A lesson for 8th grade students studying according to the textbook "Biology. Human", authors Dragomilov A.G. and Mash R.D. The lesson is studied in the topic "Breathing", the following questions are considered: the mechanism of breathing, the regulation of breathing, mini-practical work is carried out, independent work with the material of the paragraph.
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Topic. Breath. Lesson topic. Breathing mechanism.
Goals.
Educational:
- Organization of students' activities in the perception, comprehension and memorization of the process of the respiratory mechanism, the concept of "lung capacity".
- Repeat, consolidate, expand students' knowledge on this topic.
Educational:
- Education of culture in communication with comrades, the ability to listen and hear others.
- Cultivate a positive attitude towards your health.
Educational
- The development of students' curiosity, cognitive interest in the subject.
- Formation of concepts about the unity of the processes of inhalation and exhalation.
- The development of creative and logical thinking and speech of students in solving problematic issues, the development of memory.
Tasks . Find out how the mechanism of breathing is carried out, what is the vital capacity of the lungs and the importance of proper breathing for health.
Lesson type: Combined.
Teaching methods:
- Problem-search method (solving problematic issues, discussing the results of experiments).
- Demonstration method of working with a multimedia manual.
- Method of working with didactic material.
- The verbal method is the teacher's story.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
2. Creating a problem situation
3. Setting goals and objectives of the lesson
4. Learning new material
5. Lesson conclusions
6. Fixing
7. Summing up the lesson
1 row works with tests. Tests are pre-set on desks.
organizational moment. 1 minute
Hello guys. Please, have a seat. My name is Natalya Ivanovna. Today we are working together and I look forward to your support and cooperation.
Let's review what you have already learned on the topic "Breathing".
Do you want to test yourself?
You need to choose the correct answer.(Slide Check homework.
Updating of basic knowledge.
8 minutes
1. Finish the thought.
1. Controls the entrance to the larynx - epiglottis
2. Passes along the trachea - esophagus
3. The function of cilia in the nasal cavity - cleansing
4. Structural units of the lungs - alveoli
5. Barrier that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal - diaphragm
2. The game "Yes - No." Do you agree with my statement?
- Gas exchange between air and blood takes place in the lungs
- The pleural fluid provides gas exchange
- Blood from the heart to the lungs is oxygenated
- Maintaining the constancy of the gas composition in the alveoli is carried out due to respiratory movements.
- The initial part of the airway is the oral cavity.
- Cartilaginous half rings do not allow the trachea to narrow.
- Erythrocytes are oxygen carrier cells.
- The pleural cavity is the space between the pleurae.
- The epiglottis covers the entrance to the esophagus.
10. Lungs are formed by muscle tissue.
- “Without a nose, a man - the devil knows what - a bird is not a bird, a citizen is not a citizen - just take it, and throw him out the window! .. N.V. Gogol. "Nose".
But seriously? Why does a person need a nose?
4 . There is a 3 liter jar on the table. It says "Dust" on it.
Tell me, please, what is the connection between the structure of the trachea and a dust can?
Guys, hand over your cards, please.
Learning new material. 25 minutes
Problematic situation.
Teacher.
Students argue among themselves and express several opinions on how air enters the lungs:
- Atmospheric air enters the lungs "by gravity", greatly inflates the lungs and chest.
- Air enters because the lungs in the chest expand and suck in air.
- A person consciously, at will, inhales and exhales.
Who is right?
Gas exchange is possible only under the condition of a constant change of air. Do you know why a newborn baby is slapped on the ass as soon as he is born?
He screams in pain and takes his first breath, the lungs expand and the person begins to breathe.
TEACHER . In the lesson we should find out:
1. what underlies the mechanism of respiration,
2.how does the mechanism of respiration occur
3. The importance of proper breathing to improve human health.
Write down the topic of the lesson. (Slide. LESSON TOPIC)
Homework.Page 142-145, answer questions on pages 146-147.
Teacher.
Inhalation and exhalation rhythmically follow one after the other. Air enters the lungs, the lungs can change their volume due to the high elasticity of the alveoli.
You probably remember that there are 300-350 million alveoli in the lungs with a total area of 150 sq.m..
But the lungs do not have muscles that could alternately compress and expand them.
Why do lungs have the ability to change their volume?
Experiment.
Put your palms on your ribs, breathe. How does the volume of the chest change?
What causes the chest to grow or shrink?
Teacher.
Breathing movements are carried out with the help of special muscles. Which ones? (Contraction and relaxation of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm).
The lungs never expand on their own. They passively follow the chest.
Why do the lungs passively follow the chest?
Do you remember what a pleural slit is?
Teacher.
As you remember, it is hermetically sealed and the pressure in the pleural space is below atmospheric pressure. Due to the difference in pressure, the lungs move behind the chest, and inspiration occurs.
Inhalation is followed by exhalation.
Let's look at the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation.(
Why does inhalation and exhalation alternate?
What muscles are involved in the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation?
Advance. The contraction of the respiratory muscles is due to the impulse coming from the DC every 4 seconds.
Slide Mechanism of respiration.
Let's summarize:
Inspiratory mechanism
Contraction of respiratory muscles (intercostal and diaphragmatic)
Enlargement of the chest cavity
Decreased pressure in the chest cavity
Sucking air into the lungs
The scheme is written in a notebook.
Teacher.
Getting air into the lungs and pushing air out of the lungs is a physical process. This can be proved using the Donders model.(Disk Biology. Man 8th grade. Series "1C: School").
(We can make this model and experience test at home).
How many breaths does a person take per minute?
Can we breathe properly?
