As a result of mastering this chapter, the student must:
know
- the essence of the social efficiency of innovative development of entrepreneurial organizations;
- indicators characterizing the social efficiency of innovative development of enterprises;
be able to
- determine the integral indicator of the social effect of the introduction of innovations;
- calculate generalizing indicators characterizing the social effect of the organizational and technical development of enterprises;
own
- the skills of speaking to an audience with information messages, reports on topical issues of Russian innovative entrepreneurship;
- methods for assessing the social effect as a result of entrepreneurial activity.
Social sphere in the conditions of market relations
In the context of the transition to a market economy, social aspects in the sphere of production are clearly underestimated. Already at the beginning of economic reforms, the course towards the abolition of the social sector of enterprises was clearly manifested: preschool institutions, sports and recreation complexes were closed. At the same time, the question of ensuring their break-even functioning was not raised, but with the tacit consent federal services and local self-government objects of the social sphere were sold, closed, taken away.
Unemployment led to a cheap labor market, which dramatically changed the attitude of entrepreneurs towards personnel. In turn, this generates a negative response from workers. Lost relevance collective agreements at enterprises, the role of trade union organizations is reduced to a minimum, untimely payment wages- all this negatively affects the level of organization of labor and production. However, underestimation of personnel policy is an unacceptable mistake that has economic and social consequences.
In the world practice of highly developed countries, investment priorities are focused on meeting a number of social needs - the development of the housing industry, the improvement of infrastructure and the service sector. A new development model is being formed, the main priority in which is to improve the quality of life, including the improvement of health and improvement of working conditions and the environment, improving the quality of medical services, the production of environmentally friendly food, ensuring social and personal security and conditions for the development and self-realization of the individual.
It is extremely difficult for the Russian economy, at this stage of development, to combine ensuring economic growth and improving the quality of life. But this is a paramount problem and it needs to be solved, for this purpose it is necessary to develop concepts and programs (federal and regional levels) of scientific and economic development.
It is innovative activity that provides the conditions for improving production relations, changes the forms of organization, conditions, nature and content of labor.
As a result of the social consequences of innovation, conditions are created for the revitalization of human activity, which ultimately directly or indirectly affects the recovery of the economy. Social Consequences innovative activities are ambiguous, and therefore they should be evaluated depending on the achievement of the goal of scientific and technological development. Thus, the introduction of computer equipment and information technology determines the use of the highest stage of production automation. But at the same time, the complexity of production processes increases, the functions of the worker, his role in production, change. Automation and robotization facilitate work, but also increase the responsibility of the worker, require a special production culture and intelligence, and a constant increase in the level of knowledge.
The impact of innovations on the structure of intensive work of workers is quite complex and contradictory. Under conditions of technical improvement of production, along with a reduction in the expenditure of physical energy and lightening of labor, mental and nervous stress increases. Thus, contradictions arise between the acceleration of the transformation of production processes, the increase in the flow of information and the limited physical and psycho-physiological abilities of a person.
Different social consequences have a different impact on economic efficiency, increasing or decreasing it. However, the social impacts of innovation tend to be manageable, reducing negative impacts and increasing positive ones. This is one of the features of managing the social development of individual enterprises and industries.
Targeted impacts on the social consequences of innovation activities should ensure an increase in the social effect.
E. Durkheim and after him R. Merton argued that the functions of social institutions should be judged not by the intentions and goals of people interacting, but by the social consequences (beneficial or harmful) that arise as a result of institutional interactions. Robert Merton proposed to share the consequences of the activity social institution on the functions and dysfunction.
A crisis Russian Institute family, which has been actively discussed since the late 1980s, is associated precisely with the increase in the dysfunctions of this institution: a significant increase in the number of divorces, serious problems with the upbringing of children, inefficient distribution of intra-family roles, etc. The growth of dysfunctions in the activities of social institutions undermines the social order and can give rise to the disorganization of the entire social system. If a social institution works normally, as it should, then it has much more pluses (functions) than minuses (dysfunctions).
The activity of social institutions gives rise to many different functions (and dysfunctions) or, in other words, institutions are polyfunctional. In the sociological literature, it is customary to single out universal and specific functions.
Universal Functions are common to all social institutions. These include:
- 1. The function of consolidation and reproduction of social relations. It is carried out through a system of norms, prescriptions, rules of conduct specific to a particular social institution, which makes it possible to standardize and formalize people's behavior, setting the framework for their activities. As a result, people's behavior becomes predictable, and social relations become stable and orderly.
- 2. regulatory function. The general task of the joint activity of a large number of people has not one, but many solutions, and this circumstance makes it necessary to regulate human activity in the direction that is most useful to society. The regulatory function is to coordinate the relationship between members of society with the help of norms, patterns, standards of behavior and control over their observance.
- 3. integrative function. In a complex social system, there inevitably arises a need for associations of members of society that would ensure its stability and integrity. With norms, role complexes, rules and sanctions, social institutions unite members of social groups, organizations, connect them with relationships of interdependence and mutual responsibility. Integrative processes within the framework of social institutions streamline the system of interactions, coordinate the activities of people, and allow the creation of complex organizations.
- 4. broadcasting function. Society could not develop if it did not have a mechanism for the transfer of social experience. Social institutions broadcast both social relations and various activities. Broadcasting is carried out both in time (i.e. from generation to generation) and in space, when new groups of people are connected to a certain activity.
- 5. communicative function. Certain information is transmitted through social institutions and conditions are created for communication between individuals. Communication in social institutions has its own specifics: it is a formal, role-playing communication. Institutions largely predetermine the nature of communication, set the occasion and its main methods. Social institutions differ in their communication capabilities.
For example, there are institutions created for the transmission of information (newspapers, radio, television). In a number of institutes, the possibility of disseminating information is difficult (conveyor-type production). In some institutions, an active way of obtaining information is possible (science, education), in others - a passive way (radio, television).
Specific Functions exist alongside the universal ones. These are functions that are not typical for all, but only for some social institutions. For example, the state is in charge of establishing order in society, training and preparation for professional activities is the institution of education; discoveries in various fields of knowledge are connected with science, and the Institute of Public Health monitors the health of citizens.
In addition to universal and specific, sociologists distinguish explicit and latent functions of social institutions.
