2nd stage of higher education. Stages of higher education in Russia

V Russian Federation The following levels of higher professional education have been established:

higher professional education, confirmed by the qualification (degree) "bachelor" (the term of study is not less than 4 years);

higher professional education, confirmed by the qualification "certified specialist" (training period of at least 5 years);

higher professional education, confirmed by the qualification (degree) "Master" (the term of study is not less than 6 years).

The main professional educational program providing master's degree training consists of a bachelor's degree program in the relevant field of study and at least two years of specialized training (master's degree).

Persons who have mastered the bachelor's program enter the master's program by competition.

Persons who have received a state document on higher professional education of a certain level, have the right, in accordance with the received area of ​​training (specialty), to continue their education in the educational program of higher professional education of the next level.

Obtaining education for the first time in educational programs of higher professional education at various levels is not considered as obtaining a second higher professional education.

From the Federal Law "On Higher and Postgraduate
vocational education" dated 22.08.96 No. 125 - FZ

The introduction in 1992 of a multi-level system of higher professional education solved the problem of entering the education system adopted in many countries of the world. Previously, we only graduated graduates with a training period of 5-6 years, i.e. It was a one step plan. And now the scheme is multi-stage: the first 2 years - incomplete higher education, after 4 years of study in a certain "direction" - qualification (degree) "bachelor", another 2 years of specialized training - qualification (degree) "master". At the same time, a "specialist" is studying in parallel with bachelors and masters for 5 - 6 years.

It must be said that there is no complete unity in accordance with the degrees of "bachelor" and "master" in different states - a graduate can also be a bachelor high school, and the holder of the first degree, or even just a graduate high school. And the master is in some countries an academic degree between a bachelor and a doctor of science.

Be that as it may, but applicants need to decide which path to take. We will tell you about the main features of each "component" in the multi-stage scheme of education in universities.

What is the difference

So, for specialists: five years - and a diploma of a specialist practitioner ("engineer", "agronomist", "economist", "mechanic", etc.), then work on the profile of the received specialty. For bachelors: four years - and a diploma of general higher education, after which you can continue studying for a master for another two years. Admission to the master's program is competitive and accounts for approximately 20% of the graduates of bachelors. Master's programs do not exist in all Russian universities, and you can enter it only with a bachelor's degree. The first two years of training for specialists and bachelors are the same (basic education). If you change your mind about continuing to study at this university, get a diploma of incomplete higher professional education. From the 3rd year, the training programs for specialists and bachelors already differ. Therefore, the transition from a bachelor to a specialist is associated with the elimination of the difference in the disciplines taken and passed, which has accumulated over four years of study. By the way, a new concept has appeared: "the direction of training a graduate".

The difference between a specialist and a master: masters are trained for scientific work, and specialists for professional activities in a separate industry.

Having a bachelor's degree from one university, you can enroll in a master's program at another university. True, again there may be a problem with the difference in curricula in different universities.

Subtleties of the transition

Any innovation requires some time for its "shaking", because there are always some inconsistencies between the new and the old. A lot of time has passed since 1992, but there are still some problems in our multi-stage system of higher professional education. For example, in the division of areas and specialties in the first four years. Many state universities both trained and train only specialists. Some universities, in addition to the traditional scheme, also have a multi-level one. In non-state universities, as a rule, only bachelors are trained.

There is still tension over the prestige of a bachelor's degree: employers are not always inclined to hire bachelors. There are several reasons. One of them is psychological. Namely: current employers most often received their higher education in Soviet time when we had only specialists, and the word "bachelor" was "not ours", Western. Moreover, there is a difference in training programs - a specialist is trained in a specific specialty, as it were, in a narrow profile, and bachelor's programs are wide-profile, they have general scientific and general professional character. Those. the bachelor receives fundamental training without any narrow specialization, because. studied only 4 years. The law, of course, states that a bachelor has the right to occupy a position for which the qualification requirements provide for higher professional education. But! He has the right, but this right is not always granted to him. They prefer to take "specialists" and "masters".

Do not be upset - over time, the question "What can a bachelor do?" will not occur. In the meantime, if there are problems, we can only advise you to continue your studies at the next level and get the qualification of "certified specialist" or "master".

Still, there are advantages to choosing a bachelor's degree. Let's list them.

