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Lesson Objectives:
- To acquaint with the natural wealth of our Motherland, to give an idea of the natural wealth of the region.
- Develop the ability to use the acquired knowledge in the work; develop communication skills, creative activity, observation, cognitive activity; the ability to compare, generalize, draw conclusions; develop the ability to express your thoughts.
- To instill in students love and respect for the natural resources of the motherland, goodwill and mutual assistance when working in pairs, respect for work.
During the classes
1. Actualization of knowledge and definition of the topic of the lesson.
The long-awaited call is given,
The lesson starts.
Every day, always, everywhere
Feel free to speak clearly
And we sit quietly.
- Repeat after me!
I wish you well!
If it's hard for you, I'll help you!
Guys, do you like to travel? Today we will make a journey through the expanses of our vast Earth and look into its very depths. Today we will need the ability to observe and the knowledge that we received in the last lesson.
The mistress of wealth (slide 1. wealth)
He invites us to his kingdom.
What is this hostess? (slide 1. ..nature)
What will our lesson be about?
At work, our main rule is BENEFICIENCY AND MUTUAL ASSISTANCE.
And how do people different professions help each other. (They lead a common household)
Slide 2. What do you see? ( display - sunflower / chickens, field, bees )
What unites them? ( Agriculture )
Slide 3. What is this? ( showing - factories and plants ) Name the farm. ( Industrial enterprises)
Slide 4. What type of transport do you see? ( showing - water, land, air ). Name the type of farm Transport).
Slide 5. What are the professions that you see? ( showing - hairdresser, waiter, teacher b). In what type of economy will you unite them? (Service sector)
People of many professions help us to get BREAD from a grain. Name some of them. ( slide 6). Tractor driver / combine operator / flour mill workers / bakers / salesman.
2. Preparation for the perception of a new topic.
Did only people help the seed to grow? Did we miss something important that helped the spikelet to appear? Could it grow without the help of nature?
Slide 7. Conclude what riches of nature helped the grain grow? showing: soil, water, air, sun.
Output (slide + tutorial page 30) show output “Soil, water, air, sun helped a large plant grow from a seed”
We are surrounded by many different objects and things. Let's think, remember, confer in pairs, how some objects came to us.
Slide 8. What they were and where they came from ... ( display - sheet of paper, pencils, chair )? (Tree, forest. Forest wealth)
What made the tree grow?
Slide 9 . iron objects- what natural underground wealth (mineral) helped to create metal objects? (Ore) Who made a nail out of ore?
slide 10. Petrol for cars was before ... ( oil), which people have extracted from underground, from an oil field.
Slide 11. clear window glass was river (sand).
What were the objects seen, and which surround us? Whose wealth are these? Who took them from nature? Let's make a conclusion.
Slide 12. Conclusion (p. 30) All the objects that surround us were once part of nature and taken from it by man. Nature is our generous friend: she gives us her riches.
3. Physical exercise for the eyes (slide 13).
And our main wealth, knowing the world around us, which must be protected ... eyes. Let's do exercises for the eyes. We listen to music and follow the movement of objects, blinking our eyes when blinking.
4. joint discovery new. Statement of problem situations.
Nature is our generous friend: she gives us her riches
(show) 1. What natural resources have we already named?
(show) 2. What else do you know?
Nature creates all the conditions for a person to live. Thanks to their intelligence, people have learned to use the strength and richness of nature. Let's solve riddles and find out what a person needs for life.
If our hands are in wax, if blots have settled on the nose,
Who then is our first friend, will remove the dirt from the face and hands?
What can a mother neither cook nor do laundry without?
Without what, we will say bluntly, a person should die?
So that there is no trouble, we cannot live without ... ( WATER)
So how does a person use water? (cooks food, washes, washes, waters plants, water transport moves along the rivers).
How does a person use River flow? (display power plants)
-(showing) People learned how to turn the power of water into electricity and run it through wires to factories and houses.
What force of nature is said: “... you drive, flocks of clouds, you excite the blue sea, you blow everywhere in the open ... ”? ( about WIND)
How does a person use the power of the wind? ( showing - sailing, ships)
Conclusion: The force of the wind is used by sailors.
People began to think about caring for nature and came up with the idea of using the power of the wind not to the detriment of nature, obtaining ... ( electricity)
Conclusion: Wind power is used to generate electricity from windmills – wind energy, wind farms. Because hydroelectric power plants and thermal power plants pollute the environment, harm rivers.
