Map of the liberation of the USSR from the Nazis. liberation of the ussr

Since September 1943, the offensive of the Red Army went on a wide front (2 thousand km), 9 fronts participated in it.

September 8, 1943 to the troops of the Western and South Western fronts managed to overcome the line of German defense along the river. Mius and occupy Stalino (Donetsk), the 1st Panzer and 6th Army of the Nazis were forced to retreat beyond the Dnieper.

On September 17, 1943, the troops of the Bryansk Front liberated Bryansk and Bezhitsa; on September 25, units of the Western and Kalinin Fronts expelled the invaders from Smolensk.

During September 1943, units of the North Caucasian Front liberated the northern Caucasus.

However, the main events of this offensive unfolded on the Dnieper. On the right - high bank of the Dnieper, the Germans built a reliable line of fortifications - the "Eastern Wall". On September 22 - 30, 1943, Soviet troops crossed the river without preparation, in small groups using improvised means. Over 750 km, several dozen bridgeheads on the right bank were captured. Throughout October 1943, the Red Army fought to expand these small patches of occupied territory. On October 23, 1943, the Germans began a hasty retreat beyond the Dnieper. On November 6, 1943 Kiev was liberated by the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front. November 10, 1943 the entire "Eastern shaft" was hacked. German troops temporarily recaptured Zhytomyr, but could not do more.

In October-November 1943, in the western direction, the forces of the 1st and 2nd Baltic, Belorussian and Western Fronts launched an offensive, cutting through the enemy forces in Belarus.

On December 24, 1943, the 1st Ukrainian Front (N.F. Vatutin) dealt a crushing blow to the German armies in the area of Zhitomir and Berdichev. On January 1–4, 1944, the 2nd Ukrainian Front (I.S. Konev) launched an offensive and liberated Kirovograd in the middle of the month. On January 10–11, 1944, the forces of the 3rd (R.Ya. Malinovsky) and 4th (F.I. Tolbukhin) Ukrainian Fronts also continued their offensive in the southwestern direction. By the end of January 1944, the troops of Konev and Vatutin surrounded the enemy's Korsun-Shevchenko group (6 divisions). Refusing to surrender, on February 17, 1944, the Germans made an attempt to break through the encirclement, but only 25 thousand people were able to leave. At the same time, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front occupied Rovno and Lutsk. On February 21, 1944, the troops of Malinovsky and Tolbukhin liberated Krivoy Rog.

In the same period, the troops of the Leningrad, Volkhov and 1st Baltic fronts fought to lift the blockade of Leningrad. On January 14, 1944, they went on the offensive, defeating the enemy grouping in the area of Peterhof and Strelna. On January 20, 1944, units of the Volkhov Front liberated Novgorod. January 27, 1944 The blockade of Leningrad - one of the most terrible phenomena throughout the war - was finally eliminated, by March 1944 the Soviet troops pushed the enemy back 220-280 km from Leningrad.

In March 1944, the second stage of the offensive of the Red Army in Ukraine began. After the death of General N.F. Vatutin, the command of the 1st Ukrainian Front was entrusted to G.K. Zhukov. On March 4, 1944, his troops inflicted a strong beat on the 1st tank army of the Germans near Kamenetz-Podolsk, on April 17, 1944, the advanced units of the front crossed the Dniester and reached the Carpathians.

Meanwhile, the troops of I.S. Konev crossed the Bug and the Dniester. On March 25, 1944, the lead forces of the 2nd Ukrainian Front reached the border of the USSR. In early February 1944, Soviet troops reached the state border for more than 400 km.

The forces of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, having crossed the Southern Bug, occupied Kherson, Odessa and Nikolaev. In April 1944, the 4th Ukrainian Front set about liberating Crimea. The Nazis fought the last stubborn battles for Sevastopol, but on May 9, 1944 they left the city and stopped resistance.

