Modern classification of perpetual motion machines A perpetual motion machine of the first kind is a device capable of infinitely performing work without the expenditure of fuel or other energy resources. According to the law of conservation of energy, all attempts to create such an engine are doomed to failure. The impossibility of implementing a perpetual motion machine of the first kind is postulated in thermodynamics as the first law of thermodynamics. The impossibility of implementing a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is postulated in thermodynamics as one of the equivalent formulations of the second law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics
Kelvin's postulate it is impossible to create a periodically operating machine that performs mechanical work only by cooling the heat reservoir. Kelvin Clausius' postulate spontaneous transfer of heat from colder bodies to hotter bodies is impossible.
History At present, India is considered to be the ancestral home of the first perpetual motion machines. Thus, Bhaskara, in his poem dating from about 1150, describes a kind of wheel with long, narrow vessels, half-filled with mercury, attached obliquely along the rim.
Failure The geometry of the teeth is such that the weights on the left side of the wheel are always closer to the axle than those on the right side. According to the author's intention, this, in accordance with the law of the lever, should have brought the wheel into constant rotation. When rotated, the loads would recline to the right and retain the driving force. of the lever
Failure However, if such a wheel is made, it will remain motionless. The reason for this fact is that although the weights on the right have a longer arm, on the left there are more of them. As a result, the moments of forces on the right and left are equal. Moments of forces
Failure The figure shows the structure of another engine. The author decided to use the law of Archimedes to generate energy. The law is that bodies whose density is less than the density of water tend to float to the surface. Archimedes' law Therefore, the author placed hollow tanks on a chain and placed the right half under water. He believed that the water would push them to the surface, and the chain with wheels would thus rotate endlessly.
Failure Here the following is not taken into account: the buoyancy force is the difference between the water pressures acting on the bottom and top of a submerged object. In the design shown in the figure, this difference will tend to push out those tanks that are under water on the right side of the picture. But on the lowest tank, which plugs the hole, only the force of pressure on its right surface will act. And it will balance or exceed the force acting on the rest of the tanks.
“The general and philosophical concept of “perpetuum mobile” contains not only the idea of motion, which after the first shock continues forever, but the operation of an instrument or some collection of such, capable of developing an unlimited amount of driving force, capable of consistently bringing all the bodies of nature out of rest, if they were in it, violate the principle of inertia in them, capable of finally drawing from itself the necessary forces to set the entire Universe in motion, maintain and continuously accelerate its movement. Sadie Carnot
In the XII-XIII century, the crusades began, and European society set in motion. The craft began to develop faster and the machines that set the mechanisms in motion were improved. These were mainly water wheels and wheels driven by animals (horses, mules, bulls walking in circles). So the idea arose to come up with an efficient machine driven by cheaper energy. If energy is taken from nothing, then it costs nothing and this is an extreme special case of cheapness - for nothing.
Already in the XV-XVII century, far-sighted naturalists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Girolamo Cardano, Simon Stevin, Galileo Galilei formulated the principle: "It is impossible to create a perpetual motion machine." Simon Stevin was the first who, on the basis of this principle, derived the law of the balance of forces on an inclined plane, which led him, in the end, to the discovery of the law of the addition of forces according to the triangle rule (the addition of vectors).
By the middle of the 18th century, after centuries of attempts to create a perpetual motion machine, most scientists began to believe that it was impossible to do this. It was just an experimental fact.
Since 1775, the French Academy of Sciences refused to consider perpetual motion projects, although even at that time French academicians had no solid scientific grounds to fundamentally deny the possibility of drawing energy from nothing. The impossibility of obtaining additional work from nothing was firmly justified only with the creation and approval of the "law of conservation of energy" as a universal and one of the most fundamental laws of nature.
First, Gottfried Leibniz in 1686 formulated the law of conservation of mechanical energy. And the law of conservation of energy as a universal law of nature was independently formulated by Julius Mayer (1845), James Joule (1843-50) and Hermann Helmholtz (1847).