You warm the whole world, and you don’t know fatigue,
You smile at the window, and everyone calls you ... ( Sun) - showing
What does the sun give to a person? ( light and warmth).
Display - How a person began to use sunlight?
Man began to look for other sources of energy to produce electricity - wind and sunlight, and built not only windmills, but also solar panels that pollute the environment the least.
Have we listed all the wealth?
Slide. 18. Guess.
They run in the forest and in the field,
Swimming in the river and the sea
Can jump and fly
And they can become friends.
Well, in a big city
Well, in a big city
The zoo is their main home.
Slideshow ( squirrel, fox, sparrow, crow, dog).
Name the group. Animals.
Slide. 19. And now I'll tell you about another group:
Breathe, grow
And they can't walk
Freeze in winter
Come alive in spring
Green are
Slideshow ( dandelion, immortelle, oak, spruce, birch).
Name the group. Plants.
Can animals and plants be called the riches of nature? What?
5. Fizminutka (motor).
6. Primary fastening. Training in ways of practical application.
Slide 20 + page 31. - Name the natural resources in the picture
Living, non-living, forces of nature. Compare textbook ( With. 31) - display.
Slide 21 - Natural resources very varied. To better remember them, we divide them into groups. How many groups do you propose to make and why?
Three: living, inanimate, forces of nature.
What natural resources will we classify as living? to the non-living? to the forces of nature?
slide 22. Living natural resources: plants, animals.
slide 23. Inanimate natural resources: air, soil, water, underground riches.
slide 24. Forces of nature: wind, sunlight, river flow.
Why is it so divided?
7. Training in the ways of practical application of the acquired knowledge.
a) Work in pairs. Work in the textbook.
Now let's do the tasks in the textbook. We will work in pairs. Remember about mutual assistance and goodwill.
Slide 25. + page 32
Read the assignment. What living natural resources do people use to get these useful things? Connect with a line.
Slide 26. + page 33
The bowels of the earth also give people their wealth. Try to figure out which things are made of oil and which are made of iron? Unravel the ball of thread.
Slide 27. + page 33
Consider the drawing. ( question display) - What natural resources have helped you become strong and healthy over time summer holidays? (water, air, sun, plants, wind)
What is the most important conclusion we can draw? Man cannot live without nature and its riches. Remember this and take good care of them.
Can a person live separately from nature, without its riches
b) Work in pairs. Work in a workbook.
Open workbook on the page 48. task 1.
Work in pairs. To what natural resources do these words refer? Connect with arrows. Examination slide 28.
Why did I define the word feed twice? What do you mean feed?
(Feed the animals, animals feed)
Slide 29 + task 3, page 49. Connect the objects with the natural resources from which they are obtained. What are the natural resources?
Slide 30 + p. 48, task 2. Not a single living being has learned to use the riches of nature in the same way as a person. Emphasize, in blue, those natural resources that you could subdue for your own benefit, and only a person uses? (underground wealth, sunlight, wind, river flow)
How do you think animals use sunlight, river flow, wind?
Who uses the rest of the listed wealth ?
Conclusion: Only man, being a rational being, using knowledge and experience, was able to subdue the forces of nature for his own benefit.
Read the question . Does a person always use natural resources wisely?
(Answers of children).
Conclusion: Man sentient being, he is responsible for all living and non-living things on Earth.”
8. Generalization. Environmental moment.
So, we have discovered all the natural resources.
What is natural wealth?
What happens if natural resources disappear?
What should be done to prevent this from happening?
What is the name of our beautiful river? ( Don ) display. But is the water in the rivers always so clean and transparent?
How do people pollute rivers? display of river pollution
May the rivers not die on Earth,
Let their misfortune bypass.
May it remain pure forever
Cold and clear water.
?! – What should be done in order not to pollute the water in the river, and not only...?
Slide 32. Beautiful flower meadows, beautiful front gardens and flower beds near our houses, picturesque river banks. But a man comes and beauty disappears... garbage pollution display. What's happening? How should a person act?
Slide 33. Miraculous, healing air, filled with herbs, smells of flowers, trees. Name what herbs can be seen on the Don meadows, in the steppes, in the clearings and even near the house. - Calendula, sage, burdock, yarrow.
What is the value of these plants? ( medicinal).
How do adults and children behave when they come to a beautiful flower meadow? showing the glade
What do girls do right away?
