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CONSULATE AND EDUCATION of the Napoleonic Empire Topic 2 Lesson No. 1 Gubanova L.A. Teacher of the highest category of school No. 29 of Sevastopol
LESSON OUTLINE 1. From Revolutionary France to Bourgeois France. 2. Internal policy of NAPOLEON during the CONSULATE period 3. Revolutionary on the throne. 4. Napoleon's wars of conquest
Let's repeat! 1789 - the fall of the Bastille 1791 - the adoption of a constitution that destroyed absolutism and limited the power of the king 1793 - the execution of Louis XYI 1793 - the adoption of a new Constitution that proclaimed FRANCE a republic November 9-10 (18-19 Brumaire) 1799 - a bloodless coup . The rise to power of Napoleon Bonaparte. “WE HAVE COMPLETED THE ROMAN REVOLUTION. NOW YOU NEED TO SEE WHAT IS REAL IN IT ”(Napoleon Bonaparte)
one . Napoleon's domestic policy during the period of the Consulate (1799-1804) On 18 Brumaire, 1799, a coup d'état took place in France. Power transferred to 3 consuls headed by Napoleon Bonaparte. 1799 - 1804 – period of the Consulate “REVOLUTION IS THE TROUBLE OF THE GENERATION THAT MADE IT” (Napoleon Bonaparte)
1. Domestic policy of Napoleon during the period of the Consulate (1799-1804) UNDER the Constitution of 1799: LEGISLATIVE POWER is limited EXECUTIVE POWER belongs to 3 consuls: 1 consul - NAPOLEON - all the fullness of the executive, partly judicial and legislative power 2 and 3 consuls have the right of deliberative votes Local government destroyed
ACTIVITIES OF NAPOLEON "Freedom, equality, property". Encouragement of entrepreneurship development Financial reform. Introduced a new coin - a gold FRANK Abolished the separation of church and state. The main religion is Catholicism. Other beliefs are also allowed. 1802 - Napoleon became consul for life
2. REVOLUTIONARY ON THE THRONE "God gave me this crown" May 1804 - Proclaiming France an empire and Napoleon emperor. The final establishment of an authoritarian regime. 1804 - Napoleonic Civil Code: A) equality of citizens before the law B) freedom of conscience C) inviolability of person and property 1805 - Crowned as King of Italy
Self-study PAGE 93 and Document on p. 100, Art. 7.8 What groups of French society supported Napoleon? Why?
PROBLEM QUESTION: Napoleon said “I am either a fox or a lion. The whole secret of management is knowing when to be this or that.” Analyze the activities of Napoleon and confirm his words with facts.
3. NAPOLEON'S CONQUESTIVE WARS Textbook, Pages 96-98 Fill in the table. Draw conclusions Years Main events Results, meaning
HOMEWORK § 11, complete the table Give a written answer to question 4 (page 99, under the ornament icon). Explain the concepts: -consulate - coalition - continental blockade
3. Napoleon's wars of conquest years Main events Results, significance 1800 The second Italian campaign. Battle of Marengo Austria withdrew from the war Piedmont and Genoa joined France 1805 Battle of Ulm with Austria The defeat of the Austrian troops December 1805 Battle of Cape Trafalgar (against England) The victory of the English fleet led by Admiral Nelson The French fleet was destroyed 1806 The French entered Prussia on November 21, 1806 - the decree on the continental blockade of England The defeat of Prussia All states dependent on France cannot trade with England 1807 The Treaty of Tilsit with Russia Russia joined the continental blockade 1808 - The French invaded Spain Occupation Spain
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Theme No. 2 Lesson No. 2 Gubanova L.A., teacher of history and social studies, school No. 29 of Sevastopol
Historical dictation Explain the concepts: -consulate - coalition - continental blockade - Napoleonic code - industrial revolution
Let's repeat! Prove that the power of Napoleon during the time of the consulate was no less than that of King Louis XVI. Describe Napoleon's domestic policy What of his deeds did Napoleon consider "true glory"? What do you see as the merit of Napoleon as a politician? What actions do you consider wrong? Give a general assessment of his reign in the period from 1799 to 1807?
Defeat of Napoleon's empire. Congress of Vienna Initial contradiction: From 1804 to 1815, 1,700,000 Frenchmen died on the battlefields, and the soldiers went on and on to their deaths shouting: "Long live the emperor!" Problem task: Think and answer why France forgave Bonaparte everything?