In June-August 1944, during the Vyborg and Svir-Petrozavodsk operations, the Finnish troops were defeated and the threat to Leningrad from the north was removed. In September 1944, Finnish President K.G. Mannerheim signed a truce with the USSR and began military operations against the Germans in northern Finland.

In the summer of 1944, the Red Army inflicted the largest defeat on the fascist troops during Operation Bagration, which unfolded in Belarus. On June 23-26, 1944, Soviet troops surrounded and defeated 6 enemy divisions near Vitebsk. June 27 - July 2, 1944 the forces of the 1st Belorussian Front (K.K. Rokossovsky) destroyed 13 German divisions near Bobruisk. On June 28, 1944, the troops of the 2nd Belorussian Front (G.F. Fedorov) liberated Mogilev. On July 3, 1944, Minsk was liberated. The German grouping near Minsk was destroyed on July 11, 1944. On July 13, 1944, Soviet troops liberated Vilnius and reached the German border (East Prussia). On July 28, 1944, the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front occupied Brest and reached the outskirts of Warsaw.

In Ukraine, Konev's troops defeated in July 1944 the most powerful grouping of the Nazis at that time - "Northern Ukraine". In July-August 1944, Western Ukraine was liberated from the Germans. Soviet units went to southern Poland, Romania to the border of Czechoslovakia (Lvov-Sandomierz operation).

By mid-autumn 1944, the border of the USSR was restored almost along its entire length.

Battle for Berlin

From the middle of 1944, the operations of the Soviet troops in Eastern Europe began. Their goal was the complete defeat of the Nazis and the surrender Nazi Germany. At the same time, I.V. Stalin hoped in the future to extend Soviet influence to the countries liberated by the Red Army.

In the summer of 1944, the territory of eastern Poland was liberated from German troops. Soviet fronts were approaching Warsaw. There the German command concentrated extremely significant forces. The blow of the 1st Belorussian Front (K.K. Rokossovsky) south of Warsaw was repulsed. On August 1, an anti-fascist uprising broke out in Warsaw. On September 14, Rokossovsky's troops took the suburbs of Warsaw, but they could not consolidate the success achieved. On October 2, 1944, the leaders of the Warsaw Uprising announced their surrender. The Nazis brutally dealt with the Varsovians and turned the city into ruins.

The Iasi-Kishinev operation, carried out by the forces of the 2nd (I.S. Konev) and 3rd (R.Ya. Malinovsky) Ukrainian fronts on August 22–29, 1944, made it possible to destroy 22 German divisions, complete the liberation of Moldova and enter Romania . On August 23, 1944, the fascist government of Antonescu was overthrown in a popular uprising. King Mihai stood at the head of the state. The Romanian army turned its weapons against the Germans. On August 31, 1944, Bucharest was liberated from the Nazis by the joint actions of the Soviet and Romanian troops. On September 12, 1944, the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition signed an armistice with Romania.

The Bulgarian government has repeatedly stated that it is not at war with the USSR. On September 5, 1944, the Soviet leadership announced the start of hostilities against Bulgaria. However, having entered the territory of the country, the Red Army did not meet resistance. On September 9, 1944, during a popular uprising, the capital of Bulgaria, Sofia, was liberated from pro-German forces. On September 15, the Red Army entered Sofia. The Bulgarian army joined the war against Germany and Hungary.

In September 1944, a joint offensive was launched by units of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia (NOAJ) and the Bulgarian army in Yugoslavia. On October 20, the capital of the country, Belgrade, was liberated from the fascist invaders by the forces of the NOAU.

In October 1944, the troops of the Ukrainian fronts launched an offensive against Hungary, which remained Germany's last ally. On October 20, 1944, the forces of the 2nd Ukrainian Front reached Tisza. In December 1944, the National Government of Hungary was formed in Debrecen. On December 27, 1944, it declared war on Germany.

As a result of the offensive operations of 1944, all of Germany's allies were withdrawn from the war. The entire territory of the USSR was finally liberated from the invaders. Hitler's command lost most of its strategic resources.