If I pick a flower
If you pick a flower
If you and me and you
If we pick flowers -
All fields will be empty
And there will be no beauty.
Conclusion: do not pick flowers!
Forest plantations grow along the banks of the Don. How much precious and pure oxygen they give us. How beautiful they are in their autumn beauty. But a man comes and ... ( showing clearing and fire ).
Slide 35. What is it?
Passes through the nose to the chest
And the reverse is on its way.
He is invisible and yet
We cannot live without it (Air, showing)
Show - Smoke from factory chimneys from the exhaust pipe of a car , from burning garbage and leaves, from cigarettes, from a fire.
Can we live without air? What kind of air do we breathe?
Name the animals that live on the Don ( Boar, gopher, hedgehog, beaver, dog).
Many animals of our region are listed in the Red Book, are on the verge of extinction, as well as plants. To save them, people create reserves.
Why should animals be protected? showing
Guys! Remember! Nature is defenseless against man. Take care of her. You are part of nature!
9. Bottom line. Relaxation “Smile”. Self-esteem.
What rules of behavior in nature can you follow right now?
1. Take care of plants.
2. Try to walk in the forest along the paths.
3. Keep quiet in the forest.
4. Do not break or cut trees and shrubs.
5. Take care of berries and mushrooms.
6. Do not light a fire.
7. Don't leave trash.
8. Do not pick flowers, do not catch insects.
9. Do not touch forest animals.
10. Do not destroy bird nests and anthills.
Relaxation “Smile” - Children, look at each other, smile at each other. Close your eyes and listen to me: the other person is your joy. The world around you is joy for you. Open your eyes and look around. You are always a joy for another... Take care of yourself and take care of the other... Respect, love everything that is on Earth - this is a miracle!
Self-esteem
Today we learned a lot of new, a lot of interesting things. Look at the plucked flower, at its tears. After evaluating the lesson and our work in the lesson, we will try to “revive” it. On the tables you have .... Let's populate the clearing with them. If you think that they did a great job, and you liked everything - take it. Glue ... to the clearing. You have worked hard, thank you from me! Look at our flower.
Slide 40. Thank you all for your work, for being you.
An ecological minute on the same day after the world around you can be transferred to the lesson of the circle "Life Creativity"
Having visited Crimea, the Chilean poet and politician Pablo Neruda enthusiastically wrote: “Crimea is an order on the chest of the planet Earth!” And indeed, if you look at it from a bird's eye view, you will see that the diamond-shaped Crimean Peninsula really resembles an order attached to the European mainland by a narrow chain of the Perekop Isthmus and the Arabat Spit. Historian Neil Asherson called Crimea "the big brown diamond"; The climate and nature of the peninsula were admired by all scientists, writers, poets and artists who visited Tauris. Let's try to talk about wealth in a few words Crimean nature and its features.
Position: between geography and geopolitics
Geographically located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Crimea took a little bit from each of these parts of the world: in the north of the peninsula there are Asian steppes, and in the south - mountains and subtropics, reminiscent of the resort areas of Greece and Italy. The steppe zone, covering most of the central, western and eastern Crimea, begins in the Crimea - and stretches far to the east, up to Mongolia and Northern China. Not without reason in the Middle Ages this gigantic territory was called the Wild Field - it was from there that countless hordes of Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns, Khazars, Mongols and other nomads came to Europe. Crimea is connected to the continent only by a few narrow strips of isthmuses and sandbars, by waterways through the Sivash salt lakes in the north and east, as well as by a long strip of the Arabat Spit. Neil Asherson divided the Crimea into three historical zones: the steppe north, inhabited by nomads (body zone); the south, with its cities and civilizations (the zone of the mind); the mountains between them are the zone of the spirit, where the mountain principalities and monasteries were located. In his opinion, the steppe zone of the body always attacked the southern coastal civilizational zone of the mind, and the mountainous zone of the spirit was the buffer territory between them. Since May 2018, in the east, Crimea has been connected to the continent by the famous “construction of the 21st century” - the Kerch (or Crimean) bridge.