1. Life in the time of the empire By 1811, the empire had 130 departments, and they carried out a lot of construction work: roads, tunnels, bridges were being built. In Paris, on the orders of Napoleon, bridges were erected in honor of Austerlitz and Jena, new churches, Arc de Triomphe, and the Stock Exchange were built. The emperor wanted to turn the capital into "the most beautiful of the cities that have ever existed in the world." The Louvre, called the Napoleon Museum, became a repository of masterpieces taken from the conquered countries.
1. Life in the times of the Empire Before the revolution, each peasant from 100 francs of his income gave 81 francs to the seigneur, the state and the church. Under Napoleon, paying nothing to the lord and the church, he gave the state 21 francs, leaving himself 79. It was these peasants, who became soldiers, officers, marshals, counts and dukes under the empire, who supported Bonaparte, who was also a “son of the revolution”, unknown a Corsican whom the revolution made king. A. I. Herzen wrote: “The similarity of tastes completely explains the love of the people for him ... he himself belonged to the crowd ... with its passions and attractions; elevated to a genius and covered with rays of glory. That's where his strength comes from."
Why did France forgive Napoleon everything? Initial contradiction: From 1804 to 1815, 1,700,000 Frenchmen died on the battlefields, and the soldiers went on and on to their deaths shouting: “Long live the emperor!” Problem task: Think and answer why France forgave Bonaparte everything?
2. Reasons for the weakening of the Napoleonic Empire Read paragraph 2 of paragraph 12 (pages 102 -103). What are the reasons for the weakening of Napoleon's empire (in writing)
Test yourself! Reasons for the weakening of Napoleon's empire: 2 lean years in a row Decline in industry and trade due to the blockade of England Discontent of the population with continuous wars Difficult relations with the conquered countries
3 . THE COLLAPSE OF THE EMPIRE
years Main events Results, significance 1812 Campaign against Russia Leaving the army, Napoleon fled to Paris 1813 "Battle of the Nations" near Leipzig. Napoleon fought against the coalition: Russia, England, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, Spain, Portugal Napoleon's army was defeated Coalition troops entered Paris Napoleon was sent into exile on the island of Elba 1815 Napoleon's return to France "Napoleon's 100 days" Empire restored Waterloo Napoleon's army is finally defeated. Napoleon exiled to Saint Helena.
4 . Congress of Vienna (September 1814 - June 1815) Goals: Return France to pre-revolutionary borders, restore the Bourbon dynasty Territorial reorganization of Europe and its colonies Protect Europe from new revolutions. Working with the Document p. 109. Can F. Genz' assessment of the goals of the Congress of Vienna be considered objective? Support your point of view with facts.
Winning countries Territories obtained by decision of the Congress of Vienna Russia Part of Poland - Duchy of Warsaw, Finland, Bessarabia Prussia Reyes region, Westphalia, western Polish lands Austria 2 Italian regions Lombardy and Venice England Island of Malta in the Mediterranean Sea, island of Ceylon, Cape in Africa
Homework 1. § 12, c. 5 - writing - finish the table. 2. Additionally "Personals": prepare a message or presentation: Charles - Maurice Talleyrand, Horatio Nelson
HOLY UNION 1815 To maintain world peace and fight against the revolutionary movement "in the name of religion", the emperors of Russia and Austria, as well as the King of Prussia, entered into a Holy Alliance. This treaty was signed by almost all the monarchs of European states. In fact, this was the first attempt to create a system of European balance, which ensures respect for existing treaties, for the established territorial delimitation. European equilibrium is such an order in which all states restrain each other so that none of them can impose their dominance on another by force, subjugate it to itself. Napoleon's victors believed they were establishing the European balance. In the period from 1818 to 1821, all their activities were reduced to the fight against revolutions. Together, the revolutions in Spain and Italy were strangled. In other matters, there was no unity in the policy of the members of the Union.
The science. Creation of a scientific picture of the world
Plan for the study of the topic 1) Reasons for the rapid development of physics and other natural sciences. 2). A century of sensations 3) A revolution in natural science 4) A new science - microbiology 5) Medical advances 6) The development of education
XIX - early XX century - a special time in the development of science. Great discoveries follow one after another. It seemed as if some invisible magician had pulled back the curtain hiding the secrets of nature and man. But that wizard was the human mind. New discoveries destroy the idea that nature is subject to the exact laws of mechanics.