The Red Army was faced with the task of completing the liberation of Poland, Czechoslovakia and finishing off the enemy on his own territory.

The forces of the 1st Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian (G.K. Zhukov) fronts managed to liberate Poland from the Nazi troops during the Vistula-Oder operation, which took place from January 12 to February 3, 1945.

On February 3, 1945, Soviet troops reached the Oder, providing favorable conditions for delivering a decisive blow to Berlin. At the end of March - the first half of April 1945, Hungary, the eastern part of Austria, were liberated.

From April 16 to May 8, 1945, the final Berlin operation, which was led by marshals G.K. Zhukov, K.K. Rokossovsky and I.S. Konev. On the night of May 8-9, 1945, the Act of Germany's unconditional surrender was signed. On May 9, 1945, Soviet troops liberated Prague. With the cessation of hostilities in Europe, the Great Patriotic War ended.

1. Liberation of the USSR

At the beginning of 1944, 6.5 million opposed the 5 million invaders. Soviet soldiers. The advantage in technique was 1: 5 - 10 in various forms.

On January 27, the blockade of Leningrad was lifted, which lasted 900 days. In the spring of 1944, Crimea was liberated and Soviet troops reached the state border in the area of the Carpathian Mountains. By the summer of 1944, the state border of the USSR was completely restored. Military operations were transferred to the Baltic states and the countries of Eastern Europe. Finland, Romania and Bulgaria declared war on Germany, which meant the collapse of the Nazi military bloc. On June 6, 1944, Anglo-American troops landed in France, united with the French resistance and opened a second front in Europe.

2. Liberation of Europe

The European campaign of the Soviet troops displeased the United States and Great Britain. The development of these contradictions was devoted to the efforts of the intelligence agencies of the Wehrmacht. In September-October 1944, Churchill made a trip to the USA and the USSR in order to agree on the division of Europe into occupation zones. The United States did not support this initiative.

Successfully developing the offensive and using the support of the local population, the Soviet army liberated the countries of Eastern and Central Europe. In January 1945 fighting were transferred to Germany.

From February 4 to February 11, 1945, Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill met in Yalta (Crimea). The conference discussed the plan for the defeat of Germany, the conditions for its surrender and post-war device Europe. At the conference, it was decided to create the United Nations (UN).

3. Fall of Berlin

In the first half of April, the operation to take Berlin began. The Nazis carefully fortified the city, mobilized 14-year-old children and the elderly into the army. On April 24, the city was surrounded, on April 25, Soviet troops joined forces with the Allied troops on the Elbe River. On April 29, the assault on the Reichstag began; on May 1, Hitler committed suicide; on the night of May 8-9, the new German government capitulated; on May 9, the German garrison in Prague surrendered. By May 11, all centers of resistance in Europe were destroyed.

4. Potsdam Conference

From July 17 to August 2, a conference was held in Potsdam (Germany) with the participation of Stalin, Truman and Churchill. The Conference decided

- transfer East Prussia (Kaliningrad region) to the USSR;

– to judge the leaders of the Nazis as war criminals.

During the conference, Truman (President of the United States) announced the possession nuclear weapons.

5. War with Japan

On August 9, the USSR declared the outbreak of war with Japan and began military operations in northern China. On August 6, the United States bombed the city of Hiroshima, and on August 9, Nagosaki. On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered. This marked the end of World War II.

6. Results of the war

During the war, the dictatorial regimes in Germany, Italy and Japan were destroyed. Communists came to power in many countries, and the world socialist system began to take shape. During the war, 27 million Soviet citizens died, more than 50 million Europeans.

In 1945-46, a trial of the leaders of the Nazi Party took place in Nuremberg (Germany). 24 people appeared before the international tribunal, of which 11 were sentenced to death penalty, the rest to various terms of imprisonment. The Nuremberg Tribunal banned the action of the National Socialist Party, and it was decided to search for war criminals who had escaped justice and put them on trial without a statute of limitations.

