· 2.3. The main tasks of information systems (IS)
IS solve the following main tasks.
The main tasks of information systems - IS:
- Search, processing and storage of information , which accumulates for a long time and the loss of which is irreparable. Computerized ICs are designed to process information faster and more reliably, so that people do not waste time, to avoid human-like accidental errors, to save costs, to make people's lives more comfortable.
- Storage of data of different structure. There is no developed IS that works with one homogeneous data file. Moreover, a reasonable requirement for an information system is that it can evolve. New functions may appear that require additional data with a new structure to perform. In this case, all previously accumulated information must remain intact. Theoretically, this problem can be solved by using several external memory files, each of which stores data with a fixed structure. Depending on the way the file management system used is organized, this structure can be a file record structure or supported by a separate library function written specifically for this IC. There are known examples of actually functioning ISs, in which it was planned to base the data warehouse on files. As a result of the development of most of these systems, a separate component has emerged in them, which is a kind of database management system (DBMS).
- Analysis and forecasting of information flows different kinds and types moving in society. Streams are studied with the aim of their minimization, standardization and adaptation for efficient processing on computers, as well as the features of information flows flowing through various channels of information distribution.
- Study of ways of presenting and storing information , the creation of special languages for the formal description of information of various nature, the development of special techniques for compressing and encoding information, annotating voluminous documents and summarizing them. Within the framework of this direction, work is being developed to create large-volume data banks that store information from various fields of knowledge in a form accessible to computers.
- Building procedures and technical means for their implementation, with the help of which you can automate the process of extracting information from documents that are not intended for computers, but focused on human perception
- Creation of information retrieval systems , capable of perceiving requests to information storages, are formulated in natural language, as well as special query languages for systems of this type.
- Creation of networks for storage, processing and transmission of information which include information databanks, terminals , processing centers and means of communication.
The specific tasks that must be solved by the information system depend on the application area for which the system is intended. The areas of application of information applications are diverse: banking, production management, medicine, transport, education, etc.
Trends in the development of modern IT lead to a constant increase in the complexity of IS created in various fields. Modern large IP projects are characterized, as a rule, by several features.
Characteristics of IS projects - information systems:
- Complexity of description - the presence of a sufficiently large number of functions, processes, data elements and complex relationships between them, requiring careful modeling and analysis of data and processes;
- Availability sets of closely interacting components(subsystems) that have their own local tasks and goals of functioning (for example, traditional applications related to transaction processing and solving routine tasks, and applications of analytical processing (decision support) that use ad hoc queries to large data volumes);
- Lack of direct analogues , limiting the possibility of using any standard design solutions and application systems;
- Required Integrations existing and newly developed applications;
- Functioning in a heterogeneous environment on multiple hardware platforms;
- Disunity and heterogeneity of individual development teams according to the level of qualification and the established traditions of using certain tools;
- Significant time span of the project , due, on the one hand, handicapped team of developers, and, on the other hand, the scale of the customer's organization and the varying degree of readiness of its individual divisions for the implementation of IS.
· 2.3. The main tasks of information systems (IS)
IS solve the following main tasks.
The main tasks of information systems - IS:
- Search, processing and storage of information , which accumulates for a long time and the loss of which is irreparable. Computerized ICs are designed to process information faster and more reliably, so that people do not waste time, to avoid human-like accidental errors, to save costs, to make people's lives more comfortable.
- Storage of data of different structure. There is no developed IS that works with one homogeneous data file. Moreover, a reasonable requirement for an information system is that it can evolve. New functions may appear that require additional data with a new structure to perform. In this case, all previously accumulated information must remain intact. Theoretically, this problem can be solved by using several external memory files, each of which stores data with a fixed structure. Depending on the way the file management system used is organized, this structure can be a file record structure or supported by a separate library function written specifically for this IC. There are known examples of actually functioning ISs, in which it was planned to base the data warehouse on files. As a result of the development of most of these systems, a separate component has emerged in them, which is a kind of database management system (DBMS).
- Analysis and forecasting of information flows different kinds and types moving in society. Streams are studied with the aim of their minimization, standardization and adaptation for efficient processing on computers, as well as the features of information flows flowing through various channels of information distribution.
- Study of ways of presenting and storing information , the creation of special languages for the formal description of information of various nature, the development of special techniques for compressing and encoding information, annotating voluminous documents and summarizing them. Within the framework of this direction, work is being developed to create large-volume data banks that store information from various fields of knowledge in a form accessible to computers.