Experiment.
Put your palms on your chest, count the number of breaths per minute. I mark the time. Write down the result in a notebook.
The rate of respiratory movements per minute in adolescents is 12-18 per minute, in adults - 16-20.
Teacher.
It turns out that proper breathing is very important, especially in winter and during the transitional winter-spring period, during an influenza epidemic. According to experts, improper breathing significantly increases the likelihood of respiratory infections entering the body, which increases the risk of flu or colds.
Many people breathe too fastand shallow, from time to time holding inhalation and exhalation. This type of breathing is called shallow breathing..
As a result, the lungs do not have time to properly ventilate - fresh air enters only the outer sections, while most of the lung volume is not renewed. And that's all that viruses and bacteria need.(Disk Biology. Man Grade 8. Series "1C: School").
Conclusion. You need to breathe deeply and measuredly
Teacher.
If you do less14 breaths per minute - wonderful. You can rightfully be proud of yourself. Taking in the air with a full chest, you let the lungs straighten out, perfectly ventilate them, that is, make your respiratory system almost invulnerable to infectious agents.
A good result is considered from14 to 18 breaths per minute. This is how most practically healthy people breathe, who can get the flu or SARS no more than 2 times a season.
More than 18 breaths per minute is already a serious cause for concern.. With shallow and frequent breathing, only half of the inhaled air enters the lungs. This is clearly not enough to constantly update the pulmonary atmosphere..
Practical part.
We live in conditions that adversely affect the respiratory system and cause its diseases. But this problem has its own solution -breathing exercises,which not only trains, but also strengthens it. And I would very much like to introduce you to some breathing exercises.
- Alternate breathing with both nostrils.
- Breathing while walking: inhale - 1 step, exhale 2 steps.
One of the important indicators of the state of the respiratory system isvital capacity of the lungs.
Let's find out for ourselves what it is.
Book work. Read the article "Vital Capacity" on pages 143-144.
Text work.
1. What is the vital capacity of the lungs?(the largest volume of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible)
2. What is the vital capacity of an adult?
3. How does the vital capacity change in people of different professions?
4. What instrument measures vital capacity.
5. Does smoking affect the vital capacity of the lungs.
Generalization.
Let's remember the beginning of the lesson. What questions did we ask
(Slide topic of the lesson.
Slide Conclusions).
- Air enters the lungs through respiratory movements, which involve the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.
- Breathing movements occur rhythmically.
- You need to breathe deeply and measuredly.
Consolidation. Working with tests
Grading the work in class
Since you did a very good job today, I think everyone will get good grades.
I am very satisfied with you! Well done boys! Thank you!
Breathing movements
Student: _____________________________________ Date: "_____" _____________ 200 __ |
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Breathing movements
Pressure in the chest
Lungs
outside air
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Pressure in the chest
Lungs
outside air |
Lesson Objectives:
- to deepen and generalize knowledge on the respiratory system, to study the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation, to learn how to protect the air environment.
Lesson objectives:
Educational: repeat the material about tissue and pulmonary respiration, consider the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation, determine the role of protective reflexes, explain the dangers of smoking and the need to protect the environment;
Developing: to continue the formation of students' intellectual skills, creative thinking and speech;
Educational: gaining experience in following the rules of respiratory hygiene, studying the positive role of physical labor.
Basic terms:
inhale- the initial phase of breathing, during which air enters the lungs.
Exhalation- a separate expulsion of air from the lungs during breathing.
Air environment- a complex set of interrelated and interacting factors that have a constant impact on the body of an animal and a person.
During the classes:
Checking homework.
Give short answers to the questions:
1. What role does oxygen play in the human body?
2. What is breathing and why do we need it?
3. What is the main function of the respiratory system?
4. What organs is it formed by?
5. In which organ of the respiratory system does gas exchange occur? What are the structural features of this organ?
6. How does the air in the respiratory tract change? Why should you breathe through your nose and not through your mouth?
7. What are the types of breathing?
8. What is the upper respiratory tract?
9. What is related to the lower respiratory tract?
Mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation.
The lungs are in the chest cavity. Muscle movements that change the volume of this cavity cause the movement of air into and out of the lungs, alternately increasing or decreasing the volume of the chest. This is due to rhythmic contractions of the respiratory muscles, as a result of which inhalation and exhalation are carried out - the intake and removal of air from the lungs, their ventilation. In picture 1 you can see the lungs.
Rice. 1. Lungs and breathing.
When inhaling, the intercostal muscles raise the ribs, and the diaphragm, contracting, becomes less convex, as a result, the volume of the chest increases, the lungs expand, the air pressure in them becomes lower than atmospheric pressure and the air rushes into the lungs - a calm breath occurs. With a deep breath, in addition to the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm, the muscles of the chest and shoulder girdle simultaneously contract. Figure 2 shows the inspiratory mechanism.
Rice. 2. Inspiratory mechanism
When exhaling, the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax, the ribs descend, the bulge of the diaphragm increases, as a result, the volume of the chest decreases, the lungs contract, the pressure in them becomes higher than atmospheric pressure and air rushes out of the lungs - a calm exhalation occurs. Deep exhalation is due to the contraction of the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles. Figure 3 shows the exhalation mechanism.
Rice. 3. Exhalation mechanism
In Figure 4, you can see which muscles are involved during inhalation and exhalation.
Rice. 4. Inspiratory and expiratory muscles
Thus, the rhythmic increase or decrease in the volume of the chest cavity acts as a mechanical pump, forcing air into and out of the lungs. The mechanism of inhalation and exhalation can be traced using the Donders model, which is shown in Figures 5 and 6.