Scientific field Year of discovery Scientist Content and significance of the discovery Physics 1831 Michael Faraday (1791 - 1861) Discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetism. This made it possible to start creating the electric motor STR. 46-49
What inventions, in your opinion, were the most sensational? Why?
LET'S MAKE CONCLUSIONS... What was the main feature of the natural scientific discoveries of the second half of the 19th century?
LET'S SUMMARIZE! The main feature of the natural scientific discoveries of the second half of the XIX century. was that they radically changed the idea of the structure of matter, space, time, movement, the development of living nature, the place of man in nature, and the origin of life on Earth.
Let's work at home! PARAGRAPH 5. Finish filling in the table. Prepare a message about any important discovery 2 floor. 19th century
Theme of the lesson: "The Consulate and the Formation of the Napoleonic Empire."
Lesson Objectives:
Educational: describe the development of France in the period from 1799 to 1810; learn the reasons for the transition from republic to empire in France; to show the bourgeois character of the Napoleonic reforms. Their significance for the further modernization of France; show the aggressive nature of Napoleon's warrior, the territorial changes that have taken place in Europe.
Developing: the formation of students to independently draw conclusions, substantiating them with facts, to state judgments about the cause-and-effect relationships of historical events and phenomena; formation of positive motivation for learning.
Educational: continue to form a respectful attitude towards world culture.
During the classes.
I. Organizing time.
II. Homework survey:
You were given § 9-10 Liberals, conservatives and socialists.
Questions for oral survey:
1. Describe the main views of liberals on the development of society, the role of the state and human rights.
2. List the basic principles of conservatism. Think about the differences between liberals and conservatives on issues of the role of the state in society and human rights.
3. Tell us about the basic principles of Marxist teaching.
Independent work (test):
1. The social doctrine of Western Europe in the 19th century, which was based on the human right to life and freedom:
a) socialism b) liberalism c) anarchism
2. The doctrine of the class struggle, the communist revolution formed the basis
a) anarchism b) marxism c) liberalism
3. One of the representatives of critical socialism:
a) Henri Saint-Simon b) Friedrich Engels c) Pierre Proudhon
4. Mark all correct statements.
Conservatives
a) recognized the right of the state to regulate the economy
b) advocated the social equality of all people
c) advocated the preservation of the old order and traditional values
d) advocated the abolition of private property
5. He was NOT a representative of anarchism
a) Charles Fourier b) Pierre Proudhon c) Mikhail Bakunin
6. Explain the statement: "Everything that is not prohibited by law is allowed."
III. Updating the basic knowledge of students.
Teacher's story: Guys, last year you started studying the French Revolution. Let me remind you that as a result of it, the monarchy was overthrown, the French emperor Louis XVI was executed, and power passed into the hands of the people's representative body.
On November 19, 1799, the Council of Five Hundred was dispersed, and General Bonaparte became the absolute ruler of France for 15 years. Napoleon Bonaparte established a rigid authoritarian regime, his power was enormous. Let's see where his power was directed. What did Napoleon Bonaparte do for France and for each Frenchman individually? What did he do for Europe?
Lesson plan:
3. "Revolutionary on the throne."
IV. Exploring a new topic.
1. From revolutionary France to bourgeois France.
- Teacher's story. Since 1789, so many upheavals have taken place in France that the events of 18-19 Brumaire did not disturb the sans-culottes. Most citizens did not sympathize with the idea of the return of the monarchy. General Bonaparte, a man with a republican background, was accepted quietly as head of state. Having established a military dictatorship, Bonaparte set about restoring the economy, public administration and the legal system. He was preparing to rule the country of the bourgeoisie, peasants and property owners.
- Work with the document.
- Student's report about Napoleon Bonaparte.
- The teacher's story. The new constitution, adopted in December 1799, proclaimed as its principles "calmness, order, legality." The Senate, the highest legislative chamber, handed executive power to three consuls for 10 years. The First Consul was vested with the greatest rights. He had the right to create laws, declare war and make peace, appoint ministers and officials. He had more power than Louis XVI under the constitution of 1791. The Second and Third Consuls had only an advisory vote. Legislative power was severely limited. The constitution restored universal suffrage. However, local self-government was destroyed, government officials - prefects - were sent to the departments for management. In cities, instead of elected communes, mayors were appointed.
The regime of personal power was established in the country. The French were tired of the revolution, and the regime of personal power was approved in a plebiscite (popular poll).