Explicit Functions- these are the consequences of activity for the sake of which a certain social institution was created as a system of self-renewable interactions. These are necessary, conscious, expected, intentional and obvious functions. Explicit functions are officially declared, they are written in codes and charters, fixed in the system of statuses and roles, accepted by the community of involved people and controlled by society. Since explicit functions are always proclaimed and associated with rather strict traditions or procedures (presidential oath, voters' mandates, adoption of special laws on social security, education, prosecutor's office, etc.), they are more formalized and controlled by society. Members of society, for example, can ask deputies about the reasons for not fulfilling election promises, and the authorities about spending the collected taxes.
Latent Functions- these are the results of the actions of social institutions that were not planned in advance, because they are unconscious for some time or are not realized at all. These are, as it were, “not their own” functions, which are performed by the institution covertly or unintentionally (for example, an educational institution can perform the function of political socialization, which is not “native” to it).
For example, explicit functions high school are the training of highly qualified specialists in various professions, the assimilation of the standards prevailing in society - value, moral, ideological, the preparation of young people for various social roles. Implicit, latent consequences are the reproduction of social stratification or the consolidation of social inequality, which is directly related to higher education.
Another example: the law on the prohibition of gambling, as an explicit function, involves the cessation of the widespread distribution of gambling, and as a latent function, it can lead to the creation of underground gambling establishments.
Thus, latent functions can be considered as a by-product of the activity of a social institution; they can be both positive (functions) and negative (dysfunctions). The significance of latent functions in the life of society is great. Only by studying the hidden consequences of the activities of social institutions can a complete and true picture of social life be obtained. Without an analysis of latent functions, the idea of the role of a particular institution in social processes will be limited and straightforward, and therefore inaccurate.
Each social institution performs not a single function, but a whole complex, which may include functions (positive consequences) and dysfunctions (negative consequences); universal and specific; explicit and latent functions. In addition, several institutions can perform the same function at once. For example, education, in addition to the family, is carried out by institutions of education, religion, the army, the media, and the state. The multifunctionality of institutions leads to the fact that the functions of various social institutions intersect or are implemented in parallel. Production, government, education, religion, family, consumption, trade - all these institutions are in interaction and mutual influence.
For example, the needs of the economy led in industrialized countries to a massive increase in literacy and then to an increase in skilled workers; efficient production through taxes forms a budget, from which the state allocates funds for free general education and maintenance of higher education. And vice versa, the higher the quality of education, the higher will be the qualifications of specialists, workers, the more complex technologies they will be able to master, which will affect the efficiency of the economy.
The functions that social institutions perform are not immutable. Over time, some functions may disappear and new ones appear, some functions may be transferred to other institutions, the scope of functions may change (increase or decrease). Thus, the state at its inception performed a rather narrow range of functions related to security. modern state solves a large number of problems. In addition to security issues, it is engaged in social security for various categories of citizens, tax collection, regulation of various areas of society: the economy, healthcare, education, etc.
The state of social institutions is a significant indicator (indicator) of the social stability of society. In a stable society, social institutions have clear, understandable, invariable functions. In an unstable society, on the contrary, the functions of social institutions are multi-valued, fuzzy, and changeable.
190. Intragenerational mobility is…
1.Moving from one position to another at various points in an individual's working life
2. Moving from position to position in relation to the positions of the parents
3.Horizontal mobility
4. Downward mobility
191. Feature informal groups is that they arise...
1. As a result of management 2. Spontaneously
3. As a result of orders 4. Purposefully
192. One of the functions of the primary group is ...
1. Axiological function 2. Humanistic function
3. Socialization of the individual 4. Economic function
193. K. Marx characterized the relations between the main classes in bourgeois society as a class (th, th) ...
3. Antagonism 4. Competition
194. The class of modern society that stands for political, economic and cultural stability is _____________ class.
1. Inferior 2. Underground
3. Medium 4. Supreme
195. Transition to universal literacy and formation national systems education is characteristic ______ society.
1. Traditional 2. Industrial
196. The transition to universal literacy and the formation of national educational systems is a characteristic feature of _______ society.
1. Traditional 2. Industrial
3. Post-industrial 4. Class
197. The economic dependence of a woman on her husband and the recognition of the unconditional priority of a man in matters of family headship are characteristic of ______ families.
1. Nominal 2. Nuclear
3. Egalitarian 4. Patriarchal
198. The concept of "reference group" was introduced into sociology ...
1. M. Weber 2. C. Cooley
3. E. Durkheim 4. G. Hyman
199. The presence of interaction between members of the group is a sign of social ...
1. Communities 2. Roles
3. Groups 4. Connections
200. Employees of the Gazprom concern are ...
201. The totality of non-political and non-state organizations, associations, movements is ...
1. Public 2. Party
3. State 4. Civil society
202. Representatives of _____________ define society as a stable and orderly system, the stability of which is achieved through common values, beliefs, and social expectations.
1. Interactionism 2. Social groups
3. Functionalism 4. Conflict theories
203. The economic basis of a traditional society is ...
1. Agriculture 2. Science
3. Trade 4. Industry
204. The process of ordering statuses and roles into a system to meet social needs is called ...
1. Institutionalization 2. Stratification
3. Socialization 4. Urbanization
205. A set of formal prescriptions that define the rights and obligations of a husband and wife, and two of them - in relation to their children and relatives, is called ...
1. Family 2. Marriage
3. Deviation 4. Sanction
206. A group of people united by the solution of certain social problems, characterized by common interests and goals, a sense of solidarity and self-determination, is called ...
1. Crowd 2. Community
3. Collective 4.Organization
207. Society has such features as territorial certainty and the presence of ...
1. Complete equality 2. Political interests
3. Common culture 4. Geographic environment
208. The transition to universal literacy and the formation of national educational systems is a characteristic feature of _____ society.
1. Post-industrial 2. Industrial
3. Class 4. Traditional
209. The marriage of one woman simultaneously with several spouses is called ...
1. Polygyny 2. Endogamy
3. Polyandry 4. Exogamy
210. The presence of a formal organization is a sign of a __________ group.
1. Big 2. Real
3. Small 4. Secondary
211. Two people waiting for a bus at a bus stop are called ...
1. In-group 2. Out-group
3. Reference group 4. Quasigroup
212. The legal assignment of rights and obligations to each group is characteristic of the _____ stratification system.
1. Slave 2. Class
3. Cast 4. Class
213. Successful adaptation to a new socio-economic situation characterizes the ____ layer.
1. Base 2. Underclass
3. Bottom 4. Medium
214. A set of people scattered in space who have similar interests in relation to some object is ...
1. Class 2. Strat
3. Crowd 4. Public
215. The transition to universal literacy and the formation of national educational systems is a characteristic feature of _____ society.
