The further development of commodity-money relations and the formation of the all-Russian market necessitated the improvement of the monetary system. In particular, there was a need to introduce coins of large denominations into circulation, as well as to expand the raw material base of the monetary business through the use of other metals. The development of foreign trade required overcoming the isolation of the Russian coin, which served only the domestic market.
It was necessary to equate the Russian coin with international monetary standards, it was required monetary system corresponding to the European level.
In the middle of the XVII century. an attempt was made to improve the Russian monetary economy in accordance with the new economic and political conditions. There was a need for monetary reform.
The monetary reform of Alexei Mikhailovich was carried out in the period 1654-1663. and had to solve the following tasks: 1) introduce the circulation of silver coins of large denominations; 2) introduce copper as a monetary raw material and start minting small change coins from copper; 3) to orient the main Russian monetary unit, the ruble, to the Western European thaler. To accomplish these tasks, in 1654 silver coins of large denominations were introduced into circulation.
In 1655, five mints began minting copper kopecks at a forced rate. Copper kopecks were minted in the same way as silver ones and were intended to replace them in circulation, which was supposed to help save expensive silver. However, the unlimited issuance of copper kopecks, nominally equal to silver ones, eventually led to their depreciation, which caused discontent among the population. In 1662, a "copper riot" took place in Moscow, and in 1663 copper coins were seized from the images. A radical restructuring of the monetary economy was only possible during the reign of Peter I.
4. Financial reforms of the middle of the 16th century
Under Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584), many in-kind duties were replaced by cash dues, and in industrial places the distribution of taxes began to be carried out “according to the stomachs and trades”. Direct income tax was levied only from eastern foreigners, in whom every able-bodied man was taxed with fur or fur tribute. Under Ivan the Terrible, targeted taxes were widely practiced. The Order of the Great Parish was created, where both yam and Polonian money, and tamga were collected. The government also created a central financial department - the Treasury (or Treasury Order) and the Quarters ("Cheti"), which were in charge of local finances, as well as the Discharge, which was in charge of cash collections introduced in return for feeding.
V late XVI v. all cash flows were under the control of the Moscow government.
The largest administrative and financial reform of the reign of Ivan the Terrible was the introduction of zemstvo self-government.
During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich (1596-1645), the collection of taxes began to be based on scribe books. The service people living in the suburbs were subjected to a common township tax. ("tax" - all types of direct taxes.). The civil service was exempted from the tax by appointment from the government, military service, palace, court and partly belonging to the merchant class. Since the 17th century, these privileges began to change.
1623 - the first Russian budget.
Under Alexei Mikhailovich, the main indirect taxes remained trade duties and customs duties; court fees. Also, fees from public baths, drinking trade went to the royal treasury, since the production and sale of beer, honey and vodka is a state monopoly. In the middle of the seventeenth century for trading people, a single duty was established - 10 money (5 kopecks per ruble of turnover).
1653 - Customs charter, introduced a clear customs system.
In the 1640s - the growth of direct taxes. The amount of indirect taxes received by the treasury in 1642 increased by 10 times compared to 1613. Monetary dues increased 5 times. Direct taxes have risen to 20%. In 1646, the excise tax on salt was increased from 5 to 20 kopecks. for a pood, the result of which was " Salt riots". 1649 - The Cathedral Code (the basic law of Russia until the beginning of the 19th century), which reflected the issues of regulating financial (tax) relations, issues of property, courts, land turnover, and was finally fixed serfdom with the abolition of school years. According to the Council Code, various units of taxation were used: 1) vyti, burnt, bows; 2) local bipods of various sizes; 3) a large (Moscow) plow.
Alexei Mikhailovich made attempts to simplify and unify the financial administration: the Streltsy and Yamskoy Orders and the Quarters were merged with the Order of the Great Treasury. In 1654, the Counting Order was organized - the first controlling financial body in Russia, which was engaged in checking financial activities other orders, analysis of income and expense books.
The main principles of financial policy at the turn of the XV-XVI centuries. were the education of the state. financial management apparatus, further development financial system. Zemstvo reform, land census, the creation of specialized financial orders, the transfer of a significant part of the state. duties for money completed the creation of the state by the middle of the 16th century. the country's finances.