1. This type of qualification is accepted according to the international classification and is understandable to employers abroad. They often invite bachelors there, without even specifying the direction of training, because for office work you just need an educated person who knows how to work with information, with people, who is able to prepare all kinds of documents.
2. The fundamental nature of training, its "non-narrowing" makes it easy to change profession if necessary. The fact is that, in accordance with the state educational standard, bachelor's training programs in areas are structured in such a way that they allow one to move to one of the whole "fan" of compatible professions in 1 year. And after 5 years of training, a specialist will have to get a new profession (if necessary) in 2-3 years, and even on a commercial basis, because. this will be getting the second higher education. For a bachelor, however, studying in a master's program is classified as a continuation of education at the next level, and therefore it is free (for state-funded places).
3. Within 4 years after entering a university, a person receives a diploma and gains economic independence.

What to choose? What educational trajectory to build for yourself?

First of all, think about the direction of your professional training. If there is no conscious desire to engage in scientific activities in the future or work in a narrow specialty, then you can stop at a bachelor's degree. In addition, find out the real situation on the labor market in your place of residence. Those. try to understand how competitive the specialty and qualification you like will be in your region, whether you can quickly find a prestigious job with a bachelor's degree.

V modern world knowledge largely determines the place and level of any person in a complex civilizational hierarchy. Simply put, the mass of people with the lowest quality of education are at the bottom of society, and with a good education - in the upper strata. This, by the way, is confirmed by the unemployment statistics. People with higher education (regardless of their age) were less likely to be out of work than those who received only a secondary special or even general education.

That is why, all over the world, parents are striving to give their children higher education, striving to determine the kind of levels of higher education that is more suitable for their children. Russia is, of course, no exception in this regard. We have many problems in the field of education, but the quality of knowledge is still good.

general characteristics

Higher education in our country, created in Soviet times, is an integral structure that now unites more than six and a half hundred state-recognized universities. More than nine million people study in them, among which there are many foreign citizens. The study is carried out in a number of areas: medical, engineering, financial, economic and humanitarian. The disciplines presented to students provide an opportunity to study in various types of higher education specialties for everyone. The main thing is to have a certificate of graduation from a secondary (school) or special educational institution (vocational school, technical school, college).

Basic principles

The foundation of the domestic university education is based on the world famous school, original knowledge and scientific activity Russian scientists, as well as on the great craving of our fellow countrymen for the sciences.

Higher education in Russia is supported by the utilitarian skills of certified teachers, most of whom are at the level of a candidate or doctor of science, and some have even received the title of professor. Higher education allows not only to acquire excellent knowledge, brilliant skills, specialized skills, but also gives the right to count on a higher position in society, since Russian-style documents on education are highly valued in most foreign countries.

The new generation can also choose the types of educational institutions of higher education in our country. There are three of them:

• university;
• academy;
• institute.

All three types of institutions provide a full-fledged higher education. They can differ only in accreditation and the list of available areas of training.

Finally, it should be noted that Russia is a state with a rich history, centuries-old traditions, diverse culture, incomparable nature and its wealth, with its own national specifics. By acquiring a higher education, a student simultaneously becomes a part of the vast Russian potential, joins the practice of generations, national history, becomes an important part of Russia.

The structure of university education

It must be admitted that the sphere of Russian higher education is directly connected with history. For example, with its appearance and development. The structure that exists now did not arise immediately. It was created bit by bit for centuries, gradually approaching the current state.

The current higher professional education in our country has a complex structure, which defines different types higher professional education in Russia: the basic period for acquiring a specialty is about five years, then the student is given the qualification "specialist". After that, you can study in graduate school, the training takes place within three years. There is an opportunity to acquire the level of "Bachelor of Science" and "Master of Science", the period of education is four and two years, respectively.

Features of medical education

The situation is somewhat different in the field of medical education, where there are other types of institutions of higher professional education. Here, the period of study directly depends on the chosen specialization: the specialty of a clinical psychologist, pharmacist or dentist will be given to the student in the same five years. In such specialties as pediatrics, sports medicine and general medicine, a young specialist needs to gnaw at the granite of science for six years. Then, training at a medical university can be extended by studying in an internship (one year). Based on the specialty and tastes of a young specialist, you can study in clinical residency (a period of two to five years). Or get a postgraduate course, the period of study in it will be three years.