1. Traditional 2. Post-industrial
3. Class 4. Industrial
216. If the consequences of the activities of a social institution impede the functioning of another institution, then this phenomenon is called ...
1. Dysfunction 2. Deviation
3. Explicit function 4. Latent function
217. A set of formal prescriptions that define the rights and obligations of a husband and wife, and two of them - in relation to their children and relatives, is called ...
1. Sanction 2. marriage
3. Family 4. Deviation
218. The group with which the individual identifies himself and to which he belongs is called ...
1. Nominal 2. Primary
3. Internal 4. Small
219. A group of people united by the solution of certain social problems, characterized by common interests and goals, a sense of solidarity and self-determination, is called ...
1. Team 2. Commonality
3. Crowd 4. Organization
220. An association that claims a common origin for all its members, common history, and is also characterized by a sense of solidarity - this is a ____ community.
1. Bulk 2. Rated
3. Territorial 4. Ethnic
221. The main feature of ____ is isolation from the institutions of a large society.
1.Bottom layer 2.Middle layer
3. Base layer 4. Underclass
222. A social group of three people, in which complicated relationship is called...
1. Dyad 2. Resocialization
3. Triad 4. Validity
223. The totality of non-political and non-state organizations, associations, movements is
1. Civil society 2. Party
3. State 4. Public
224. Economic basis industrial society is…
1. Science 2. Agriculture
3. Industry 4. Trading
225. A social institution that reproduces the population is called ...
1. Organization 2. Estate
3. Community 4. Family
226. A group in which communication is maintained by direct personal contacts and highly emotional involvement of members in the affairs of the group is called _______ group.
1. Reference 2. Secondary
3. Social 4. Primary
227. Customers in the store, passengers at the station are an example of ...
3. Social aggregate 4. Territorial community
228. Legal assignment to each group of rights and obligations are characteristic of _____ stratification systems
1. Class 2. Class
3. Slave 4. Caste
229. The most numerous part in the system of stratification of Russian society is the _____ layer.
1. Bottom 2. Middle
3. Basic 4. Sub-elite
230. A broad social group characterized by a certain geographic location m, political sovereignty and original culture, is called ...
1. Society 2. Culture
3. Subculture 4. Civilization
231. An association of people based on their participation in some activity, connected by a system of relations that are regulated by formal or informal social institutions, is called a _________ group.
1. Social 2. Primary
3. Reference 4. Nominal
232. The presence of interaction between members of the group is a sign of social ...
1. Communities 2. Roles
3. Groups 4. Connections
233. Customers in the store, passengers at the station represent an example ...
1. Ethnic community 2. Social category
3. Territorial community 4. social aggregate
234. From the standpoint of _______, the basis of social inequality is private ownership of the means of production.
1. Functionalism 2. Marxism
3. Conflict theory 4. Exchange theory
235. A distinctive feature of the representatives of the _____ layer is their low activity potential.
1. Sub-elite 2. Medium
3. Base 4. Bottom
236.According to the concept of E. Shils, the essential features of society are their own ...
237. Relations between the main classes in bourgeois society K. Marx described as class (th, th) ...
1. Cooperation 2. Rivalry
3. Antagonism 4. Competition
238. The class of modern society that stands for political, economic and cultural stability is _____________ class.
1. Inferior 2. Underground
3. Medium 4. Supreme
239. According to T. Parsons, maintaining the motivation of actors in the performance of roles, the elimination of hidden stresses is provided by the subsystem ...
1. Political 2. Culture
3. Social control 4.Economy
240. A broad social group, characterized by a certain geographical position, political sovereignty and original culture, is called ...
1. Civilization 2. Culture
3. Subculture 3. Society
241. The economic dependence of a woman on her husband and the recognition of the unconditional priority of the man in matters of family headship are characteristic of the family.
1. Egalitarian 2. Nuclear
3.Rated 4. Patriarchal
242. The group with which the individual identifies himself and to which he belongs is called ...
1. Primary 2. Internal
3. Rated 4. Minor
243. A social group consisting of two members, the relationship between which is based on feelings, equivalence of exchange and reciprocity, is called ...
1. Urbanization 2. Anomie
3. Dyad 4. Triad
244. Big businessmen and responsible officials are included in the stratum.
1. Sub-elite 2. Basic
3. Lower 4. Middle
245. The evolutionary typology of societies is based on social ______, typical for all countries and peoples.
1. Functions 2. Sanctions
3. Morals 4. Changes
246. If the consequences of the activities of a social institution impede the functioning of another institution, then this phenomenon is called ....
1. Deviation 2. Explicit function
3. Latent function 4. Dysfunction
247. The marriage of one woman simultaneously with several spouses is called ...,.
1. Exogamy 2. Endogamy
3. Polygyny 4. Polyandry
248. A group in which communication is maintained by direct personal contacts and highly emotional involvement of members in the affairs of the group is called ....
1. Secondary 2. Reference
3. Primary 4. Social
249. The totality of people who have a unity of relationship to a particular developed area is a ____ community.
1. Territorial 2. Bulk
3. Nominal 4. Ethnic
250. The legal assignment of rights and obligations to each group is characteristic of _______ stratification systems.
1. Class 2. class
3. Caste 4. Slave
251. A social institution that carries out the reproduction of the population is called ...
1. Organization 2. Community
3. Family 4. estate
252. A group of people united by the solution of certain social problems, characterized by common interests and goals, a sense of solidarity and self-determination, is called ...
1. Organization 2. Crowd
3. Collective 4. Commonality
253. Society has such features as territorial certainty and the presence of ...
1. Common culture 2. Complete equality
3. Political interests 4. Geographic environment
254. A set of people scattered in space who have similar interests in relation to some object is
1 class 2. Public
3. Crowd 4. Strat
255. The concept of "reference group" introduced into sociology ...
1. M. Weber 2. E. Durkheim
3. G. Hyman 4. C. Cooley
256. The presence of interaction between members of the group is a sign of social ...
1. Communities 2. Groups
3. Relationships 4. Roles
257. Society as a system of relations between people based on norms and values that form culture, determined ...
1. T. Parsons 2. M. Weber
3. K. Marx 4. E. Durkheim
258. The transition to universal literacy and the formation of national educational systems is a characteristic feature of _____ society.