5. State state. Finns in the 2/2 of the 17th century. - 2nd decade of the 18th century.
Becomes more centralized, the system of state management of finances. In 1672-1683. the Streltsy order was entrusted with the collection of streltsy money - the main direct tax. In 1679, the household tax was introduced. With its establishment, the land tax was abolished, and the "yard" was taken as a unit of direct taxation. In 1679-1681, the order of the Great Treasury was at the head of the financial institutions. In 1680, the "normal" budget of the country was drawn up for the first time. Indirect taxation in 2/2 of the 17th century accounted for more than half of all state taxes. income. The largest share of expenditures was for the upkeep of the army. At the end of the reign of Peter I, the deficit reached 8.5 million. Since 1696, expenses for the fleet have been added to the expenses for the army. On January 30, 1699, the Burmister Chamber became the central financial body of Russia. The Northern War again brought an increase in all state. expenses. the government is intensively exploiting a new source of income - legal rights. But the profitability of the silver Russian coin began to decrease. A number of decrees establish new legal rights to land, industries, significantly limiting the right to private property. Home baths, inns, and fishing turned into quitrents. In 1704, the Close Office was established, to which all Orders and the Town Hall were required to submit reports on income and expenses.
The monopolization of profitable trade items in the domestic and foreign markets begins, since 1705 - the sale of salt, tobacco, chalk, fish oil, lard. The main feature of the new financial policy was the distribution of the maintenance of army regiments by provinces. At the end of Peter's reign, when Russia was divided into 8 provinces, revenues - 3 million rubles a year, a deficit of 500 thousand rubles.
A new census in 1710 showed a decline in population. The government gave the order to collect salary taxes according to the 1678 census => the population paid for the empty yards.
Since 1715, the provinces were divided into shares of 5,500 households. In accordance with the number of shares, a distribution was made for the provinces of the state. duties. By decree of 1715, 10 colleges were formed. Monetary Affairs - Chamber Board, account and consideration of all state. income and expenses - the Auditing Board, the State Office dealt with expenses and provided annually a general extract. But the actions of the boards were not coordinated => caused a lot of inconsistencies. In 1719, reforms were made in local government. The provinces were now divided into provinces, replacing the landrat shares.
Tax reform of Peter I
The chronic budget deficit forced Peter I in 1722 to introduce a poll tax, which was levied on the entire male population of tax-paying estates - all ranks of peasants, townspeople and merchants. In the period 1719-1720. new census (for hiding souls, clerks and elders were threatened the death penalty, a double amount was taken from the landowners against the concealed number of peasants), in 1724 the verification of “tales” was completed, the population paying taxes reached 5.5 million. Thus, thanks to the introduction of a poll tax, the inclusion of serfs, churchmen, odnodvortsev who did not pay taxes before, the taxable estate more than doubled. The size of the per capita tax was determined based on the needs of the troops and the census data.
From the calculations of Peter I, the content of one dragoon is ~ 41 rubles, an infantryman is ~ 29 rubles per year. Thus, each payer accounted for 80 kopecks. tax per year. In 1725, pillow. the tax was lowered to 74 kopecks, and after the death of Peter I -70 kopecks. In the last period of the existence of this tax, its size was three times less than in the time of Peter I.
In practice, the "cushion" had many negative features: single norm the tax had to be paid by peasants working in different natural and climatic regions, able-bodied workers paid for the fugitive and sick, the elderly and children, as well as those who died between revisions. No other duties have been abolished. In practice, each adult worker had to pay 2 times or more. As a result, two concepts arose: "taxable soul" and "real".
Among the peasantry, the allocation of payments continued in the old way: the amount of all land was divided by the number of taxable souls indicated in the revision "tales". If the population doubled, and the amount of land remained unchanged, then each worker accounted for only half a soul. Now the poll tax = about 50% of the budget revenues, the share of previously dominant indirect taxes, tavern customs duties has decreased to 25%. The transition to the poll tax in 1724 brought an addition to the treasury. 2 million rubles revenues of the treasury by 1724 increased in comparison with the beginning of 18 in ~ 3 times. The costs grew even faster.
