Modern terrorism is characterized by the integration of individual terrorist organizations into larger structures on a religious, ethnic, ideological basis. As a rule, these structures are well organized, use modern means of communication to coordinate their actions, have reliable sources of funding and suppliers of weapons, which are both economically developed countries and poorly developed regions where armed conflicts take place. International terrorism is the same terrorism, but, having already crossed state borders, it is a system of reliable ties between terrorist organizations among themselves and with their "sponsors". It can also be seen as a kind of force carrying the idea of global decentralization, the first stage of which has already ended with the collapse of the major colonial powers after the Second World War. But if the first stage was headed by national liberation movements, then the second stage, the essence of which is actually the dismemberment of large states into many small autonomous entities, is headed by international terrorist organizations. This process is clearly expressed in the Eurasian and, partially, in the African regions and is almost invisible in North America, mainly due to a convenient geopolitical position.
Thus, international terrorism can be defined as a well-established system of interrelations between terrorist organizations around the world, each of which is well structured, has reliable channels for the receipt of funds and weapons, is popular with some segments of the population and is on the side of the forces of separatism and decentralization.
For many countries, terrorism has already become a factor in domestic and foreign policy: anti-terrorist legislation is being tightened, the costs of maintaining law enforcement agencies are growing, police and military operations are being carried out, and attempts are being made to organize international cooperation, the purpose of which is to exchange information and experience in combating various forms of extremism. /nine/
Typology of terrorism.
Experts studying the phenomenon of terrorism identify six main types of modern terrorism:
nationalist terrorism;
religious terrorism;
state-supported terrorism;
terrorism of the left extremists;
right-wing extremist terrorism;
anarchist terrorism.
Nationalist terrorism
Terrorists of this type usually aim at the formation of a separate state for their ethnic group. They call it "national liberation" which they think the rest of the world has forgotten about. This type of terrorist often wins sympathy in the international arena.
Experts say that it is nationalist terrorists who, in the course of their armed struggle, can reduce the level of violence they use, or at least correlate it with the actions of their enemies.
This is done mainly in order not to lose the support of their ethnic group. Many nationalist terrorists claim that they are not terrorists, but fighters for the freedom of their people.
Typical examples are the Irish Republican Army and the Palestine Liberation Organization. Both organizations declared in the 1990s that they were abandoning terrorist methods. Experts refer to the same type of terrorists the Basque Homeland and Freedom organization, which intends to separate the areas of traditional residence of the Basques from Spain, and the Kurdistan Workers' Party, which wants to create its own state in Turkey.
Religious terrorism
Religious terrorists use violence for purposes they believe are determined by the Lord. At the same time, the objects of their attacks are blurred geographically, ethnically, and socially. In this way, they want to achieve immediate and dramatic change, often at a global level.
Religious terrorists belong not only to small cults, but also to widespread religious denominations. This type of terrorism is developing much more dynamically than the others. So, in the mid-1990s, out of 56 well-known terrorist organizations, almost half declared religious motives.
Since the "religious" are not concerned with the restoration of rights in any particular territory or the implementation of any political principles, the scale of their attacks is often much greater than that of "nationalists" or ideological extremists. Their enemies are everyone who is not a member of their religious sect or denomination.
This category of terrorists includes Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda, the Sunni Muslim group Hamas, the Lebanese Shiite group Hezbollah, the late Rabbi Meer Kahan's radical Jewish organizations, some American Ku Klux Klan "people's militia" ", and the Japanese cult "Aum Senrikyo".
State-supported terrorism
Some terrorist groups have been deliberately used by various governments as a cheap way to wage war. Such terrorists are dangerous primarily because their resources are usually much more powerful, they can even bomb airports.
One of the most notorious cases was Iran's use of a group of young militants to take hostages at the American embassy in 1979.
Currently, the US State Department considers Iran one of the main sponsors of terrorism, but Cuba, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria are also accused of supporting terrorists.
Among the known terrorist groups, the following links with governments can be distinguished: Hezbollah is supported by Iran, the Abu Nidal organization by Iraq, the Japanese Red Army by Libya.
Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda was so closely linked to the Taliban when they were in power in Afghanistan that some experts place it in the same category.
Terrorism of the left extremists
The most radical left wants to destroy capitalism and replace it with a communist or socialist regime.
Since they usually consider the civilian population to be victims of capitalist exploitation, they do not often resort to terrorist attacks against ordinary citizens. They resort much more to kidnapping rich people or blowing up various "symbols of capitalism".
Examples of such groups are the German Baader-Meinhof, the Japanese Red Army and the Italian Red Brigades.
Right-wing terrorism
Right-wing extremists are usually the most unorganized groupings, often associated with Western European neo-Nazis.
Their task is to fight against democratic governments to replace them with fascist states.
Neo-fascists attack immigrants and refugees, in the views of such groups are primarily racists and anti-Semites.
Anarchist terrorism
Anarchist terrorists were a global phenomenon from the 1870s to the 1920s. One of the US presidents, William McKinley, was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901.
In Russia during the same period, anarchists carried out many successful terrorist attacks. The Bolsheviks, who came to power in Russia as a result of the October 1917 coup, were closely associated with many "exploders", although they themselves were mainly engaged in bank robberies - the so-called "expropriations".