1. Industrial 2. Class
3. Post-industrial 4. Traditional
259. The presence of a formal organization is a sign of a ______ group.
1. Small 2. Secondary
3. Big 4. Real
260. A distinctive feature of the representatives of the ______ layer is a low activity potential.
1. Bottom 2. Sub-elite
3. Basic 4. Medium
261. A set of formal prescriptions that define the rights and characteristics of a husband and wife. And two of them - in relation to
1. Sanction 2. Family
3. Marriage 4. Deviation
262. The totality of people who have the unity of relations to a particular developed area is ___ community
1. Ethnic 2. Nominal
3. Bulk 4. Territorial
263. Citizenship rights are the main criterion for stratification in the ______ system of inequality.
1. Slave 2. Cast
3. Estate 4. Class
264. Successful adaptation to a new socio-economic situation characterizes the ___ layer.
1. Underclass 2. Basic
3. Bottom 4. Medium
265. The totality of non-political and non-state organizations, associations, movements is ....
1. Civil society 2. State
3. Party 4. Public
266. A family consisting of representatives of several generations, fucks up ....
1. Patriarchal 2. Nominal
3. Expanded 4. Nuclear
Topic 5. Society and personality: problems of interaction.
1. The type of personality accepted by the culture of the corresponding society, to the greatest extent reflecting the characteristics of this culture:
1. Normative personality 2. Typical personality
3. Traditional personality 4. Cultural personality
2. Behavioral reaction (Merton), which is expressed in the complete denial of the goals and means proclaimed by society and replacing them with new goals and means.
1. Ritualism 2. Mutiny
3. Conformism 4. Retreatism
3. The totality of all statuses occupied by this individual is:
1. Main statuses 2. Social statuses
3. Status position 4. Status set
4. A generalized characteristic covering the profession, economic situation, political opportunities, demographic parameters of a person, these are:
1. Social status 2. Personal status
3. Role set 4. Social position
5. A behavior model focused on a specific status is:
1. social role 2. Status role
3. Pattern of social action 4. Social norm
6. To the variety of statuses not applicable:
1. Social status 2. Personal status
3. Intergenerational status 4. Prescribed status
7. The process of turning external real actions, social forms of communication into sustainable personal traits personality by assimilating group values and attitudes:
1. Conformity 2. Interiorization
3. Deviation 4. Training
8. Social norms that are supported by the moral consciousness of believers, the belief in the punishment for sins when deviating from the norms:
1. Religious norms 2. Moral standards
3. Legal regulations 4. Legal regulations
9. To methods social control not applicable:
1.Manipulation 2. Persuasion
3. Coercion 4. Suggestion
10. Synonymous with the concept of "social status" not is the term:
1. Social rank 2. Social position
3. Social position 4. Social role
11. The position of an individual or group in the social system, due to the social functions with the ensuing rights and obligations, these are:
1. Social position 2. Responsibilities
3. Subjectivism 4. Mobility
12. Type of social control characteristic of small groups:
1. Not formal control 2. Formal control
3. Isolation 4. Isolation
13. The principle of behavior based on worldview, values and norms, readiness for action:
1. Value Orientations 2. Life position
3. Social norms 4. Values
14. A stable system of connections between individuals that has developed in the process of their interaction with each other in the conditions of a given society:
1. Friendship 2. social relations
3. Cooperation 4. Integration
15. Type of personality, the most common in this territory:
1. Social personality 2. Normative personality
3. Modal personality 4. Typical personality
16. The general concept, which is a biosocial category, is:
1. Personality 2. Man
3. Subject 4. Object
17. A unique combination of natural and social properties of an individual is:
1. Uniqueness 2. Individuality
3. Uniqueness 4. Inimitability
18. Socially approved by most people ideas about what goodness, duty, justice, friendship, etc. are:
1. Virtues 2. Rules
3. Norms 4. Values
19. A variety of _________ status is social class status.
1. Main 2 . prescribed
3. Attainable 4. Personal
20. Actual, real behavior of a person occupying a particular social position (social status):
1. Normative behavior 2. Social behavior
3. Role performance 4. Conformity
21. Developed the theory of the hierarchy of needs:
1. A. Maslow 2. K. Marx
3. C. Cooley 4. F. Engels
22. The integrity of the social properties of a person, a product community development:
1. Personality 2. Man
3. Subject 4. Object
23. The manifestation of social relations at the interpersonal level, the dependence of the behavior of one individual on another:
1. Social 2. Public
3. Psychological 4. Humanistic
24. A. Maslow developed a hierarchy of needs: basic (vital), security, __________, recognition, self-realization.
1. Material 2. Communication
3. Economic 4. Love
25. J. Mead identified three stages in the formation of personality: the stage of accepting the role of another, ________, the stage of accepting the role of a “generalized other”.
1. The stage of accepting the role of others 2. Stage of self-acceptance
3. Stage of awareness of oneself 4. Stage of awareness of others
27. Everyone living in society and having undergone socialization is:
1. Personality 2. Man
3. Subject 4. Object
28. A person who shares the same cultural patterns as most members of a given society, adapted to social conditions:
1. Conformist 2. Modal personality
3. A cultured person 4. The right person
29. In theory, _____ a person appears as a product or object of social relations - he is what the social environment surrounding him is.