The mountains
From the warm and humid southern coast of Crimea, the steppe zone is reflected by three ridges of the Crimean mountains: External, Internal and Main. Each of them looks typologically the same: gently sloping from the north, these ridges are steep from the south side. The outer (northern) ridge is the lowest (up to 350 m); The inner (otherwise - the second) ridge is up to 750 m high. The most picturesque is the Main (third, or southern) ridge with peaks more than a kilometer high: Chatyr-Dag (1527 m), Demerdzhi (1356 m) and Roman-kosh (1545 m). Another curious feature of the Crimean mountains is the fact that almost all of them end not with sharp peaks, but, on the contrary, with undulating plateaus, called the Turkic term "yayla" (translated as "summer pasture for cattle"). total area yaila zones - 1565 km². V Soviet time various projects were put forward for the reclamation of these high-mountain plateaus for subsequent use for agricultural purposes. For various reasons, they were not implemented, and now most of yayle is a nature reserve.
Water resources
The Crimean peninsula is washed by the waters of two seas - the Black and Azov. The duration of the Crimean coastline is quite large - 2500 km, however, about half of this space falls on the Sivash zone, which is practically unsuitable for recreation and swimming. Generally, water resources Tauris is more than diverse: there are mountain rivers, lakes, estuaries, waterfalls, reservoirs, and much more. Unfortunately, all this diversity is completely insufficient to provide residents and visitors of the peninsula fresh water. The situation became doubly tense in 2014 due to the shutdown of the North Crimean Canal, cut off from Crimea by decree of the Ukrainian authorities. The longest river of the peninsula is the Salgir, which stretches for 232 km from Mount Chatyrdag to Sivash, however, the most full-flowing rivers are the Black and Belbek. In the summer, many Crimean rivers almost completely dry up. Another curious specific feature of the Crimea is the abundance of salt lakes with therapeutic mud; especially a lot of them in the north of Crimea. Despite the fact that it is possible to develop a medical and tourism industry here, similar to Israel, this resource is still underused.
Flora
The flora of Crimea is amazing and diverse: in total, about 2,500 species of wild higher plants grow here, many of which are listed in the Red Book. What distinguishes and distinguishes the Crimean vegetation? Firstly, about 250 species of so-called endemics grow in the Crimea - i.e. plants that are found only in the Crimea and nowhere else. Secondly, there are also many relics in the Crimea, i.e. vegetation species that have not changed for many millions of years and have been preserved in their original form. Thirdly, the Crimean vegetation has analogues among the plants of other Black Sea and Mediterranean regions - because of the similar climate, and also because about 1000 plant species were brought to Crimea by colonists from their place of residence. It is for this reason that the flora of the Crimea has its current, diverse and amazing character. Of the most remarkable plants of the Crimea, it is worth highlighting Steven's maple, Stankevich's pine, yew berry, juniper, pyramidal cypress, Crimean thyme, Poyarkova hawthorn, wormwood, feather grass and many others.
The Crimean flora, as well as the fauna, can also be divided into steppe, mountain and south coast. In the northern Crimea and on the Kerch Peninsula, steppe vegetation and stunted shrubs predominate. Further, in the foothills, the steppe is replaced by the forest-steppe: not only shrubs, but also trees such as oak, juniper, hornbeam and pear are already appearing here. Further south, in the zone of the Inner Ridge, the woody diversity becomes richer, with oak and beech forests, hawthorn, sumpia, dogwood, ash and linden. At an altitude of 1000 m, already in the area of the Main Ridge, the trees disappear: the majestic spaces of the yayla are almost treeless and resemble high-altitude steppe expanses. It is there that about 25% of Crimean endemics grow. On the southern coast of Crimea you can find a belt of pine forests, which, in general, is not very typical for the peninsula. Apart from natural forests, a significant part of the Crimea is also occupied by artificial plantings, parks and botanical gardens. The most famous of them are Alupka and Massandra parks, as well as the founded H.Kh. Steven in the 19th century Nikitsky Botanical Garden.
Fauna
The animal world of Crimea is no less unique. Since the peninsula is actually isolated from the mainland, a unique complex of animal species has formed on it, different from species composition nearby Ukraine and mainland Russia. A specific feature of the Crimean fauna is high level endemism, i.e. the presence of species inherent only in the Crimea. On the other hand, it is extremely curious that in the Crimea there are not many animals living in neighboring territories. In general, more than 60 species of mammals live in the Crimea. The largest of them are the Crimean red deer, fallow deer and wild boar. For a long time there were no wolves in the Crimea at all, however, in last years there is a movement of gray predators to the Crimea from the territory of southern Ukraine. As a politically illiterate animal, the wolf does not pay attention to the state border drawn between Crimea and Ukraine in 2014. In the Black and Azov Seas there are three species of dolphins and - extremely rarely - a monk seal. There are more than 300 species of birds in Crimea. The largest are the crane, bustard, swans, geese and large predators: steppe eagle, black vulture, golden eagle, peregrine falcon and eagle owl. The best place for birdwatching in Crimea is the Lebyazhy Islands nature reserve in the northwest of the peninsula.