Some experts suggest that modern anti-globalists may give rise to new wave anarchist terrorism.
More detailed information on the classification of terrorism can be found in English in the encyclopedia "Terrorism: Questions and Answers".
Characteristics of Islamic terrorism
The specificity of Islamic terrorism is largely determined by the characteristics of Islam as a religion. The Qur'an preaches peace among the "believers" (i.e. Muslims), allows peaceful coexistence with the infidels, but justifies the extermination of the latter if they act as "enemies of Allah and Muslims."
In America, Islamists see it not only as a stronghold of Israel, but also as the center of "world evil" - the vanguard of Western liberal, materialistic civilization, not so much "Christian" as "godless." Islamists are also hostile to such countries as India (because of Kashmir), Russia (because of Chechnya), Serbia (because of Bosnia), Ethiopia (because of Eritrea). Accordingly, these countries are also real or potential targets for terrorist attacks.
A characteristic feature of the ideology of Islamic terrorism is the justification for killing civilians (including women and children) because they pay taxes, are potential soldiers, and are "involved in war time to ancillary activities.
Popular in Islamic terrorism is the doctrine of jihad (war for faith), which arose in the Middle Ages. Jihad considers participation in war as a religious duty of a Muslim, and death "for the sake of Allah" - as the best, direct way to paradise.
The main objects of "jihad" are Israel and the United States. Israel "captured Muslim Palestine"; he controls the territory of al-Haram al-Sharif (Temple Mount) in Jerusalem, where the Al-Aqsa Mosque is located - the third most important shrine of Islam after the Kaaba in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. Many Muslims are sure that the "Jews" dream of destroying this mosque in order to restore the Temple of Jerusalem in its place.
Islamic terrorist organizations successfully use kamikaze to carry out terrorist attacks. This practice is based on the cult of "martyrdom for the sake of Allah" stemming from the doctrine of jihad.
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Bibliography:
1. Constitution Russian Federation: [adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993] // Rossiyskaya gazeta. - 1993 - No. 237.25 December.
2. Russian Federation. On compulsory health insurance in the Russian Federation: federal law [adopted by the State. Duma 19. 11. 2010 (as amended on 21. 07. 2014) No. 326 - FZ] Collection of Legislation, 06.12.2010. - No. 49. - Art. 6422.
3. Belov, V. A. "Sick" question: civil legal relations with medical organizations // Legislation. 2013. No. 11. pp. 6-12.
4. Vronskaya M.V. Institute of the right to health protection in the system of social protection of citizens of the Russian Federation // Social and pension law. 2011. №2.
6. Electronic resource. // Access mode: http://www.prozdor.ru.
Ivanov V.I., Lubenets Ya.A.
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM AS A GLOBAL PROBLEM IN THE MODERN WORLD
Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law, Voronezh
Keywords Keywords: international terrorism, types of terrorism, globalization
Keywords: international terrorism, the types of terrorism, globalization.
Annotation: the article discusses the concept and essence
international terrorism as a global problem of the modern world.
Abstract: The article discusses the concept and essence of international terrorism as a global problem of the modern world.
International terrorism is one of the most important problems not only of our country, but of the world as a whole. International terrorism is a complex interdisciplinary problem. The very aggravation of the global problem of international terrorism at the turn of the 21st century has become a hallmark of modern stage development of the world community.
The essence of terrorism is violence for the purpose of intimidation. The subject of terrorist violence is individuals or non-governmental organizations. The object of violence is the authorities represented by individual civil servants or society represented by
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individual citizens (including foreigners, or civil servants of other states). In addition - private and public property, infrastructure, life support systems. The purpose of violence is to achieve the development of events desirable for terrorists - revolution, destabilization of society, unleashing a war with a foreign state, gaining independence by a certain territory, a fall in the prestige of the authorities, political concessions from the authorities, etc.
International terrorism is today an integral part of the proliferation of criminal transnational organizations supported by corrupt
government officials and politicians.
The Russian scientist and author Kalinichev, in his work “The rights and freedoms of a citizen in the context of the fight against terrorism,” believed that many problems are inherent in the problem of international terrorism. common features characteristic of other universal human predicaments, such as planetary scales of manifestation; great sharpness; negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the life of mankind increases; the need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of international terrorism also has its own specific features.
Scientists, such as Grachev S.I. and Kolobov O.A., believed that, first of all, one should pay attention to the fact that the very problem of international terrorism is connected with the main spheres of life of the world community and societies of individual countries: politics, national relations, religion, ecology, criminal communities, etc. This connection is reflected in the existence of various types of terrorism, which include: political, national, religious, criminal and environmental terrorism.
Members of groups carrying out political terror set themselves the task of achieving political, social or economic changes within a particular state, as well as undermining interstate relations, international legal order. Nationalist (or as it is also called national, ethnic or separatist) terrorism pursues the goal of solving national question, which in Lately is becoming more and more the nature of separatist aspirations in various multi-ethnic states.
The religious form of terrorism is due to the attempts of armed groups professing a particular religion to fight
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against a state dominated by a different religion or a different religious trend.