Reasons for the victory of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition:

- qualitative superiority of allied forces;

- assistance to the allies of the conquered peoples;

– fast economic development allies.

Ticket 18. (1). Patriotic War of 1812. Foreign campaign of the Russian army. Memory of the people about the events of 1812

1. Russia's foreign policy before the start Patriotic War

In 1789, a revolution took place in France, as a result of which the royal power was overthrown and a republic was established. The monarchical states of Europe tried to create a coalition against republican France and destroy the republic through military intervention. However, these coalitions quickly disintegrated due to contradictions between its members. After Napoleon Bonaparte came to power, France itself turned to direct aggression against European states. After the Allies betrayed the Russian troops in Switzerland, Emperor Paul abruptly changed his foreign policy. He broke the old alliances and went to rapprochement with France. The foreign policy of Emperor Alexander I was characterized by maneuvering between the interests of England (Russia's largest trading partner) and France (the most powerful European state). Alexander I tried to pursue a policy of appeasement towards France. However, the continuation of the aggressive actions of France led to the creation of a new anti-French coalition of Russia and Austria with the support of England. After the defeat of the coalition forces at Austerlitz in November 1805, Alexander I was forced to negotiate peace with Napoleon. As a result of negotiations, on June 25, 1807, an agreement was signed in Tilsit, according to which: 1) the territory of Europe was divided into spheres of influence of Russia and France; 2) Russia joined the economic blockade of England. However, Russia soon withdrew from this unfavorable treaty, which made war with Napoleon inevitable.

1725 - the formation of sectoral governing bodies - boards, the abolition of orders. The activities of the colleges were determined by the General Regulations (1720). 1719 - the creation of 50 provinces, which became the main administrative-territorial unit 1720 - the second urban reform - the introduction of magistrates instead of town halls 1721 - the establishment of the Holy Synod. In the Spiritual Regulations, which determined the order ...

The area of synonyms and synonymous phrases. The turn towards a literary-rhetorical, Slavicized style, caused by the "second South Slavic influence" from the end of the 14th century, is an extremely important stage in the history of Russian literary language. Without a proper assessment, it becomes incomprehensible that a large number of Slavic elements, words and expressions, which still exists in Russian ...

people. To a large extent, it is a form of spiritual adaptation to the environment, a way of giving meaning to habitual, everyday actions and deeds. Influence geographical environment diverse. chief among natural factors The zone of settlement of the Eastern Slavs, the ancestors of the Russians, who appeared in the VI century on the territory of modern Ukraine, was its continental character. The sea, with its...

Row - the ancestral community (primitive human herd), early primitive and late primitive (early and late tribal). primitive neighboring (proto-peasant) communities - and corresponds to the main stages of primitive history. However, the taxonomy of some stages remains controversial, which is why their number is not the same for different scientists. There are four of them, if we consider two averages as of the same order with ...

After the defeat of the main part of the German army in the Battle of Kursk, the expulsion of the Nazi invaders from the territory of the USSR began.

Practically deprived of an army, Germany could no longer attack and went on the defensive.
By order of Hitler, in the fall of 1943, the construction of the "Eastern Wall" began - a system of powerful echeloned defensive fortifications along the line of the Baltic Sea - Belarus - the Dnieper. According to Hitler's plan, the "Eastern Wall" was supposed to fence off Germany from the advancing Soviet troops, to give time to gather forces.
The most powerful defensive structures were erected in Ukraine along the Kiev-Dnepropetrovsk-Melitopol line. On the one hand, it was a system of pillboxes, other powerful reinforced concrete structures, minefields, artillery along the entire right bank of the Dnieper, on the other hand, there was also a powerful natural barrier - the Dnieper. Due to these circumstances, the German command considered the Dnieper line of the "Eastern Wall" impassable. Hitler gave the order to hold the East Wall at all costs and endure the winter. During this time, by the summer of 1944, it was planned to restore the German army and launch a new offensive to the east.
In order to prevent Germany from recovering from defeat, the Soviet command decides to storm the East Wall.

