Tereshkova Valentina Vladimirovna - the first woman in the world to conquer space. In 1937, a girl named Valentina was born in a village in the Yaroslavl region. At the age of 2, she lost her father, who died in the war with the Finns. Valentina, her older sister, younger brother and mother remained in the family.
Since childhood, the girl was fearless and very active. But during the war it was not easy for everyone, and especially mothers with three children. In 1953, the girl left school after 7 years of study to go to work in a tire factory. At the same time, she returned to school for evening education, combining with work. And then she moved to a factory for the production of technical fabrics. Later, the girl joined the Komsomol, was educated as a technologist, played in the orchestra and was engaged in parachuting. In those days, all young people were interested in flying, and this trend did not bypass Tereshkova either.
After the first successful launch of a man into space, the idea arose to send a female astronaut. Valentina Tereshkova was chosen due to her achievements in parachuting, her small height and weight. In 1962, she began to receive training. Valentina went through many trials. She was prepared for all non-standard and ordinary situations. But this did not bother Tereshkova, since Gagarin's flight made her believe in herself.
She made her first flight on the Vostok-6 spacecraft on June 16, 1963, and that lasted three days. Tereshkova did not dare to confess to her mother that she was going into space, but lied that she had gone to parachute jumping competitions. And relatives learned about it in the news on the radio. Preparation, launch and the flight itself went according to all instructions without any problems. Valentina's call sign was "The Seagull", which is very symbolic. But in flight she was a little unwell. Heavy physical, emotional stress and hunger made themselves felt. Valentina still lasted 48 complete revolutions around the Earth. The ship landed in the Altai Territory.
After the flight, Tereshkova entered the academy, became a candidate of science, wrote many scientific papers, articles, and even prepared to go to Mars. But she began to devote more time to society and politics.
Valentina Tereshkova became the heroine of the 20th century and set an example for many girls. Now she continues her activities as a deputy of the State Duma.
Option 2
The development of space in the Soviet Union proceeded rapidly: the launch of the first artificial satellite, the first manned flight into space, the first woman cosmonaut... Among the hundred million Soviet applicants, Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova had the chance to be the first to go into space. This woman of amazing mindset, with a difficult childhood and an incredible desire to learn and benefit her homeland, did not leave anyone indifferent.
Already in childhood, Valentina was a purposeful child. She combined her studies with the work of a pilot's bracelet at the Yaroslavl Tire Plant. This choice was explained by the desire to study and help the mother, who alone raised Valya and her two sisters. The girls' father went missing while participating in the Soviet-Finnish war. After studying, she was waiting for work at the Krasny Perekop textile plant (1960), where she was the head of the Komsomol. Despite this, she found time for parachuting, without which she soon could not imagine her life. From that moment, her journey to conquer space begins.
The idea of launching a spaceship with a woman on board was associated with the space race of those years. Five female cosmonauts were chosen throughout the country: Valentina Tereshkova, Irina Solovieva, Valentina Ponomareva, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Zhanna Yorkina. They were immediately dubbed the "women's battalion". This project was supervised by amazing people, true professionals in their field. Here are just a few of them: Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, Yurin Gagarin, German Titov, Andreyan Nikolaev. In all respects, Ponomareva was supposed to fly. But after a conversation with Sergei Pavlovich, the flight preparation commission decided to choose Valentina Tereshkova as the captain of the Vostok 6 ship. The failure of the flight did not take place. To ensure the success of the launch, the right decision was made to first launch a similar ship, Vostok-5, and then, if the flight was successful, Vostok-6. The launch took place on June 16, 1963 and was successful, making 48 revolutions around the Earth, successfully landing. The work of Valentina Tereshkova received the highest marks. The flight into space of the first woman cosmonaut caused an incredible national upsurge, the whole world applauded the Soviet Union. After the flight, Valentina Vladimirovna did not feel well and she did not have more flights.
Half a century has passed, invariably only one Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman to travel into space. Having become a legend during her lifetime, she leads an active political life, trying to pay attention to everyone who turns to her. Despite her age, she is full of energy to this day to benefit her homeland.
Alexander Ivanovich Herzen (1812-1870) refers to the famous Russian publicists, writers who have revolutionary views and advocate social change through uprisings.
Her name was Chaika. It was her call sign in space. And on Earth, on the roof of her house, there is a weather vane in the form of this bird. Her mansion is located next to Star City. At one time, she was able to make a space flight alone. She is Valentina Tereshkova. Read the details of the flight into space of this fragile woman in the article.
Difficult military childhood
The biography of Valentina Tereshkova began in the spring of 1937 in one of the villages of the Yaroslavl province. Her parents were from Belarus. The mother of the astronaut worked at a textile enterprise, and her father was a tractor driver. Unfortunately, her dad died during the Soviet-Finnish conflict. Accordingly, the entire household and the upbringing of three children fell on the shoulders of the mother. Moreover, the Great Patriotic War soon began.