Insects
Entomofauna (insects) of the Crimea has, according to various estimates, from 10 to 15 thousand species. There are about 2000 species of butterflies alone in the Crimea! It is not for nothing that the lover of Lepidoptera felt so good in the Crimea - Vladimir Nabokov - whose first article on English language was just dedicated to the Crimean butterflies. Of the most remarkable endemic insect species, it is worth highlighting the Crimean ground beetle, the Black Sea marigold butterfly, the brilliant beauty dragonfly and Smirnov's horsefly. It is especially pleasant that both among the animals and among the insects of the Crimea there are practically no poisonous ones, and those that live there (for example, centipede, scorpion, tarantula, salpuga, steppe viper) are so rare that attacks on people are rare.
This is how the natural beauties of the Crimean peninsula look in brief. There is everything for the most demanding traveler: mountains, sea, bays, waterfalls, steppes, salt and fresh lakes, natural and artificial caves, nature reserves and parks, unique endemic plants, trees, animals and insects. To make sure of this - pack your luggage, put things off, buy tickets - and explore our treasure peninsula on your own. Crimea is waiting for you!
Having visited Crimea, the Chilean poet and politician Pablo Neruda enthusiastically wrote: “Crimea is an order on the chest of the planet Earth!” And indeed, if you look at it from a bird's eye view, you will see that the diamond-shaped Crimean Peninsula really resembles an order attached to the European mainland by a narrow chain of the Perekop Isthmus and the Arabat Spit. Historian Neil Asherson called Crimea "the big brown diamond"; The climate and nature of the peninsula were admired by all scientists, writers, poets and artists who visited Tauris. Let's try to tell in a few words about the richness of the Crimean nature and its features.
Position: between geography and geopolitics
Geographically located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Crimea took a little bit from each of these parts of the world: in the north of the peninsula there are Asian steppes, and in the south - mountains and subtropics, reminiscent of the resort areas of Greece and Italy. The steppe zone, covering most of the central, western and eastern Crimea, begins in the Crimea - and stretches far to the east, up to Mongolia and Northern China. No wonder in the Middle Ages this gigantic territory was called the Wild Field - it was from there that countless hordes of Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns, Khazars, Mongols and other nomads came to Europe. Crimea is connected to the continent only by a few narrow strips of isthmuses and sandbars, by waterways through the Sivash salt lakes in the north and east, as well as by a long strip of the Arabat Spit. Neil Asherson divided the Crimea into three historical zones: the steppe north, inhabited by nomads (body zone); the south, with its cities and civilizations (the zone of the mind); the mountains located between them - the zone of the spirit, where the mountain principalities and monasteries were located. In his opinion, the steppe zone of the body always attacked the southern coastal civilizational zone of the mind, and the mountainous zone of the spirit was the buffer territory between them. Since May 2018, in the east, Crimea has been connected to the continent by the famous “construction of the 21st century” - the Kerch (or Crimean) bridge.
From the warm and humid southern coast of Crimea, the steppe zone is reflected by three ridges of the Crimean mountains: External, Internal and Main. Each of them looks typologically the same: gently sloping from the north, these ridges are steep from the south side. The outer (northern) ridge is the lowest (up to 350 m); The inner (otherwise - the second) ridge is up to 750 m high. The most picturesque is the Main (third, or southern) ridge with peaks more than a kilometer high: Chatyr-Dag (1527 m), Demerdzhi (1356 m) and Roman-kosh (1545 m). Another curious feature of the Crimean mountains is the fact that almost all of them end not with sharp peaks, but, on the contrary, with undulating plateaus, called the Turkic term "yayla" (in translation - "summer pasture for cattle"). The total area of the yaila zones is 1565 km². In Soviet times, various projects were put forward for the amelioration of these high mountain plateaus for subsequent use for agricultural purposes. For various reasons, they were not implemented, and now most of the yailas are nature reserves.