In August 1943, the battle for the Dnieper began, which:

lasted 4 months - from August to December 1943;
it was carried out in very difficult conditions for the Soviet army - from the "low" (flat) left bank, it was necessary to cross the Dnieper on rafts and storm the "high" (mountainous) right bank, stuffed with German defensive structures;
Soviet army suffered enormous human losses, German troops, fortified on the heights of the right bank of the Dnieper, intensively shelled the Soviet army on the low left bank, drowned rafts with soldiers and equipment crossing the Dnieper, destroyed pontoon bridges;
the crossing of the Dnieper took place in conditions of very bad weather in October - November, ice water, rain and snow;
each bridgehead on the western bank of the Dnieper, each kilometer recaptured, was paid for by hundreds and thousands of dead. Despite this, the Soviet army crossed the Dnieper in stubborn battles. In October 1943, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye and Melitopol were liberated, and on November 6, 1943 - Kiev.

By December 1943, the Eastern Wall was broken through - the way to the Right-Bank Ukraine, Moldova and further to Europe was opened.

November 28 - December 1, 1943 in Tehran, the capital of Iran, the first meeting of the "big three" - I. Stalin, W. Churchill, F. Roosevelt - the leaders of the main allied states (USSR, Great Britain and the USA) took place during the war. During this meeting:

basic principles have been developed post-war settlement;
a decision was made in principle to open a second front in May - June 1944 - the landing of Anglo-American troops in Normandy (France) and their attack on Germany from the west.

In the spring - summer of 1944, the final stage of the liberation of the USSR took place - the Soviet army launched three powerful offensives:

in the north, during which the remnants of the Army Group "North" were defeated, the blockade of Leningrad was lifted and liberated most of the Baltics;
in Belarus (Operation Bagration), during which the backbone of Army Group Center was destroyed and Belarus was liberated;
in the south (Iasi-Chisinau operation), during which the Army Group "South" was surrounded and defeated, Moldova, most of the Right-Bank Ukraine, Northern Romania were liberated.

As a result of these operations, by the autumn of 1944, the remnants of the three main German armies that invaded the USSR in 1941 were defeated; most of the territory of the USSR was liberated. The final stage of the war began - the liberation of Europe.

More on the topic Question 73. The liberation of the territory of the USSR in 1943 - 1944:

Question 72. A radical change in the course of the war. Battle of Kursk 1943
Chapter 7 ISSUES OF CONCERNED REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE ANTI-FASCIST COALITION (1943-1945)
Question 61
No. 179 OPERATIONAL REPORT BY THE CHIEF OF THE FIELD DEPARTMENT OF THE 5TH ARMY ON THE MILITARY OPERATIONS FOR THE LIBERATION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE KUSTANAY DISTRICT Chelyabinsk # October 18, 1919
Landscape-geochemical zoning of the territory of the USSR for the purposes of predicting the impact of technogenesis
No. 183 NOTE BY THE CHIEF OF STAFF OF THE 5TH ARMY TO CHIEFS 35 AND 54, NACHARM V ON THE ORGANIZATION OF FORTIFIED AREAS IN THE LIBERATED TERRITORY OF NORTH-EAST KAZAKHSTAN Chelyabinsk October 24, 1919

1. After the defeat of the main part of the German army in the Battle of Kursk, the expulsion of the Nazi invaders from the territory of the USSR began.

Practically deprived of an army, Germany could no longer attack and went on the defensive.

By order of Hitler, in the fall of 1943, the construction of the "Eastern Wall" began - a system of powerful echeloned defensive fortifications along the line of the Baltic Sea - Belarus - the Dnieper. According to Hitler's plan, the "Eastern Wall" was supposed to fence off Germany from the advancing Soviet troops, to give time to gather strength.