Criminal terrorism is formed on the basis of some kind of criminal business (drug business, illegal arms trafficking, smuggling, etc.) with the aim of creating chaos and tension in the conditions of which it is most likely to receive super profits.
Ecological terrorism is carried out by groups that use violent methods in general against scientific and technological progress, pollution environment, killing animals and building nuclear facilities.
Another distinctive feature of the global problem of international terrorism is the significant influence of international criminal communities, certain political forces and some states on it. This influence undoubtedly leads to an aggravation of the problem under consideration.
IN modern world there are manifestations of state terrorism associated with attempts to eliminate heads of foreign states and other political figures; with actions aimed at overthrowing governments foreign countries; creating panic among the population of foreign countries, etc.
International terrorism is today an integral part of the spread of transnational criminal organizations supported by corrupt
government officials and politicians. So, in the widely known work of English scientists such as Held D., and Goldblet D., “Global transformations”, it is noted: “There are also negative forms international organizations such as terrorist and criminal organizations. Despite centuries of conflict between smugglers and the authorities, in recent years the growth of transnational criminal organizations is associated with the drug trade (now, according to experts, its annual turnover is over 300 billion dollars) and the widespread organized crime. Solving these problems has become one of the most important challenges for governments and police forces around the world.”
Another specific feature of the global problem of international terrorism is that it is difficult to predict. In many cases, the subjects of terrorism are mentally unbalanced people, overly ambitious politicians. Terrorism is often seen as a way to achieve goals on the world stage and in international relations that are not
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can be done by any other means. In modern conditions, the forms of terrorist activity are becoming more complex, and are increasingly in conflict with universal values and the logic of world development.
The peculiarity of today's terrorism is the interweaving of criminal and terrorist networks. Previously, they only occasionally came into contact, resolved some mutually beneficial issues, and then dispersed. Their contacts were not long and wide, local. Today we are witnessing a symbiosis. "Holdings", "joint ventures", figuratively speaking, which literally multiply their capabilities tenfold, they have one power structure, it becomes possible to easily move from one state to another. The classic example is the Balkans. A unified “pipeline” has been created in the Balkans, through which criminal networks pump drugs, live goods, and other criminal resources, but they can immediately provide this “pipeline” infrastructure for “pumping” weapons, for wiring and documentation
terrorist manpower.
Another extremely urgent problem is the desire of terrorists to possess weapons of mass destruction. An example of this is the terrorist attacks at the end of 2013 in the city of Volgograd. If we take into account all the signs of an explosion in the bus known by that moment, then the explosion at the railway station can be qualified as a terrorist act. An explosion with a large number of victims in a public place is clearly calculated to sow panic among the population. The reasons for the terrorist attack, most likely, is that they are associated with the approach of the Sochi Olympics. Even during the Boston events that took place on April 15, 2013, it was obvious that as the 2014 Winter Olympics approached, terrorist financing should have increased, and attempts to commit terrorist attacks should have become more frequent, moreover, on Russian territory.
According to many scientists, international terrorism is one of the most dangerous and difficult to predict phenomena of our time, which is acquiring more and more diverse forms and menacing proportions. And it is impossible to simply disagree with this. Terrorism is always a deliberate crime committed with direct intent. At the same time, the intent of a terrorist differs from the intent to kill. If in the case of a murder there are two parties - the perpetrator and the victim, then in the act of terrorism there is also a third - the authorities or the public, to which the terrorist organization appeals.
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organization or terrorist. The victim of a terrorist may not be interested, it is not an end, but only a means. Their actions are aimed at achieving their goals (political, selfish, etc.) by arousing public attention, intimidating the population and government officials, promoting their political, religious or other views. At the same time, indifference to the victims is manifested, which leads to special cruelty, the mass character of innocent victims, and the death of random people.
One more problem that hinders the development of cooperation and the joint fight against terrorism can be noted - the lack of a single anti-terrorist information space at the international and national level. There is also another big threat. international level- cyberterrorism. Indeed, there is no state in the world that would be completely protected from attacks by cyberterrorists, as evidenced by the successful recent years large-scale operation "Red October". The main targets of the criminals were government and diplomatic departments and scientific organizations most developed countries. Thus, by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 15, 2013, the FSB of Russia was given the authority to create state system detection, prevention and elimination of computer attacks on informational resources RF, Information Systems and information and telecommunication networks located on the territory of the Russian Federation and in diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Russian Federation abroad.
In turn, on February 13, 2013, the President of the United States signed a cybersecurity directive obliging him to create a country's cybersecurity system and develop standards and methodologies that will help reduce the risk of cyber attacks on the most important infrastructure.
Every year more and more organizations are being created to combat international terrorism - this mission is entrusted mainly to the United Nations, important documents are also issued aimed at countering terrorism; anti-terrorist centers are being set up.
A big problem in countering terrorism in Russia is the low awareness of the population. As a rule, safe behavior skills are not instilled in citizens, therefore, as a preventive measure against terrorism, it is worth setting up the production of special literature, free and widely available, posting
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memos on the topic in more visited places and in plain sight, conduct exercises in schools, universities, places of work. In the event of an increase in the level of a terrorist threat, immediately inform the population through the media.
Thus, the priorities of Russia's antiterrorist policy are in international cooperation, improving the economy of individual regions of the country, counteracting cyberterrorism, informing the population and instilling in it the skills of safe behavior.