Water resources
The Crimean peninsula is washed by the waters of two seas - the Black and Azov. The length of the Crimean coastline is quite long - 2500 km, however, about half of this space falls on the Sivash region, which is practically unsuitable for recreation and swimming. In general, the water resources of Taurida are more than diverse: there are mountain rivers, lakes, estuaries, waterfalls, reservoirs, and much more. Unfortunately, all this diversity is completely insufficient to provide residents and visitors of the peninsula with fresh water. The situation became doubly tense in 2014 due to the shutdown of the North Crimean Canal, cut off from Crimea by decree of the Ukrainian authorities. The longest river of the peninsula is the Salgir, which stretches for 232 km from Mount Chatyrdag to Sivash, however, the most full-flowing rivers are the Black and Belbek. In the summer, many Crimean rivers almost completely dry up. Another curious specific feature of the Crimea is the abundance of salt lakes with therapeutic mud; especially a lot of them in the north of Crimea. Despite the fact that it is possible to develop a medical and tourism industry here, similar to Israel, this resource is still underused.
The flora of Crimea is amazing and diverse: in total, about 2,500 species of wild higher plants grow here, many of which are listed in the Red Book. What distinguishes and distinguishes the Crimean vegetation? Firstly, about 250 species of so-called endemics grow in the Crimea - i.e. plants that are found only in the Crimea and nowhere else. Secondly, there are also many relics in the Crimea, i.e. vegetation species that have not changed for many millions of years and have been preserved in their original form. Thirdly, the Crimean vegetation has analogues among the plants of other Black Sea and Mediterranean regions - because of the similar climate, and also because about 1000 plant species were brought to Crimea by colonists from their place of residence. It is for this reason that the flora of the Crimea has its current, diverse and amazing character. Of the most remarkable plants of the Crimea, it is worth highlighting Steven's maple, Stankevich's pine, yew berry, juniper, pyramidal cypress, Crimean thyme, Poyarkova hawthorn, wormwood, feather grass and many others. [S-BLOCK]
The Crimean flora, as well as the fauna, can also be divided into steppe, mountain and south coast. In the northern Crimea and on the Kerch Peninsula, steppe vegetation and stunted shrubs predominate. Further, in the foothills, the steppe is replaced by the forest-steppe: not only shrubs, but also trees such as oak, juniper, hornbeam and pear are already appearing here. Further south, in the zone of the Inner Ridge, the woody diversity becomes richer, with oak and beech forests, hawthorn, sumpia, dogwood, ash and linden. At an altitude of 1000 m, already in the area of the Main Ridge, the trees disappear: the majestic spaces of the yayla are almost treeless and resemble high-altitude steppe expanses. It is there that about 25% of Crimean endemics grow. On the southern coast of Crimea you can find a belt of pine forests, which, in general, is not very typical for the peninsula. In addition to natural forests, a significant part of the Crimea is also occupied by artificial plantations, parks and botanical gardens. The most famous of them are the Alupka and Massandra parks, as well as the Nikitsky Botanical Garden founded by H. H. Steven back in the 19th century.
The animal world of Crimea is no less unique. Since the peninsula is actually isolated from the mainland, a unique complex of animal species has formed on it, different from the species composition of nearby Ukraine and mainland Russia. A specific feature of the Crimean fauna is a high level of endemism, i.e. the presence of species inherent only in the Crimea. On the other hand, it is extremely curious that in the Crimea there are not many animals living in neighboring territories. In general, more than 60 species of mammals live in the Crimea. The largest of them are the Crimean red deer, fallow deer and wild boar. For a long time there were no wolves in Crimea at all, however, in recent years, there has been a movement of gray predators to Crimea from the territory of southern Ukraine. As a politically illiterate animal, the wolf does not pay attention to the state border drawn between Crimea and Ukraine in 2014. Three species of dolphins and - extremely rarely - a monk seal are found in the Black and Azov Seas. There are more than 300 species of birds in Crimea. The largest are the crane, bustard, swans, geese and large predators: the steppe eagle, black vulture, golden eagle, peregrine falcon and eagle owl. The best place for birdwatching in Crimea is the Lebyazhy Islands nature reserve in the northwest of the peninsula.
Insects
Entomofauna (insects) of the Crimea has, according to various estimates, from 10 to 15 thousand species. There are about 2000 species of butterflies alone in the Crimea! It was not for nothing that the lover of Lepidoptera felt so good in the Crimea - Vladimir Nabokov - whose first article in English was devoted to Crimean butterflies. Of the most remarkable endemic insect species, it is worth highlighting the Crimean ground beetle, the Black Sea marigold butterfly, the brilliant beauty dragonfly and Smirnov's horsefly. It is especially pleasant that both among the animals and among the insects of the Crimea there are practically no poisonous ones, and those that live there (for example, centipede, scorpion, tarantula, salpuga, steppe viper) are so rare that attacks on people are rare.