A perpetual motion machine (Latin perpetuum mobile) is an imaginary but impracticable engine that, after starting it up, does work for an indefinitely long time. Each machine operating without an influx of energy from the outside, after a certain period of time, will completely use up its energy reserve to overcome the forces of resistance and must stop, since continuing to work would mean obtaining energy from nothing.
A perpetual motion machine of the first kind is an imaginary, continuously operating machine, which, once started, would do work without receiving energy from outside. A perpetual motion machine of the 1st kind contradicts the law of conservation and transformation of energy and therefore is not feasible.
A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is an imaginary heat engine, which, as a result of a circular process (cycle), completely converts the heat received from any one “inexhaustible” source (ocean, atmosphere, etc.) into work. The action of a perpetual motion machine of the 2nd kind does not contradict the law of conservation and transformation of energy, but it violates the second law of thermodynamics, and therefore such an engine is not feasible. It can be calculated that with the cooling of the oceans by only one degree, it is possible to obtain energy sufficient to meet all the needs of mankind at the current level of its consumption for 14,000 years.
Perpetuum mobile of the "third kind". The scientific term "perpetuum mobile of the third kind" does not exist (this is a joke), but there are still inventors who want to extract energy from "nothing". Or almost nothing. Now "nothing" is called the "physical vacuum", and they want to extract an unlimited amount of energy from the "physical vacuum". Their projects in simplicity and naivety are not inferior to the projects of their predecessors, who lived centuries ago.
17 most famous perpetual motion machines 1. Wheel with rolling balls. 2 A chain of balls on a triangular prism. 3. "Hottabych bird" 4. Chain of floats 5. Archimedean screw and water wheel 6. Brownian-based movement of gas molecules.
1. Wheel with rolling balls. Inventor's idea: A wheel with heavy balls rolling in it. In any position of the wheel, the weights on the right side of the wheel will be farther from the center than the weights on the left half. Therefore, the right half must always pull the left half and make the wheel spin. So the wheel must keep turning forever. Why the engine is not running: Although the weights on the right side are always farther from the center than the weights on the left side, the number of these weights is less than just enough that the sum of the weights of the weights, multiplied by the projection of the radii perpendicular to the direction of gravity, on the right and left are equal (Fi. Li = Fj. Lj).
A chain of balls on a triangular prism. Inventor's idea: A chain of 14 identical balls is thrown through a trihedral prism. There are four balls on the left, two on the right. The remaining eight balls balance the other. Consequently, the chain will come into perpetual motion counterclockwise. Why the engine does not work: Only the component of gravity that is parallel to the inclined surface moves the loads. On a longer surface, there are more weights, but the angle of inclination of the surface is proportionately smaller. Therefore, the gravity of the loads on the right, multiplied by the sine of the angle, is equal to the gravity of the loads on the left, multiplied by the sine of the other angle.
"Bird Hottabych" Inventor's idea: A thin glass cone with a horizontal axis in the middle is soldered into a small container. The free end of the cone almost touches its bottom. A little ether is poured into the lower part of the toy, and the upper, empty, is glued on the outside with a thin layer of cotton wool. A glass of water is placed in front of the toy and tilted, forcing it to “drink”. The bird begins to bend over and dip its head into the glass two or three times a minute. Time after time, continuously, day and night, the bird bows until the glass runs out of water. Why it's not a perpetual motion machine: The bird's head and beak are covered with cotton wool. When the bird "drinks water", the cotton wool is saturated with water. When the water evaporates, the temperature of the bird's head decreases. Ether is poured into the lower part of the body of the bird, above which there are ether vapors (the air is pumped out). As the bird's head cools, the vapor pressure in the upper part decreases. But the pressure at the bottom remains the same. The excess pressure of ether vapors in the lower part lifts the liquid ether up the tube, the bird's head becomes heavier and leans towards the glass.
4. Chain of floats Inventor's idea: The tall tower is filled with water. Through the pulleys installed at the top and bottom of the tower, a rope with 14 hollow cubic boxes with a side of 1 meter is thrown. The boxes in the water, under the action of the Archimedes force directed upwards, should sequentially float to the surface of the liquid, dragging the entire chain with them, and the boxes on the left go down under the action of gravity. In this way, the boxes go alternately from air to liquid and vice versa. Why the engine does not work: Boxes entering the liquid meet very strong opposition from the liquid, and the work to push them into the liquid is no less than the work done by the Archimedes force when the boxes float to the surface.