By 1725, the report card of the sovereign was compiled. income-expenditure, taking into account all Peter's transformations of finance. According to this table, the state received three times more income than 12 years ago. This increase was achieved through capitation taxation. However, the real situation was different. The actual receipts of the poll tax were 33% less than the amounts included in the budget. These arrears had a negative impact on individual states. departments. In 1723, the military collegium received 69% less than what was due to it, the salaries of the troops were delayed, and the supply of the army worsened. The maintenance of the army went ~ 4.5 million rubles. from head tax; for the fleet of guards ~ 2 million - from drinking, customs; salt collection was carried out on public buildings (slightly more than 0.5 million); palace expenses were covered by the income of palace volosts (~ 300 thousand rubles). Nevertheless, in the second half of the reign of Peter I, the Russian state, despite the enormous costs, managed with its own income, without debt. Financial matters in those years were in charge of the Chamber Board, the State Office Board, the Audit Board and the Commerce Board. Under Catherine II, they were transformed into an expedition of states. income, and in 1802 to the Ministry of Finance.
7. Fundamental changes in the monetary system of Russia in the 18th century.
The monetary reform of Peter I (1698-1724) was carried out in three stages and pursued primarily fiscal goals. The treasury needed funds to finance the army and fleet, the construction of cities, canals, harbors, shipyards, factories, etc.
In the course of the reform, three monetary metals were introduced into money circulation: gold, silver and copper. The basis of the monetary system was the silver ruble and the copper penny.
The new Russian coin complied with all-European standards.
During this period, new mints were founded, and the transition from hand to machine coinage was gradually made.
As a result of the monetary reform of Peter I, the Russian monetary system was based on a decimal account, which had great importance for the development of monetary relations. in Russia until the 18th century. naaltyns and dengi used the account much more often. Issue in the 1720-1730s. copper money led to the depreciation and disorder of the monetary system. In 1755-1757, a full-fledged copper penny appeared.
The value of the monetary reform of Peter I was great. As a result of the reform, a single monetary system was created for the whole country, which served as the basis for the further development of the economy.
In the second half of the XVIII century. paper money appears in Russia.
The first paper money was issued in Russia in 1769 by decree of Catherine II, they were called banknotes. The need to introduce paper money was caused by the need of the economy for more convenient means of circulation compared to bulky metal coins. The immediate cause of the issuance of paper money was the war with Turkey in 1768-1774, which required additional funds to finance.
For the issue of banknotes, two banknotes were created - in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Three years later, unsecured paper money began to be issued.
In 1786, the banknotes were transformed into a single State banknotes bank, which began issuing banknotes of a new type, banknotes were issued in denominations of 5,10,25, 50, 75 and 100 rubles.
The uncontrolled issue of unsecured paper money in order to finance military spending led to their rapid depreciation and the state was forced to stop exchanging banknotes for metal coins.
By the beginning of the XIX century. one banknote ruble was only a quarter of a silver ruble, but the issue of paper money continued to be the only way to cover the state budget deficit in the following decades. The catastrophic depreciation of the ruble led to the construction monetary circulation and the development of crisis phenomena in the country's economy.
By order of Emperor Alexander I, a special commission was created, which, under the leadership of M.M. Speransky developed new directions of financial policy and prepared a document known as the "Finance Plan" (1810). This Plan provided for stopping the issuance of new banknotes, and all previously issued banknotes were recognized as internal public debt. However, these measures have not been fully implemented.
The population refused to accept banknotes, preferring metal coins. It was obvious that it was impossible to stop the depreciation of banknotes, so the ordering of the monetary system could be carried out only on the basis of metal circulation. The restoration of metallic money circulation on the basis of the introduction of the silver ruble was carried out only at the beginning of the reform of 1839-1843.
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In Russia, silver kopecks, money and half coins minted on flattened wire were in circulation. Large-scale commercial transactions were hampered by the lack of large denominations, the need to count thousands of small coins. On the other hand, petty trade was hampered by the lack of small change. The backward Russian coin became one of the serious obstacles that hindered the development of the economy.
In the course of military-political actions, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich led the collection of lands. On the territory of present-day Ukraine and Belarus, European coins were in circulation, minted on a round mug, both silver and copper. Russian money was less convenient, although it was made of high-grade silver. The solution to the issue of paying allowances to the troops and transferring settlements with the population in the annexed territories was inclined in favor of minting a new coin, close to the European model. It was necessary to equalize the monetary circulation of Russia with the monetary circulation of Ukraine, which was previously served by European coins.
The treasury's need for funds was constantly increasing, therefore, the fiscal interests of the treasury and the awareness of the imperfection of the Russian monetary system were intertwined in the actions of the government in the field of money management.