Rice. 5. The mechanism of inhalation and exhalation on the Donders model.
Fig.6. Donders model
Let's watch a video about why breathing is so important to us:
Breathing regulation.
Conclusions.
1. The mechanism of inhalation: contraction of the respiratory muscles (intercostal and diaphragm); an increase in the volume of the chest cavity; decrease in pressure in the chest cavity and in the cavity of the lungs; intake of atmospheric air through the airways
2. Exhalation mechanism: lowering the ribs and relaxing the diaphragm; a decrease in the volume of the chest cavity and lung cavity; increased pressure in the lungs; pushing some of the air out.
3. The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata. It consists of centers of inhalation and exhalation, which regulate the work of the respiratory muscles. The collapse of the pulmonary alveoli, which occurs during exhalation, reflexively causes inspiration, and the expansion of the alveoli reflexively causes exhalation.
4. The work of the respiratory centers is also influenced by other centers, including those located in the cerebral cortex. Due to their influence, breathing changes when talking and singing. It is also possible to consciously change the rhythm of breathing during exercise.
control block.
1. What is the function of the diaphragm during inspiration?
2. Why does the volume of the lungs increase during inhalation?
3. Where does the exhalation mechanism begin?
4. What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation and why?
5. What does the respiratory center consist of, and what do these components do?
6. What happens to the muscles of inhalation and exhalation when holding the breath?
7. What happens when oxidation processes are intensified?
Homework.
Solve problems:
1. Knowing that the inhaled air contains about 20% oxygen, determine how much O2 a person passes through the lungs per day with calm breathing.
2. Knowing that the exhaled air contains 4% carbon dioxide, determine how much CO2 the student emits in 1 minute, in 1 hour, how much - all students in the class in 1 hour. Individual task: prepare messages for the next lesson. Message 1. "Breathing on Elbrus". Message 2. "The effect of smoking on breathing."
It's interesting to know that.
Artificial respiration is used in the provision of first aid to drowned people, in case of electric shock, lightning, carbon monoxide poisoning and other accidents. Artificial respiration allows you to resume the activity of the respiratory center and save a person from death. To do this, it is necessary to ensure the patency of the respiratory tract by cleaning the mouth and pharynx from foreign bodies. Figure 11 shows an example of artificial respiration while helping a drowning person.
Rice. 11. Artificial respiration. Help a drowning man
Let's watch a video on how to do artificial respiration:
Bibliography:
1. Lesson on the topic "The meaning of breathing. Organs of the respiratory systems" Vasilyeva I.N., biology teacher, secondary school No. 19.
2. Nikishov A.I., Rokhlov V.S., Man and his health. didactic material. M., 2011.
Edited and sent by Borisenko I.N.
Worked on the lesson:
Vasilyeva I.N.
Borisenko I.N.
Zaporozhets A.
You can raise a question about modern education, express an idea or solve an urgent problem at Education Forum where an educational council of fresh thought and action meets internationally. Having created blog, You will not only improve your status as a competent teacher, but also make a significant contribution to the development of the school of the future. Education Leaders Guild
PURPOSE: to form knowledge about the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation, neurohumoral regulation of respiration; show the negative effect of nicotine on the respiratory system; to form the foundations of a healthy lifestyle, to acquaint with the methodology for determining the state of one's health.
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Biology lesson. 8th grade.
Topic: "Mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation. Regulation of breathing"
Lesson Objectives:
Educational: to acquaint students with the mechanisms of entry and exhalation and reveal the negative impact of harmful factors on the functioning of the respiratory system;to deepen and evaluate students' knowledge on the topic, to consolidate the skills of working with the text of the textbook and visual material.
Educational: continue to develop teamwork skills and foster a sense of responsibility for one's health.
Developing: continue the development of students' creative activity, the formation of interest in the subject.
Planned results:Students learn about the mechanism of breathing.
Personal significance of the lesson:maintaining your own health.
Teaching methods: problem
What is the secret of the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation? Why do muscleless lungs follow the movements of the chest? What factors negatively affect the respiratory system?
Forms of work: group.
Equipment: homemade Donders model, tables depicting the respiratory system, human torso model, presentations, DER.
During the classes:
Org.moment Hello guys. Please, have a seat. My name is Alsu Infirovna. Today we will work together, and I really look forward to your support and cooperation.
Introductory conversation
A fragment of the song by V. Vysotsky "The Ballad of Love" sounds
Guys, how do you understand the words of the sounded song.
(Life is impossible without breathing.)
Right. We know that without food and water a person can live for several days, and without air it can be from 2 to 10 minutes and no more.
2. Actualization of students' knowledge
Let's remember what you already know about breathing.
Task 1 group. Arrange the respiratory organs in sequence, starting with the nasal cavity:
Trachea, nasal cavity, larynx, nasopharynx, bronchi, lungs
(Air enters the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs)
Task 2 group. From the list of body organs, select the respiratory organs:heart, nasal cavity, stomach, arteries, nasopharynx, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, aorta, lungs.(slide1)
Well done, you did a great job.
3. Learning a new topic
What do you associate with the concept of "breathing"
Breathing is usually associated with inhalation and exhalation.
How does air enter the airways?
(we inhale and exhale)
The theme of our lesson is the study of the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation. (Slide2)
Question. What is the purpose of the lesson? Understand the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation.(slide3) To achieve our goals, we must apply
tasks: - to find out what underlies the mechanism of respiration; How does the mechanism of respiration work? - the importance of proper breathing for improving human health.