Today, both in Russia and in other countries, as it seems to many, all the “i” in the ideological background of the fight against terrorism are tightly spaced, defined characters, enemies and saviors. But, despite this, international terrorism is increasing every year.
Terrorism is only a method, a tactic, not a political program or ideology. It is possible and necessary to destroy terrorists and take measures to prevent terrorist attacks, but it is pointless to fight against tactics as such, the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough to fight international terrorism. Overcoming international terrorism as a growing global problem requires the collective efforts of the majority of states and peoples on our planet, of the entire world community.
Bibliography
1. Kalinichev, V.V. Rights and freedoms of a citizen in the context of the fight against terrorism / VV Kalinichev // Power. - 2008. - No. 2. - S. 56-59.
2. Grachev, S.I. United States of America and international terrorism / S.I. Grachev, A.A. Kornilov, O.A. Kolobov. - Nizhny Novgorod: ISI UNN, 1998
3. Held D., McGrew A., Goldblatt D., Perraton J. Global Transformations. Politics, Economics and Culture. Oxford, 2000.
4. On the creation of a state system for detecting, preventing and eliminating the consequences of computer attacks on information resources of the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 15, 2013 No. 31s // Collection. law. Ros. Feder. - 2013. - No. 3. - Art. 178.
Konstantin EGOROV
international terrorism as a global threat
Achieving the necessary level of security for any society and state requires "seeing" at the same time and in a complex all threats (real and potential) to its vital interests. In the total set of global threats, one can distinguish natural, anthropogenic and civilizational (social) threats. The latter also includes the threat of international terrorism.
Today, international terrorism is officially recognized by the entire world community as one of the most important global threats of our time, along with the threat nuclear war And environmental catastrophe. What characterizes international terrorism today as a global problem of our time?
First, the ever-expanding scope and geography of the activities of terrorist organizations in the world. Today, international terrorism makes itself felt in almost all corners of the world. the globe. But it is most pronounced in the so-called "arc of instability", which stretches from Indonesia to Kosovo through Central Asia, the Hindustan subcontinent and the Caucasus. Only on the territory of Afghanistan, by the combined efforts of international terrorists, a network of 28 camps for the training of militants - immigrants from North Caucasus, the states of Central Asia, China, mercenaries from the countries of the Middle East, North Africa and even the USA. For the period since the mid-1990s. and up to 2001, according to various sources, from 20,000 to 1,000,000 militants were trained on Al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan, Yemen, Sudan and other countries alone, who in one way or another maintain links with individual nodes of the global terrorist network1. Al-Qaeda branches are now, according to some sources, located in more than 60 countries around the world2. Terrorist organizations are scattered all over the world. But if, within the framework of the model of a centralized and hierarchical terrorist organization in the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. it was possible to talk about the functioning of the terrorist underground and a more moderate (less radical) wing, designed to present articulated ideas to their government entities (Irish Republican Army, Basque separatists, etc.), today the scope of their activities has expanded significantly: the same Irish terrorists are all bombings are more often carried out not in the conflict-ridden Belfast, but in the center of London (2005), Basque terrorists are increasingly threatening France, Islamic separatists are operating not only in Palestine, but also in New York, and Chechen fighters are bombing far beyond the North Caucasus .
It should be emphasized that the network of militant Islamic terrorist groups and organizations is also scattered across the territory of many Western states, as evidenced by specific facts. For example, in 1994, in Belgium, the authorities discovered a large secret weapons cache,
Konstantin
Yurievich -
Moscow
state
regional
university
1 Solovyov E.G. Transformation of terrorist organizations in the context of globalization.M. : LENAND, 2006, pp. 25-26
2 Ayman Al-Zawahiri. Knights Under the Profet's Banner. Quoted from: Foreign Affairs. 2005. Vol. 84. No. 1. P. 150
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appointed, apparently, for the Front for the Salvation of Islam (FSI), whose task is to overthrow the government in Algeria. Germany also became one of the epicenters of militant Muslim activity in Europe. On its territory there are not only organizations associated with terrorist groups of Iranian Shiites and Sunni Mujahideen, but also those that serve as a base for the third wing of the terrorist movement of militant Islam - fanatical Turkish Islamism, which has a foothold among the two million Turkish community in Germany. And in Turkey itself, terrorist acts committed by Islamists have recently become more frequent, not to mention Turkey's protracted struggle with the terrorist Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), sponsored by Syria. Exclusively big influence has the Association for a New Worldview in Europe (AMGT), which is the European offshoot of the Turkish Party for the Improvement of Social Conditions (YAR), advocating the spread of Islamic rule throughout the world. AMGT has 400 chapters in Europe and has 30,000 members.