The beginning of the reform
According to the initial ideas of the reform, a radical change in the monetary system was supposed. The minting of new denominations was to begin, copper was introduced as a monetary metal. Old kopecks and money remained in circulation. The Russian monetary system was organized according to the model European systems with their various denominations. Foreign trade got rid of the inconvenience associated with the presence of only small denominations.
In 1654, the tsar ordered that rubles be minted from the thalers accumulated in the treasury. On one side, an eagle was depicted in a square (cartouche) and in ornaments, the year in letters (“summer 7162”) and the inscription “RUBLE”. On the other side, the king-rider on a galloping horse, in a circle there is an inscription: “By the grace of God, the great sovereign, king and Grand Duke Alexey Mikhailovich of All Greatness and Little Russia.
The counting ruble in old kopecks weighed about 45 g. The weight of the efimka (thaler) was 28-32 g. Thus, the new ruble was an inferior coin. It should also be taken into account that the state price of the taler (for the purchase of which a state monopoly was established) was 50 kopecks, so that the re-minting of the taler into the ruble doubled its value.
Silver coins in new system there were also a half-half (it was minted on thalers cut into four parts) and a wire kopeck. The ruble and half-half were minted according to the weight norm of the thaler, the kopeck was minted on the basis of the pre-reform coin unit.
By a decree of the same 1654, it was ordered to start minting copper coins: fifty dollars, half fifty dollars, hryvnia, altyn and groshevik. The coinage of the hryvnia may not have been started. Copper coins were coins with a forced rate (as, indeed, were the silver ruble and half-fifty). Images on fifty dollars are close to images on rubles, the designation of the denomination is “fifty dollars”. The inscription “half-half-tin” was placed on the half-fifty dollars, “altyn” on the altyn, and “4 dengi” on the penny. Altyns and grosheviks were minted from copper wire.
For the minting of new coins, a special money yard was created in Moscow, called the New Moscow English money yard (it was located on the former courtyard of English merchants).
In 1655, there were already quite a lot of new coins in circulation. Despite the punishments promised by the royal decree, the population used them reluctantly.
Changing the reform plan
In the autumn of 1655, significant changes were made to the original reform plan. Due to the complexity of manufacturing ruble stamps, it was not possible to re-mint all available thalers. In 1655, at the Old Moscow Money Yard in the Kremlin, thalers began to be minted on one side with two stamps (rectangular with the date "1655" and a round stamp of a kopeck (rider on a horse). Such a coin was called "Efimok with a sign." Efimok and the ruble were equated to 64 kopecks (by weight), although earlier the price ranged from 40 to 60 kopecks. A thaler cut into four parts was overminted, thus a quarter (half-fifty kopeck) was put into circulation. Another half-efimok coin was introduced (a taler cut in half with a countermark). sign” and its shares (half-yefimok and quarter) were in circulation mainly in Ukraine.
In autumn 1655, to serve domestic trade, it was decided to start issuing kopecks made of copper wire, identical in design and minting technique to silver ones. The use of these coins was restricted by decree European part Russia was not allowed to trade with European merchants or with Siberia. From 1658-1659, the collection of taxes and duties was ordered to be made in silver, and payments from the treasury - in copper coins. The monetary reform was completely reoriented towards purely fiscal goals.
The end of the monetary reform
Initially, the population willingly accepted copper kopecks as usual appearance money. However, the immoderate issue of copper kopecks, which were issued by five households (two Moscow ones - Old and New, as well as courts in Novgorod, Pskov and Kukenoys), as well as restrictions on the acceptance of copper coins, led to their depreciation: by 1662, 15 copper coins were given for a silver kopeck. .
The depreciation of copper kopecks caused a breakdown in monetary circulation, high prices and famine. Peasants refused to sell grain, and merchants refused to sell goods for copper. Soon after the Copper Revolt in Moscow that broke out in 1662, as well as a number of popular unrest in other cities, including Novgorod and Pskov, the minting of copper kopecks was stopped, the money yards of the “copper business” were closed, and the minting of silver kopecks resumed. Copper coins were withdrawn from circulation, within a month after the reform was canceled, the treasury redeemed copper kopecks at the rate of 100 copper kopecks for 1 silver.