5. Archimedean screw and water wheel Inventor's idea: The Archimedean screw, rotating, raises water into the upper tank, from where it flows out of the tray in a jet that falls on the blades of the water wheel. The waterwheel rotates the grindstone and at the same time moves, with the help of a series of gears, the same Archimedean screw that raises the water into the upper tank. The screw turns the wheel, and the wheel turns the screw! This project, invented back in 1575 by the Italian mechanic Strada the Elder, was then repeated in numerous variations. Why the engine doesn't work: Most perpetual motion designs could actually work if it weren't for the existence of friction. If this is an engine, there must be moving parts, which means that it is not enough for the engine to rotate itself: it is also necessary to generate excess energy
7. Magnet and gutters 8. "Eternal water supply" 9. Automatic watch winding 10. Oil rising through the wicks 11. Wheel with reclining weights 12. Potapov's installation 13. Based on the Archimedean screw 14. Based on the law of Archimedes
Magnet and troughs Inventor's idea: A strong magnet is placed on a stand. Two inclined troughs are leaning against it, one under the other, and the upper trough has a small hole in its upper part, and the lower one is curved at the end. If a small iron ball is placed on the upper chute, then due to attraction by the magnet it will roll upwards, however, having reached the hole, it will fall into the lower chute, roll down it, rise along the final rounding and again fall on the upper chute. Thus, the ball will run continuously, thereby carrying out perpetual motion. The design of this magnetic perpetuum mobile was described in the 17th century by the English bishop John Wilkens. Why the motor does not work: The device would work if the magnet acted on the metal ball only during its rise to the stand along the upper chute. But the ball rolls down slowly under the action of two forces: gravity and magnetic attraction. Therefore, by the end of the descent, it will not acquire the speed necessary to rise along the rounding of the lower chute and begin a new cycle.
"Eternal plumbing" Inventor's idea: The water pressure in the large tank must constantly squeeze water through the pipe into the upper tank. Why the engine does not work: The author of the project did not understand that the hydrostatic paradox is that the water level in the pipe always remains the same as in the tank
Automatic watch winding Inventor's idea: The basis of the device is a large-sized mercury barometer: a bowl with mercury suspended in a frame, and a large flask with mercury overturned upside down over it. Vessels are fixed movably one relative to the other; when atmospheric pressure increases, the flask descends and the bowl rises, while when the pressure decreases, vice versa. Both movements cause a small gear wheel to rotate always in one direction and raise the weights of the clock through the system of gear wheels. Why it's not a perpetual motion machine: The energy needed to run the watch is "drawn" from the environment. In fact, this is not much different from a wind turbine - except that it is extremely low power.
Oil rising through the wicks Inventor's idea: The liquid poured into the lower vessel is lifted by the wicks into the upper vessel, which has a chute for draining the liquid. Through the drain, the liquid falls on the blades of the wheel, causing it to rotate. Further, the oil that has flowed down again rises through the wicks to the upper vessel. Thus, the jet of oil flowing down the chute onto the wheel is not interrupted for a second, and the wheel must always be in motion. Why the engine does not work: Liquid will not flow down from the upper, bent part of the wick. Capillary attraction, overcoming gravity, lifted the liquid up the wick - but the same reason keeps the liquid in the pores of a wet wick, preventing it from dripping from it.
Wheel with tilting weights Inventor's idea: The idea is based on the use of a wheel with unbalanced weights. Folding sticks with weights at the ends are attached to the edges of the wheel. At any position of the wheel, the weights on the right side will be thrown further from the center than on the left; this half, therefore, must pull the left one and thereby make the wheel turn. This means that the wheel will rotate forever, at least until the axle is frayed. Why the engine does not run: The weights on the right side are always farther from the center, but it is inevitable that the wheel will be positioned in such a way that the number of these weights is less than on the left. Then the system is balanced - therefore, the wheel will not rotate, but after making several swings, it will stop.
