round dances, arranged games with songs and recitatives.

Life in the city changed faster than in the countryside. It was the city life that determined the further development of the country. In the urban environment, secular (non-church) culture took root faster than in the peasant environment. Noble people began to teach their children not only literacy, but also the sciences, Greek and Latin languages, started a new environment in the house according to the Western model. material from the site

Golitsyn's house. The Moscow house of the boyar Golitsyn amazed the Muscovites. It was a two-story stone building fashionable in the 1680s. facade architecture, with many large glazed windows. The halls and rooms of the palace were filled with furniture: there were chairs and armchairs, secretaries, tables and sets for precious dishes. The walls were decorated with paintings, portraits of Russian and foreign sovereigns; geo-graphic maps hung on the walls in gilded frames. Large mirrors shone in the piers between the windows. In different rooms there were hours of amazing artwork. The bedroom had a bed with a canopy. The chambers were illuminated by a chandelier hanging from the ceiling. One room was set aside for the library, where handwritten and printed books in Russian, Polish, and German were kept.