1. Positivism 2. Freudianism
3. Marxism 4. Rationalism
30. The totality of social factors influencing the formation and behavior of the individual:
1. Society 2. Society
3. Social environment 4. Macro environment
31. Status characterizing the social position of a person, determining his way of life:
1. Important 2. Chief
3. First 4. Ascriptive
32. The process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, psychological mechanisms, social norms and values necessary for the successful functioning of an individual in a given society is:
1. Socialization 2. Social reform
3. Social evolution 4. Social stability
33. The social position that is occupied by the individual and is fixed through his individual choice, his own efforts, this is the status:
1. Personal 2. Prescribed
3. Social 4. Achieved (descriptive)
34. A model of behavior, strengthened, established, selected as appropriate for people occupying a particular social position (status) in the system of social relations is:
1. Role expectation 2. social role
3. Social position 4. Social norm
35. The status that manifests itself at the level of a small group and is determined by personal qualities and character traits is the status of:
1. Expected 2. Personal
3. Honored 4. Group
36. The expected model of behavior for people of a given status in a given social system:
1. Role 2. Role expectation
3. Role performance 4. Regulatory action
37. Awareness of one's "I" is formed with the awareness of other "I", considered:
1. Z. Freud 2. K. Marx
3. V. Pareto 4. C. Cooley
38. The experiential process, during which roles are identified and filled with content, change as the coordinate system changes, is:
1. Role building 2. Role analysis
3. Role play 4. Interaction of roles
39. The agents of primary socialization not includes:
1. Parents 2. Close relatives
3. Peers 4. School administration
40. Behavioral reaction (Merton), expressed in the acceptance of goals, but the rejection of the means to achieve them:
1. Innovation 2. Deprivation
3. Socialization 4. Conflict
41. The clash of role requirements for a person, caused by the plurality of roles simultaneously performed by him:
1. Consensus 2. Controversy
3. Role conflict 4. Conformity
42. Researcher _______ organized and conducted a “prison” experiment:
1. E. Mayo 2. K. Marx
3. G. Tarde 4. F. Zimbardo
43. Formation process social qualities, properties, values, knowledge and skills, thanks to which a person becomes a capable participant in social ties, institutions, communities:
1. Socialization 2. Education
3. Learning 4. Learning
44. This expected behavior, due to the social status of the individual, is:
1. Social role 2. Role play
3. Normal behavior 4. Planned behavior
45. Status that characterizes an individual as a member of a large social group, as a representative of a class, nation, profession, this is the status:
1. Expected 2. Personal
3. Honored 4. Group
46. Socialization agents: parents, relatives, friends, teachers and other reference (significant) people, they are important in the early stages of life, these are agents:
1. Main 2. Important
3. Reference 4. Primary
47. A set of social prescriptions and ceremonies, through which the entry of an individual into the members of a group, a change in his status, the acquisition of a new social role are noted:
1. Initiation 2. Crowning
3. Ceremonial 4. Acceptance
48. The process of assimilation of new social norms to replace the lost ones or their restoration:
1. Socialization 2. Deviation
3. Resocialization 4. Deprivation
49. Adaptation of the individual to role functions, social norms, socio-economic conditions, institutions:
1. Habituation 2. Acceptance
3. Social adaptation 4. Training
50. Conflict when an individual has to choose between the need to fulfill official duties and come to the aid of a friend in need:
1. Role conflict 2. Subjective conflict
3. Status conflict 4. Interpersonal conflict
51. Means of encouragement and punishment, forcing people to comply with social norms:
1. Sanctions 2. Orders
3. Directions 4. Wishes
52. Representatives of the administration of the school, institute (group curator), enterprises, army, church, state, media employees - their role is important at later stages of life, they are agents of socialization:
1. Secondary 2. Group
3. Non-referential 4. Public
53. The mechanism of socialization, expressed in more or less exact copying by the individual of the behavior of other people:
1. Imitation 2. Imitation
3. Repeat 4. Copy
54. The set of roles corresponding to this status is called:
1. Role set 2. Role selection
3. Playing roles 4. Performance
55. The process of incorporating social norms, values into the inner world of a person, i.e. giving social norms a personal character is:
1. Conformity 2. Interiorization
3. Deviation 4. Training
56. The process of weaning from old norms, values, roles, rules of conduct:
1. Desocialization 2. Socialization
3. Deviation 4. Deprivation
57. The state of the gap between the biological and socio-cultural maturation of young people, manifested in the non-acceptance of social duties and obligations:
1. Deviation 2. Socialization
3. Alienation 4. Infantilism
58. Illegal acts that violate the law, which are not in the proper sense of crime, punishable in an administrative manner:
1. Delinquent behavior 2. Deviation
3. Crime 4. Conformism
59. Behavioral reaction (Merton), which is expressed in the rejection of goals, but the acceptance of the means to achieve these goals:
1. Ritualism 2. Consent
3. Conformity 4. Agreement
60. A mechanism that ensures the maintenance of socially acceptable patterns of behavior and functioning of the social system as a whole:
1. Norms 2. Social control
3. Army 4. Police
61. Behavioral reaction (Merton), consisting in the acceptance of the goals and means of a given social community, even by abandoning one's own beliefs:
1. Acceptance 2. Consent
3. Conformity 4. Arrangement
62. A variety of _______status can be professional and official status.
1. Ascriptive 2. achievable
3. Personal 4. Group
63. The concept that reflects a social attribute that discredits an individual or group in order to exclude them from social interaction is a “label” hung on a person:
1. Stigma 2. Exception
3. Deprivation 4. Conformism
64. The functionality of deviant behavior for society, in the opinion of _________, is manifested in the fact that it leads to the improvement of social norms in society.
1. E. Durkheim 2. K. Marx
3. M. Weber 4. M.M. Kovalevsky
65. The subordination of the individual to the norms accepted in society, the attitudes and behavior of the individual, corresponding to the expectations and norms of the social group:
1. Acceptance 2. Conformity
3. Deviation 4. Socialization
66. _______ are instructions on how to behave correctly in society.
1. Norms 2. Rules
3. Laws 4. Punishments
67. According to sociologists, the main type of "social lifts" in modern society is
1. Personal abilities of the individual 2. Social Institute of Education
3.Competition between individuals 4.Interpersonal relationships
68. Social norms that fix the established order of behavior of people, based on habits and supported by the power of public opinion:
1. Ritual 2. Norms of custom
3. Ceremony 4. Rules
69. The social position, which is prescribed in advance to the individual by society or a group, regardless of his abilities or efforts, is:
1. Prescribed (ascriptive) status 2. Main status
3. Achieved status 4. Characteristic status
70. A specific action of a person, and a system of actions, and a relatively stable mass social phenomenon that do not correspond to the norms of a group, society:
1. Violations 2. Crimes
3. Anomalies 4. Deviant behavior
71. Social norms, which are predominantly evaluative in nature and are provided by the power of public opinion:
1. Moral standards 2. Legal regulations
3. Norms of etiquette 4. Norms of law
72. Factors determining deviant behavior: biological, ________, social.
1. Economic 2. Psychological
3. Political 4. Personal
73. The norms that regulate the relationship between the individual and the authorities, between individual states and are reflected both in laws and in international treaties:
1. Political norms 2. Moral standards
3. Religious norms 4. Legal norms
74. Measures of influence of a social group on the behavior of individuals deviating from social expectations and norms:
1. Orders 2. Sanctions
3. Punishments 4. Rewards
75. The type of socialization that an individual undergoes in childhood, becoming a member of society, it is carried out in the sphere of interpersonal relations:
1. Personal 2. Primary
3. Home 4. Social
76. Individuals and organizations that implement the actions of social norms and apply social sanctions:
1. Agents of social control 2. Controllers
3. Police 4. Army
77. Types of social control: formal control and __________.
1. Informal control 2. Mandatory control
3. Administrative control 4. Army control
78. Delinquency is...
1. Same as deviation 2. Violation of moral taboos
3. Equivalent to anomie 4. Violation of legal and social norms
79. To refer to the layer of super-rich entrepreneurs in Russia who have influence on the authorities, the term ...
1. Nouveau riche 2. "Oligarchs"
3. "Business elite" 4. "New nobles"
80. Consensual decision making as a type of social interaction is called _____.
1. Cooperation 2. By consensus
3. Compromise 4. Competition
81. In _______ society, school education is becoming widespread and is becoming one of the leading factors of social stratification.