12. Engineer Potapov's plant Inventor's idea: Potapov's hydrodynamic thermal plant with efficiency exceeding 400%. The electric motor (EM) drives the pump (NS), forcing the water to circulate around the circuit (shown by arrows). The circuit contains a cylindrical column (OK) and a heating battery (BT). The end of the pipe 3 can be connected to the column (OK) in two ways: 1) to the center of the column; 2) tangential to the circle forming the wall of the cylindrical column. When connected according to method 1, the amount of heat given off to water is equal (taking into account losses) to the amount of heat radiated by the battery (BT) into the surrounding space. But as soon as the pipe is connected according to method 2, the amount of heat emitted by the battery (BT) increases 4 times! Measurements carried out by our and foreign experts showed that when 1 kW is supplied to the electric motor (EM), the battery (BT) gives as much heat as it should have been obtained with an expenditure of 4 kW. When the pipe is connected according to method 2, the water in the column (OK) receives a rotational movement, and it is this process that leads to an increase in the amount of heat given off by the battery (BT) Why the engine does not work: The described installation was actually assembled at NPO Energia and, according to the authors , worked. The inventors did not question the correctness of the law of conservation of energy, but argued that the engine draws energy from the "physical vacuum". Which is impossible, since the physical vacuum has the lowest possible energy level and it is impossible to draw energy from it. A more prosaic explanation seems to be the most probable: there is an uneven heating of the liquid over the cross section of the pipe, and because of this, errors in temperature measurement occur. It is also possible that, against the will of the inventors, energy is “pumped” into the installation from an electrical circuit. Further:
Perpetual motion machines lead to fruitful discoveries An excellent example is the way in which Stevin, a remarkable Dutch scientist of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, discovered the law of the balance of forces on an inclined plane. This mathematician deserves much more fame than the one that fell to his lot, because he made many important discoveries that we now constantly use: he invented decimal fractions, introduced the use of exponents into algebra, discovered the hydrostatic law, subsequently rediscovered by Pascal.
An interesting person lives in Samara - the inventor Alexander Stepanovich Fabristov, who is now over 80 years old. Even in his youth, he was carried away by the idea of a perpetual motion machine, composed a lot of its designs, created many samples, but everything was unsuccessful. And only about 10 years ago he finally created a device that he calls "perpetual motion machine", and which, as he is convinced, is capable of generating "free" energy only due to the forces of gravity.
Tracing history, one can see that some inventors and scientists ardently believed in the possibility of creating a perpetual motion machine, while others stubbornly resisted this, looking for more and more new truths. Galileo Galilei, proving that any heavy body cannot rise above the level from which it fell, discovered the law of inertia. Thus, the benefits for science came from both believers and non-believers. The well-known physicist, academician Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg believed that, in essence, the idea of a perpetual motion machine was scientific.
Whether it is bad or good, but it prepared fertile ground for future natural scientists to comprehend higher truths. As the Tomsk professor, philosopher A. K. Sukhotin well said: "... steadily warming up interest, the idea of a perpetual motion machine has become a kind of ideological engine of perpetual combustion, throwing fresh logs into the furnaces, looking for thoughts."
Presentation on the topic of creating a perpetual motion machine. Pupil 10 A class Kudryavtsev Dmitry
A perpetual motion machine of the first kind is an imaginary device capable of endlessly doing work without consuming fuel or other energy resources. According to the law of conservation of energy, all attempts to create such an engine are doomed to failure. The impossibility of a perpetual motion machine of the first kind is postulated in thermodynamics as the first law of thermodynamics. A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is an imaginary machine that, when set in motion, would turn into work all the heat extracted from the surrounding bodies. The impossibility of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is postulated in thermodynamics as one of the equivalent formulations of the second law of thermodynamics. Both the first and second laws of thermodynamics were introduced as postulates after repeated experimental confirmation of the impossibility of creating perpetual motion machines. From these beginnings, many physical theories have grown, verified by many experiments and observations, and scientists have no doubt that these postulates are true and the creation of a perpetual motion machine is impossible.