- Building procedures and technical means for their implementation, with the help of which you can automate the process of extracting information from documents that are not intended for computers, but focused on human perception
- Creation of information retrieval systems , capable of perceiving requests to information storages, are formulated in natural language, as well as special query languages for systems of this type.
- Creation of networks for storage, processing and transmission of information which include information databanks, terminals , processing centers and means of communication.
The specific tasks that must be solved by the information system depend on the application area for which the system is intended. The areas of application of information applications are diverse: banking, production management, medicine, transport, education, etc.
Trends in the development of modern IT lead to a constant increase in the complexity of IS created in various fields. Modern large IP projects are characterized, as a rule, by several features.
Characteristics of IS projects - information systems:
- Complexity of description - the presence of a sufficiently large number of functions, processes, data elements and complex relationships between them, requiring careful modeling and analysis of data and processes;
- Availability sets of closely interacting components(subsystems) that have their own local tasks and goals of functioning (for example, traditional applications related to transaction processing and solving routine tasks, and applications of analytical processing (decision support) that use ad hoc queries to large data volumes);
- Lack of direct analogues , limiting the possibility of using any standard design solutions and application systems;
- Required Integrations existing and newly developed applications;
- Functioning in a heterogeneous environment on multiple hardware platforms;
- Disunity and heterogeneity of individual development teams according to the level of qualification and the established traditions of using certain tools;
- Significant time span of the project conditioned, on the one hand, by the limited capabilities of the development team, and, on the other hand, by the scale of the customer's organization and the varying degree of readiness of its individual divisions for the implementation of IS.
Information system is an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in order to achieve the goal.
The modern understanding of the information system involves the use of a personal computer as the main technical means of processing information. In large organizations, along with a personal computer, the technical base of the information system may include a mainframe or supercomputer. In addition, the technical implementation of the information system in itself will mean nothing if the role of the person for whom the produced information is intended and without which it is impossible to receive and present it is not taken into account.
It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical base and tool for information systems. An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.
The development of information systems can be considered:
1. From the standpoint of the development of technology itself, the emergence of a new technical base that generates new information needs.
2. From the point of view of improving the automated information systems (AIS) themselves.
The first aspect involves two stages: one - before the advent of computers, associated with the names of the inventors of the first computing devices, such as B. Pascal, P.L. Chebyshev, C. Babbage and others; the second - with the development of computers.
The first generation of computers (1950s) was built on the basis of vacuum tubes and represented by the following models: ENIAC, MESM, BESM-1, M-20, Ural-1, Minsk-1. All these machines were large, consumed a large number of electricity, had low speed, small memory and low reliability. They were not used in economic calculations.
The second generation of computers (1960s) was based on semiconductors and transistors: BESM-6, Ural-14, Minsk-32. The use of transistor elements as an element base made it possible to reduce electricity consumption, reduce the size of individual computer elements and the entire machine, the amount of memory increased, the first displays appeared, etc. These computers were already used to solve economic problems.
The third generation of computers (1970s) was based on small integrated circuits. Its representatives are IBM 360 (USA), a number of computers of a single system (ES computers), machines of the small family from SM I to SM IV. With the help of integrated circuits, it was possible to reduce the size of computers, increase their reliability and speed.
The fourth generation of computers (1980s) was based on large integrated circuits (LSI) and was represented by the IBM 370 (USA), EC-1045, EC-1065, etc. They were a series of software-compatible machines on a single element base, a single design and technical basis, with a single structure, a single software system, a single unified set of universal devices. Personal computers (PCs), which began to appear since 1976 in the USA (An Apple), have become widespread. They did not require special premises, installation of programming systems, they used languages high level and communicated with the user in an interactive mode.
At present, in the period of informatization, computers are being built on the basis of very large integrated circuits (VLSI). They have huge computing power and are relatively low cost. They can be represented not as one machine, but as a computing system that connects the core of the system, which is presented in the form of a super-computer, and a PC on the periphery.
This allows you to significantly reduce the cost of human labor and effectively use the labor of the machine. The main trend in the development of AIS is the constant striving for improvement. It is achieved through the improvement of hardware and software, which generates new information needs and leads to the improvement of information systems.
Let us characterize generations of information systems.
The first generation of AIS (1960-1970) was built on the basis of computer centers on the principle of "one enterprise - one processing center".