According to the author, an important feature of the expansion of the geography of terrorism is the increase in the number of so-called "non-canonical Muslims", that is, people from among Europeans and Americans who converted to Islam and took the path of fighting the West. They drink alcohol and eat pork, but Al-Qaeda accepts them because they converted to Islam in secret, adopted the philosophy of Al-Qaeda and are ready to use weapons. According to various estimates, converts make up from 3 to 8% of the number of international terrorist organizations. According to international experts, approximately 80% of the "new Muslims" who joined terrorist structures were previously arrested for committing various crimes or had criminal experience. The absolute part of them was not satisfied with the state of modern society and sought to find a way to change it after changing their religion. In Islam they saw an environment ready to receive them in order to start new life. It must be borne in mind here that the leaders of Islamic fundamentalism, including Ben
Laden, see in the neophytes of Islam a particularly powerful weapon, since the new adherents of all religions, as a rule, are characterized by increased intolerance towards other views, they are more radical and sacrificial. "New Muslims" who embarked on the path of terror have already been arrested in the USA, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Belgium, Spain, Switzerland, and India. Most foreign experts are inclined to believe that the “new Muslims” will increasingly become involved in terrorist acts1.
Secondly, international terrorism as a global problem of our time is characterized by ever-increasing political and religious extremism. Political extremism involves the development and dissemination of views and concepts that justify the use of violence to achieve various political goals, the formation of politicized structures for the implementation of violent acts and the very practice of using them to solve certain problems. political struggle. The activities of terrorist organizations, as a rule, have as their goal not just the aggravation and destabilization of the situation in a particular area in the name of solving some local problems, but ultimately the seizure or redistribution of power, territorial redistribution, violent change in the constitutional order and state structure. in certain countries according to their own ideas and on their own terms. The objects of international terrorism as a form of manifestation of political extremism are often foreign states and their organizations, foreign citizens, international law and order and security. The most striking example of this is the events of September 11, 2001 in the United States.
The modern practice of international terrorism as political extremism is characterized by the widespread use of its particularly sharp violent criminally punishable forms and methods (destruction and intimidation of political opponents, destruction of their political structures and material objects
1 Ivanov V. New Muslims enter the struggle with the West. "Independent Military Review". 2006.
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etc.), which is observed in almost all regions of the world and has become a distinctive feature of the political situation in the CIS countries
Religious extremism is closely related to political extremism.
Adherence in religion to extreme views and actions. Modern religious extremism (Islamic in the form of Wahhabism) has set a goal - the creation of a state that does not recognize borders between Muslim countries, which directly means its close connection with politics and nationalism; therefore, the term “religious-political extremism” is often used in scientific literature.
The peculiarity of religious extremism lies in the fact that, calling for a return to the tradition of the dominance of religion in the life of society, it is a modern project for building a "new world order" based on the rejection of the principles of humanism and democracy and the establishment of a totalitarian religious ideology using technical means modern civilization. Supporters of religious-political extremism are distinguished by extreme intolerance towards everyone who does not share their political views, including coreligionists. For them, there are no "rules of the political game", the boundaries of what is permitted and what is not permitted. Confrontation with state institutions is the norm and style of their behavior. The principles of the "golden mean" and the requirements "do not act towards others as you would not like them to act towards you", which are fundamental to world religions, are rejected by them. Violence, extreme cruelty and aggressiveness, combined with demagogy, are the main ones in their arsenal.
Thirdly, when characterizing international terrorism as a global threat, one should not forget about its expanding connection with international, local, national and ethnic conflicts.
The expansion of the scale of terrorism is largely due to the growth in the world of inter-civilizational and socio-economic contradictions, the confrontation between the developed North and the south that is lagging behind in development, and the strengthening of marginal extremism.
The recently bipolar world has entered a period of extreme instability, uncertainty and reduced security. Mechanisms of state, regional and international control more and more crashes. It is no coincidence that at the current stage the diversity of terrorist activities is increasing, which is increasingly linked to interethnic and interfaith conflicts, separatist and so-called liberation movements. Terrorism usually finds ground for itself where geopolitical voids, hot spots appear, where power is weakened, where state and international mechanisms of political and political power weaken or disappear altogether. legal regulation the development of society and the resolution of the contradictions and conflicts arising from this. States engaged in resolving internal conflicts and fighting terrorism become vulnerable to the external environment - there are always external forces that want to use an extremely difficult internal situation exclusively for their own purposes. Hot spots, according to experts,
The most favorable conditions for the activities of terrorists. In many ways, their activity is connected with an attempt to export radical Islam, in particular, Wahhabism, to those regions where there is favorable ground for this: the central government is weakened, poverty, unemployment, and economic decline reign.
IN recent history There are many examples of how even the leading states of the world did not shun contacts with terrorist groups and extremist organizations, using their activities for their own purposes. None of their statements in defense of human rights (actually, terrorists and murderers), calls for resolving conflict situations by political means, none of the efforts of well-known international organizations such as PACE or the OSCE aimed at depriving states fighting terrorism and extremism of the right to ensure national security cannot hide the fact that there is a double standard here.
This can be seen in the events of the last 20 years in Afghanistan and the development of the situation in the Russian
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North Caucasus. Large-scale support provided by the West through Pakistan and some radical Islamic regimes to anti-government extremist groups of the Afghan opposition in the 80s. the last century, cost dearly Soviet Union. However, the short-sightedness of Western strategists, who saw only the immediate goal of their policy in Afghanistan, eventually led to the fact that today the United States and its closest allies do not always know how to eliminate the dangerous source of terrorism and drug trafficking, which was actually created by their own hands on Afghan territory. Often they do not want his final elimination in the expectation that he may still be needed in the geopolitical game that continues south of the Russian borders.