Academic year schedule

The academic year in domestic universities usually runs from the first of September to the thirtieth of June, in principle, regardless of the types of higher education in Russia. The preparation is structured into two semi-annual semesters, each of which ends with a session (at the end of the astronomical year and in summer). Before the session, students must pass a number of tests, and during the session - exams in previously passed subjects. Holidays for university students, of course, also exist. And they start after each session. Winter passes two to three weeks, summer longer - as a rule, eight weeks. The student overcomes the most difficult examination obstacles in the last year of his stay at the university. In winter, he takes state exams, they combine questions in all subjects of the curriculum. And in the summer he defends his own original thesis on some problem.

Types of training

Education in universities of all types of higher education is in Russian and is conducted in three leading forms of higher education: the most massive - full-time (daytime), part-time (allows you to work simultaneously with study) and evening (classes are held in the evening after work or on weekends) . V last years some private universities offer another, distance form of education, in which the student works in another locality (and even region), does study assignments at home, regularly arriving at the session. According to the same system, classes can be held via Skype, if, in particular, we are talking about teaching foreign languages.

After completing the training, the student receives a standard Russian state diploma with a mark of qualification. Types of diplomas of higher education in Russia are usually divided into documents with honors (will be red) and general (blue). It must be pointed out that now Russian diplomas of higher education are considered valid and even prestigious in all countries of the world.

Undergraduate

In our time, higher education has acquired a complex structure. Several new types of higher education emerged at once. Of these, the lowest level is the bachelor's degree. A student, after graduating from a university, receives a diploma of a graduate of an institution of higher professional education, but the difference with a master's program is that education is only for basic level. Bachelor's studies last four years, during which the student acquires general knowledge of scientific and professional content without a narrow educational specialization.

The fundamental level of training makes it easier to adapt to the regularly changing job market, where you need to learn related professions. Many employers these days need a novice basic higher education diploma. The necessary knowledge and skills will be given to him at a specific place of work with its specifics.

On the other hand, there are various options. The student acquires a bachelor's degree, then he can immediately continue his studies in the magistracy, or he can take a break. After some specific time, when practical experience is gained, he will more meaningfully be able to go to study at a master's program at any university in Russia or abroad.

Specialty

This is a type of higher education that is widely spread, as a rule, only in Russia. The term of study is 5 years. A university graduate acquires a specialist diploma. Positive sides here is that:

• the specialty makes it possible to study both in the magistracy and immediately in a scientific postgraduate study;
• you can work in a position in a public or private enterprise, according to the job description, which implies that the employee has a diploma of higher education;
• Employers are more willing to hire specialists in their firm or government agency, because they believe (which, in principle, will be true) that this level is better prepared.

Among the negative aspects, the following most visible points should be noted:

• study for one year longer;
• finding the right specialty is much more difficult.

The specialist degree provides a smaller choice of specialties than the bachelor's degree, since this is a narrower range of training. Although this type of training combines not so few potentially good and promising specialties. At the same time, one should ask whether there is training for specialists in a particular direction.

Master's degree

This type of higher education is the last stage of higher education. Russian education allowed for any citizen who has already mastered the previous stages of higher education (bachelor's or specialist's degree). It can be obtained after the completion of a full-fledged educational process. A significant difference between the degree will be that not only bachelors, but also full-fledged specialists who have completed the university before the Bologna system can be eligible for a free course. The master's program has the following additional features:

1. A student who has completed the second stage of education acquires the right to move to managerial vacancies in the civil civil service.
2. A number of jobs or institutions can only be occupied by master's degree graduates from Russian universities.
3. The course of subjects is compiled for training in such a way that the student is completely immersed in scientific and various practical activities.

Evaluation system

The assessment system in universities for all types of higher education is within the general framework of domestic education. The highest quality mark will be "5" - excellent; the level below is "4" - good; the last positive rating is "3" - satisfactory; failed assessment - "2" - unsatisfactory. Rating "1" - one, - contrary to the firmly circulating assumption, is not set.

There is a form of assessment "pass" and "fail". Upon receipt of a “fail” or “failure”, the student has the right to retake the course by discussing the retake date with the teacher. He has two tries for this process. And if a student cannot use them, there is a danger of being expelled from the university.

Separate negligent students are not at all allowed by the dean's office to take exams. The reason for the usual "non-admission", as a rule, is the absence from academic classes. However, this problem can also be solved if there is a good reason, if the student forgets about laziness and works out the necessary minimum by the beginning of the session. Then the professor (associate professor) allows the loser to take the required exams.