Undoubtedly, the childhood of little Valya turned out to be very difficult. Devastation and despair reigned in the country.
When this terrible war ended, the future astronaut went to first grade. She studied quite well. In addition, she had a good ear for music. That is why she began to learn to play the domra.
However, when she finished the seventh grade, she had to go to night school. She was forced to help her mother and earn money. Thus, young Valentina moved to Yaroslavl and got a job there at a tire factory.
When she graduated high school, entered the technical school of light industry. Of course, within these walls she comprehended science in absentia, like most young people in those days.
Aeroclub in Yaroslavl
Becoming a student, on the weekends Valentina began to visit the city flying club. Skydiving was practiced in this institution. And she really liked these lessons.
In general, the future cosmonaut completed more than 160 jumps. By and large, this was a solid indicator, especially for the fairer sex. Valentina was even assigned a sports category.
In fact, she could no longer imagine herself without parachuting. And thanks to this hobby, he began to join the team of space explorers.
In the cosmonaut corps
After graduating from a technical school, and this happened in 1960, Valentina got a job at a factory called Krasny Perekop. In addition to the direct working process, she headed the Komsomol organization there.
In a word, her life and career seemed to develop according to the standard scenario for a Soviet person. However, chance intervened in this story. The fact is that in 1962, Academician Sergei Korolev intended to send a woman into space. Of course, members of the Central Committee of the first Soviet state, including General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev, also approved this idea.
To implement a bold plan, the project leaders began to look for a suitable candidate. We note right away that there were a lot of people who wanted to go into space. Space industry workers had to search for applicants from hundreds of possible ones.
At the same time, strict requirements were imposed on all participants in the selection. Representatives of the weaker sex should weigh no more than 70 kg, height - 170 cm. In addition, these girls should have a decent amount of skydiving in their assets.
There was another important factor as well. When choosing, leaders took into account a number of aspects of ideological and political literacy. They also considered the candidates' ability to public activities. As a parachuting sportswoman and head of the factory Komsomol organization, Tereshkova, in principle, was an ideal contender. She fit all criteria. In a word, she was considered an ideologically reliable person.
As a result, five girls were chosen for a woman-managed flight into space. Of course, Tereshkova was one of them. All of them were officially called up for military service. They became privates and began to train hard. And the conditions in the classroom were quite tough. Let's say they had to spend ten whole days in a sound chamber.
They say that the project leaders chose Tatyana Morozycheva as a result. By the way, Valentina worked with her at the Yaroslavl club. And she made more parachute jumps than Tereshkova.
Be that as it may, the members of the last medical board found out that Tatyana was pregnant. Thus, it finally became clear that Valentina would go into space after all.
Flight
When she realized that she would soon be in space, she tried to hide her plans from her family. She said then that she was going to leave for the next parachuting competition.
So in what year did Valentina Tereshkova fly? The event took place in the middle of the summer of 1963. Her call sign was Seagull. The launch of Vostok-6 went without problems. The first space flight of Valentina Tereshkova lasted more than two days. During this time, the device made 48 orbits around the Earth.
The woman endured the space voyage rather badly. The duration of Valentina Tereshkova's flight in space is 70 hours. But they turned out to be literally hell for her.
As it turned out, there was an inaccuracy in the Vostok-6 automatic program. The fact is that the ship was oriented somewhat differently than it should have been. And Tereshkova did not approach the planet at all, but moved away from it. She was nauseated, her head was spinning. At the same time, the spacesuit was not allowed to be removed. On the second day of the flight, my lower leg began to hurt.
Valentina Tereshkova in space was forced to drastically limit her movements. She sat almost motionless. However, she still managed to put new data into the computer. By the way, she did not tell anyone about this state of emergency, except for the flight leaders. Actually, Korolev himself then asked her to remain silent.
The problems that the astronaut had had had an explanation in terms of physiology. They say that when the medical commission examined her before the flight, the results were very poor. However, at the direction of Khrushchev, she was still allowed to go on a flight.
Be that as it may, despite her physical condition during the flight into space, Tereshkova Valentina Vladimirovna was able to withstand all the tests. She managed not only to regularly keep a journal on board, but also to take pictures. Subsequently, these images were useful in further space travel. In a word, she held on and sent extremely positive reports to Earth.
Landing
The spacecraft landed in Altai. True, when, after a flight into space, Valentina Tereshkova (year - 1963) ejected, she hit her helmet very hard. She received a large bruise on her temple and cheek. As a result, when she was found, she was practically unconscious.
She was urgently brought to the capital and hospitalized. And a little later, doctors reported that the life and health of the first female cosmonaut was out of danger.
When she finally came to her senses, the newsreel staff managed to make a staged shooting. As if after the flight into space, Valentina Tereshkova (date of the event - June 16, 1963) was in the apparatus. Extras ran towards him. Then they opened the lid and saw a cheerful and smiling Tereshkova. These shots then circled the entire planet.