So Napoleon Bonaparte, "son of the revolution", became the main political figure in France. The country has entered the path of civil peace.
The period from 1799 to 1804, when power was concentrated in the hands of the consuls, historians call the consulate.
Notebook entry:
The consulate is a period in the history of France from 1799 to 1804, when power was concentrated in the hands of the consuls.
2. "Liberty, equality and property!"
- Work with the textbook.
Group 1 reads the paragraph "Freedom, equality and property!" on pages 93-94 of the textbook.
Group 2 reads “A society without religion is like a ship without a compass” on pp. 94-95.
Exercise: Each group highlights the main reforms, measures to strengthen the state and appease the people, carried out in France by Napoleon during his consulate.
3. "Revolutionary on the throne."
- Teacher's story. The Republic was coming to an end. Royalist conspiracies, aimed at overthrowing the consulate regime and restoring the Bourbon monarchy, frightened the "new rich", who were afraid of losing their property acquired during the years of the revolution. They demanded "that Napoleon Bonaparte, now First Consul, be proclaimed emperor and as such entrusted with the administration of the French Republic."
The proposal was also supported by the peasants who bought the lands of the emigrants. One of the leaders of the bourgeoisie expressed the general opinion of these people, declaring: "Only by establishing the hereditary power of the new dynasty, we can destroy the chimerical hopes of the old dynasty in the bud, giving the new order of things a lasting character." And the First Consul himself had long lived the dream of an empire. Military victories helped pave the way to the throne.
The European powers that fought against France were tired of the war. Denmark was the first to conclude a truce with France in 1801, then its allies followed suit. Having lost allies, Great Britain in March 1802 in the city of Amiens signed a peace treaty with France, which put an end to the ten-year war. Under this treaty, Great Britain lifted the naval blockade of France, but did not recognize its new borders. The conclusion of peace caused great enthusiasm among the French and a surge of adoration for Bonaparte. For a whole year he enjoyed such popular popularity that other French politicians could not even dream of. This made it easier for Napoleon to establish a monarchy.
Notebook entry: May 18, 1804 - The Senate proclaims Napoleon "Emperor of the French"
4. Conquest wars of consulates and empires.
Exercise. Guys, now you will independently read the item “Conquest wars of the consulate and empire” pp. 96-98 and fill in the table.
Major battles of the Napoleonic Wars
| Name of the battle or campaign | Battle date | |
5. "True glory" of Napoleon.
- Work with the document."French Civil Code" (extracts) page 100 of the textbook.
V. Consolidation of what has been learned in the lesson.
Questions for the class:
1. What is a consulate?
2. What reforms of Napoleon did you learn about?
VI. Summary of the lesson.
The end of the XVIII - the beginning of the XIX century - the most important period in the history of France. The ruling factions replaced each other with swift force and speed. From the Jacobin dictatorship, France passes to the board of the executive body - the Directory, as a result of the coup of 18 Brumaire, power falls into the hands of 3 consuls, one of whom was Napoleon Bonaparte. Where the political, economic and foreign policy vectors of France's development will be directed in the future, you will learn by studying this lesson.
Consulate and the formation of the Napoleonic Empire
background
From 1789, revolutionary changes took place in France. In 1794, after the overthrow of the Jacobin dictatorship, a shaky Directory regime was established.
His features:
.financial crisis, inflation, skyrocketing prices;
.lack of compromise between various political forces in France, fierce political struggle and conspiracies;
The French were largely tired of the internal instability that followed the revolution and desired strong power;
.France achieved the main successes during this period in the military field: the growing popularity of the military against the backdrop of an inability to cope with the internal problems of the Directory.
Political circles were increasingly thinking about eliminating the unpopular Directory and establishing a tougher political regime that, with the support of the army, could bring order to the country.
Events
November 1799 - Coup of 18 Brumaire (about the coup). The popular General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the government, disperses the Legislative Assembly; a government of three consuls is established - Bonaparte and former members of the Directory who prepared the coup: Abbé Sieyes and Roger Ducos.
December 1799 - adoption of the constitution, according to which Napoleon became the first consul with full power, pushing the allies into the background (Constitution of 1799).
1800 - creation of the Bank of France (still exists), stabilization of the financial situation in the country.
1801 - Concordat (agreement) between France and the Catholic Church, normalization of relations damaged by the revolution.
1802 - Napoleon declared himself consul for life.