The epigraph of our lesson will be the words: “To breathe means to live!”(slide 4) , since breathing is the most precious and protected "thread" on which our earthly existence depends
Problem question:What is the secret of inhalation and exhalation? (slide 5)
To answer the question, let's do an experiment.
Try to inhale or exhale so that the diaphragm and pectoral muscles do not contract. Why is this not possible? (Because the volume of the chest does not change)
Consider how the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation occurs on the Dordens model.simulates the chest cavity, the neck of the bottle - the trachea with the bronchus, and the ball inside the funnel is light, the rubber bottom depicts the diaphragm. (slide6)
Secret of inhalation and exhalation
If the intercostal muscles contract, then the chest rises, the diaphragm moves in, there is more space in the chest cavity, and the lungs expand -inhalation occurs. (slide 7)
When the intercostal muscles relax, the chest descends, the diaphragm moves forward, there is less space in the chest cavity, and the lungs are compressed -exhalation takes place. (slide8)
Task2.
Place your hand on your chest area and take a few breaths in and out. What do you feel?
(chest up and down)
One breathing movement consists of inhalation and exhalation.Respiratory movements - inhalation and exhalation - are carried out with the participation of the chest. The intercostal muscles also participate in the act of breathing. But most of the ventilation of the lungs is provided by one organ. What kind of body it is, we will find out by completing the following task. In front of you envelopes you need to collect the word-organ, which plays a major role in the respiratory act.
It turned out the word-diaphragm. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and plays a major role in the respiratory act.
Why do muscleless lungs follow the movement of the chest?
The lungs themselves cannot pump or expel air, because there is no muscle tissue in the lungs and therefore they cannot actively contract. Since the pressure in the slit-like space between the lungs and the walls of the chest cavity is less than the air pressure in the lungs, the lungs are always compressed and therefore follow the chest. They only passively follow the change in the volume of the chest cavity. An active role in the act of inhalation and exhalation belongs to the respiratory muscles: the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.
Guys, we found out that the lungs are involved in the process of inhalation and exhalation, and what function do they perform? (organ of excretion). Let's try and prove it.
Everyone has a mirror on the table, inhale a small portion of air into yourself and hold your breath for 2-3 seconds, and then exhale the air on the mirror. What do you see on the mirror? Why did they appear?
Do you think the rhythm of breathing, the strength of inhalation and exhalation change or not and why. Let's install it.We work according to the instructions, the results are recorded in the evaluation sheet. For this task, we need a clock with a second hand. Place your hand on your chest and, at my signal, use your watch to count the number of breaths in 30 seconds. Remember that inhaling and exhaling is one breath. Record the results in a table.
Effect of exercise on breathing rate
Progress. count the number of breaths in 30 seconds. after 5 squats at a fast pace. Record the results in a table.
Conclusion: after exercise, the number of respiratory movements increased, since energy is consumed, it can be replenished by the oxidation of organic substances. Whoever has the same conclusion, put a plus. How should it be normal? With calm breathing 17-22 times, who has a plus. With physical activity 24-28 times, who has a plus.
Do you think the composition of inhaled and exhaled air is different?? (slide9 ) (yes, oxygen and carbon dioxide content)
Name of substances | The composition of the inhaled air in% | Composition of exhaled air in % |
Oxygen | 16,3 |
|
Nitrogen | ||
Carbon dioxide | 0,03 | |
Other gases and impurities |
Let's test this experimentally.
4.2. Conducting experience
After work, the guys conclude that lime water becomes cloudy, because carbon dioxide entered it when air was exhaled,
Guys, what do you think regulates the breathing process? (slide 10)
(Nervous and humoral system)(slide 11)
Nervous regulation.( slide 12) Regulation is carried out by the respiratory center, located in the medulla oblongata of the brain. It consists of centers of inhalation and exhalation.
In addition to nervous regulation, the respiratory system is also controlled by the humoral system..(slide13) The humoral system maintains the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen at a certain level.
With an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood, the activity of the respiratory center increases and the person begins to breathe more often and deeper.
What are the protective reflexes of the body? (slide 14)
The form of respiratory activity is sneezing and coughing. They are regulated by protective respiratory reflexes. What causes sneezing and coughing. We work with the textbook on page 180. find answers(slide 15)
Cough - a sharp reflex exhalation through the mouth, resulting from irritation of the receptors of the larynx
Sneezing is a strong and very fast reflex exhalation through the nostrils, resulting from irritation of the receptors of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. During sneezing, substances that irritate are removed (dust, substances with a pungent odor
Guys, I know some health secrets. Do you want me to share with you?
A significant part of people incorrectly inhale and exhale - most have a thoracic or mixed type of breathing. And the diaphragmatic type or breathing with the stomach is correct, when the chest is in less movement, the abdominal muscles contract. This is the little secret of health. Would you like me to teach you how to breathe properly?
Place one hand on your chest and the other on your stomach. On a count of 1-2, you should inhale through your nose, lips closed. And at the expense of 1-2-3-4, a smooth exhalation, while the chest should be in less movement, and the abdominal muscles, on the contrary, in movement. Does everyone understand? Then take a comfortable position on a chair, lower your shoulders, put your feet on a full foot, relax the muscles of your face, neck, arms, legs. Relax completely. At this time, we save energy, free ourselves from negative emotions. At the expense of 1-2 breaths, the abdominal muscles are in motion. 1-2-3-4 smooth exhalation.
We must take care of our body, protect it from negative influences, diseases)
Problem question: (slide 16) What factors can negatively affect the activity of the human respiratory system (effect of nicotine on the respiratory system, vehicle exhaust gases
What about air pollution in the classroom?