Unsuccessful designs of perpetual motion machines. Here is one of the oldest designs of perpetual motion machine. It represents a gear wheel, in the recesses of which hinged weights are attached. The geometry of the teeth is such that the weights on the left side of the wheel are always closer to the axle than on the right side. According to the author's intention, this, in accordance with the law of the lever, should have brought the wheel into constant rotation. During rotation, the loads would recline to the right and retain the driving force. However, if such a wheel is made, it will remain motionless. The differential reason for this fact is that although the weights on the right have a longer lever, on the left there are more of them. As a result, the moments of forces on the right and left are equal.
The following is not taken into account here: the buoyancy force is the difference between the water pressures acting on the lower and upper parts of an object immersed in water. In the design shown in the figure, this difference will tend to push out those tanks that are under water on the right side of the picture. But on the lowest tank, which plugs the hole, only the force of pressure on its right surface will act. And it will exceed the total force acting on the rest of the tanks. Therefore, the whole system will simply scroll clockwise until the water pours out. . The design of a perpetual motion machine based on the law of Archimedes The law of Archimedes.
Unfortunately, all these theories about the creation of a perpetual motion machine are erroneous, but scientists managed to create an eternal car.
It has long been known that the idea of a perpetual motion machine is not feasible, but it is very interesting and informative from the point of view of the history of the development of science and technology. After all, in search of a perpetual motion machine, scientists were able to better understand the basic physical principles. Moreover, the inventors of the perpetual motion machine are prime examples for the study of certain aspects of human psychology: ingenuity, perseverance, optimism, and fanaticism. During the classes:
A perpetual motion machine (perpetuum mobile, perpetual motion machine) is a device based on mechanical, chemical, electrical or other physical processes. Being launched, once, it will be able to work forever and stop only when exposed to it from the outside.
The schemes of the first perpetual motion machines were built on the basis of simple mechanical elements and even in later times included levers that were fixed around the circumference of a wheel rotating around a horizontal axis. At present, India is rightfully considered the ancestral home of the first perpetual motion machines.
Perpetual motion machines are usually designed based on the use of the following techniques or their combinations Lifting water with an Archimedean screw; Lifting water with an Archimedean screw; Rise of water with the help of capillaries;Rise of water with the help of capillaries; Using a wheel with unbalanced weights;Using a wheel with unbalanced weights; Natural magnets;Natural magnets; Electromagnetism;Electromagnetism; Steam or compressed air. Steam or compressed air.
The change in the internal energy of the system during its transition from one state to another is equal to the sum of the work of external forces and the amount of heat transferred to the system and does not depend on the method by which this transition is carried out. The change in the internal energy of the system during its transition from one state to another is equal to the sum of the work of external forces and the amount of heat transferred to the system and does not depend on the method by which this transition is carried out. (The first law of thermodynamics) It is a postulate that cannot be proved within the framework of thermodynamics. It was created on the basis of a generalization of experimental facts and received numerous experimental confirmations. “A circular process is impossible, the only result of which would be the production of work by cooling the thermal reservoir” (Second Law of Thermodynamics) Errors of “perpetual” motion machines
Perpetual motion machines are divided into two large groups: Perpetual motion machines of the first kind do not extract energy from the environment (for example, heat), while the physical and chemical state of its parts also remains unchanged. Machines of this kind cannot exist on the basis of the first law of thermodynamics. Perpetual motion machines of the second kind extract heat from the environment and convert it into energy of mechanical motion. Such devices cannot exist based on the second law of thermodynamics.