1804 - the adoption of the Civil Code, which influenced the system of civil law throughout the world ().
Conclusion
In May 1804, Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I in the presence of the Pope. This ended the 12-year history of the First French Republic. A new era began in the history of France - the First Empire.
Parallels
The French themselves of the era of the Revolution and Napoleon liked to compare themselves with the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. The overthrow of the Bourbons was likened to the expulsion of the royal Tarquinian dynasty in ancient Rome. The struggle of political groups, accompanied by terror, resembled a period. Bonaparte was compared with Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus: the Bonapartist regime stopped internal strife, reconciled various social and political strata, increased the economic stability and military power of France.
In this lesson, we will talk about the consulate and the creation of the Napoleonic empire in France. Last year, in the 7th grade general history course, the issue of the French Revolution of 1789 was considered. Recall that the King of France, Louis XVI, was executed in 1793, and in the summer of that year, Jacobin dictatorship(the political regime in revolutionary France that existed from June 1793 to July 1794). After the collapse of the Jacobin dictatorship, a new body came to power in France, which was called Directory(executive authority of the French Republic under the Constitution of the French Republic, adopted by the National Convention in 1795). The era of the Directory in France, which falls on 1795-1799, was not a very successful time. It was a time when an economic crisis was raging in France. By 1799, the Directory in France had become unpopular. What was needed was a person or an authority that would enjoy popular support. People wanted to see a strong ruler.
A young general became such a ruler (Fig. 1). Beginning in 1796, he waged active wars in Italy. He also effectively forced Switzerland to join France. At the same time, the French conquest of the Netherlands. Numerous victories of Napoleon, his warlike image caused delight among a considerable part of French society. Napoleon's finest hour was to be his Egyptian campaign(Fig. 2). If this campaign had been successful, then the British, France's main opponents, would have had serious problems, because France's capture of Egypt opened the way for the French army to India, and India was the most important source of raw materials and resources. But Napoleon's Egyptian campaign ended in failure. In August 1798 in the battle of Aboukir the British practically destroyed the French fleet (Fig. 3). Attempts to gain a foothold in the eastern Mediterranean were unsuccessful. However, Napoleon managed to rehabilitate himself. In 1798 and 1799 he undertook two campaigns, in Italy and Switzerland. The opponent of Napoleon and his subordinates in these campaigns was Russia, he was a general of the Russian army at that time (Fig. 4). Despite the merits of Suvorov, this campaign for Russia was unsuccessful. Napoleon introduced himself to the French as the winner of the Russians and Suvorov himself, whose merits were known and honored throughout Europe after the Russian-Turkish war. Thus, by 1799 Napoleon's authority in France was enormous.
Rice. 1. Napoleon Bonaparte ()
Rice. 2. Napoleon's Egyptian campaign ()
Rice. 3. Aboukir naval battle ()
Rice. 4. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov ()
Members of the Directory decided to use this authority for their own purposes. They underestimated Napoleon and decided to use him as a puppet in their hands. In October 1799, Napoleon returned to Paris in triumph. Public opinion connected the victories of recent years with him. But just a few days after his return, Napoleon carried out a coup d'état. He went down in history as the coup of 18 Brumaire.(Fig. 5). The coup has happened November 9, 1799. The disclosure of the Jacobin conspiracy was announced. The Council of Five Hundred was expelled from the meeting room at the Palais Saint-Cloud. It was announced that all power in the country passes into the hands of three persons, who began to be called in the Roman manner consuls. These consuls are:
Sieyes, who actually brought Napoleon to power,
Roger Ducos.
This era, which began in 1799 with the coup of 18 Brumaire and ended in 1804, is called consular era.
Rice. 5. Coup 18 Brumaire ()
The main task that had to be solved in France in the era of the consulate was the task of social unification of the country. In France, there were many supporters of various ideas, currents, theories and doctrines. There were monarchists, republicans, supporters of strong military power.
The new Constitution, adopted by the consuls in 1799, proclaimed inviolable the right to property. As a result, those who previously feared for their lives and their wealth were drawn into the country. All emigrants who had previously fled the country were allowed to re-settle in France. An exception was made only for monarchists. Napoleon did not need such rivals.
Napoleon did a lot to normalize the financial situation in the country. This was primarily of interest to entrepreneurs. But ordinary citizens were also interested in the fact that the monetary unit of France was stable. In 1800, Napoleon created Bank of France which exists to this day. V 1803 was put into circulation silver franc(Fig. 6) - convertible (freely exchangeable for other monetary units) currency.