The second generation of AIS (1970-1980) is characterized by the transition to decentralization of IS. Information technologies penetrate into the departments, services of the enterprise. Packages and decentralized databases appeared, two, three-level models of organizing data processing systems began to be introduced.
The third generation of AIS (1980-beginning of 1990): a massive transition to distributed network processing based on personal computers with the unification of disparate jobs into a single IS is typical.
The fourth generation of AIS is characterized by a combination of centralized processing at the top level with distributed processing at the bottom. There is a tendency to return at large and medium-sized enterprises to the use of powerful computers in IS as the central node of the system and cheap network terminals (workstations).
Modern information systems at enterprises are created on the basis of local and distributed computer networks, new technologies for making managerial decisions, new methods for solving professional problems of end users, etc.
The history of the development of information systems and the purpose of their use for different periods is as follows (table 1).
Table 1 - The history of the development of information systems and the purpose of their use for different periods
|
Period of time |
The concept of using information |
Type of information systems |
Purpose of use |
|
1950 - 1960 |
Paper flow of settlement documents |
Information systems for processing settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines |
Increasing the speed of document processing Simplify invoice processing and payroll processing |
|
1960 - 1970 |
Basic assistance in preparing reports |
Management information systems for production information |
Speeding up the reporting process |
|
1970 - 1980 |
Management control of implementation (sales) |
Decision support systems Top management systems |
Selection of the most rational solution |
|
1980 - 2000 |
Information is a strategic resource providing a competitive advantage |
Strategic Information Systems Automated offices |
Firm survival and prosperity |
The first information systems appeared in the 1950s. During these years, they were intended for processing invoices and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting calculating machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for the preparation of paper documents.
60s are marked by a change in attitudes towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. Today, organizations needed general purpose computing equipment capable of performing many functions, not just processing invoices and calculating payroll, as was the case in the past.
In the 70s - early 80s. information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.
By the end of the 80s. the concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an organization of any profile. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information in time, help the organization to achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new sales markets, secure worthy partners, organize the release of products at a low price, and much more.
The processes that ensure the operation of an information system for any purpose can be conditionally represented as a diagram consisting of blocks:
– input of information from external or internal sources;
- processing of input information and its presentation in a convenient form;
- output of information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;
- feedback is information processed by people of this organization to correct the input information.
An information system is defined by the following properties:
– any information system can be analyzed, built and managed on the basis of general principles building systems;
– the information system is dynamic and developing;
- when building an information system, it is necessary to use a systematic approach;
- the output of the information system is the information on the basis of which decisions are made;
– the information system should be perceived as a human-computer information processing system.
Currently, there is an opinion about the information system as a system implemented using computer technology. Although in the general case, the information system can be understood in a non-computer version.
To understand the operation of an information system, it is necessary to understand the essence of the problems that it solves, as well as the organizational processes in which it is included. So, for example, when determining the possibility of a computer information system for decision support, one should take into account the structuredness of the management tasks being solved; the level of the firm's management hierarchy at which the decision must be made; belonging of the problem to be solved to one or another functional area of business; type of information technology used.
Figure 1 - The structure of the information system
The technology of working in a computer information system is understandable by a non-computer specialist and can be successfully used to control and manage professional activity processes.
The introduction of information systems can contribute to:
obtaining more rational options for solving managerial problems through the introduction of mathematical methods and intelligent systems, etc.;
release of workers from routine work due to its automation;
ensuring the reliability of information;
replacement of paper data carriers with magnetic disks or tapes, which leads to a more rational organization of information processing on a computer and a reduction in the volume of documents on paper;
improving the structure of information flows and the document management system in the company;
reducing the cost of producing products and services;
providing consumers with unique services;
finding new market niches;
binding buyers and suppliers to the company by providing them with various discounts and services.
The role of the management structure in the information system
General provisions
The creation and use of an information system for any organization is aimed at solving the following problems.
1. The structure of the information system, its functional purpose should correspond to the goals facing the organization. For example, in a commercial firm - an efficient business; in a state enterprise - the solution of social and economic problems.
2. The information system must be controlled by people, understood and used by them in accordance with basic social and ethical principles.
3. Production of reliable, reliable, timely and systematized information.
Building an information system can be compared to building a house. Bricks, nails, cement, and other materials put together do not make a home. We need a project, land management, construction, etc., in order for a house to appear.