Fourth, international terrorism as a global problem of our time is characterized by another
The most heinous manifestation: the desire to make a business on human trafficking in order to use slave labor and sexual slavery.
The US Department of State's annual human trafficking reports indicate that of the approximately 600,000-800,000 people who fall victim to international human traffickers each year, 80% are women and girls and up to 50% are minors. Most of these victims end up in commercial sexual exploitation (these figures do not include the millions of people around the world who are trafficked within their countries of residence). The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that 12.3 million people are victims of forced labour, debt labour, forced child labor and sexual exploitation at any given time; according to other estimates, there are from 4 million to 27 million. These figures do not include kidnappings for the purpose of subsequent blackmail of relatives or official bodies and obtaining a significant ransom.
Russia is a source, transit and destination country for men, women and children trafficked for various purposes. She remains a significant source of women trafficked to more than 50 countries for commercial purposes.
Czech sexual exploitation. in Russian Far East men and women are trafficked to China, Japan and South Korea both for forced labor and for sexual exploitation. Russia is also a transit and destination country for men and women trafficked from Central Asia, of Eastern Europe, including Ukraine, from North Korea to Central and Western Europe and the Middle East for forced labor and sexual exploitation. The violence (physical and psychological) and intimidation that characterize indentured working conditions often leads victims to refuse to identify themselves as victims. Victims are usually told that they should be wary law enforcement and non-governmental organizations.
Profits from human trafficking fuel other types of criminal activity. It is closely linked to money laundering, drug trafficking, document forgery and people smuggling. In particular, only Chechen Republic in 2007, according to the republican prosecutor's office, 274 people were listed as abductees. Over the entire period of the counter-terrorist operation in Chechnya, the prosecution authorities initiated and investigated 2018 criminal cases on the abductions of 2,816 people (of which only 542 were found or returned home)1.
Thus, the escalation of terrorist activity that has continued in recent decades, the expansion of its geography, forms and methods of manifestation and struggle, the increase in the number and sophistication of terrorist acts are increasingly indicating that international terrorism is becoming international and acquiring a global character. From outbreaks of terrorism, neither highly developed countries nor countries lagging behind in economic and social development with different political regimes are insured. state structure. The ongoing processes of globalization that are changing the nature of the modern world order, the emergence of new global means and systems of communication and information reduce the importance of state borders and other traditional means of protection against terrorism.
1 In Chechnya, most kidnappings are carried out for ransom. http://www. skavkaz. g£n. gi
TERRORISM IS A GLOBAL PROBLEM OF THE WORLD
.
Terrorism today is the most powerful weapon, tool,
used not only in the struggle against the Power, but very often - by the Power itself to achieve its goals.
Modern terrorism takes the form of: international terrorism (terrorist acts of an international scale);
Domestic political terrorism (terrorist actions directed against the government, any political groups within countries, or aimed at destabilizing the internal situation);
criminal terrorism, pursuing purely selfish goals.
ROOTS OF TERROR
Terrorism appears when a society is going through a deep crisis, primarily a crisis of ideology and the state-legal system. In such a society, various opposition groups appear - political,
social, national, religious - for which the legitimacy of the existing government becomes questionable
Methods of terror
People in most countries are unaccustomed to political violence and fear it.
Therefore, today the most popular and effective methods terror - violence not against representatives of the authorities, but against peaceful, defenseless and, what is extremely important, people not related to the "addressee" of terror, with the obligatory demonstration of the catastrophic results of terror, as it was, and America during the explosion of the buildings of the shopping center in September 2001 Or the terrorist attack in Budenovsk. The object of the attack is a hospital, a maternity hospital. Or the events that took place in Kizlyar, Pervomaisky, as well as the explosion in Moscow, etc.
IDEOLOGICAL BASE OF TERROR
The task of terrorism is to involve a large mass of people for whom either the goals of terror are so lofty that they justify any means, or they are so indiscriminate in means that they are ready to realize any abomination.
Through "lofty motives" they usually involve young people, who, due to mental and moral immaturity, easily "bite" on radical national, social or religious ideas. It is involved most often through totalitarian (ie, completely suppressing the will of people and subordinating them only to the will of the "leader", "teacher"), religious or ideological sects. The most famous example is the Aum Shinrikyo sect.
THE ECONOMIC BASE OF TERRORISM
The main method of financing is criminal activity. Which includes "usual" organized and unorganized
crime, taking control of key areas of the criminal business.
For example, the main source of funding for the Peruvian Sendero Luminoso movement, the Afghan Taliban movement, the Lebanese Hezbollah is the drug business, and the Ceylonese Liberation Tigers of Tamil Islam are drugs and arms-gem deals.
Such "economically formed" terrorism is already capable of serious independent activity, and not only on the scale of "its own" country. However, today the deployment of such activities is possible only if there are structures for "laundering" money - in the form of controlled banks, firms, manufacturing enterprises. "
"Laundering" is most often carried out in crisis zones of the world, where state control is weakened. For this reason, Russia is now among the largest "laundries".