Rice. 6. Silver franc ()
Napoleon managed to solve the problem in his relationship with the Pope. France was and remained a Catholic country with a predominantly Catholic population. Relations with Italy and the pope were unstable. Rome negatively perceived the French Republic and the expulsion of nobles from the country. In 1801, Napoleon and the Pope signed concordat(an agreement between the Pope as the head of the Catholic Church and any state). In 1804, the Pope even came to Paris to conduct the coronation ceremony of Napoleon. However, the services of the pope were not required, Napoleon laid the crown on himself, but the very presence of the pope at this ceremony was very important for Napoleon. Napoleon, however, believed that he had the right to dispose of church property. The Pope had a completely opposite opinion on this matter.
In 1802, Napoleon received the expected respite. Constant revolutionary wars exhausted the country. A break was needed in order to gather strength and prepare for new military campaigns. Between France and England in 1802 was concluded Peace of Amiens. This was done in order to strengthen the French position in Italy. Immediately after the signing of the peace treaty, such Italian territories as Piedmont and the island of Elba were annexed to France.
In 1802, the British did not take Napoleon very seriously. They believed that the general would not be able to cope with the economic situation in the country. But they miscalculated. Already in May 1803, Napoleon created a large military camp on the English Channel coast, known as (Fig. 7). In this camp, troops are gathering for the coming invasion of Great Britain.
Rice. 7. Boulogne camp ()
The problem remained the crossing of these numerous troops across the English Channel (the strait separating England and France, Fig. 8). After the defeat of the French fleet at the battle of Aboukir, England controlled all movements on the seas, especially off its coasts. France did not have a serious fleet at that time. He could not compete with England in numbers and maneuverability. English cartoonists, ridiculing Napoleon's army, depicted the crossing of French troops across the English Channel in landing basins.
Rice. 8. The English Channel separating England and France ()
In March 1804 Napoleon introduced in France Civil Code(Fig. 9). This document was prepared by a special commission chaired by Napoleon himself. It enshrines such important provisions as freedom of private property, freedom of enterprise and family law. According to the Civil Code, a new type of family relations was fixed. A woman until the beginning of the 19th century in Europe was not considered as a subject of law. It was believed that she should be completely subordinate to her husband or father. The Napoleonic Civil Code gave women in Europe the right to divorce for the first time. However, this right for women did not last very long. In 1816 it was taken away and restored only in 1884. The Civil Code failed to equalize the rights of women with men. Women did not have the right to vote.
Rice. 9. Napoleonic Civil Code ()
Napoleon himself understood the significance of his Civil Code. He wrote that his military victories might mean nothing, Waterloo alone crossed them all out, and what will live for centuries is the Civil Code. Following the model of the Civil Code, a Commercial Code appeared in France a few years later, and a little later, the Criminal Code.
In 1802, Napoleon secured an extension of his powers as consul. He received lifetime powers, but even this was not enough for the general. On May 18, 1804, he was declared by the French emperor under the name NapoleonI. In December, the ceremony of his coronation took place in Paris (Fig. 10). As noted above, Napoleon himself placed the crown on his head. Thus, France, which for 12 years was a republic, returned to the monarchy again.. The period of the first republic in France ended. The period of the first empire began.
Rice. 10. Napoleon's coronation ()
Bibliography
- Jomini. Political and military life of Napoleon. A book covering Napoleon's military campaigns up to 1812
- Manfred A.Z. Napoleon Bonaparte. - M.: Thought, 1989.
- Noskov V.V., Andreevskaya T.P. General history. 8th grade. - M., 2013.
- Tarle E.V. "Napoleon". - 1994.
- Chandler D. Napoleon's military campaigns. - M., 1997.
- Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. History of the New Age, 1800-1900, Grade 8. - M., 2012.
- Veter-stranstvii.ru ().
- Jurkom74.ru ().
- Treeland.ru ().
- be5.biz().
Homework
- Describe the first military campaigns of Napoleon. Which of them were successful and which were not?
- When did the coup of 18 Brumaire take place and what regime was established as a result?
- What was the reason for the negative relationship between Napoleon and the Catholic Church (the Pope)?
- When was the Civil Code created? In what did Napoleon see its significance for French society?