The earliest information about perpetual motion machines. Attempts to study the place, time and cause of the idea of a perpetual motion machine is a very difficult task. The earliest information about the perpetuum mobile is the mention that we find in the Indian poet, mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara. Thus, Bhaskara describes a kind of wheel with long, narrow vessels, half-filled with mercury, attached obliquely along the rim. The principle of operation of this first mechanical perpetuum mobile was based on the difference in the moments of gravity created by the liquid moving in vessels placed on the circumference of the wheel. Bhaskara justifies the rotation of the wheel in a very simple way: "The wheel thus filled with liquid, being mounted on an axis lying on two fixed supports, continuously rotates by itself." Bhaskara
Samples: Indian or Arabic perpetuum mobile. Indian or Arabic perpetuum mobile. Indian or Arabic mobile perpetuum with small obliquely fixed vessels partially filled with mercury. Indian or Arabic mobile perpetuum with small obliquely fixed vessels partially filled with mercury.
European perpetual motion machines The first European, the author of the idea of \u200b\u200ba "self-propelled machine", is considered to be the medieval French architect Villard d "Honnecourt, originally from Picardy. His model of a perpetual motion machine is a hydraulic saw with automatic wood feed. Villard proceeded from the effect of gravity, under the influence of which the counterweights folded back The first European, the author of the idea of \u200b\u200ba "self-propelled car", is considered the medieval French architect Villard d "Honnecourt, originally from Picardy. His perpetual motion model is a hydraulic saw with automatic wood feed. Villar proceeded from the effect of gravity, under the influence of which counterweights reclined.
Villar d'Honnecourt water saw with automatic wood feed
Inventor's idea: A strong magnet is placed on a stand. Two inclined troughs are leaning against it, one under the other, and the upper trough has a small hole in its upper part, and the lower one is curved at the end. If a small iron ball is placed on the upper chute, then due to attraction by the magnet it will roll upwards, however, having reached the hole, it will fall into the lower chute, roll down it, rise along the final rounding and again fall on the upper chute. Thus, the ball will run continuously, thereby carrying out perpetual motion.
Why the motor does not work: The device would work if the magnet acted on the metal ball only during its rise to the stand along the upper chute. But the ball rolls down slowly under the action of two forces: gravity and magnetic attraction. Therefore, by the end of the descent, it will not acquire the speed necessary to rise along the rounding of the lower chute and begin a new cycle.
Inventor's idea: A wheel with heavy balls rolling in it. In any position of the wheel, the weights on the right side of the wheel will be farther from the center than the weights on the left half. Therefore, the right half must always pull the left half and make the wheel spin. So the wheel must keep turning forever. Wheel with rolling balls Why the engine does not work: The engine will not work because such mechanisms can only do work due to the initial supply of energy imparted to them at start-up; when this reserve is completely used up, the perpetual motion machine will stop.
Inventor's idea: A chain of 14 identical balls is thrown through a trihedral prism. Four balls on the left, two on the right. The remaining eight balls balance each other. Consequently, the chain will come into perpetual motion counterclockwise. A chain of balls on a triangular prism Why the engine does not work: Weights are driven only by the component of gravity parallel to the inclined surface. On a longer surface, there are more weights, but the angle of inclination of the surface is proportionately smaller. Therefore, the gravity of the loads on the right, multiplied by the sine of the angle, is equal to the gravity of the loads on the left, multiplied by the sine of the other angle.
Wheel with tilting weights Inventor's idea: The idea is based on the use of a wheel with unbalanced weights. Folding sticks with weights at the ends are attached to the edges of the wheel. At any position of the wheel, the weights on the right side will be thrown further from the center than on the left; this half, therefore, must pull the left one and thereby make the wheel turn. This means that the wheel will rotate forever, at least until the axle is frayed. Why the engine does not run: The weights on the right side are always farther from the center, but it is inevitable that the wheel will be positioned in such a way that the number of these weights is less than on the left. Then the system is balanced, therefore, the wheel will not rotate, but after making several swings, it will stop.