In addition to negative educational forms of various assessments, higher education in our country also has an incentive certification. A student can “earn” a “pass” or a good mark on the exam in advance (“automatically”) without passing the training course, provided that the full semester diligently attended all lectures and seminars, actively worked in the classroom and fulfilled all the requirements of the professor.

Difficulties of the moment

Of course, it is impossible to imagine Russia today without current issues and planning forecasts in the system of modern higher education. Among the most acute problems, perhaps, it is necessary to single out the issue of paid education. Since the late 1990s, it has been possible to acquire certificates of education in Russia with the help of finances. Of course, you can look at this as a good opportunity for some not very capable categories of Russians, but this option also creates a large number of ambiguous questions.

After all, this is one of the leading reasons that led to a significant drop in the level of higher education. Since everything can be obtained for money, from current grades to diplomas of higher education, lazy people and outright losers began to receive them. Another problem arises from the financial component - serious corruption in higher education institutions. And in Lately it keeps getting bigger. The problems of higher education in Russia are very topical, but they are resolved very slowly. However, it is good that there are at least some reforms in the field of education.

All this must be understood when it comes to the future of higher education levels. general information about studying in Russia shows that our achievements in science greatly contribute to this. The formation of nano- and biotechnologies will definitely lead to an increase in the number of new specialties in the near future. And at the same time to the next curricula, methods and effective forms of education.

The main educational programs of higher professional education can be implemented continuously and in stages.

In the Russian Federation, the following levels of higher professional education are established, confirmed by the assignment to a person who has successfully passed the final certification:

Qualifications (degrees) "bachelor";

Qualifications "certified specialist";

Qualifications (degrees) "Master".

The multilevel structure of higher education in the Russian Federation is implemented by successive educational and professional programs of three levels, different in content and terms of study.

basis - basic higher education - compose educational and professional programs in areas of study covering all areas of science, technology and culture (second level programs). They provide an opportunity to master the system of scientific knowledge about man and society, history and culture; receive fundamental natural science training and the basics of professional knowledge in the areas of study. Persons who have mastered the second level programs are prepared to continue their education in the third level educational and professional programs or independently master the professional knowledge and skills necessary for adapting to work. The term of study in basic higher education programs is at least 4 years on the basis of general secondary education.

Persons who have received a basic higher education are issued a diploma of higher education with a bachelor's degree and an indication of the direction of study.

Educational and professional first level programs include two years of study in bachelor's educational programs and vocational training in the amount provided for specialists with secondary vocational (special) education. The total duration of training in these programs is 3-3.5 years.

Persons who have successfully completed a two-year study under the bachelor's program are issued a certificate of incomplete higher education, and those who have mastered the entire first-level program are issued a diploma of incomplete higher education with the qualification according to the list of specialties of secondary vocational (special) education.

The purpose of educational and professional third level programs - preparation of specialists for independent creative professional activity.

Programs at this level can be implemented in two forms:

1) on the basis of general secondary education - at the expense of existing training programs for graduates with higher education, combined into a single program in the specialty of educational and professional courses with total duration training 5-6 years;

2) on the basis of basic higher education - through the further development and differentiation of educational and professional programs of basic higher education.

Educational and professional programs for persons with a bachelor's degree can be aimed at preparing masterssciences or graduates with higher education.

The following documents are established, which certify the completion of higher professional education of various levels:

Bachelor's diploma;

Diploma of a specialist with higher professional education;

Master's degree;

Diploma of incomplete higher professional education;

Certificate of the established form of incomplete higher professional education.

Those who complete the program of training a graduate are issued a diploma of higher education with the assignment of qualifications in the specialty received.

Persons who have received state documents on higher professional education of a certain level, have the right, in accordance with the received direction of training (specialty), to continue their education in the educational program of higher professional education of the next level.

Installed three hundredpenalties for diplomas on higher education, depending on the success achieved by the graduate: a diploma with honors, a diploma of 1 and 2 degrees. The procedure for issuing diplomas of various degrees is determined by a special regulation.

Persons who have completed any third level educational and professional program may enter graduate school.

Postgraduate studies educational institutions, scientific institutions or organizations on a competitive basis are accepted by citizens of the Russian Federation with higher professional education.

Postgraduate studies at these institutions and organizations can be carried out in full-time or part-time forms. Postgraduate studies at state and municipal higher educational institutions cannot exceed three years in full-time form, and four years in absentia form.

Citizens of the Russian Federation who have a Ph.D.