Similarly, to create and use an information system, you must first understand the structure, functions and policies of the organization, the goals of management and decisions, the capabilities of computer technology. The information system is a part of the organization, and the key elements of any organization are the structure and management bodies, standard procedures, personnel, subculture.
Building an information system should begin with an analysis of the organization's management structure.
2 Technology for creating expert systems. Problem area identification
When developing expert systems, the concept of a rapid prototype is often used. Its essence is as follows: at first, not an expert system is created, but its prototype, which is obliged to solve a narrow range of tasks and require little time for its development. The prototype should demonstrate the suitability of the future expert system for a given subject area, check the correctness of the coding of facts, connections and expert reasoning strategies. It also enables the knowledge engineer to involve an expert in an active role in the development of the expert system. The size of the prototype is several dozen rules.
To date, a certain technology for the development of expert systems has been developed, which includes 6 stages.
Stage 1. Identification. The tasks to be solved are determined. The course of developing a prototype of an expert system is planned, the following are determined: the necessary resources (time, people, computers, etc.), sources of knowledge (books, additional specialists, methods), similar expert systems available, goals (dissemination of experience, automation of routine actions, etc. .), classes of problems to be solved, etc. The identification stage is the acquaintance and training of the development team. The average duration is 1-2 weeks.
At the same stage of the development of expert systems, knowledge extraction takes place. A knowledge engineer helps an expert to identify and structure the knowledge necessary for the operation of an expert system using various methods: text analysis, dialogues, expert games, lectures, discussions, interviews, observation, and others. Knowledge extraction is the knowledge engineer gaining a more complete understanding of the subject area and decision-making methods in it. The average duration is 1-3 months.
Stage 2. Conceptualization. The structure of the acquired knowledge about the subject area is revealed. The following are defined: terminology, a list of main concepts and their attributes, the structure of input and output information, a decision-making strategy, etc. Conceptualization is the development of an informal description of knowledge about the subject area in the form of a graph, table, diagram or text, which reflects the main concepts and relationships between the concepts of the subject area. The average duration of the stage is 2-4 weeks.
Stage 3. Formalization. At the formalization stage, all key concepts and relationships identified at the conceptualization stage are expressed in some formal language proposed (chosen) by the knowledge engineer. Here he determines whether the available tools are suitable for solving the problem under consideration, or whether a different tool needs to be chosen, or original developments are required. The average duration is 1-2 months.
Stage 4. Implementation. An expert system prototype is created, including a knowledge base and other subsystems. At this stage, the following tools are used: programming in ordinary languages (Pascal, C, etc.), programming in specialized languages used in tasks artificial intelligence(LISP, FRL, SmallTalk, etc.), etc. The fourth stage of expert systems development is to some extent the key one, since here a software package is created that demonstrates the viability of the approach as a whole. The average duration is 1-2 months.
Stage 5. Testing. The prototype is checked for the convenience and adequacy of input-output interfaces, the effectiveness of the control strategy, the quality of test cases, and the correctness of the knowledge base. Testing is the identification of errors in the chosen approach, the identification of errors in the implementation of the prototype, as well as the development of recommendations for fine-tuning the system to an industrial version.
Stage 6. Trial operation. The suitability of the expert system for end users is checked. Based on the results of this stage, a significant modification of the expert system may be required.
The process of developing an expert system is not limited to a strict sequence of the steps listed above. In the course of work, it is necessary to repeatedly return to earlier stages and revise the decisions made there.
The problem area identification stage is the definition of requirements for the developed ES, the contours of the problem area under consideration (objects, goals, subgoals, factors), the allocation of resources for the development of the ES.
The stage of identifying the problem area includes determining the purpose and scope of the expert system, selecting experts and a group of knowledge engineers, allocating resources, setting and parameterizing the tasks to be solved.
The beginning of work on the creation of an expert system is initiated by the heads of companies. Usually, the need to develop an expert system is associated with the difficulties of decision makers, which affects the efficiency of the problem area. As a rule, the purpose of an expert system is related to one of the following areas:
— training and consultation of inexperienced users;
— dissemination and use of the unique experience of experts;
— automation of the work of decision-making experts;
— optimization of problem solving, proposing and testing hypotheses.