Remakes of the ruble Alexei Mikhailovich
The ruble of Alexei Mikhailovich is the first ruble-coin in Russia. However, only about 40 authentic specimens have been described, and they are mainly in museum collections. Only about 12 pieces are known. Round coins of hryvnias and half-fifty dollars are not known. V in large numbers copper round altyns (3 kopecks) and coins of smaller denominations minted from copper wire are known. The generally accepted remakes, coins minted with genuine stamps, did not take place in this case, since no genuine stamps were found. At the request of collectors, stamps were made at the mint and they minted rubles. This coin received the designation "early remake". Subsequently, fakes of an early remake began to appear. According to experts, based on a number of features, they could be more likely to be made at the mint. Coins of the same stamp (“remake”) are quite often sold at auctions. WITH late XVIII centuries, artisanal fakes of the ruble began to appear, including those made of copper, with unfinished fragments. For example, the decoration of the horse was undercut, there was no fluttering sleeve. This was considered the syndrome of the tired counterfeiter. These rubles are designated as antique fakes and are present, for example, a sleeveless version in Petrov's catalog of 1899 (No. 115 on page 11 of the Appendix). Many genuine and remake rubles have the denomination spelled "RUBL" with a space.
At a rough wooden table - a cheerful company of Cossacks. They write a reply to a letter Turkish Sultan Mehmed IV, demanding that they stop attacking the Sublime Porte and surrender. This is the plot of the painting by Ilya Repin "Cossacks".
It is believed that these events took place in 1676, the beginning of which was marked by the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, who became famous, among other things, for the controversial monetary reform. The state urgently needed money for the war with Sweden and Poland. Service people had to be paid, and the then existing monetary system did not correspond to the European one.
On the territory of Ukraine, newly annexed to Russia, a thaler was in use, and the Russian state issued exclusively silver kopecks, which, in essence, were not coins - they were minted on flattened pieces of wire. It was very inconvenient to count such money - small, they jumped out of the fingers. Merchants had to keep a whole staff of accountants.
In 1654, the silver thalers that had accumulated in the treasury began to be minted into Efimki rubles, but the resulting ruble weighed 64 kopecks, although in the present it was 100. The European coin was also cut into pieces, branded and put into circulation , however, the population was in no hurry to accept the new underweight rubles and half-dollars. A year later, the experiment was declared unsuccessful.
But the most controversial decision of the authorities was the introduction of copper money, which circulated on a par with silver. They were made of copper wire, which was stamped with the same brand as the silver wire, and was issued as a means of payment of the same denomination.
Decrees issued by the authorities required to accept copper coins on a par with silver ones, however, state institutions preferred not to mess with them, collecting taxes in silver, which immediately alerted the population. Such money was not used in transactions with foreigners, and, among other things, they were much easier to fake.
The situation was aggravated by the decree of 1659 on the forced exchange of efimok and their derivatives for copper kopecks. What for? It was profitable for the state to exchange copper for silver, because silver was a universal international means of payment, and almost all raw materials were purchased abroad in those years.
copper mountains
However, one should not think that copper was immediately rejected by the population. For several years, until 1660, the difference in the rate of silver and copper money was very small, which is not surprising in the face of a shortage of silver. Transactions had to be made - even if by means of copper.
Nevertheless, copper money steadily became cheaper. The financial situation in the country caused dissatisfaction among citizens, and in 1662 the so-called copper riot broke out. The next year it only got worse. If in May 15 copper rubles were given for one silver ruble, then after June - 50. The market was oversaturated with new cheap money, and prices for many categories of goods skyrocketed.
The authorities tried to somehow correct the situation and force merchants to lower prices for essential goods, but, of course, nothing came of it. The government finally made an attempt to figure out what to do next by convening commissions from the "best and average people of the Moscow suburb" - the most influential merchants. They thought strategically, proposing measures that would allow the transformation to continue, but the middle and small merchants, who suffered the most from copper money, came out as an ardent opponent of the reform.
As a result, on June 26, 1663, the circulation of copper money was banned, and the silver kopeck was restored as the only means of payment. Copper was proposed to be handed over to the treasury at the rate of 1:100 (that is, less than the cost), so it was more profitable to simply melt it down. In fact, there was a massive withdrawal of money from the population, which very quickly led to its impoverishment.
Crisis of confidence
The monetary reform of Alexei Mikhailovich failed not because of the introduction of copper into circulation, but because of the decision to replace silver with it and the distrust of the people in power. The solvency of money must be ensured by something - you can’t just throw pieces of copper wire on the market and expect that they will be valued in the same way as silver ones.