Subsequently, as a reward, Tereshkova was given a three-room apartment in her homeland, in Yaroslavl. Here she lived for almost three years, after which she finally settled in the capital.
Symbol woman
The seagull actually returned from space as a female symbol. The fairer sex began to imitate her. They did haircuts under Tereshkova. appeared in stores Wrist Watch with the name "Seagull".
Party leaders constantly invited her to the Kremlin receptions. A row public organizations included it in the meetings.
The government gave her, in addition to the Hero's star, prestigious awards. She became the only Soviet army female general. In addition, she became the hero of such republics as Mongolia and Bulgaria.
She also received the title of "The Greatest Woman of the Twentieth Century". A small planet, streets in cities, the Evpatoria embankment, a square in Tver, city schools, a museum and a planetarium were named in her honor. In addition, one of the lunar craters was named after her.
Public figure
After the flight into space, Valentina Tereshkova (you already know the date of the event) began working as an instructor and tester of spacecraft.
Two years later, she began studying at the Air Force Academy and five years later received a red diploma.
During her studies, she wrote almost fifty working papers in this specialization. But since 1966, she has been actively engaged in social activities. She became a member of the Supreme Council Soviet Union. She was also the second person in the International Women's Federation. It was then that she began to be called the Iron Lady.
To be honest, Tereshkova was very burdened by this party load. She said that she did not receive any money for her social work. And always dreamed of a new flight. She even tried to break into a new detachment of astronauts. However, after the death of Gagarin, the Soviet government decided to protect the "first".
Valentina continued to be interested in space. She dreamed of flying to Mars. At the same time, she understood that this flight would be one way ...
In the 90s, she was the head of the Association for International Cooperation and the Council for the Coordination of the Activities of Russian Science Centers.
And at the end of this decade, she began working at the Cosmonaut Training Center. She received the post of senior researcher there.
Present time
Since 2008, Tereshkova has collaborated with the party " United Russia". She was a member of the State Duma. She always helped her Yaroslavl school and some other children's institutions. Thanks to her, a university, a planetarium and a river station were opened in Yaroslavl.
In the spring of 2008, she turned out to be a torchbearer domestic stage games in Beijing.
Three years later, she again became the people's choice.
In 2014, she carried the Russian flag at the Sochi Olympics.
And in 2015, she headed a non-profit charitable foundation called "Memory of Generations".
In 2016, she once again won the election race, becoming a deputy of the State Duma.
Orbital marriage
Five months after the landmark flight into space, Valentina Tereshkova (year - 1963) got married. Her chosen one was cosmonaut Andrian Nikolaev. This move came as a surprise to many. At least the residents of Yaroslavl knew that she allegedly had a fiancé. True, the journalists could not find him.
Be that as it may, the 35-year-old cosmonaut Nikolaev was actually courting the young Valentina. She was then twenty-six. Many believed that this relationship would not last long. They were too different - strong and strong-willed. They say that the head of the Soviet state Nikita Khrushchev himself betrothed them. There was no such stellar, cosmic, orbital pair back then. But this marriage still lasted for nineteen years.
The couple also had their first child - daughter Lena. At one time, she graduated with honors from both school and medical school. She works as an orthopedic surgeon. She has two sons - Alexey and Andrey.
In the late 70s, the space couple began to appear less frequently together. Divorce was out of the question. For for "immorality" Nikolaev could easily be fired from the cosmonaut corps. Moreover, in fact, then two applicants for astronauts were expelled due to divorces. Yes, and Tereshkova, the head of the Committee, is somehow uncomfortable being in a state of divorce.
They say Brezhnev saved the situation. He personally agreed to this divorce. By this time, Tereshkova was in love again.
Second marriage
With a new chosen one, Valentina Tereshkova, whose photo you have the opportunity to see in the article, met back in 1978. By this time, she was again in the cosmonaut corps and hoped that she would go on her new space journey. And Julius Shaposhnikov served in the medical academy in those days. He checked the health of the astronauts. Employees called him "hard worker" and "humble". And Valentina herself always also spoke warmly about him.
Then it was clear that they were in love. They say that because of the new novel, Shaposhnikov left his family.
They lived together for nearly two decades. During this time, Tereshkova's husband was able to head the Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics. He also became a major general. But in 1999 he died due to cancer.
recent history
On the this moment Tereshkova has practically no close people left. There was a time when she loved her own younger brother very much. His name was Vladimir. He worked as a cameraman in Star City. A few years ago he was gone.
Mom Valentina is also long gone. Until the last, she was looking for her father. As mentioned earlier, he died during the Soviet-Finnish war. It was known that he died a heroic death on the territory of the Karelian Isthmus. But his grave, of course, did not exist then. And only in the late 80s, the head of the defense department, D. Yazov, helped her find his burial place. He was able to allocate funds to fly around the area. As a result, a mass grave was found in the forest. Tereshkova was even able to erect a monument there. Since then, she regularly visits this place.