Dust.
Offer the simplest way to keep students productive and smart(Ventilate classrooms, because the amount of carbon dioxide by the end of lesson 6 increases, which affects the mental abilities and performance of students)
3. Consolidation of educational material. Grab the score sheets and take the test.
- Does breathing require pure oxygen or air?(air ).
What gases make up atmospheric air?
(oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide).
Do you think the composition of inhaled and exhaled air is different? (yes, oxygen and carbon dioxide content
4. Reflection. (slide 17)I suggest you rate how you learned the topic in a slightly unusual way. You have balloons on the tables, please inflate them according to the rating you give yourself:
Red, pink - "5"
Blue, purple, blue - "4"
Yellow, orange - "3"
I want to end this lesson with the words of the poet (Leonid Derbenev)
We have been given a lot in this world,
Grow, seek and err,
But the main thing is to breathe.
Love, find and never give up!
Thank you for the lesson.
Homework (slide 18) (2 minutes) read § 28 material; answer questions 4-7
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Slides captions:
Respiratory tract: Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
The topic of the lesson is the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation. Breathing regulation.
The purpose of the lesson: To get acquainted with the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation; how nervous and humoral regulation is carried out
Epigraph "To breathe is to live!"
Problematic question: What is the secret of inhalation and exhalation?
Mechanism of inhalation intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract ribs rise, diaphragm descends thoracic cavity volume increases lung volume increases air is sucked into the lungs inhalation occurs
Exhalation mechanism Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax Ribs descend, diaphragm rises Chest cavity volume decreases Lungs contract Air is forced out of them Exhalation occurs
What do you think regulates the breathing process?
Respiratory regulation Nervous Humoral
Nervous Involuntary regulation of the frequency and depth of breathing Arbitrary regulation of the frequency and depth of breathing Carried out by the Respiratory center of the medulla oblongata Cortex of the cerebral hemispheres Impact on cold, pain and other receptors can stop breathing We can arbitrarily speed up or stop breathing
Humoral regulation Respiratory rate and depth Accelerates Excess CO 2 Slows Lack of CO 2
What are the protective reflexes of the body?
Sneezing is a defensive reaction of the body through the nose. Cough is a defensive reaction of the body through the mouth.
Problematic question: What factors can negatively affect the activity of the human respiratory system?
Reflection. Please inflate the balloons according to the score you give yourself: Red, pink - "5" Blue, purple - "4" Yellow, orange - "3"
Thank you for your attention
Preview:
Application No. 1
EVALUATION PAPER
Full name of student(s) _________________________________________________
Task 1. Influence of physical exercises on the frequency of respiratory movements
Task 2.
Test.
1 option.
1. The process of air entering the body:
A) exhale
B) inhale
B) diffusion.
2. The rhythm of breathing and the strength of inhalation and exhalation:
A) change depending on the needs of the body
B) do not change
3. Breathing movements consist of:
A) inhale
B) exhale
B) inhale and exhale
4.
The shape of the diaphragm during contraction:
A) flat B) domed C) elongated D) concave
5. What remains on the mirror when you exhale:
A) carbon dioxide
B) water
6. The correct type of breathing:
A) chest type
B) diaphragm type
B) mixed type
test work |
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Question number | ||||||
Answer | ||||||
Correct answer | ||||||
Application №2
Instruction card No. 1
Changes in respiratory movements in different conditions.
Progress:
1. Place your hand on your chest and at the teacher's signal, hold your breath, and use your watch to count the number of breaths in 30 seconds. Record the results in a table.
2. Stand up and, at the signal of the teacher, do 5 squats.
Sit down and count the number of breaths again. movements in 30 sec. Record the results and draw a conclusion. The number of respiratory movements in a normal state in 30 seconds.
The number of respiratory movements after exercise in 30 seconds.
Conclusion: …………………………………………………………………….………………………………………
Task2. Test
Option 2.
1. The process associated with the release of air from the lungs:
A) exhale
B) inhale
B) diffusion.
2. The lungs are an excretory organ because
A) excrete salts
B) release ammonia
B) release water
3. When inhaling and exhaling, the following happens:
A) changes in the circumference of the chest
B) the circumference of the chest does not change
4.
The respiratory center is located in:
A) medulla oblongata B) cerebellum C) diencephalon D) cerebral cortex
5. How to breathe correctly
A) mouth
B) nose
6. To determine breathing in case of accidents, what is used:
A) a mirror
B) handkerchief
test work |
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Question number |
slide 1.
Lesson topic:respiratory mechanism. Breathing regulation.
educational: repeat the material on the structure and functions of the respiratory organs, on the significance of biological oxidation, consider the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation, determine the role of reflex and humoral mechanisms of respiration; explain the mechanism and significance of protective respiratory reflexes: coughing, sneezing, to form new anatomical and physiological concepts in students - respiratory movements, vital capacity of the lungs; to continue to develop in students the concepts of nervous and humoral regulation, to continue to develop in students general biological concepts about the relationship between the structure and function of the respiratory system, self-regulation, to continue to develop hygiene concepts (about the dangers of dust and smoking), to develop students' skills to work with a textbook. developing: To develop creative thinking and speech of students, apply problem questions, solve calculation and logical problems, generalizing and other questions for reflection. continue the formation of students' intellectual skills, creative thinking and speech; Educational : For the purpose of physical and hygienic education, to substantiate the rules of respiratory hygiene, the positive role of physical labor and physical education in the development of respiratory muscles, in health promotion, tactfully achieve an organized practical struggle of all students for their health, for clean air in the classroom, school and home. Slide 5. Lesson plan. Updating knowledge on the topic "Respiratory system". - differentiated work on cards (5-6 people). - work with flash animation (1 person). -Analyzing characteristics of the structure, functions, biological significance of the organs of the respiratory system. (4 people). 2. Learning a new topic. 3. Laboratory work 4. Fixing. 5. Grading. Analysis of results.  slide 6.