Monetary reform of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich 1654-1663.Russia in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich "The Quietest" already had vast territories of Siberia, waged war with Poland on the side of the Hetman of Ukraine Bogdan Khmelnitsky in order to annex it to Russia. At that time in Russia, small coins were in circulation - kopecks, money and half coins, minted from flattened silver wire. The absence of large denominations of the coin made large trade transactions difficult; many thousands of coins of small denominations were needed. In turn, on the vast territory of Siberia, trade in products and essential goods was hampered by the lack of small change, as evidenced by the petition of the Tobolsk governor Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov due to the shortage in Tobolsk
and other large cities of Siberia with a bargaining chip with a request to send two or three thousand Muscovites (money) and polushkas. At that time, many foreign-made silver and copper coins were in circulation on the territory of Ukraine, and with its accession to Russia, there was a need to quickly replace foreign coins with new ones with the attributes of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, minted according to the European model, i.e. silver and copper coins of various denominations. The imperfection of the Russian monetary system hindered the development of the economy and trade. Every year, the lack of money, both large and small denominations, was felt more and more sharply, and served as a brake economic development Russia.
Russia already in the XVII century was the largest state.
During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, large-scale trade was carried out with the countries of Europe. In settlements, foreign merchants used thalers, which in Russia were called efimkas. At the beginning of the reign, by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, thalers were equated to 50 silver kopecks.In the 40s of the 17th century, a state monopoly was introduced on the purchase of thalers for the treasury. By the beginning of the monetary reform, more than 800,000 thalers had accumulated in the treasury.
Thaler 1600.
The accession of Ukraine gave impetus in 1654 to start a monetary reform in Russia. For the minting of copper money, a new mint was opened in Moscow - "English", as it was the courtyard of English merchants. In total, in Russia, the minting of new money was carried out by decree of the tsar at the mints for the fastest and most successful completion of the minting of new money - two in Moscow, one in Pskov, one in Veliky Novgorod and one in the Kukeynos fortress. According to the original plan of the reform, rubles, half a half, half a half, altyns, pennies, kopecks, money and half a half were to be minted, moreover, rubles and half a fifty were minted from silver, and the rest of the monetary denominations from a cheaper metal - from copper. At the beginning of the monetary reform in 1654, 14 kopecks were officially added to the value of the thaler and equaled to 64 kopecks of silver, and the ruble minted from the thaler was equal to 100 kopecks, although by the weight of a penny of 0.45 grams there should be rubles weighing 45 grams, and thalers weighed only 28-29 grams, and taking into account the fact that at one time thalers bought 50 kopecks of silver, the income was twice as much and silver ore was saved, which at that time was purchased, like copper ore, abroad. Also, half a tin, altyn, pennies were copper (a pood of copper cost 8 rubles), and were quoted on a silver coin, i.e. at the level of silver! The new coins were intended for trade in Ukraine and Belarus, in the European part of Russia, and the new money was banned for settlements with foreigners, and also banned for trade in Siberia. At the beginning of the monetary reform, rubles were stuffed from thalers with the attributes of Alexei Mikhailovich "Great and Small and White Russia" of the autocrat.
Ruble Alexei Mikhailovich PolupoltinTo make half-and-half thalers, they were cut into 4 parts and triangular coins with abbreviated spelling of titles were obtained.
V
due to imperfect equipment at that time, “hammer shells”, which quickly failed, stamps also quickly fell out of use. In Moscow, there was one die cutter for two mints. By the autumn of 1655, all large and beautiful coins had ceased to be minted, only those remained that could be minted in the old way from flattened copper wire - altyns, pennies and kopecks.
Copper pennies Efimok with a sign
And at the same time they began to mint simplified rubles - they stuffed the year of the mint inside the rectangle and the front of the penny. These efimki received the name "with signs" among the people. About 800,000 of them were minted in a year. At the beginning of the reform, the population willingly accepted new money, but taxes were paid to the treasury only in silver, and copper money flowed from the treasury in a river, confidence in the new copper money was undermined. The population and merchants refused to accept copper money for their goods and for bread. Copper coins fell catastrophically quickly in price - 15 kopecks of copper were given for a penny of silver, there was an overabundance of copper money due to uncontrolled minting and a lack of silver coins. In addition to everything, in order to weaken the Russian economy, countries such as Holland, Poland, Sweden minted a lot of counterfeit copper coins. All foodstuffs became very expensive, the people could not buy bread, famine began.