Thus the goal multilevel structure of higher educationresearch in the Russian Federation- expand the possibilities of higher education to meet the diverse cultural and educational needs of the individual and society, increase the flexibility of general cultural, scientific and professional training of specialists, taking into account the changing needs of the economy and the labor market. The structure takes into account domestic and overseas experience development of higher education and the International Standard Classification of Education adopted by UNESCO.

The existing educational and professional program of higher education in the specialty "Taxes and taxation" is included as component into a new multi-level structure of higher education.

The Modern Humanitarian Academy (SGA) implements such stages of education as bachelor's, specialist, master's and postgraduate studies.

Education in the specialty "Taxes and taxation" is conducted in the specialist department of the SGA.

Higher education provides fundamental, scientific, professional and practical training, obtaining by citizens of educational and qualification levels in accordance with their vocation, interests and abilities, improvement of scientific and professional training, retraining and advanced training.

higher education institution is a complex pedagogical system, the results of which are evaluated by how its graduates adapt to the conditions practical work and how successfully they solve numerous professional tasks. The higher school at all times played the role of an educator of the intelligentsia, a creator of personnel capable of developing professional activities, transforming and creating new knowledge and values. A qualified specialist is characterized not only by a large amount of knowledge, but also by the ability to use research methods, the ability to independently solve problems that arise in professional activity.

A higher educational institution (university) is an institution whose main task is to provide the conditions necessary for a person to receive higher education, to train specialists for the needs of the state.

TO main activities institutions of higher education include:

– training of specialists of different educational and qualification levels;

– training and certification of scientific, scientific and pedagogical personnel;

- research work;

- specialization, advanced training, retraining of personnel;

- cultural and educational activities, educational work with students;

– educational and methodical work, publishing activities;

– financial and economic, production and commercial activities;

- implementation of external relations.

The main tasks of the university:

Implementation educational activities a certain direction, providing training of specialists of the relevant educational and qualification levels, which meets the standards of higher education;

Implementation of scientific and scientific-technical, creative, art history, cultural, educational, sports and recreational activities;

Ensuring the fulfillment of the state order and contracts for the training of specialists with higher education;

Implementation of the training of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel and their certification in accredited higher educational institutions of the third and fourth levels of accreditation;

Studying the demand for certain specialties in the labor market and promoting the employment of graduates;

Ensuring the cultural and spiritual development of the individual, educating people studying in higher educational institutions in the spirit of Ukrainian patriotism and respect for the Constitution of Ukraine;

Raising the educational and cultural level of citizens.

Educational level higher education - a characteristic of higher education on the basis of the degree of formation of the intellectual qualities of a person sufficient to obtain a qualification that corresponds to a certain educational and qualification level.

The Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education" establishes the following educational levels of higher education:

▪ Incomplete higher education– the educational level of higher education of a person, which characterizes the formation of his intellectual qualities that determine the development of a person as a person and is sufficient for him to obtain qualifications after the educational qualification level of a junior specialist.▪ Basic higher education– the educational level of a person's education, which characterizes the formation of his intellectual qualities that determine the development of a person as a person and are sufficient for him to obtain qualifications following the educational qualification level of a bachelor.▪ Complete higher education- the educational level of education of a person, which characterizes the formation of his intellectual qualities that determine the development of a person as a person and are sufficient for him to obtain qualifications following the educational level of a specialist or master. Higher education is held by persons who have completed their studies at higher educational institutions, who have successfully passed the state certification in accordance with the standards of higher education and received the corresponding document on higher education of the state standard. The state certification of persons who graduate from higher educational institutions of all forms of ownership is carried out by the state examination commission. Regulations on the State Examination Commission are approved by a specially authorized central executive body in the field of education and science.

Educational qualification levels:

√ Junior specialist- educational and qualification level of higher education of a person who, on the basis of complete secondary education, received incomplete higher education, special skills and knowledge sufficient to carry out production functions of a certain level of professional activity, which are provided for primary positions in a certain form economic activity. Persons with basic secondary education can simultaneously study in the educational and professional program for the training of a junior specialist.

√ Bachelor- the educational and qualification level of higher education of a person who, on the basis of complete secondary education, received higher education, fundamental and special skills regarding a generalized object of labor activity, sufficient to perform tasks and duties of a certain level of professional activity, provided for primary positions in a certain type of economic activities. The training of specialists with the educational and qualification level of a bachelor can be carried out on the basis of the educational and qualification level of a junior specialist.