1. Industrial 2. Feudal
3. Traditional 4. Slave
82. Are the following judgments correct:
A) Modern societies of Western Europe are characterized by a class system of social stratification;
B) Modern societies of Western Europe are characterized by a class system of social stratification.
1. Only B is true 2. Both judgments are wrong
3. Only A is true 4. Both judgments are correct
83. Are the following judgments correct:
A) to the "middle class" in modern Russia include mid-level managers, high and medium-skilled intellectual workers;
B) The "middle class" in modern Russia includes the intelligentsia, workers, employees and peasants.
1. Both judgments are wrong 2. Only B is correct
3. Only A is true 4. Both judgments are correct
84. From the point of view of liberal theorists, competition between sellers in a market economy leads to _____.
1. Price increase
2. Deterioration in the quality of customer service
3. Growth of economic efficiency
4. Shortage of goods and services
85. A. Maslow defined the full use of his talents, abilities, capabilities as ______ person.
1. Self-presentation 2. Self-knowledge
3. Self-actualization 4. Conceit
86. The initial stimuli of activity, reflecting the objective conditions of human existence, are called ...
1. Needs 2. Roles
3. Goals 4. Instincts
87. The desire to rest after a long journey can be an example of the action of needs ...
1. Ideal 2. Biological
3. Social 4. Spiritual
88. Motive is an internal motivating reason for an action, while ___ is an external one.
1. Factor 2. Condition
3. Incentive 4. Circumstance
89. The ability to self-reflection characterizes ________ personality
1. Modern 2. Primitive
3. Patriarchal 4. Traditional
90. In sociology, the term "personality" means ...
personal contacts
by exchange
Conflict
Control
social group
development.
cyclical
Observation
Give meaning
Interview
status
Changes
society.
Industrial
Dysfunction
regulation
role conflict
N. Danilevsky developed a model of public
development.
cyclical
The purpose of empirical sociological research is to obtain objective data for ...
practical use
Chicago
supreme supreme
Horizontal
attributed
Stratification
The prescriptions and requirements that define the limits of acceptable behavior of people in society are called social (-mi) ...
norms
ethnic
The concept of "primary group" was introduced into sociology ...
Western
The theory of "circulation angers" V. Pareto refers to
cyclic
changes.
Directed and stimulated
Assimilation
Farm
An example of a counterculture in modern society can be a subculture ...
The economic basis of an industrial society is...
Industry
The evolutionary typology of societies is based on social, typical for all countries and peoples.
Changes
The marriage of one man to two or more wives at the same time is called...
R. Merton
An action directed at another person and causing a response is called ...
social interaction
Conflict
Punishment ii encouragement in the system of social control are called
sanctions
The necessary conditions for collective behavior are the common situation and the participants.
organization
supreme supreme
Modal
Ideological propaganda
social
Incompatibility of functions, conflicting responsibilities and requirements are signs of...
role conflict
Progress
A small number of people who are in constant personal contact and interaction is called a troupe.
Secondary
Urbanization
Conformism
P. Sorokin
inequalities.
Social
skilled workers
Modernization in modern conditions is a process
changes.
Directed and stimulated
concepts of social change.
cyclic
The negative effects of globalization include...
suburbanization
Origin, place of residence - these are the basics
inequalities.
Social
In the class model of W. Warner, on the basis of the criterion of "wealth and noble birth", a class is distinguished.
supreme supreme
Reachable
Social
sanctions
An essential sign of mass action is the absence of ...
personal contacts
by exchange
Desocialization
Incompatibility of functions, conflicting responsibilities and requirements are signs of...
role conflict
The theory of "circulation of elites" by V. Pareto refers to
concepts of social change.
cyclic
Globalization migration processes in the world.
Stimulates
Trade union
The process of mutual cultural penetration, as a result of which a common culture is affirmed, is called ...
Assimilation
living standards.
values
The economic basis of a traditional society is...
Industry
If the consequences of the activities of a social institution impede the functioning of another institution, then this phenomenon is called ...
Dysfunction
egalitarian
The group with which the individual relates himself as a standard and to the norms and values by which he is guided in his behavior is called a troupe.
Reference
Diaspora
The receipt by an individual of a government award is a type of sanction.
formal positive
Crowd behavior is a kind of...
Mass action
Any action of an individual, focused on the motives of the behavior of other people, is called ...
psychological
The protective and stabilizing functions in society are performed by the social (- th, - th, th) ...
Control
A form of social interaction involving rewards and costs is called...
cooperation
An essential sign of mass action is the absence of ...
personal contacts
A form of social interaction involving rewards and costs is called...
by exchange
An action directed at another person and causing a response is called ...
Conflict
The protective and stabilizing functions in society are performed by the social (- th, - th, th) ...
Control
A group of people who have a common social attribute and are united by joint activities is called ...
social group
N. Danilevsky developed a model of public
development.
cyclical
The method of collecting primary data by perceiving and registering events is called ...
Observation
Ethnomethodology studies the ways in which! people
social (th) reality (th).
Give meaning
A focus group is a type of sociological...
Interview
When a child is included in the relationship of interaction between the social circle of parents, the function of the family is realized.
status
The evolutionary typology of societies is based on social, typical for all countries and peoples.
Changes
Mass literacy of the population is a characteristic feature
society.
Industrial
If the consequences of the activities of a social institution impede the functioning of another institution, then this phenomenon is called ...
Dysfunction
A person can reduce role tension or conflict through roles.
regulation
At the final stage of the development of the "I" occurs ...
Recognition of the "generalized other"
political
According to the normative concept of civil society, the formation of public opinion occurs through ...
Ideological propaganda
An individual who simultaneously possesses several social statuses forms ...
status set
Based on the economic criterion of "poor" in Russian society, they distinguish ...
base layer
A variation of horizontal mobility is
mobility.