On November 19, 1799, the Council of Five Hundred was dispersed, and General Bonaparte became the absolute ruler of France for 15 years. Napoleon Bonaparte established a rigid authoritarian regime, his power was enormous. Let us see what was directed by his power. What did Napoleon Bonaparte do for France and for each Frenchman individually? What did he do for Europe?
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"The Consulate and the Formation of the Napoleonic Empire"
Municipal educational institution
"Agapovskaya secondary school No. 1 im. P.A. Skachkov"
Methodological development of a history lesson in grade 8
on this topic:"The Consulate and the Formation of the Napoleonic Empire"
Completed by: S.T. Kultasova,
teacher of history and social studies
v. Agapovka
2018
Topic: Consulate and formation of the Napoleonic Empire
The purpose of the lesson: Describe the development of France from 1799 to 1810.
Lesson objectives:
Learn the features of the transition from republic to empire in France;
Show the bourgeois character of the Napoleonic reforms. Their significance for the further modernization of France;
Show the aggressive nature of Napoleon's warrior, the territorial changes that have taken place in Europe. Continue to form a respectful attitude towards world culture.
Lesson type: combined
IOrg. moment:
Greetings.
Check readiness for the lesson.
Motivation.
IIHomework survey:
Guys, in today's lesson we will begin to study one of the most important and most difficult periods in world history - the 19th century. This time brought a huge number of changes in European life. We will find out how the leading European states developed, namely France, Great Britain, Germany and Italy. This is very difficult material and you will need to make every effort to comprehend it. The changes that took place in these countries subsequently led Europe to World War I. And the causes of this terrible conflict lie directly in this period.
On you was asked § 9-10 Liberals, conservatives and socialists. I'm giving you 5 minutes to review the d/s and prepare for the survey. Active children at the end of the lesson will receive good grades.
Front poll:
What is liberalism? Ideology of freedom
What are the main principles of liberalism? right to life, liberty, equality, property
What methods did the liberals propose to transform the state. device? reforms
From what word does the name of the conservative ideology come from? protect, preserve
The main principles of conservatism. Preservation of traditional values: religion, monarchy, culture, order.
What utopian socialist thinkers can you name? Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen
What is socialism?
What is Marxism? Name its founders. Marx, Engels
What methods did the socialists call for overthrowing the old order? Revolution
What is anarchism?
representatives of anarchism. Proudhon, Bakunin, Kropotkin
IIINew topic:
Teacher's story: Guys, last year you started studying WFR. Let me remind you that as a result of it, the monarchy was overthrown, the French emperor Louis 16 was executed, and power passed into the hands of the people's representative body. At first it was the National Assembly, then the name changed to the Legislative Assembly, and then to the Directory.
On November 19, 1799, the Council of Five Hundred was dispersed, and General Bonaparte became the absolute ruler of France for 15 years. Napoleon Bonaparte established a rigid authoritarian regime, his power was enormous. Let us see what was directed by his power. What did Napoleon Bonaparte do for France and for each Frenchman individually? What did he do for Europe?
To find out what the Consulate is and what measures the French authorities took at that time, we will do a little work on the options. 1 option is now reading paragraph "Calm the order of legality", second option "Freedom equal property". You have 5 minutes to complete the task, after which I will ask you a few questions, the answers to which will give you marks.
Questions for group 1 Questions for group 2
What was adopted in 1799? (KC) What laws have been passed?
supreme legislative body (Senate) What is the essence of monetary reform?
executive branch (3 consuls) Why were newspapers closed?
What are the powers of consuls?
Who was the chief consul (NB)
Consulate - the period in the history of France, when the power belonged to Napoleon Bonaparte. Continued from 1799 to 1804.
During the first period of the consulate, the following measures were taken:
Confirmation of the right of property acquired during the years of the revolution;
Encouragement of entrepreneurship. The big bourgeoisie were given state orders.
Monetary reform (creation of a French bank and a new monetary unit - the franc).
Strengthening the police, headed by Fouche, who created a powerful police detective machine.
The Catholic Church was declared the religion of all the French.
1804 created the "Civil Code" - a code of laws, which proclaimed the fundamental rights and freedoms of man.
Teacher's story: The strengthening of France caused discontent among the European monarchs, they created more and more new coalitions, aiming to return France to the borders of 1792 and restore the Bourbon monarchy in it. Napoleon "inherited" the wars waged by France. Guys, remember - the wars that Napoleon had to wage are not only an expression of his personal ambitions and claims to world domination, but the defense of the cause of the French Revolution.