Despite her age, she still boasts of her good health. Although in 2004 she underwent heart surgery. Otherwise, she would have suffered a heart attack.
Until recently, Chaika continues to do a lot for his native region. And in 1996, the head of the school where she studied fell ill. At this point, the teacher needed an urgent operation. Thanks to Valentina, she was operated on in the capital. And for free.
The female symbol has great connections. However, little is known about this side of her life. In the 80s, she "closed" from the media because of the stupidest articles about her. Her silence was broken only a few years ago.
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. She was born on March 6, 1937 in the village of Bolshoe Maslennikovo, Tutaevsky District, Yaroslavl Region. Soviet cosmonaut No. 6, 10th cosmonaut in the world, the world's first female cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union (1963).
Valentina Tereshkova was born on March 6, 1937 in the village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo, Tutaevsky District, Yaroslavl Region, into a peasant family.
Father - Vladimir Aksenovich Tereshkov (1912-1940), was born in the village of Vyylovo, Belynichi district, Mogilev region, tractor driver. In 1939 he was drafted into the Red Army and died in the Soviet-Finnish war.
Mother - Elena Fedorovna Tereshkova (nee Kruglova) (1913-1987), originally from the village of Eremeevshchina, Dubrovensky district, worked at a textile factory.
The elder sister is Lyudmila. The younger brother is Vladimir.
Russian by nationality.
After the war, the family moved to Yaroslavl, where his mother began to work as a weaver.
In 1945, Valentina entered secondary school No. 32 in the city of Yaroslavl (now named after Tereshkova).
Since childhood, she showed a good ear for music, learned to play the domra.
In 1953, she graduated from the seventh grade of the school and, in order to help her family, she went to work at the Yaroslavl Tire Plant as a bracelet in the assembly and vulcanization shop in a preparatory operation. There she operated a diagonal cutting machine. At the same time she studied in the evening classes of the school of working youth.
From April 1955, she worked for seven years as a weaver at the Krasny Perekop technical fabrics factory, where her mother and older sister also worked.
Since 1959, she went in for parachuting at the Yaroslavl flying club, performed 90 jumps.
Continuing to work at the Krasny Perekop textile mill, from 1955 to 1960 she studied by correspondence at the technical school of light industry. In 1957 she joined the Komsomol. From August 11, 1960 - the released secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Krasny Perekop plant.
After the first successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts, the idea came up to launch a woman cosmonaut into space. At the beginning of 1962, the search for applicants began according to the following criteria: a parachutist, under the age of 30, up to 170 cm tall and weighing up to 70 kg.
Five of the hundreds of candidates were selected: Zhanna Yorkina, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Valentina Ponomaryova, Irina Solovyova and Valentina Tereshkova. Immediately after being accepted into the cosmonaut corps, Tereshkova, along with the rest of the girls, was called for urgent military service in the rank of private.
On March 12, 1962, Valentina Tereshkova was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps. and began to be trained as a student-cosmonaut of the 2nd detachment. On November 29, 1962, she passed final exams according to OKP on "excellent". Since December 1, 1962, Tereshkova has been a cosmonaut of the 1st detachment of the 1st department. From June 16, 1963, that is, immediately after the flight, she became an instructor-cosmonaut of the 1st detachment and was in this position until March 14, 1966.
During the training, she underwent training on the body's resistance to the factors of space flight. The trainings included a thermal chamber, where it was necessary to be in a flight suit at a temperature of +70 ° C and a humidity of 30%, a sound chamber - a room isolated from sounds, where each candidate had to spend 10 days.
Zero gravity training was carried out on the MiG-15. When performing a parabolic slide, weightlessness was established inside the aircraft for 40 seconds, and there were 3-4 such sessions per flight. During each session, it was necessary to complete the next task: write a first and last name, try to eat, talk on the radio.
Special attention was given to parachute training, since the cosmonaut ejected and landed separately on a parachute just before landing. Since there was always a risk of splashdown of the descent vehicle, training was also carried out on parachute jumps into the sea, in a technological, that is, not fitted to size, spacesuit.
Initially, the simultaneous flight of two female crews was supposed, but in March 1963 this plan was abandoned, and the task of choosing one of five candidates became.
When choosing Tereshkova for the role of the first female cosmonaut, in addition to successfully completing training, political issues were also taken into account: Tereshkova was from workers, while, for example, Ponomaryova and Solovyov were from employees. In addition, Tereshkova's father, Vladimir, died during the Soviet-Finnish war when she was two years old. After the flight, when Tereshkova was asked how the Soviet Union could thank for her service, she asked to find the place of her father's death.
Far from the last selection criterion was the candidate's ability to conduct active social activities - to meet people, to speak in public on numerous trips around the country and the world, in every possible way demonstrating the advantages of the Soviet system.