Competences.
General educational competencies: -
educational - organizational (organization of the workplace, the implementation of self-control and mutual control); Slide 7. Knowledge update. First parties. Complete tasks on cards.
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Work at the blackboard flash animation. ANIMATION 1 1. Name and show bodies respiratory system. 2. Give a description of the organ of the respiratory system: Structural features Functions. slide 8. Respiratory system. (ANIMATION 1.) The student works with flash animation (animation, with the correct display of the structures that make up the respiratory system, shows the correct name of the anatomical structure. The student answers two questions: 1. What is breathing? What are the stages of this process? 2. How does voice formation occur and speech sounds are formed?
slide 9. NOSE CAVITY.
slide 10. LARYNX . Why is it dangerous to talk while eating?
Slide 11. TRACHEA AND BRONCH.
slide 12. LUNGS.
Slides 13-16. Card work. Dear student, read all the tasks, select the tasks of your level. Please note that the time for completing tasks at each level is different. Zero level, first level 5-8 min, second level 8-10 min, third level 10-12 min . Card 1. Exercise Zero level. On "3" Determine the order in which oxygen enters the cells of the body. Record this process with numbers. 1. From the lungs, oxygen enters the capillaries of the pulmonary vesicles. 2. Through the nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi, oxygen enters the lungs. 3. From the capillaries, oxygen, together with the blood, enters the pulmonary veins. 4. From the left ventricle, oxygenated blood enters the aorta. 5. From the pulmonary vein, oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium. 6. The aorta branches, a network of arteries and capillaries is formed, the capillaries supply the cells of the body with oxygen. 7. From the left atrium, blood enters the left ventricle. First level on "4" Set a match. 1. Hemoglobin. 2. Oxygen. 3. Carbon dioxide. 4. Diffusion. 5. Tissue cells. 6. intercellular fluid. 7. Pulmonary capillaries. 8. Capillaries in tissues. 9. Red blood cells. 10. Leukocytes. 1. What comes from the blood to the lungs? II. What goes from the lungs into the blood? Sh. What comes from the tissues into the blood? IV . What comes from the blood to the tissues? V pigment in the blood. VI . Place of oxidation of organic substances. VII . consumers of oxygen. VIII . The physical phenomenon is the cause of gas exchange in the lungs. IX . Cells are oxygen carriers. X. Decomposition product of organic substances. Second level on "4"
breath?
they're called? 7. What physical process underlies Gas exchange? 8. How are bronchioles different from bronchi? The third level on "5". Explain the process or phenomena. Justify your answer Climbers at high altitude begin to feel dizzy, weak, sometimes there is a loss of consciousness - "mountain sickness" occurs. These signs with frequent training eventually disappear. Guess what changes occur in this case in the human blood? With a burnout, a person dies from suffocation, despite the fact that oxygen enters the lungs in sufficient quantities, and the admixture of oxygen oxide in the blood is only 0.1%. Why does suffocation occur?
Slide 17-20. Card2. Exercise Dear student, after reading the tasks, select the tasks of your level. Please note that the time for completing tasks at each level is different. Zero level, first level 5-8 min, second level 8-10 min, third level 10-12 min . Zero level. On "3" Fill in the missing words in the text. “From the capillaries... of the circulation, oxygen enters the cells of the body. In arterial blood... more than in body cells. Oxygen by law... enters the cells. In cages First level on "4" Set a match. Mucous membrane. 2. Pulmonary vesicles. 3. Lungs. 4. Bronchi. 5. Trachea. 6. Epiglottis. 7. Larynx. 8. Cartilaginous semi- 1. Does not let food into the larynx. II. Do not allow the trachea to narrow. Sh. Purifies the inhaled air from dust and microbes and warms. HA Superficial layer of the airways. V . The initial part of the airway. VI . Lines the outer surface of the lungs. VII . Covers the wall of the chest cavity from the inside. V Sh. The longest part of the airway. IX . Place of gas exchange between lungs and blood. X. Place of diffusion of gases. Second level on "4" Answer the following questions. 1. The lungs are located in the chest and are separated from its walls. cavity. What is it called? 2. Inhalation is carried out due to the work of the diaphragm. It's breath called abdominal. What makes breastfeeding breath? 3. The cerebral cortex takes part in the regulation of breathing. How does it manifest itself? 4. What is the name of the part of the respiratory system in which there is no 5. There are receptors in the upper respiratory tract, which, when irritated, cause protective respiratory reflexes. How they're called? 6. Since the respiratory muscles are presented transversely striped muscles, a person can arbitrarily change the depth and frequency of breathing. What center regulates this process? 7. Due to what is the implementation of involuntary processes of inhalation and exhalation? The third level on "5". Explain the process or phenomena. Justify the answer. 1. Explain how the respiratory organs are anatomically related to the circulatory organs? How are the functions of the circulatory system related to the functions of the respiratory system. 2. How does respiratory failure affect the work of the heart, blood circulation? Give examples. Slide 21. Answers. Card 1. Level 0: 2,1,3,5,7,4,6. 1st level: thirteen; II. – 2; W - 3; IV. - 2; V - 1; VI. - 5; VII. - 5; VIII. - 4; IX. - 9; X-3. 2nd level: 1 - pleural; 3rd level: blood acquires the ability to absorb oxygen in larger quantities than under normal conditions. In particular, athletes use this to improve their results. Card 1. 0 level: large, oxygen, diffusion, exchange, carbon dioxide, veins, venous, right. 1st level: sixteen; II. - eight; W - 10; IV. - one; V - 10; VI. - 9; VII. - 9; VIII. - 5; IX. – 2; X-2. Level 2: 1 - pleural; 2 - due to an increase in the chest. 3 - in a delay, changes in the frequency and depth of breathing; 4 - dead space; 5 - cough, sneezing; 6 - respiratory center; 7 - due to the unconditioned reflex; 8 - diffusion; 9 - dimensions. 3rd level: CO forms with blood Hb the compound carboHb, which is much stronger than oxyHb. slide 22. health moments. Breathe with pleasure. Remember that a pleasant sensation in itself has a significant healing effect. You need to breathe through your nose.