Individual
The presence or absence of personal freedom is a criterion for stratification in the system.
class
The negative effects of globalization include...
Limiting the autonomy of national civil institutions
A subculture that is in conflict with the dominant values of the dominant culture is called...
Counterculture
Modernization in modern conditions is a process
changes.
Directed and stimulated
According to N. Smelser, the result of the spread of industrial technologies was ...
Decreased literacy rate
According to the classification of N. Smelser, movement can be attributed to norm-oriented social movements.
Trade union
The theory of "circulation of elites" by V. Pareto refers to
concepts of social and change.
cyclic
Any action of an individual, focused on the motives of the behavior of other people, is called ...
psychological
competition
According to M. Weber, capitalism arose as a result of the mass distribution ...
Rational Entrepreneurship
When studying the elements of public opinion or individual consciousness, ...
Mass literacy of the population is a characteristic feature
society.
Industrial
According to R. Merton, the main thing for society is the existence
fundamental due to which the individual observes
norms of more liquid activity.
values
The proportional distribution of family responsibilities and the interchangeability of spouses in solving everyday problems are characteristic of the family.
egalitarian
An individual who simultaneously possesses several social statuses forms ...
status set
The hierarchical structure of society reflects the concept of "social
Stratification
In the class model of W. Warner, on the basis of the criterion of "wealth and noble birth", a class is distinguished.
supreme supreme
The most common type of personality in society with average generally accepted traits is called personality.
Modal
According to the normative concept of civil society, the formation of public opinion occurs through ...
Ideological propaganda
social
Incompatibility of functions, conflicting responsibilities and requirements are signs of...
role conflict
The stages of development of a social movement are formation, formalization.
According to N. Smelser, the result of the spread of industrial technologies was ...
Increasing social mobility
The cumulative social process of accumulation of positive characteristics in society is called ...
Progress
The negative effects of globalization include...
Internalization of civil society institutions
A small number of people who are in constant personal contact and interaction is called a troupe.
Secondary
The growth of the urban population in society reflects the concept ...
Urbanization
The predominance of impersonal or indirect contacts between members of a social group is a sign.
The passive acceptance by the individual of group norms and opinions is called...
Conformism
A form of social interaction in which actors seek to fulfill their own interests at the expense of the interests of other people is called ...
Conflict
Crowd behavior is a kind of...
Mass action
An action performed by a person automatically, out of habit, according to the classification of M. Weber is called ...
Traditional
A group of people who have a common social attribute and are united by joint activities is called ...
social group
A small number of people who are in constant personal contact and interaction is called a group.
The mechanism of institutional social control includes...
Penitentiaries
The community of people living outside their ethnic environment is called ...
Diaspora
The stages of development of a social movement are formation, formalization.
Cooperation
Bulk
The theory of "circulation of elites" by V. Pareto refers to
concepts of social change.
cyclic
A necessary condition for successful acculturation is...
Tolerance
The criterion of progress in the concept of post-industrial society is the level of development.
scientific
Intelligence
Empirical studies of the social problems of urbanization, marginalized groups of the urban population were carried out by school sociologists
Chicago
Multiple and ambiguous
Public opinion can be identified through specialized surveys and...
Referenda
The structure of a person's role behavior includes role expectation and roll.
Understanding
The movement of a person from one denomination to another is called mobility.
Horizontal
Origin, place of residence - these are the basics
inequalities.
Social
The status of a son or daughter is a kind of status.
attributed
The stratification of Soviet society had a character.
Classless
If the consequences of the activities of a social institution impede the functioning of another institution, then this phenomenon is called ...
Dysfunction
common culture
An individual who simultaneously possesses several social statuses forms ...
P. Sorokin
Origin, place of residence - these are the basics
inequalities.
Social
W. Warner included in the composition of the upper lower class ...
skilled workers
Modernization in modern conditions is a process
changes.
Directed and stimulated
The theory of "circulation of elites" by V. Pareto refers to
concepts of social change.
cyclic
A symbolic system that performs the function of creating, storing and transmitting information is called ...
The negative effects of globalization include...
Limiting the autonomy of national civil institutions
During the transition to a post-industrial society, a process of increasing the population of suburban areas is observed - this phenomenon is called ...
suburbanization
The process of ordering statuses and roles into a system to meet social needs is called ...
institutionalization
A broad social group, characterized by a certain geographical position, political sovereignty and a distinctive culture, is called ...
Society
The necessary conditions for collective behavior are the general situation of the participants.
Spatial proximity
The cooperation of several individuals to solve a common problem using the division of labor is called ...
cooperation
If one person slaps another in the face, then he performs ...
physical action
A group member who performs goal-setting functions in it is called ...
leader
The predominance of impersonal or indirect contacts between members of a social group is a sign of the group.
Rated
The presence of economic and social ties in a spatially limited framework characterizes the community.
Territorial
sample
To test the tools and methods of empirical research, a study is carried out.
Intelligence
Ethnomethodology studies the ways in which people
social (th) reality (th).
Give meaning
Positivism in sociology, according to O. Comte, manifests itself in
By a positive assessment of all social phenomena
The structure of a person's role behavior includes role expectation and roles.
Understanding
In the process of socialization, parents for the child play the role of ...
Agents of primary socialization
Public opinion can be identified with the help of specialized polls...
Referenda
The socio-cultural layer in the structure of secrecy includes...
Activity Incentives
The social institution that reproduces the population is called ...
During the transition to a post-industrial society, a process of increasing the population of suburban areas is observed - this phenomenon is called ...
suburbanization
Society has such features as territorial certainty and the presence of ...
common culture
The main component of the social structure of society is (are) ...
social institution
mobility.
ascending
Origin, place of residence - these are the basics
inequalities.
Social
In the class model of W. Warner, on the basis of the criterion of "wealth and noble birth", a class is distinguished.
supreme supreme
Having passed the entrance exams to the university and becoming a student, you acquire the status.
Reachable
Any action of an individual, focused on the motives of the behavior of other people, is called ...
Social
Punishment and reward in the system of social control are called
sanctions
An essential sign of mass action is the absence of ...
personal contacts
A form of social interaction involving rewards and costs is called...
by exchange
The process of losing one and acquiring new goals and roles by a person at each stage of life is called ...
Desocialization
Incompatibility of functions, conflicting responsibilities and requirements are signs of...
role conflict
In the concept of P. Bourdieu, the system of unconscious schemes of perception and action of a person is called ...
interest
According to the normative concept of civil society, the formation of public opinion occurs through ...