Other candidates, with no worse training (according to the results of a medical examination and the theoretical preparedness of female cosmonaut candidates, Tereshkova was determined to last place), were noticeably inferior to Tereshkova in the necessary for such social activities qualities. Therefore, she was appointed the main candidate for the flight, I. B. Solovyova - backup, and V. L. Ponomaryova - spare.
At the time of Tereshkova's appointment as a Vostok-6 pilot, she was 10 years younger than Gordon Cooper, the youngest of the first detachment of American astronauts.
Flight of Valentina Tereshkova on the ship "Vostok-6"
Tereshkova made the world's first flight of a female cosmonaut on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft. It lasted almost three days. The start took place at Baikonur not from the "Gagarin" site, but from a backup. At the same time, the Vostok-5 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky, was in orbit.
On the day of her flight into space, she told her relatives that she was leaving for paratrooper competitions, they learned about the flight from the news on the radio.
“The preparation of the rocket, the ship and all maintenance operations were exceptionally clear. Tereshkova’s launch reminded me of Gagarin’s launch in terms of the clarity and coherence of the work of all services and systems. Like April 12, 1961, June 16, 1963, the flight was prepared and started perfectly. Tereshkov during the preparation of the launch and launch of the ship into orbit, who listened to her reports on the radio, unanimously declared: "She had a launch better than Popovich and Nikolaev. Yes, I am very glad that I was not mistaken in choosing the first woman cosmonaut", - Tereshkova's launch was described by Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin, who was involved in the selection and training of astronauts.
Tereshkova's call sign for the duration of the flight - "Gull".
The phrase she said before the start: "Hey! Sky! Take off your hat!(modified quote from V. Mayakovsky's poem "A Cloud in Pants").
During the flight, Tereshkova had problems with the orientation of the ship. “I talked to Tereshkova several times. It is felt that she is tired, but does not want to admit it. In the last communication session, she did not answer the calls of the Leningrad IP. We turned on the television camera and saw that she was sleeping. I had to wake her up and talk to her and about the upcoming landing, and about manual orientation. She tried twice to orient the ship and honestly admitted that she was unable to orient the ship in pitch. This circumstance worries us all: if you have to land manually, and she cannot orient the ship, then it will not get out of orbit, - Sergei Korolev wrote in the journal on June 16, 1963.
Later it turned out that the commands issued by the pilot were inverted in the direction of movement of the control in manual mode (the ship turned in the wrong direction than when working out on the simulator). According to Tereshkova, the problem was in the incorrect installation of control wires: commands were given not to descend, but to raise the ship's orbit. In automatic mode, the polarity was correct, which made it possible to properly orient and land the ship. From Earth, Valentina received new data and put them into a computer. Tereshkova kept silent about this case for more than forty years, since S.P. Korolev asked her not to tell anyone about this.
Valentina Tereshkova is the only woman in the world to have made a solo space flight.
According to the doctor of medical sciences, professor V. I. Yazdovsky, who was responsible at that time for the medical support of the Soviet space program, women endure the extreme loads of space flight worse on the 14-18th day of the monthly cycle. However, due to the fact that the launch of the launch vehicle that brought Tereshkova into orbit was delayed for a day, and also, obviously, due to the strong psycho-emotional load during the launch of the ship into orbit, the flight regime provided for by the doctors could not be maintained.
Yazdovsky also notes that “Tereshkova, according to telemetry and television control, endured the flight mostly satisfactorily. Negotiations with ground communication stations were sluggish. She severely limited her movements. She sat almost motionless. She clearly showed changes in the state of health of a vegetative nature.
Despite nausea and physical discomfort, Tereshkova withstood 48 revolutions around the Earth and spent almost three days in space, where she kept a logbook and took photographs of the horizon, which were later used to detect aerosol layers in the atmosphere.
The Vostok-6 descent vehicle landed safely in the Baevsky district Altai Territory.
After landing, Tereshkova violated the regime in the area of the landing site: she handed out local residents stocks of food from the diet of astronauts, and she ate local food after three days of fasting. According to the testimony of the pilot Marina Popovich, after the flight of Tereshkova S.P. Korolev said: "As long as I'm alive, not a single woman will fly into space anymore." As you know, the next flight of a woman into space (Svetlana Savitskaya) took place 19 years later, in August 1982 (Korolev died in 1966).
She was called "Miss Universe", poems and songs were dedicated, awards were presented. However, Tereshkova was able to walk on her own only a month later, and for the rest of her life she suffered from bleeding and brittle bones.
After performing a space flight, Tereshkova entered the Air Force engineering academy them. NOT. Zhukovsky and, having graduated with honors, later became a candidate of technical sciences, professor, author of more than 50 scientific papers. Tereshkova was ready for a one-way flight to Mars.
From April 30, 1969 to April 28, 1997, Valentina Tereshkova was an instructor-cosmonaut of the cosmonaut detachment of the 1st Department of the 1st Directorate of the group of orbital ships and stations, instructor-test cosmonaut of the group of orbital manned complexes of general and special purpose, 1st group of cosmonauts.