The population in many cities rebelled, especially the famous "copper riot" on July 25, 1662 in Moscow, which was suppressed, but it served as a signal for the completion of the reform and already in 1663 they began to mint silver kopecks again. At the end of the reform, copper money was bought up within a month at the rate of 1 kopeck of silver. Copper rebellion. for 100 kopecks of copper.The reasons for the unsuccessful monetary reform of 1654-1663 by Alexei Mikhailovich were as follows:
Imperfect stamping equipment and dies.
Lack of specialists - craftsmen.
Lack of silver raw materials.
Uncontrolled minting of copper coins.
On literature:
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CC%EE%ED%E5%F2%ED%E0%FF_%F0%E5%F4%EE%F0%EC%E0_%C0%EB%E5%EA %F1%E5%FF_%CC%E8%F5%E0%E9%EB%EE%E2%E8%F7%E0
http://www.banki-delo.ru/2010/03/%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%b8-%d1%80%d0%b5%d1%84% d0%be%d1%80%d0%bc%d1%8b-%d0%b0%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%ba%d1%81%d0%b5%d1%8f-%d0%bc% d0%b8%d1%85%d0%b0%d0%b9%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%b0-%d0%bc%d0%b5/
http://nenosfirs.ucoz.ru/publ/monety_i_ikh_istorija/reforma_alekseja_mikhajlovicha/30-1-0-156
http://museum.micex.ru/img/show_img_html?pid=tzar_alexei_mihalch&itype=large
http://www.istmira.com/knigrazlichnyetemy/11/11/page/218/11/page/54/Vsemirnaya-istoriya--Tom-5.html
http://bonist.info/banknoty-bony/istoriya-deneg/
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copper_Riot_-_Ernest_Lissner.jpg?uselang=ru
Ruble Alexei Mikhailovich (1654)
The need for new coins
In Russia, silver kopecks, money and half coins minted on flattened wire were in circulation. Large-scale commercial transactions were hampered by the lack of large denominations, the need to count thousands of small coins. On the other hand, petty trade was hampered by the lack of small change. The backward Russian coin became one of the serious obstacles that hindered the development of the economy.
In the course of military-political actions, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich led the collection of lands. On the territory of present-day Ukraine and Belarus, European coins were in circulation, minted on a round mug, both silver and copper. Russian money was less convenient, although it was made of high-grade silver. The solution to the issue of paying allowances to the troops and transferring settlements with the population to the territories annexed as a result of the war with the Commonwealth was inclined in favor of minting a new coin close to the European model. It was necessary to equalize the monetary circulation of Russia with the monetary circulation of Ukraine and Belarus, which was previously served by European coins.
The reason for the lack of money was the war and the plague. The treasury's need for funds was constantly increasing, therefore, the fiscal interests of the treasury and the awareness of the imperfection of the Russian monetary system were intertwined in the actions of the government in the field of money management.
The beginning of the reform
According to the initial ideas of the reform, a radical change in the monetary system was supposed. The minting of new denominations was to begin, copper was introduced as a monetary metal. Old kopecks and money remained in circulation. The Russian monetary system was organized along the lines of European systems with their various denominations. Foreign trade got rid of the inconvenience associated with the presence of only small denominations.
In 1654, the tsar ordered that rubles be minted from the thalers accumulated in the treasury. On one side, an eagle was depicted in a square (cartouche) and in ornaments, the year in letters (“summer 7162”) and the inscription “RUBLE”. On the other side, the tsar-rider on a galloping horse, in a circle there is an inscription: "By the grace of God, the great sovereign, tsar and grand duke Alexei Mikhailovich of all Great and Little Russia."
The counting ruble in old kopecks weighed about 45 g. The weight of the efimka (thaler) was 28-32 g. Thus, the new ruble was an inferior coin. It should also be taken into account that the state price of the taler (for the purchase of which a state monopoly was established) was 50 kopecks, so that the re-minting of the taler into the ruble doubled its value.
Silver coins in the new system were also half a half (it was minted on thalers cut into four parts) and a wire kopeck. The ruble and half-half were minted according to the weight norm of the thaler, the kopeck was minted on the basis of the pre-reform coin unit.