Ideological propaganda
The group with which the individual relates himself as a standard and to the norms and values by which he is guided in his behavior is called a group.
Reference
E. Durkheim substantiated the paradigm in sociology.
sociocentric
According to G. Spencer, the integration of society is ensured by the complication of the system ...
social control
To test the tools and methods of empirical research, a study is carried out.
Intelligence
The totality of elements of the object of sociological research, subject to direct study, is called ...
sample
Musicals and blockbusters in the sci-fi and detective genres exemplify the culture.
Bulk
Diffusion
The cumulative social process of accumulation of positive characteristics in society is called ...
evolution
Reform
In the process of globalization, the attitudes and values of civilization spread throughout the world.
Western
According to the classification of N. Smelser, movement can be attributed to norm-oriented social movements.
Trade union
Planned social change based on the existing values of society is ...
Reform
In the process of globalization, the attitudes and values of civilization spread throughout the world.
Western
According to N. Smelser, the result of the spread of industrial technology was ...
Decreased literacy rate
Signs of a formed social movement are the presence and clearly formulated goals.
The hierarchical structure of society reflects the concept of "social".
Stratification
The stratification of modern Russian society has
character.
class-layer
The status of a son or daughter is a kind of status.
attributed
Promotion of a person in a position is a kind of
mobility.
ascending
Incompatibility of functions, conflicting responsibilities and requirements are signs of...
role conflict
The loss of a person's previous skills and behaviors is called
De socialization
The most common type of personality in society with average generally accepted traits is called personality.
Modal
The role of civil society is...
Protection of the individual from the state
The cultural attributes of a community are language, rituals,
traditions, historical memory.
ethnic
The passive acceptance by the individual of group norms and opinions is called...
Conformism
A set of people who have a common social attribute and are united by joint activities is called ...
social group
When a child is included in the relationship of interaction between the social circle of parents, the function of the family is realized.
status
According to R. Merton, the main thing for society is the existence
fundamental due to which the individual observes
living standards.
values
The Institute provides management in various areas
Politicians
Interaction in the form of rivalry, in which people negotiate the rules of the game in advance, is called ...
competition
Any action of an individual, focused on the motives of the behavior of other people, is called ...
Social
Social traditions and mores are a kind of...
social norms
An essential sign of mass action is the absence of ...
personal contacts
To test the tools and methods of empirical research, a study is carried out.
Intelligence
It is methodically wrong to include questions in the questionnaire.
Multiple and ambiguous
Society has such features as territorial certainty and the presence of ...
common culture
The Institute provides management in various areas
society, security and social order.
Politicians
When a child is included in the relationship of interaction between the social circle of parents, the function of the family is realized.
status
informational
According to W. Beck, modernization creates new risks that ...
Can be predicted
Planned social change based on the existing values of society is ...
Reform
Movement is referred to as "new" social movements.
Farm
Musicals and blockbusters in the sci-fi and detective genres exemplify the culture.
Bulk
The formation of the alphabets of European languages based on the Latin alphabet is an example of a cultural ...
1. A social institution is understood as:
a) an association of people created by them to satisfy a certain set of personal and social needs;
b) the organizational form of a particular social system, which regulates the totality of relations between the people who form it;
c) an educational organization in which members of the society go through the process of secondary socialization and are attached to future activities within the framework of formal organizations;
d) a stable set of formal and informal rules, principles, norms, attitudes that regulate the interaction of people in a certain area of social life and organize it into a system of roles and statuses.
2. The concept of "social institution" was introduced into scientific circulation ...
a) O. Comte;
b) G. Spencer;
c) E. Durkheim;
d) K. Marx.
3. The process of ordering statuses and roles into a system to meet social needs is called ...
a) urbanization;
b) stratification;
c) institutionalization;
d) resocialization.
4. If the consequences of the activities of a social institution impede the functioning of another institution, then this phenomenon is called ...
a) an explicit function;
b) latent function;
c) deviation;
d) dysfunction.
5. The transfer of social experience to new people coming to the social institution occurs with the help of the ________ function.
a) broadcasting;
b) integrative;
c) regulatory;
d) communicative.
6. A social institution in which the scope of functions, means and methods of action are regulated by the prescriptions of laws or other legal acts is called ...
a) political;
b) formal;
c) religious;
d) informal.
7. Reproductive functions in society are carried out by:
a) political institutions;
b) economic institutions;
c) legal institutions;
d) marriage and family institutions.
8. The basis for the allocation of a nuclear family is the criterion ...
a) forms marital relations;
b) family composition;
c) well-being in the family;
d) family functions.
Which of the forms of marriage prevails in modern societies?
a) polyandry;
b) polygyny;
c) monogamy;
d) group marriage.
10. The type of family in which power is distributed unevenly in favor of the older man is called ...
a) egalitarian;
b) matriarchal;
c) patrilineal;
d) patriarchal.
Topic 8. Sociology of organization and management
1. The activities of the bureaucracy as a mechanism of management and a special social stratum serve as an expression of:
a) goal-oriented type of social action;
b) value-rational type of social action;
c) the traditional type of social action;
d) affective type of social action.
2. According to the style of management, social movements are distinguished ...
a) totalitarian;
b) democratic;
c) conservative;
d) liberal.
3. The most pronounced negative consequence of bureaucracy in an organization and society is that ...
a) rational use of resources;
b) the productivity of managerial work increases;
c) the goals of the society or organization are ignored;
d) service culture is improving.
4. The component of the organization, which is considered the most important and on which all components of the organization depend, is ...
a) social benefits;
b) social technologies;
c) the purpose of the organization;
d) staff.
5. The absence of remuneration for participation and work in the organization is typical for ...
a) compulsory organizations;
b) utilitarian organizations;
c) associations;
d) total institutions.
a) the position of the leader outside the group;
b) group members are not informed about promising goals;
c) personal initiatives of group members are ignored;
d) the decision is made by the leader alone.
7. If the leader does not interfere in the actions of subordinates, allowing them to make decisions and act independently, then he uses ___________ management style.
a) democratic;
d) permissive.
8. The democratic style of management in a group is most effective when ...
a) low qualification of workers;
b) a large number of group members;
c) performing urgent work;
d) solving creative problems.
9. Cooperative organizations are dominated by relationships ...
a) fight
b) rivalry;
c) enmity;
d) cooperation.
The table shows the definitions of some economic statuses. Indicate in the right column the numbers of those occupations that, in your opinion, are relevant to them.
Loading...