In 1982, she could even be appointed commander of the female crew of the Soyuz spacecraft. April 30, 1997 Tereshkova left the detachment - the last of the women's recruitment in 1962 in connection with reaching the age limit.
Since 1997 - Senior Researcher at the Cosmonaut Training Center.
Social and political activities of Valentina Tereshkova
Since March 1962 - a member of the CPSU. In 1966-1989 - Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR VII-XI convocations. In 1971-1990 he was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Delegate of the XXIV, XXV, XXVI and XXVII Congresses of the CPSU. In 1974-1989 - deputy and member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
In 1968-1987 she headed the Committee of Soviet Women. In 1969 - Vice-President of the Women's International Democratic Federation, member of the World Peace Council.
In 1987-1992, Chairman of the Presidium of the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with foreign countries.
In 1989-1992 - People's Deputy of the USSR from the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries and the Rodina society.
On January 22, 1969, she was in a car fired upon by officer Viktor Ilyin during an assassination attempt.
In 1992 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Russian Association for International Cooperation. In 1992-1995 - First Deputy Chairman of the Russian Agency for International Cooperation and Development.
In 1994-2004 he was the head of the Russian Center for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation.
In 1995, she was promoted to the rank of Major General ( Russia's first woman with the rank of Major General).
On September 14, 2003, at the II Congress of the Russian Party of Life, she was nominated as a candidate for deputy in the Elections to the State Duma of the 4th convocation according to the Federal Party List under number No. 3, but the party bloc did not overcome the electoral barrier.
In 2008-2011, he was a deputy of the Yaroslavl Regional Duma from the United Russia party, deputy chairman.
April 5, 2008 was the torchbearer of the Russian stage of the torch relay of the Beijing Olympics in St. Petersburg.
In 2011, she was elected to the State Duma of Russia from the United Russia party on the Yaroslavl regional list. Together with Elena Mizulina, Irina Yarovaya and Andrei Skoch, she was a member of the inter-factional deputy group for the protection of Christian values. In this capacity, she supported the introduction of amendments to the Russian Constitution, according to which "Orthodoxy is the basis of the national and cultural identity of Russia."
She headed the list of the party in the elections to the Yaroslavl Regional Duma in 2013.
On February 7, 2014, at the Opening Ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, she carried the Olympic flag among the eight elected persons of Russia.
With the assistance and participation of Tereshkova, a university was opened in Yaroslavl, a new building of a technical school for light industry, a river station, a planetarium were built, and the Volga embankment was landscaped. Throughout his life, he helps his native school and the Yaroslavl orphanage.
Since 2015 - President of the non-profit charitable foundation "Memory of Generations".
In the parliamentary elections on September 18, 2016, she took second place in the United Russia regional group, which includes the Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Kostroma and Tver regions.
Valentina Tereshkova. Seagull and Hawk
Personal life of Valentina Tereshkova:
First husband - Andriyan Grigorievich Nikolaev(1929-2004), USSR cosmonaut No. 3, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.
Their wedding took place in a government mansion on the Lenin Hills on November 3, 1963. Among the guests was After the marriage and until the divorce, Tereshkova bore the double surname of Nikolaev-Tereshkova.
On June 8, 1964, their daughter Elena was born - the first child in the world to have both father and mother astronauts.
The marriage of Tereshkova and Nikolaev was officially terminated in 1982, after the daughter came of age. “At work - gold, at home - a despot,” Tereshkova said about her ex-wife.
However, according to the stories of people close to the couple, the marriage broke up when Tereshkova had another man and the romance could no longer be hidden. Allegedly, she asked for a divorce personally from Brezhnev, who gave the go-ahead.
After breaking up with her husband, Valentina Vladimirovna forbade Nikolaev to see Elena and soon demanded that her daughter change Nikolaev's surname to her own - Tereshkova.
Nikolaev never married again.
Second husband - Julius Shaposhnikov(1931-1999), major general of the medical service, director Central Institute traumatology and orthopedics (CITO).
Daughter Elena Tereshkova- orthopedic surgeon, works in CITO. Was married twice.
The first husband is pilot Igor Alekseevich Mayorov (his father headed the Aeroflot representative office in Europe and was the personal pilot of the general secretaries - Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko and Gorbachev). In marriage, on October 20, 1995, the son Alexei was born.
Tereshkova was against her daughter's marriage to Igor Mayorov. For seven years of marriage, Igor never saw his mother-in-law. And Valentina Vladimirovna did not see her first grandson Alexei until she was five years old - until Elena divorced her first husband.
Elena - daughter of Valentina Tereshkova
The second husband is pilot Andrey Yuryevich Rodionov. We met when he came to her for a medical appointment. At that time, they were both married, Andrei also had a child (daughter). However, they filed for divorce and started a family. Married on June 18, 2004, their son Andrey was born.