After a preliminary definition of the contours of the developed expert system, knowledge engineers, together with experts, carry out a more detailed formulation of problems and parameterization of the system. The main parameters of the problem area include the following:
— the class of tasks to be solved (interpretation, diagnostics, correction, forecasting, planning, design, monitoring, control);
- criteria for the effectiveness of the results of solving problems (minimizing the use of resources, improving the quality of products and services, accelerating capital turnover, etc.);
- criteria for the effectiveness of the problem solving process (increasing the accuracy of decisions made, taking into account a larger number of factors, calculating a larger number of alternative options, adaptability to changes in the problem area and information needs of users, reducing decision-making time);
- goals of the tasks to be solved (choosing from alternatives, for example, choosing a supplier or synthesizing a value, for example, distributing the budget by item);
An enterprise is a single organism, and improving one thing can lead to the slightest shift towards success at best, or to a decrease in overall performance at worst. Managers, and especially finance managers, need to make complex decisions that affect the entire enterprise. And the workload of solving operational problems further complicates the management process.
To simplify management, primarily financial, it is necessary to have an effective enterprise management system, including a quality management system, and an information system for their support. What can the implementation of an information system give?
decline total costs enterprises in the supply chain (when purchasing),
increasing the speed of turnover,
reducing excess inventory to a minimum,
increase and complexity of the product range,
improving product quality,
fulfilling orders on time and improving the overall quality of customer service,
The main goals of automating the activities of the enterprise are:
Collection, processing, storage and presentation of data on the activities of the organization and the external environment in a form convenient for financial and any other analysis and use in making management decisions.
Automation of business operations (technological operations) that make up the target activity of the enterprise.
Automation of processes that ensure the implementation of core activities.
In order to really evaluate the effectiveness of the system, it is very important to understand what tasks a properly designed information system can solve:
Planning of production activities. Drawing up production plans at various levels, from strategic to operational, and checking the possibility of their implementation in accordance with the state of production capacities and human resources. The degree of detail of plans at various levels is different - from a set of products for solving strategic planning problems to specific materials or production operations for operational production management;
Purchasing, inventory, sales management. This is the automation of planning and accounting processes for the tasks of supply (logistics) of production, marketing of finished products and inventory management;
Financial management. As a rule, this is bookkeeping, settlements with debtors and creditors, accounting for fixed assets, cash management and financial planning;
Personnel Management. The personnel management subsystem implements all the basic needs of working with personnel: hiring and firing personnel, accounting for information about employees, planning their career growth, calculating wages and time tracking. Consideration of personnel as a separate type of resource makes it possible to link together the personnel potential of an enterprise and production plans, which is also possible when using an information system;
Cost management. This includes accounting for all costs of the enterprise and costing of finished products or services;
Project/program management. The modern activity of the enterprise is increasingly viewed through the prism of the implementation of production projects or programs for which separate planning and accounting can be carried out;
Design of products and technological processes. Information about the composition of products, technological routes for their manufacture, development of products in accordance with the requirements of customers, as well as an estimate of the costs that the enterprise will incur in the production of such products.
As you can see, information systems are capable of a lot. But in order to obtain efficiency with a large investment in the acquisition of a system, it is necessary to correctly choose which system is needed. In this case, to adhere to the principle "the more functions, the better" is not worth it. The more the system "can", the more expensive it is and there is a possibility that not all of its functionality will be used and it will not pay for itself.
The purpose of this IS is to develop an automated workplace for a specialist (broker-dealer) to work with the securities of joint-stock companies, banks and to create a unified system for accounting and analyzing the movement of securities by forming a common information base.The purpose of the system is to significantly reduce the time for processing information, issuing reports to management, customers
Organizational structure of the bank
Figure 2
Organizational and structural diagram of the fund department
Figure 3
(investors) and perform the main functional duties of a broker-dealer:
Opening a personal account;
acceptance of a client order for the purchase/sale of securities to Clients;
acceptance of a client order for crediting/debiting securities to Clients;
change (correction) of the Client's details;
crediting (writing off) the Client's securities to the personal account (from the personal account);
blocking account transactions;
issuance of statements from the personal account;
accounting for the movement of securities.
1.4 Requirements for the information system "Development of an information system for recording the movement of securities"
Requirements for the structure of the information system
The structure of an IS is a relatively stable order of internal space-time connections and relationships between its individual subsystems and elements, which determines the functional purpose of the subsystems and their interaction with the external environment.
The requirements for the IS structure are given in Table 1, which reflects the sets of tasks and tasks. For users, the system must have a friendly interface and protection against unauthorized access.