CUSTOMERS AND PERFORMERS
The capture of the "black" and "gray" economies with their multibillion-dollar turnovers and armies of organized crime turns the leaders of terror into the masters of a powerful economic, political and military force. This "sphere of terrorist services" cannot remain unclaimed, including by "legal players" - states. Many states use terrorism for their own purposes - an example is the American "irangate", where the CIA financed the terror of the "contras" in Nicaragua with the proceeds from the sale of weapons to the "enemy" - Iran.
The 8,000-15,000 terrorist fighters left after the Soviet Union left Afghanistan today have become one of the pillars of the development of terrorism in North Africa, Bosnia, the Middle East, Chechnya, Tajikistan and ... the US itself.
What happened and is happening in Bosnia, in turn, shows that the United States is systematically creating an Islamic terrorist environment in Europe in order to prevent the latter from becoming too independent.
COOPERATION WITH SPECIAL SERVICES
The cooperation of special services with terrorism creates a qualitatively new phenomenon - special terrorism. The most famous example is Colombia, where only emergency international measures managed to wrest the state from the almost complete control of the drug mafia.
And Turkish terrorists - "gray wolves" - both inside Turkey and outside it, including in Azerbaijan, operate not only under the control, but also with the active participation of Turkish special services.
CONCLUSION
Terrorism as a mass and politically significant phenomenon is the result of an endemic "de-ideologization", when certain groups in society easily question the legitimacy and rights of the state, and thus self-justify their transition to terror in order to achieve their own goals.
Covert operations, unfortunately, have become a necessary and widely used instrument of interstate
fight. Russia, too, cannot abandon them unilaterally. But playing it irresponsibly is extremely dangerous, as the United States learned from the example of Afghanistan when it tried to oppose bin Laden and his al-Qaeda movement.
The main strategic conditions for the fight against terrorism subject to the following:
Recreating a sustainable block world;
lead; blocking terrorism at the initial stage and preventing its formation and development of structures;
Prevention of the ideological justification of terror under the banner of "defending the rights of the nation", "defending the faith", etc.; the debunking of terrorism by all the forces of the media;
Transfer of all management of anti-terrorist activities to the most reliable special services, with no interference in their work by any other control bodies;
The use of an agreement with terrorists only by these special services and only to cover up the preparation of an action against
No concessions to terrorists, not a single act of terrorism with impunity, even if it costs the blood of hostages and random people - because practice shows that any success of terrorists provokes a further increase in terror and the number of victims.
A complete list of terrorist organizations in the world.
Abu Nidal Organization (OAN), also known as Black September, Fatah Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Brigades, Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims
Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), also known as Al Harakat al Islamiyyah
also known as Groupman Islamic Arm, AIG, Al-Jama, and al-Islamiya al-Musalla
"Aum Shinrikyo", also known as "Aum Supreme Truth".
"Fatherland and Freedom of the Basques" (ETA), also known as "Euskadi ta Askatasuna"
Gama a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group, IS), also known as Al Gama at,
Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), also known as "Harakat al-muhawama al-islamiya", "Ayyash students", "Engineering students", Yahya Ayyash units, "Izz al-din al-Hassim" brigade, forces " Izz al-din al-hassim, Izz al-din al-hassim battalions, Izz al-din al-hassam brigades, Izz al-din al-hassam forces, Izz al-din al-hassam battalions
Harakat ul-Mujahideen (HUM), also known as Harakat ul-Ansar, HUA, Al-Hadid, Al-Hadith, Al-Faran
Hezbollah (God's Party). Other names: Islamic Jihad, Islamic Jihad Organization, Revolutionary Justice Organization, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth, Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine, Organization of the Faithful Against the Infidels, Ansar Allah, Followers of the Prophet Muhammad
"Japanese Red Army" (JKA). Other names: Anti-Imperialist International Brigade (AIIB), Nippon Sekigun, Nihon Sekigun, Holy Military Brigade, Anti-War Democratic Front
Al Jihad. Other names: "Egyptian al-Jihad", "New Jihad", "Egyptian Islamic Jihad", "Group of Jihad"
"Kah". Other names: "Suppression of traitors", "Wild Bogdim", "
Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK). Other name: Karkeran Kurdistan Party
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Other names: Tamil Tigers, Ellalan Group. Operates under the guise of organizations such as the World Tamil Association (WTA), the World Tamil Movement (WTM), the Federation of Canadian Tamil Associations (FACT), the Sangillan Group
" Other names: "Mujahedin-e Khalq", National liberation army Iran" (PLA, militant wing of the IEC), "People's Mujahideen Organization of Iran" (NMOI), "National Council of Resistance" (NRC), "People's Sacred Warriors Organization of Iran",
"National Liberation Army" (ELN). Other name: "Echercito Liberation Nacional"
"Palestinian Islamic Jihad" - "Shakaki" group. Other names: "PID" - "Shakaki" group, "Palestinian Islamic Jihad" (PID), "Islamic Jihad of Palestine", "Islamic Jihad in Palestine", "Abu Ghunaima Detachment" as part of the Hezbollah Bait al-Maqdis organization "
Palestine Liberation Front-Abu Abbas group. Other names: Palestine Liberation Front (PFL), FOP-Abu Abbas
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), also known as Red Eagles, Red Eagles Group, Red Eagles Group, Halhoul Group, Halhoul Command
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (PFLP - GC)
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), also known as Fuerzas Armadas Revolutionarias de Colombia