Rodionov managed to establish relations with the famous mother-in-law, she gave new family daughters a luxurious apartment in Granatny Lane, and communicates with grandchildren. At the same time, Elena herself followed in the footsteps of her mother: she forbade ex-husband Igor Mayorov to see his eldest son. Mayorov had to seek the right to communicate with the boy through the court.
Valentina Tereshkova with her daughter, son-in-law Andrei Rodionov and grandchildren
In 2004, Valentina Tereshkova underwent complex operation on a heart that prevented a heart attack.
He is an honorary citizen of the cities: Kaluga, Yaroslavl (Russia), Karaganda, Baikonur (until 1995 - Leninsk, Kazakhstan, 1977), Gyumri (until 1990 - Leninakan, Armenia, 1965), Vitebsk (Belarus, 1975), Montreux and Drancy (France) ), Montgomery (Great Britain), Polizzi-Generosa (Italy), Darkhan (Mongolia, 1965), Sofia, Burgas, Petrich, Stara Zagora, Pleven, Varna (Bulgaria, 1963), Bratislava (Slovakia, 1963).
In 1983, a commemorative coin with the image of V. Tereshkova was issued - she became the only Soviet citizen whose portrait was placed on a Soviet coin during her lifetime.
Named after Tereshkova:
a crater on the moon;
- minor planet 1671 Chaika (by its call sign - "Seagull");
- streets in different cities, including in Balakhna, Balashikha, Vitebsk, Vladivostok, Dankov, Dzerzhinsk, Donetsk, Irkutsk, Ishimbay, Kemerovo, Klin, Korolev, Kostroma, Krasnoyarsk, Lipetsk, Mineralnye Vody, Mytishchi, Nizhny Novgorod, Nikolaev, Novosibirsk, Novocheboksarsk, Orenburg , Penza, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Ulan-Ude, Ulyanovsk, Yaroslavl, avenue in Gudermes, square in Tver, embankment in Evpatoria;
- schools in Yaroslavl (where she studied), in Novocheboksarsk, in Karaganda and in the city of Esik (Almaty region);
- Sports and recreation center in the city of Kursk (tract Solyanka, 16);
- Children's sports center for recreation and recreation of children and adolescents in the Kaliningrad region (45 km from Kaliningrad);
- Museum "Cosmos" (not far from her village) and a planetarium in Yaroslavl.
Monument to Valentina Tereshkova in the Baevsky district of the Altai Territory, not far from the landing site of the first female cosmonaut. Also, a monument to Tereshkova stands on the Alley of Cosmonauts in Moscow. One of the monuments was erected in the city of Lvov, but in Ukraine it is proposed to demolish it within the framework of the law on the so-called. decommunization.
In Yaroslavl, the annual city athletics relay race for the prize of V.V. Tereshkova is held. The Yaroslavl Center for Military Patriotic Education DOSAAF bears her name.
Songs are dedicated to Valentina Tereshkova: “The girl is called a seagull” (music by Alexander Dolukhanyan, lyrics by Mark Lisyansky, performer -), “Valentina” (in Moldavian, music by Dumitru Georghit, lyrics by Efim Krimerman, performer -).
Muslim Magomayev - The girl's name is a seagull.
Celebrity biography - Valentina Tereshkova
Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in the world to conquer space. In 1963, on June 16, Valentina flew to space. For everything former USSR, and for the whole world it was a sensation. Many years later, the woman who conquered space was talked about all over the world.
Childhood
Future fame was born in the Yaroslavl region in the village of Bolshoe Maslennikovo on March 6, 1937. A poor family in the village, who would have thought that the future celebrity would be born there? Absolutely no one, but it had to happen. Valya's mother worked on a collective farm, her father died in the Soviet-Finnish war, before the war he worked as a tractor driver. Having survived the war in the village, in 1945 the family moved to the city of Yaroslavl. Mom had to feed three children, and she gets a job at a factory for the manufacture of technical fabrics. Valya was the second child in the family, besides her there were also her younger brother Volodya and older sister Lyudmila.
After moving to the city, the girl went to school number 32, which currently bears her name. Valentina had a good ear for music, so during her school years she studied music, learning to play the domra.
Path to glory
After graduating from seven classes, the girl decided to go to work to help her family. She went to work at a tire plant in Yaroslavl, as a bracelet maker in the assembly shop. The work was not easy, especially considering the age of the girl. Simultaneously with work, she combined her studies at an evening school. In 1955, she went to work as a weaver at a local factory, where her mother and sister had been working for many years.
In 1959, she began parachuting at a local flying club. She has 90 jumps to her credit. The girl spends sports in her free time from work and study. In 1955 he entered the correspondence department at the technical school of light industry. After 2 years, she entered the Komsomol, and even after 3 years she received the position of the released secretary of the Komsomol committee, Valentina worked in this position for 2 years.
Almost at the same time in 1962, the famous designer Sergei Korolev voiced the idea of sending a woman into space for the first time. Actually highest level leadership of the Communist Party of those years, the idea found a response and was approved. The only thing left to do is to find a suitable candidate. So, the search began, it was rather difficult, because the strictest requirements were imposed on the candidates for the conquest of space. Here are some of them. A woman must be in parachuting. Height should not exceed 170 cm, and weight 70 kilograms.