By a decree of the same 1654, it was ordered to start minting copper coins: fifty dollars, half fifty dollars, hryvnia, altyn and groshevik. The coinage of the hryvnia may not have been started. Copper coins were coins with a forced rate (as, indeed, were the silver ruble and half-fifty). Images on fifty dollars are close to images on rubles, the designation of the denomination is “fifty dollars”. The inscription “half-half-tin” was placed on the half-fifty dollars, “altyn” on the altyn, and “4 dengi” on the penny. Altyns and grosheviks were minted from copper wire.
For the minting of new coins, a special money yard was created in Moscow, called the New Moscow English money yard (it was located on the former courtyard of English merchants).
In 1655, there were already quite a lot of new coins in circulation. Despite the punishments promised by the royal decree, the population used them reluctantly.
Changing the reform plan
In the autumn of 1655, significant changes were made to the original reform plan. Due to the complexity of manufacturing ruble stamps, it was not possible to re-mint all available thalers. In 1655, at the Old Moscow Money Yard in the Kremlin, thalers began to be minted on one side with two stamps (rectangular with the date "1655" and a round stamp of a kopeck (rider on a horse). Such a coin was called "Efimok with a sign." Efimok and the ruble were equated to 64 kopecks (by weight), although earlier the price ranged from 40 to 60 kopecks. A thaler cut into four parts was overminted, thus a quarter (half-fifty kopeck) was put into circulation. Another half-efimok coin was introduced (a taler cut in half with a countermark). sign” and its shares (half-yefimok and quarter) were in circulation mainly in Ukraine.
In autumn 1655, to serve domestic trade, it was decided to start issuing kopecks made of copper wire, identical in design and minting technique to silver ones. The use of these coins was limited by decree to the European part of Russia - they were not allowed to trade with European merchants or with Siberia. From 1658-1659, the collection of taxes and duties was ordered to be made in silver, and payments from the treasury - in copper coins. The monetary reform was completely reoriented towards purely fiscal goals.
The end of the monetary reform
Initially, the population willingly accepted copper kopecks as money familiar in appearance. However, the immoderate issue of copper kopecks, which were issued by five households (two Moscow ones - Old and New, as well as courts in Novgorod, Pskov and Kukenoys), as well as restrictions on the acceptance of copper coins, led to their depreciation: by 1662, 15 copper coins were given for a silver kopeck. .
The depreciation of copper kopecks caused a breakdown in monetary circulation, high prices and famine. Peasants refused to sell grain, and merchants refused to sell goods for copper. Soon after the Copper Riot in Moscow that broke out in 1662, as well as a number of popular unrest in other cities, including Novgorod and Pskov, the minting of copper kopecks was stopped, the money yards of the "copper business" were closed, and the minting of silver kopecks resumed. Copper coins were withdrawn from circulation, within a month after the reform was canceled, the treasury redeemed copper kopecks at the rate of 100 copper kopecks for 1 silver.
Remakes of the ruble Alexei Mikhailovich
The ruble of Alexei Mikhailovich is the first ruble-coin in Russia. However, only about 40 authentic specimens have been described, and they are mainly in museum collections. Only about 12 pieces are known. Round coins of hryvnias and half-fifty dollars are not known. Copper round altyns (3 kopecks) and coins of smaller denominations minted from copper wire are known in large numbers. The generally accepted remakes, coins minted with genuine stamps, did not take place in this case, since no genuine stamps were found. At the request of collectors, stamps were made at the mint and they minted rubles. This coin received the designation "early remake". Subsequently, fakes of an early remake began to appear. According to experts, based on a number of features, they could be more likely to be made at the mint. Coins of the same stamp (“remake”) are quite often sold at auctions. Since the end of the 18th century, handicraft forgeries of the ruble began to appear, including those made of copper, with unfinished fragments. For example, the decoration of the horse was undercut, there was no fluttering sleeve. This was considered the syndrome of the tired counterfeiter. These rubles are designated as antique fakes and are present, for example, a sleeveless version in Petrov's catalog of 1899 (No. 115 on page 11 of the Appendix). Many genuine and remake rubles have the denomination spelled "RUBL" with a space.
- Semyonov O. V. The influence of the monetary reform of 1654 - 1663 on the system of professional yamskaya chase in Western Siberia // Russian history. 2014. No. 3. P. 91 – 97.
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