This is how the natural beauties of the Crimean peninsula look in brief. There is everything for the most demanding traveler: mountains, sea, bays, waterfalls, steppes, salt and fresh lakes, natural and artificial caves, nature reserves and parks, unique endemic plants, trees, animals and insects. To see this - pack your bags, put things off, buy tickets - and explore our treasure peninsula on your own. Crimea is waiting for you!
Everyone who at least once in his life was lucky to visit our country, in any part of it, will agree with the statement that the nature of Russia is not only amazing, but in some places even completely unique. Why do we now take as a basis the opinion of the guests of our state, and not the Russians themselves? The answer is much simpler than it might seem at first glance. The thing is that, having been born, say, in Siberia or Kamchatka, we sometimes do not pay attention to local beauties, taking them for granted. And in vain ...
In general, I would like to note that since the territory of our homeland is quite extensive, there is nothing surprising in the fact that the flora and fauna of one area sometimes differs significantly from the flora and fauna of the neighboring territory. For example, the nature of Central Russia is significantly different from its northern or, say, southern regions.
This article is aimed at telling in as much detail as possible about the characteristic features of the various territories of our country. The nature of Russia will appear before readers in all its colors, shades and variations.
Arctic Desert State
The Arctic deserts of Russia have such characteristic features as a huge amount of ice and snow, as well as high air humidity, averaging 85%.
But on the rocky shores you can see numerous nesting seabirds.
To date, many scientists are working on the question of how to preserve the nature of Russia in this area. Moreover, it should be noted that this must be done as soon as possible, otherwise you can forever lose entire species of unique animals and plants.
What is it, tundra?
The tundra zone is located mainly along the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. It is a territory of strong winds, cold, polar day and night, and large clouds.
The winter here is severe and long (8-9 months), but the summer is short and cold. It happens that the temperature in the Asian tundra reaches even 52 ° C. About 70% of the entire territory of the tundra is swampy. This was due to the constant perennial freezing of the soil.
On the coast you can find a young flat relief, a little to the south there is a hilly area, ridges of glacial origin and uplands. earth surface The tundra is almost completely dotted with shallow lakes.
As for the flora, its basis is formed by lichens, mosses, various undersized plants (herbs, shrubs, shrubs). The following species are especially common: dwarf birch, willow, alder, sedge, lingonberry.
In general, we note that the tundra is divided into three so-called subzones: arctic, lichen-moss, southern shrub.
Characteristic features of the forest tundra
The forest-tundra is a zone where the tundra gradually begins to turn into a forest. In this place, the nature of Russia, the geography of the region plays an important role, it is quite diverse. Her characteristics- these are the so-called sparse island forests located on the interfluves and consisting mainly of Siberian spruce, larch and birch.
Such sparseness of the forests is explained by the harsh climate conditions, although here the summer is much warmer than in the tundra, and the wind speed is much lower.
One more feature forest tundra is considered a large number of sphagnum peatlands.
For about 9 months, this area is covered with snow. In summer, the slopes of the river valleys are covered with variegated and colored meadows. Ranunculus, valerian and berries grow everywhere. By the way, the local meadows serve as excellent pastures for deer. In addition, the nature of Russia in this area is considered an excellent habitat for many animals (usually arctic foxes and lemmings) and birds.
Here you can easily find big variety waterfowl: geese, ducks and swans. But for the winter, there are very few birds left here - only a snowy owl and a partridge.
Endless taiga
The taiga zone in Russia occupies the largest area among the others. It extends from the western borders of the Russian Federation up to the coast of the Sea of Japan. Geographically, the taiga is located in the subarctic and temperate climatic zone.
It is here that many rivers of Russia originate, for example, the Volga, Vyatka, Onega, Kama, Lena, Vasyugan, Pur, Taz, Vilyui, etc.
This zone is characterized by the presence of many swamps, groundwater, lakes, large reservoirs. The main type of vegetation in the taiga are forests, both light coniferous and dark coniferous. Larch trees also dominate around, a little less pine, spruce, fir and cedar.
Among the forests, meadows and various swamps are located in sufficient quantities.