Information system resource requirements
An information resource is a collection of various forms of information (data, information, facts, documents, reports, etc.), its repositories, suppliers; information professionals, and information technology providing its owner with significant business advantages over competitors.
There is a growing understanding in scientific, business and management circles that increasing productivity is now achieved not so much by saving resources and reducing costs, but by obtaining high-quality information resource. Thus, there is a certain relationship between awareness and performance, i.e. these processes are correlated.
Information resources are a set of data that provide value for any company acting as material resources. These include the main and auxiliary data arrays stored in external memory and input documents
There are the following requirements for information system resources: hardware, software, organizational support, linguistic support, mathematical support, information support.
Table 1 - List of tasks of the IS "Development of an information system for accounting for the movement of securities"
|
Complex of tasks |
Name |
Indicators |
Consumers |
|
|
Input |
Weekend |
|||
|
1. Registration and assignment of personal accounts to issuers (REm)
|
Entering data about the issuer into the database |
Issuer details |
Service contract, contract number |
Risk manager, issuer |
|
Assignment of personal accounts |
Application for opening a personal account |
Personal account number, opening date |
Broker-dealer, issuer |
|
|
Maintaining a customer database |
Changing customer details |
New details |
broker-dealer |
|
|
2. Movement of securities (DCB)
|
Crediting / debiting securities |
Issuer, types of securities, number, face value, % rate, maturity |
Number of securities credited, number of securities written off, balance amount |
broker-dealer |
|
Calculation of income on securities |
|
Deleting a personal account |
broker-dealer |
|
|
Issuance of statements from the client's personal account |
Issuer, types of securities, quantity, face value, interest rate |
Extract |
broker-dealer |
|
Requirements for technical support
Technical support is a set of technical means (CTS) used for the functioning of the IS, which is designed to work in an automated mode. CTS - a set of TSs that provide interaction between computers and the external environment, input or output of information, as well as processing and storage of information, including the preparation of information and its transformation to a form or form convenient for input or output from a computer. Technical support includes:
Means of collecting and registering information;
Means of information transfer;
Means of information processing;
Means of organizational technology;
Communication equipment;
Computer facilities (VT);
Equipment for local area networks (LAN);
Means of telecommunications and communications;
Equipment that automates various banking services: automatic cashiers, etc.
Means that automate the work with cash (for counting and confirming the authenticity of banknotes, etc.).
The most important factors affecting the functionality and efficient operation of banking systems are the composition of technical means, their architecture and the set of basic (system) software on the basis of which the applied part of the system is built.
In order to improve the performance and reliability of autonomous banking technologies, computers are connected in networks using certain additional hardware and software tools. In the practice of banking, LANs are widespread within the same building, or with a distance of objects up to 1 km from each other.
To connect devices to a LAN, it is enough to have one channel connecting network components, in addition, network adapters are required that provide physical coordination of various devices
The most common user service modes on the network are organized as file-server and client-server. Both models, having a common user service scheme, differ in complexity, scope of work, variety of functions, software and hardware equipment, as well as performance. The client-server model has more resource capabilities, gives answers to requests, while the first one transfers files over the network.
An information system is a professionally oriented computing system, or a set of peripheral technical means controlled by a computer and designed to automate the work of specialists in a certain profession. Today, ICs are developed and implemented on the basis of processors from Inter - Pentium III, IV, Celeron, as well as all IBM-compatible processors.
The technical support of an automated workplace implies the mandatory presence of:
personal computer;
printer;
modem.
Today, in connection with the annual modernization and improvement of hardware, it is necessary to take a very responsible approach to the choice of technical means (TS) for the information system. The technical means required for the administrator's workstation must meet the following requirements:
high degree of reliability and quality;
great productive capacity;
IS functionality;
without disturbing the functioning of the system, changes in the configuration of the system should be allowed by including new information objects in it;
ensuring the processing of information in an interactive mode;
to expand (change) its configuration as the system develops, it is necessary to have an aggregate principle as it is built;
to simplify the maintenance of equipment and software development, it is necessary to include complexes and devices in computer technology, if possible, of the same type and mass-produced;
Table 2 - Characteristics of the CTS
|
Name of technical means |
Physical module |
Characteristics |
|
1.PC Inter Pentium IV |
Mat. pay CPU HDD Monitor Keyboard |
ATX Pentium IV (400 MHz) 333 bus (512 MB) 80MW Cegate Barracuda 7210 RPM flat screen, 17.19 diagonal, by LG or Samsung 102 keys 2-button, optical |
|
a printer |
a printer |
Laser HPLaser 1200 |
|
Xerox |
Xerox |
Canon FCI-225 (50 sheets) |
|
Modem |
Modem |
External, Zyxly or Creative |
Software requirements
Software (SW) is understood as a set of programs that implement the functions of an information system that ensures the functioning of the CTS.