One of them is a watch that does not require winding, which, ironically, is produced today in France. The energy source is fluctuations in air temperature and atmospheric pressure during the day. A special hermetic container, depending on the change in the environment, slightly "breathes". These movements are transmitted to the mainspring, winding it up. The mechanism is thought out so subtly that a change in temperature of just one degree ensures the movement of the clock for the next two days. In 1775, the Paris Academy of Sciences decided not to consider patent applications for a perpetual motion machine because of the obvious impossibility of creating them, thereby slowing down technical progress, delaying the emergence of a whole class of amazing mechanisms and technologies for a long time. Only a few developments have managed to break their way through this barrier. Perpetuum mobile in hours
The planets revolve around the Sun for billions of years, being an example of perpetual motion. This has been noted for a very long time. Naturally, scientists wanted to repeat this picture on a smaller scale, trying to create an ideal model of a perpetual motion machine. Despite the fact that in the 19th century the fundamental impracticability of a perpetual motion machine was proved, scientists created thousands of inventions, but could not make the dream a reality. The planets revolve around the Sun for billions of years, being an example of perpetual motion. This has been noted for a very long time. Naturally, scientists wanted to repeat this picture on a smaller scale, trying to create an ideal model of a perpetual motion machine. Despite the fact that in the 19th century the fundamental impracticability of a perpetual motion machine was proved, scientists created thousands of inventions, but could not make the dream a reality.
How are perpetual motion machines of the first kind characterized? a) they do not extract energy from the environment, the state of the engine remains unchanged b) they extract heat from the environment and convert it into energy of mechanical motion c) are based on the fulfillment of the second law of thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is formulated as follows: a) it is impossible to build a perpetual motion machine b) a buoyant force acts on a body immersed in gas, depending on the volume of the body and the density of the gas c) the heat imparted to the gas goes to change its internal energy and to the work done gas against external forces What is the error in the operation of the perpetual motion machine "Wheel with rolling balls"? a) the mechanism performs work at the expense of the initial energy supply reported by it at start-up b) the mass system is balanced c) the engine operation contradicts the second law of thermodynamics
List of recommended literature: Ihak-Rubiner F. Perpetuum mobile. M., 1922. Ihak-Rubiner F. Perpetual motion machine. M., Ord-Khum A. Perpetual motion. The story of an obsession. M.: Knowledge, 1980. Ord-Khum A. Perpetual motion. The story of an obsession. M.: Knowledge, Michal S. Perpetual motion machine yesterday and today. M.: Mir, 1984. Michal S. Perpetual motion machine yesterday and today. M .: Mir, Perelman Ya. I. Entertaining physics. Book. 1 and 2. M .: Nauka, 1979. Perelman Ya. I. Entertaining physics. Book. 1 and 2. M.: Nauka, 1979.
slide presentation
Slide text: Perpetuum mobile Prepared by: student of grade 7 B Pogulyaeva Irina
Slide text: A perpetual motion machine (lat. Perpetuum Mobile) is an imaginary device that allows you to get useful work that is greater than the amount of energy communicated to it (the efficiency is more than 100%).
Slide text: The main types of perpetual motion machines:
Slide text: A perpetual motion machine of the first kind is an engine (an imaginary machine) capable of endlessly doing work without consuming fuel or other energy resources.
Slide text: A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is an imaginary machine that, when set in motion, would turn into work all the heat extracted from the surrounding bodies
Slide text: HISTORY At present, India is considered to be the ancestral home of the first perpetual motion machines. The Indian poet, mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara describes a wheel with long, narrow vessels, half-filled with mercury, attached obliquely along the rim.
Slide text: Unsuccessful designs of perpetual motion machines from history If such a wheel is made, it will remain motionless. Because although the weights on the right have a longer lever, on the left there are more of them. As a result, the moments of forces on the right and left are equal.
Slide text: Unsuccessful designs of perpetual motion machines from history Only the pressure force on its right surface will act on the lowest tank, and it will exceed the total force acting on the other tanks. Therefore, the whole system will simply scroll clockwise until the water pours out.
Slide text: Patenting In 1775, the Paris Academy of Sciences decided not to consider applications for patenting a perpetual motion machine because of the obvious impossibility of creating them. In the Russian Federation, applications for patenting a perpetual motion machine are not considered.
Slide #10
Slide text: Inventors of perpetual motion machines Aristotle, Archimedes, Galileo Galileo, Joule James Prescott, Euclid, Leonardo da Vinci, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, Newton Isaac, Pascal Blaise, Pythagoras of Samos.
Slide #11
Slide text: THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
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