Initially, 5 girls were selected from a huge number, Valentina Tereshkova was one of them. They were given the task of going through a grueling workout, it took place every day. Already during this training, it became clear that there was only one candidate left - Valentina Tereshkova. It is she who will conquer space. This event of world importance took place in 1963.
Valentina Vladimirovna was greeted as a national hero
In the photo: Y. Gagarin, P. Popovich, V. Tereshkova and N. Khrushchev
Personal life
In 1963, she married the famous cosmonaut Andriyan Nikolaev. It was the first couple in the world to conquer space. An amazing and unusual wedding took place on the Lenin Hills in the government mansion. Khrushchev himself was present at the star wedding. All the years spent in marriage, Valentina bore the double surname of Nikolaeva-Tereshkova. After 19 years, the marriage broke up and was officially annulled after their daughter Elena celebrated her majority. According to the memoirs of Valentina Tereshkova, Andriyan was a wonderful person, everywhere except at home. At home, his character was despotic.
Wedding of pilot-cosmonauts Valentina Tereshkova and Andriyan Nikolaev
The second husband of Valentina was Yuli Shaposhnikov, a well-known personality in medical circles, he worked as director of the Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics.
Daughter Elena followed in the footsteps of her stepfather and also became an orthopedic surgeon, since 2013 she has been working in this position at CITO. She has been married twice and has two sons.
For the conquest of space, Tereshkova was awarded a separate apartment in Yaroslavl, where she lived with her mother, aunt and her daughter.
Message about Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman to make a solo flight into space, is described in this article.
Report "Valentin Tereshkov"
Valentina Tereshkova is truly a hero, because women have not flown into outer space before her. Today she is a deputy of the State Duma with the rank of major general. Russian Federation, member of the United Russia Council.
In general, the life of Valentina Tereshkova can be conditionally divided into 2 parts - before and after the flight into space.
The future cosmonaut was born on March 6, 1937 in the village of Bolshoe Maslennikovo (Yaroslavl region), in a family of peasants. After studying at a 7th grade school, she began working at the Yaroslavl Tire Plant to help her family financially: her father died in the war and her mother had a hard time. But the girl did not quit her studies, and graduated from evening school in 1955.
Tereshkova, working in light industry, had time to study well, to be a party activist and, at the same time, to get involved in playing the domra and parachuting.
How was the preparation for the space flight going?
At that time, Sergei Korolev was the initiator of sending women into space. Valentina Tereshkova, together with Ponomareva and Solovieva, passed the selection. They were enrolled in the cosmonaut corps and, at the same time, in military service.
The training was difficult and tough. Valentina Vladimirovna spent 10 days in the isolation chamber. And this is a tough test. Choosing candidates, Korolev took into account aspects of ideological and political literacy, the ability to stay in public. In all respects, only Tereshkova came up. And the first ever flight of a woman astronaut into Earth orbit began on June 16, 1963.
She spent 3 days outside the planet. She was constantly sick and vomited, but Tereshkova constantly said to the radar that everything was fine. Otherwise, the astronaut would have been returned to Earth. Also, Valentina Vladimirovna wrote a logbook and photographed the orbit. The flight curator, Sergei Korolev, after her landing, said that only after his death, another woman would fly into space. In the end, it was. Valentina Tereshkova no longer flew into space, but continued her military service.
Since 1966, she tries herself in politics and becomes a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. After the collapse of the USSR, the former cosmonaut does not leave politics. In 2008, he joined the United Russia party and was elected to the State Duma. Also, Valentina Vladimirovna is involved in charity work, helping her native school and other institutions for children.
The heroine of the Soviet Union was married twice. Her first husband was fellow cosmonaut Andriyan Nikolaev. The couple had a daughter, Elena, in 1964. When the girl was 18 years old, her parents divorced in 1983. The second time Valentina Vladimirovna married a military doctor Yuri Shaposhnikov.
- Valentina Tereshkova has many awards not only from her native country, but also from other countries. Streets, schools, museums and a lunar crater were named after her.
- Valentina Tereshkova violated the regime after the flight, distributing flight rations to the residents of Altai, while she herself ate local food.
- The flight into open space had a negative impact on her health. And being pregnant with her daughter, she spent the entire period of bearing a child in the hospital.
- Before leaving for space, the girl told her parents that she was going to the training camp for paratroopers. They learned about her feat after landing by radio.
- Valentina Tereshkova so wanted to continue flying into space that she even prepared to go to Mars without any possibility of returning.
- The chronicle of the landing of the spacecraft was not documentary: the woman did not land very well, so she was filmed on the second day.
We hope that the report about Valentina Tereshkova helped you prepare for the lesson. And you can leave your message about Valentina Tereshkova through the comment form below.
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