Linguistic support should include:
information languages for describing the structural units of the information base;
the language of data management and manipulation;
language tools of design automation systems;
language means of terms and definitions used in the development and operation of the EIS.
Mathematical software is a set of mathematical methods, models and algorithms designed to solve problems and process information based on modern computer technology.
In the process of data processing in the IS, the simplest mathematical formulas and algorithms are used, since the tasks solved by the IS are quite simple.
MO IS "Movement of securities" should provide an opportunity to effectively develop programs for solving specific problems, manage the operation of a PC in the process of solving these problems and control the correctness of its work.
MO EIS should include:
standard algorithms and allow the development of algorithms for collecting and processing information (including data entry into a computer, verification of reliability, etc.);
algorithms for searching and sorting data, generating and issuing output documents (on screen and for printing).
ease of calculation;
completeness of incoming information for calculation;
use of more practical mathematical methods and algorithms;
maximum use of standard methods, algorithms, models and capabilities provided by application software packages;
the mathematical methods used should take into account the capabilities of hardware and software, have minimum values in terms of solution time and the amount of memory occupied;
maximum reliability of the data obtained as a result of calculations.
allow decomposition into relatively simple blocks;
any form of representation of algorithms is allowed: formulaic, tabular, block diagram, verbal description, etc.;
specific values of information retrieval keys should not be present;
make maximum use of standard search and computational procedures built into the application software packages;
make the most of the possibilities of the programming language in your understanding;
ensure control over the progress of programs;
provide a functional relationship of tasks.
Information support (IS) – it is a combination of a unified classification and coding system for economic information, unified documentation systems, and information arrays used in IS. IO - a set of implementation decisions on the volume, placement and forms of organization of information circulating in the IS during its operation.
The main purpose of IO is to store the accumulation of information, make changes, accumulate data in the information base, issue output information for making management decisions. IS IS includes regulatory - background information(NSI), classifiers of economic information and documents used in the system.
The information processed and obtained as a result of processing by this information system is internal, that is, it is sent for internal use. The output information of this IS is reports on the movement of securities, used to make management decisions, as well as to maintain accounting. Therefore, when organizing information support, the following conditions must be met:
data must be formalized and unambiguously presented in complete, high-quality, reliable and up-to-date information circulating in the system;
the data must be correctly perceived by the software in which further information processing will take place;
mandatory confidentiality of the information received.
machine arrays must be organized in such a way that it is possible to operate them efficiently, taking into account limited technical capabilities cars:
accuracy, reliability, timeliness of information receipt;
the possibility of multiple use of data once entered;
minimization of data search time;
ensuring the reliability of data storage;
the possibility of continuous improvement and development of the entire IO system
Table 4 - Characteristics of IO
To work effectively with information, classification and coding systems should be applied. This will reduce the complexity of entering information and its further use.
The information base of the system must meet the following basic requirements:
the possibility of accumulating and storing data arrays for their further use in order to implement the system function;
all information must be presented in full and in the required volume for its use;
the possibility of modifying the data structure with its further preservation.
The conceptual scheme reflects the general methodological approaches to the creation and operation of the information system. The set of schemes reflects an interconnected structure, which includes hierarchically and linearly dependent subsystems. When developing design documents for automated IS, an important place is occupied by the graphical interpretation of various elements of the system, for example, information models, flowcharts of algorithms, technological processes for processing information, workflow, information flows, etc. The main conceptual scheme of a holistic IS reflects the methodological aspects of building the system as a whole and defines the main tools, as well as the subject areas of its functional subsystems. The IS structure consists of two main parts.
The conceptual diagram of the IS "Development of an information system for accounting for the movement of securities" is presented in the form of a diagram (see Figure 4).
Conceptual diagram of the information system "Development of an information system for accounting for the movement of securities"
Figure 4
Investor
broker-dealer
Client order
Issuer Questionnaire
Figure 4. Continued
The supporting part is a set of conditions that are necessary for the system to function in automatic mode.
The instrumental part of the IS includes the following elements:
technical base;
software;
type of computer network.
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