England was the main enemy of revolutionary France, and it was possible to force her to peace not so much by military means as by economic ones. To do this, Napoleon imposed a ban on trade with England. This decree on the continental blockade was supposed not only to expel English goods from France, but also to stifle the British economy in general, depriving it of European markets. To achieve a result, Napoleon had to ensure that all European states joined the continental blockade, otherwise the plan was doomed to failure. Why do you think Napoleon took such measures?
Exercise. Guys, now you yourself read the paragraph Conquest wars of consulate and empire pp. 96-98 and complete the table.
Major battles of the Napoleonic Wars
| Name of the battle or campaign | Battle date | Outcome |
| Battle of Marengo | French victory. Austria withdrew from the war. Piedmont and Genoa were annexed to France |
|
| Battle of Ulm | October 1805 | French victory. Austrian fortress Ulm captured |
| Naval Battle of Cape Trafalgar | British victory. England secured the status of the mistress of the seas |
|
| Battle of the village of Austerlitz | Napoleon defeated the Russian-Austrian troops. Austria capitulated |
|
| Battle of Friedland | French victory. Russia made peace with France. Accession of the country to the continental blockade of England |
|
| France invaded Portugal | ||
| France invaded Spain | Establishment of a puppet government. Accession of the country to the continental blockade of England |
IVFixing the material.
Questions for consolidation:
What is a consulate?
What measures of Napoleon did you learn?
What battles did we learn about?
VHomework:§ 11 reading, retelling. notes in a notebook to learn .
VISummary of the lesson.
Question 01. Indicate the reasons for the creation of the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte. Compare the monarchy he restored with that of Louis XVI.
Answer. Reasons for creating an empire:
1) France needed a reconciliation between supporters and opponents of the revolution;
2) Bonaparte used this as one of the means of rehabilitating his regime in the eyes of the Catholics;
3) Bonaparte used this as a means of increasing his authority in the international arena (for example, thanks to this title, peace negotiations between the emperors Napoleon I and Alexander I were on an equal footing);
4) it is quite possible that this was the fulfillment of the childhood dream of Napoleon, who was brought up in a monarchical country and always strived for greatness;
5) at the disposal of Bonaparte was all the fullness of the executive power and devotion to the army, no one had a chance to challenge his decisions.
Question 02. Tell us about the internal policy of the consulate and the empire of Napoleon I.
Answer. Bonaparte stimulated the development of big business, taking a whole range of measures for this, including the strengthening of the franc. At the same time, he launched a large-scale state building, which has been used since ancient times to give work to the poor. The creation of new jobs also stimulated the development of the business of the big bourgeoisie, which, I repeat, was supported by the government. Bonaparte also decided to make peace with the moderate opponents of the revolution. He declared an amnesty for emigrants, and also tried to improve relations with the Catholic Church. The latter included a whole range of measures. The first consul went to negotiate with the Pope. Later, the pope presided over the emperor's coronation ceremony. After a series of French military victories, the Roman high priest became controlled by Paris, while he was glorified and supported in every possible way in undertakings that did not diverge from the political course of the empire. The separation of church and state in France was abolished, the positions of Catholic hierarchs were formally restored, but, for example, Napoleon personally appointed bishops. Using his right to legislate independently, Napoleon introduced a number of codes in France and in the territories under its control with new norms of social relations. His code contained many of the revolution's gains in civil rights and personal freedoms, the kind of freedoms the revolutionary movements of many countries aspired to after the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
Question 03. What measures did the continental blockade include? What were Napoleon's goals with this policy? Make your own forecast of the development of international relations in connection with its application.
Answer. Napoleon hoped to deprive Britain of money to continue the war. To do this, he banned all the countries under his control from any trade relations with these territories subordinated to London. However, such measures were not beneficial, first of all, to continental countries: they were already too dependent on British goods, while English industry could find new markets in their own and foreign colonies. That is why Russia did not actually observe the blockade. From this we can conclude that the continuation of the blockade would only lead to the ruin of the countries that supported the blockade. Napoleon also understood this, therefore, according to the memoirs of some contemporaries, he made plans to conquer the British colonies, primarily India.
Question 04. Start compiling the table "Foreign policy of the consulate and the empire." Columns of the table: years, major events in foreign policy, results, significance.
Answer. Foreign policy of the consulate and the empire
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