slide 23. Breathing exercises.
1. Stand comfortably with your feet shoulder-width apart, feet parallel, resting on the middle of the foot. 3. Imagine that a light is clamped between the palms that warms the hands, focus on it. and then exhale without delay, lowering the shoulders. 2. With inhalation, as the lungs are filled, the shoulders are slowly taken back, bringing the shoulder blades together and bringing the hands together behind the back. Then slowly exhale, moving the shoulders and arms forward, squeezing the chest. Do not strain your arms and shoulders. 3. Inhale as you lean to the left. With an exhalation, we take the starting position. Next, we lean to the right. We do not bend the neck and arms. 4. Alternately perform circular smooth movements with your shoulders. The same in the opposite direction. Breathing is arbitrary. Completed. slide 24. TOPIC OF THE LESSON: Goals: to deepen and generalize knowledge on the respiratory system, to study the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation, the regulation of respiratory processes. Lesson plan . 1. Updating knowledge on the topic "Respiratory system". (mutual check). 2. Learning a new topic. 3. Laboratory work 4. Fixing. 5. Grading. Analysis of results. slide 25. Basic concepts. Working with definitions. (definitions are written in a notebook - a dictionary). inhale - the initial phase of breathing, during which air enters the lungs. Exhalation - a separate expulsion of air from the lungs during breathing. Air environment - a complex set of interrelated and interacting factors that have a constant impact on organism animal and human. Involuntary regulation of breathing - a process carried out by the respiratory center, located in the medulla oblongata (one of the parts of the hindbrain). The ventral (lower) part of the respiratory center is responsible for stimulating inspiration; it is called the center of inhalation). Stimulation of this center increases the frequency and depth of inspiration. The dorsal (upper) part and both lateral (lateral) ones inhibit inhalation and stimulate exhalation; they are collectively called the exhalation center (expiratory center). respiratory center connected with the intercostal muscles by the intercostal nerves, and with the diaphragm by the phrenic nerves. bronchial tree (a collection of bronchi and bronchioles) is innervated or controlled by the vagus nerve.
slide 26. BREATHING MOVEMENTS - INHALE and EXHALE. Breath means life. This phrase is undeniable. Usually, we associate breathing with inhalation and exhalation, that is, those respiratory movements that a person needs to ventilate the lungs. Air enters the lungs because they can change their volume due to the elasticity of the alveoli, but there are no muscles in the lungs, but they still can expand and contract, due to what does this happen? Problem question. What is the secret of inhalation and exhalation? Why do muscleless lungs follow the movement of the chest? Experience. To answer the question, let's do an experiment. Try to inhale or exhale so that the diaphragm and pectoral muscles do not contract. slide 27. - Why is it not possible? Now try holding your breath, blocking the exit from the airways and contracting the muscles in your abdomen and chest. What conclusion can be drawn from this experience? Conclusion. For respiratory movements to be possible, it is necessary that the muscles can change the volume of the chest cavity and that the inhalation / exhalation of air through the airways must be free. (ANIMATION RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 2 and 2.1.) slide 28. The lungs never contract or expand on their own, they simply passively follow the chest.The chest cavity expands due to the work of the respiratory muscles, which include the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is a muscular septum that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. When you inhale, it drops by 3-4 cm. At the same time, the volume of the chest increases by 1000-1200 ml., In addition, there is a contraction of the intercostal muscles, which raise the lungs, which also increases the volume of the chest cavity, while the lungs expand. In the distended lungs, the pressure becomes lower than atmospheric pressure and, as a result of the pressure difference, outside air enters the respiratory tract. There is a breath. Inhalation is followed by exhalation and the diaphragm, and the intercostal muscles relax, the ribs descend, the volume of the chest decreases, the lungs contract and push the air out through the airways, exhalation occurs. slide 29. Basic concepts. Tidal volume- the volume of air inhaled during a normal inhalation and exhaled during a normal exhalation. VITAL CAPACITY is the expiratory volume after the previous maximum inspiration. ISP RESERVE VOLUME - the amount of air that a person can supplement to inhale after a quiet breath. RESERVE EXHAUST VOLUME - the amount of air that a person can add to inhale after a quiet exhalation.