November 17 Revolutionary Organization (November 17), also known as Epanastaticiki Organosi November 17
Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front also known as Devrimchi Sol (Revolutionary Left), Devrimchi Halk Kurtulus Partisi-Sefesi (DHKP/S), Dev Sol Silahli Birlikleri, Dev Sol SRB, Dev Sol Armed Revolutionary Groups
Revolutionary Struggle of the People (ELA), also known as Epanastatikos Laikos Agonas, Revolutionary People's Struggle, June 1978, Organization of Revolutionary International Solidarity, Revolutionary Core, Revolutionary Cells, Liberation Struggle
"Shining Path" (Sendero Luminoso), also known as Partido Komunista del Peru en el Sendero Luminoso de José Carlos Mariategui (Communist Party of Peru on the Shining Path of José Carlos Mariategui), Partido Komunista del Peru (Communist Party of Peru), PKP, Socorro Popular del Peru (People's Aid of Peru), SPP, Ejército Guerillero Popular (People's Rebel Army), EGP, Ejército Popular de Liberation (People's Liberation Army), EPL
Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MPTA), also known as Movimiento Revolucinario Tupac Amaru
Al Qaeda,
also known as Qaeda, "The Base", Islamic Army, World Islamic Jihad Front against Jews and Crusaders, Islamic Army for the Liberation of Holy Sites, Osama Bin Laden System, Osama Bin Laden Organization, Islamic Salvation Foundation, Holy Site Protection Group.
Founded
Osama bin Laden around 1990 to unite the Arabs who were fighting in Afghanistan against Soviet invasion. Provided financial assistance, recruited and trained Sunni Muslim extremists for the Afghan resistance. Currently, he pursues the goal of "restoring a Muslim state" throughout the world. Collaborates with allied Islamic extremist groups to overthrow regimes it considers "un-Islamic" and remove Westerners from Muslim countries. In February 1998, she released a statement under the heading "World Islamic Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders," arguing that all Muslims are obligated to kill American civilians, both non-military and military, and their allies everywhere.
.Activity
On August 7, bombed the American embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, killing at least 301 people and injuring more than 5,000 others. Claims to have shot down U.S. helicopters and killed U.S. troops in Somalia in 1993, and carried out three bombings against the presence of U.S. troops in Aden, Yemen, in December 1992.
The organization is linked to plans for attempted terrorist operations, including the assassination of the Pope during his visit to Manila in late 1994, the simultaneous bombings of the American and Israeli embassies in Manila and other Asian capitals in late 1994.
the 1995 mid-air bombings of a dozen planes flying from the US over the Pacific Ocean, and the plan to assassinate President Clinton during his visit to the Philippines in early 1995.
The organization continues to train, fund, and provide logistical support to terrorist groups that share these goals.
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Terrorism has become part of everyday life. For some, terrorists are noble rebels. For others, they are rebels and troublemakers. For the third - the conductors of the influence of any ideology.
In the modern world, a terrorist can be not only an individual, but also an entire state. For example, the United States highlights the axis of "evil": North Korea, Iran, Syria. This axis may additionally include countries such as China. In general, all those countries political system in which is not really "democratic".
Since the sixties of the last century global community forced to intensify anti-terrorist measures, because it was during this period that terrorist acts began to be used more often as a way to influence political processes. And if earlier terrorist attacks were rare exceptions, since the end of the twentieth century they have become ubiquitous in a number of countries. Since the middle of the 20th century, in some countries, anti-terrorist units began to gradually appear among the armed forces.
Terrorist activity expanded geographically, and as a result, states began to actively develop anti-terrorist organizations and cooperate with each other.
Attacks as part of everyday life
The purpose of any terrorist act is to disrupt unity in the world community, to incite hatred of different nationalities towards each other. The most his specific feature- Difficulty in forecasting. Often the subjects of terrorism are mentally ill, unbalanced people, as well as overly active politicians.
Since the tragedy of September 11, 2001, terrorism can no longer be viewed simply as a tactical threat. Terrorist acts have global consequences. In the modern world, it is increasingly possible to notice that there is an ever wider internationalization of terrorism. This is due to globalization. international relations.
Today, terrorism is steadily moving towards becoming an independent element of world politics.
The system of international counteraction to terrorism in our time is being actively formed. It includes cooperation between states both at the regional and global levels. The global scale of the fight against terrorism shows that problems in the environment of international relations and security have been around for a long time, and now the world community is obliged to take a completely new look at solving the issues of the modern world order.
Attacks are many and varied. Also, the defense must be flexible and resourceful. To confidently counter terrorism, you need highest level coordination of the efforts of each state, networks of international organizations should be created, legal bases and general international legal concepts should be worked out, interactions between federal bodies should be strengthened.
Terrorists in the service of intelligence agencies
Western society positions itself as tolerant, civilized and progressive in comparison with the East. Of course, this is not entirely true.
I propose to be honest with each other: terrorism is an excellent means of conveying the necessary information to a "partner" in the international arena.
Through terrorism, states interfere in the affairs of their opponents, destabilize the situation within countries, and form public opinion.
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