The most powerful defensive structures were erected in Ukraine along the Kiev-Dnepropetrovsk-Melitopol line. On the one hand, it was a system of pillboxes, other powerful reinforced concrete structures, minefields, artillery along the entire right bank of the Dnieper, on the other hand, there was also a powerful natural barrier - the Dnieper. Due to these circumstances, the German command considered the Dnieper line of the "Eastern Wall" impassable. Hitler gave the order to hold the East Wall at all costs and endure the winter. During this time, by the summer of 1944, it was planned to restore the German army and launch a new offensive to the east.

In order to prevent Germany from recovering from defeat, the Soviet command decides to storm the East Wall.

- lasted 4 months - from August to December 1943;

- was carried out in very difficult conditions for the Soviet army - from the "low" (flat) left bank, it was necessary to cross the Dnieper on rafts and storm the "high" (mountainous) right bank, stuffed with German defensive structures;

- The Soviet army suffered colossal casualties, since the German troops, having fortified on the heights of the right bank of the Dnieper, intensively shelled the Soviet army on the low left bank, drowned rafts with soldiers and equipment crossing the Dnieper, destroyed pontoon bridges;

- the crossing of the Dnieper took place in conditions of very bad weather in October - November, icy water, rain and snow;

- each bridgehead on the western bank of the Dnieper, each kilometer recaptured was paid for by hundreds and thousands of dead. In spite of this. The Soviet army crossed the Dnieper in stubborn battles. In October 1943, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye and Melitopol were liberated, and on November 6, 1943 - Kiev.

By December 1943, the Eastern Wall was broken through - the way to the Right-Bank Ukraine, Moldova and further to Europe was opened.

3. November 28 - December 1, 1943 in Tehran, the capital of Iran, the first meeting of the "Big Three" took place during the war - I. Stalin, W. Churchill, F. Roosevelt - the leaders of the main allied states (USSR, Great Britain and the USA ). During this meeting:

- the basic principles of the post-war settlement were worked out;

- a fundamental decision was made to open a second front in May - June 1944 - the landing of Anglo-American troops in Normandy (France) and their attack on Germany from the west.

4. In the spring - summer of 1944, the final stage of the liberation of the USSR took place - the Soviet army launched three powerful offensives:

- in the north, during which the remnants of Army Group North were defeated, the blockade of Leningrad was lifted and most of the Baltic states were liberated;

- in Belarus (Operation Bagration), during which the backbone of Army Group Center was destroyed and Belarus was liberated;

- in the south (Iasi-Kishinev operation), during which Army Group South was surrounded and defeated, Moldova, most of the Right-Bank Ukraine, Northern Romania were liberated.

Since September 1943, the offensive of the Red Army went on a wide front (2 thousand km), 9 fronts participated in it.

On September 8, 1943, the troops of the Western and Southwestern fronts managed to overcome the line of German defense along the river. Mius and occupy Stalino (Donetsk), the 1st Panzer and 6th Army of the Nazis were forced to retreat beyond the Dnieper.

On September 17, 1943, the troops of the Bryansk Front liberated Bryansk and Bezhitsa; on September 25, units of the Western and Kalinin Fronts expelled the invaders from Smolensk.

During September 1943, units of the North Caucasian Front liberated the northern Caucasus.

In October-November 1943, in the western direction, the forces of the 1st and 2nd Baltic, Belorussian and Western Fronts launched an offensive, cutting through the enemy forces in Belarus.

In March 1944, the second stage of the offensive of the Red Army in Ukraine began. After the death of General N.F. Vatutin, the command of the 1st Ukrainian Front was entrusted to G.K. Zhukov. On March 4, 1944, his troops dealt a powerful blow to the 1st German tank army near Kamenetz-Podolsk, on April 17, 1944, the advanced units of the front crossed the Dniester and reached the Carpathians.

By mid-autumn 1944, the border of the USSR was restored almost along its entire length.