Slide 30. (More information will be included if there is enough time) VITAL CAPACITY OF THE LUNGS. Is VC equal to lung volume? It turns out not. This is due to the fact that the lungs always have a residual volume of air equal to approximately 1 liter. VC = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume. VC depends on the age, gender and degree of training of a person. VC is measured with a special device - a spirometer. Sport and physical activity contribute to the development of muscles that take part in respiratory movements, which means that the Vital Capacity of the Lungs increases. (WISH). slide 31. Guys, what do you think regulates the breathing process? slide 32. From the first to the last day of his life, a person breathes rhythmically. The rhythm of his breathing never goes astray (is not disturbed), only its frequency does not change. A newborn child makes approximately 60 respiratory movements per minute, a 5-year-old child - 25, at the age of 16-18, movements become 16-18 per minute. In old age, breathing becomes a little faster again. WHAT IS THE RHYTHM OF BREATHING DEFINED? AND ON WHAT DOES IT DEPEND ON? The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata. Approximately every 4 seconds in the respiratory muscles there are respiratory impulses that cause the chest to rise and the diaphragm to lower. THANKS TO THIS, THE INSPIRATION HAPPENS. Expiration at rest is passive. The ribs are lowered by gravity. When inhaling, the muscles stretch, mechanical receptors located in the walls of the lungs are excited, impulses are transmitted to the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata and inhibit its activity. The respiratory muscles relax and exhalation occurs. The work of the respiratory center affects the higher respiratory centers located in the cerebral cortex. Thanks to their activity, respiratory movements change. In this way, you can consciously change the frequency of breathing. slide 33. REGULATION OF BREATHING. Intensity appears: 1. when playing sports. 2. in emotional states. Influence of respiratory centers of protective reflexes, physical activity, emotions -----) 1. respiratory stimulation -------) higher respiratory centers 2. Deceleration of breathing -------) higher respiratory centers, protective reflexes, emotions. (ANIMATION 5, 6 7).
slide 34. REGULATION OF BREATHING. The conversation about nervous regulation will not be finished if we do not talk about such respiratory mechanisms - sneezing and coughing. 1. Irritation of the mucous membrane. (nasal cavity ---- Sneezing) (larynx, trachea, bronchi, cough) Dust; Bad smelling substances. 2. The desire of the body to throw out, get rid of the irritating factor. 3. receipt of an impulse in the medulla oblongata. 4. The medulla oblongata sends signals to the muscles 5. as a result of breathing, the vocal cords close, and a stream of air under pressure breaks out. (ANIMATIONS 8 and 9) Irritation of the nasal mucosa - Sneezing. Irritation of the mucous membrane of the larynx, trachea, bronchi) - cough. slide 35. FIXING. Laboratory work No. 8.1. 10 squats (three-phase test by Professor L.G. Serkin) Evaluation of results
Messages:1. "The effect of nicotine on the respiratory system". "Air environment and its protection" slide 36. VERIFICATION WORK. “Mechanism of inhalation and exhalation Programmed Poll Gas exchange takes place _______. The bronchi branch and end in _______ Alveolar and exhaled air has _______. The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm are classified as _______. Air passing through the nasal cavity _______. After eating a large amount of food, breathing _______. The respiratory center is in a state of constant _______. Each lung is covered with _______ on top. When you inhale, is the air pressure greater or less than atmospheric pressure? __________________ The lung follows the movement of the chest, as the pressure in the pleural space is _______. slide 37. Answers Gas exchange is carried out by _______ (diffusion). The bronchi branch and end in _______ (pulmonary vesicles). Alveolar and exhaled air has _______ (the same gas composition). The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm are classified as _______ (respiratory muscles). Air, passing through the nasal cavity, _______ (cleaned, warmed, disinfected). After eating a large amount of food, breathing _______ (difficulty). The respiratory center is in a state of constant _______ (activity). Each lung is covered with _______ (pleura) on top. When you inhale, is the air pressure greater or less than atmospheric pressure? (less). The lung follows the movement of the chest, as the pressure in the pleural space is _______ (negative). slide 38. Answers: 1.D, 2.B, 3.D, 4.B, 5.C. Slide 39-40. 0 level.1.§28 according to the textbook by D.V. Kolesov, R.D. Mash, compose a syncwine on the topic “Sources of atmospheric air pollution”. Answer the questions in writing §. 2. Creative Lab: 1 LEVEL
. 2 LEVEL , 3. Why do classrooms need to be wet cleaned daily? Suggest the easiest way to maintain high 4. working capacity and mental abilities of students during the school day. 3 LEVEL. 1. How much air passes through the lungs of a person with calm breathing per minute, per hour, per day, if the tidal volume of air is 500 ml. And the respiratory rate is 18 times per minute? 2. Knowing that the inhaled air contains about 20% oxygen, determine how much oxygen a person passes through the lungs per day with calm breathing. 3. Knowing that the exhaled air contains 4% carbon dioxide, determine how much carbon dioxide a student emits per minute, in 1 hour, how much all students in the class do in 1 hour.
Slide 41. Additional Information. Inspiratory and expiratory mechanism on the Donders model. The intake of air into the lungs and its removal (expulsion) can be observed on the model of the inventor and physiologist Donders For work we need: equipment. glass funnel, 2 balloons, thread, adhesive tape. Progress: 1.ball we put it inside the funnel, and pull its valve outward and pull it from the outside and tightly tie it with a thread. 2. second the ball in half and pull it over the wide socket of the funnel so that a rubber bottom is formed. And in order to keep the bottom better, we fasten it with adhesive tape on the outside of the funnel. the tube of the funnel simulates the upper respiratory tract, the ball inside the funnel is a lung, the rubber bottom is the diaphragm. The glass body of the funnel is the walls of the chest cavity. When the rubber bottom is retracted, the pressure in the model and the chest cavity drops and the outside air enters the ball, it swells like a lung during inhalation, when we release the diaphragm model, the air comes out of the ball - exhalation occurs It should be noted that not only the lungs, but also the skin takes part in human breathing (the skin on the chest, abdomen, and back breathes especially intensively. Slide 42.
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