Are you really interested in the wild nature of Russia? Siberia is just the place to go. Animal world here is very heterogeneous. The eastern taiga is richer in fauna, where you can easily see hazel grouse, sable, stone capercaillie, waterfowl, brown bear, wolverine, squirrel, lynx, elk and hare.
Unfortunately, today in this area there is an active logging. How to save the nature of Russia in this situation remains a practically insoluble mystery.
Mixed and broad-leaved forests of the country
The zone is much warmer and wetter compared to the taiga. There is a long and warm summer, and the winter is not particularly severe, which, by the way, favors the emergence of such a huge number of broad-leaved trees.
Note that the rivers here are full of water, which means that the waterlogging of the soils is very low. In general, this zone is characterized by soddy-podzolic and brown forest soils rich in minerals.
In most cases, forests are represented by oak, spruce, maple, linden, pine, ash, hazel, Korean cedar, birch, aspen and shrubs.
The nature of central Russia is very generous to its inhabitants. To date, such animals as bison, elk, wolf, wild boar, wolf, marten, dormouse and muskrat are massively found here. Of the birds, you can meet the oriole, grosbeak, woodpeckers, etc.
Unfortunately, now many species of plants and animals living in the Far Eastern mixed and deciduous forests, are extremely rare, or even disappear altogether. For example, in wild nature it is almost impossible to meet spotted deer and Amur tiger, and on the slopes you most likely will not find real ginseng anymore.
Russian forest-steppe
The forest-steppe zone is a kind of transition between the forest and the steppe. Here, broad-leaved, small-leaved and pine forests on gray soils alternate with forb meadow steppes formed directly on chernozems.
The nature of Russia in this area is divided into western and eastern forest-steppe. Hills and valleys are separated by numerous ravines and gullies.
Oak dominates everywhere here, sometimes there are birch groves, herbs, and cereals. It should be noted that a significant part of the population lives in the forest-steppe, here industrial and grain crops are cultivated in huge quantities.
steppe zone
The steppe zone is characterized by dry summers, cold winters and very modest rainfall. About once every three years for a long time there is no rain at all, which means that a severe drought sets in.
A characteristic feature of the steppe zone is treelessness. Before the plowing of the steppe territories, herbaceous vegetation was found everywhere here, with a predominance of feather grass, bluegrass, fescue, and steppe oats. Now the situation has changed somewhat and, unfortunately, not for the better.
Soils in the north of the steppe zone are typical chernozems. Rodents live here everywhere, most often there are ground squirrels, marmots, mole rats, hamsters. Ferrets, foxes, weasels feed on them. Of the birds, you can see eagles, larks and demoiselle crane.
To date, it is the steppe that is most mastered by people. It is rightfully considered the main zone of agriculture.
Desert and semi-desert zones
Semi-deserts and deserts occupy a very small area in Russia, which is located purely within the Caspian lowland.
It should be noted that it is here that the highest level of the so-called annual solar radiation (120 kcal / cm 2) is observed.
Summers are hot, but winters are cold and with little snow. This zone is characterized by zonal grass-wormwood vegetation, solonetzes and areas of semi-fixed sands.
Here, wheatgrass, fescue, thin-legged, blue-green algae, hairy feather grass, etc. grow in huge quantities.
Among the animals there are many rodents, and the most common are jerboas, gerbils, ground squirrels and a hare. In addition, wolves, foxes, ferrets and badgers live in the zone of deserts and semi-deserts.
These are all the possibilities of living and inanimate nature on Earth, which can be applied to human life in the development and improvement of favorable conditions in the life of society.
Since the earliest historical times, man has used natural resources. Then for the most part it was hunting and fishing, to a lesser extent mineral resources. In the future, with the growth of agriculture and animal husbandry, soil resources and water were used to a large extent. Then, with the development of architecture and culture, the resources of metals and alloys, ceramics, and natural stone began to be used.
With the beginning of the century of industrialization, active mining and use of different types minerals for their use in energy, technical and economic development which, unfortunately, had a negative impact on environment. Now more and more mankind is striving to use the resources of the sun and wind, which do not cause a devastating impact on the environment.
The main types of natural resources of the world
Mineral resources
The variety of minerals found in the earth's crust makes it possible to extract and develop them as raw materials for various types of industry. The consumption of mineral raw materials ensures the growth of the economy and the well-being of the country producing it, but the availability and reserves of mineral resources do not become a factor in the socio-economic development of a particular country in the world ...
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