√ Specialist- the educational and qualification level of higher education of a person who, on the basis of the educational and qualification level of a bachelor, has received higher education, special skills and knowledge sufficient to perform duties and primary positions in a certain type of economic activity.

√ Master- the educational and qualification level of higher education of a person who, on the basis of the educational qualification level of a bachelor, has received a complete higher education, special skills and knowledge sufficient to perform professional tasks and duties of an innovative nature of a certain level of professional activity, provided for primary positions in a certain type of economic activity .

A master is an academic degree. It is assigned to a person who has mastered a specific vocational education program in the relevant area of ​​higher professional education. The master graduate owns the methodology of scientific creativity, modern information technologies, he is prepared for effective research, consulting, analytical activities.

The name of the master's degree comes from the Latin magister(teacher). The master's degree follows the academic level of the bachelor's degree and precedes the Ph.D. It is awarded to persons who have shown a propensity for research and scientific and pedagogical activities.

A master's degree is a degree awarded to students who have completed the second stage of higher education (postgraduate or graduate), the duration of which is from one to three years.

A master will be preferred to a specialist when applying for a public service, for pedagogical work, for admission to graduate school. Therefore, recently the competition for master's programs has grown to 3-4 people per place - a license for a master's program in many specialties is only 10-20% of the total number of students in the specialty.

Within the framework of the Bologna Declaration, a transition is being made to a two-level system of education: bachelor's and master's degrees.

4.2 . Higher Education Standards. Licensing and accreditation in higher education

Educational activities are carried out by universities on the basis of licenses. Licensing - the procedure for recognizing the right of a higher educational institution of a certain type to start educational activities related to obtaining higher education and qualifications, in accordance with the requirements of state standards of higher education. A prerequisite for issuing a license is the availability of the necessary material and technical, scientific, methodological, information base, library, scientific and pedagogical staff according to the standards established by state standards. Licensing is carried out before the start of training of specialists by the central executive body in the field of education and science at the request of the university. As a result, a certificate is issued for a period until the end of the training cycle (at least three years), which indicates the name of the direction or specialty, educational and qualification level and scope of training, the validity period of the license, the legal address of the university, its structural units. Licensed educational institutions are included in State Register institutions of higher education. Accreditation – procedure for recognition of state status educational institution in order to control the effectiveness educational process and protecting the rights of citizens to receive education. Accreditation includes procedures for recognizing the type (secondary or higher professional) and type (university, academy, institute, college) of an educational institution. It is carried out similarly to licensing with an examination and is paid for by this institution. Recognition of the type of institution is carried out based on the results of assessing the compliance of the content of curricula and programs with state samples, the information base of the educational process, the quality of training based on the results of final certification. The recognition of the type is carried out on the basis of the universality of the educational institution, the availability of conditions for professional activities in the field of training specialists, the possibility of continuing education (master's, postgraduate, additional education adults), the volume of scientific research, scientific and methodological work, the composition of the scientific and pedagogical staff. According to the results of accreditation, a certificate is issued, which includes: direction or specialty, educational and qualification level of training, validity period of the certificate (no more than 10 years), address and structural subdivisions (branches) of the university.

Level of accreditation- the level of the ability of a higher educational institution of a certain type to conduct educational activities related to obtaining higher education and qualifications.

According to the Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education", which establishes the legal, organizational, financial and other foundations for the functioning of the higher education system, there is four levels of accreditation:

▪ I level of accreditation – a higher educational institution where specialists are trained in specialties of the educational and qualification level of a junior specialist;

▪ II level of accreditation – a higher educational institution that trains specialists in specialties of the educational and qualification level of a junior specialist and in the areas of educational and qualification level of a bachelor;

▪ III level of accreditation – a higher educational institution, which trains specialists in the specialties of the educational and qualification level of the bachelor and specialist, as well as in certain specialties of the educational and qualification level of the master;

▪ IV level of accreditation – a higher educational institution, which trains specialists in the specialties of the educational qualification level of bachelor, specialist and master.

Credit-modular system training of specialists is based on a modular (stage-by-stage) study of the discipline and a special methodology for assessing the quality of mastering each module by students.

This system allows you to organize a systematic, systematic work of the student, to stimulate cognitive activity, increase the share of self-learning and independence of students in the development of training regulations. The essence of such a system is as follows: the discipline being studied is divided into modules, each of which consists of a number of related topics. Each semantic module corresponds to a certain amount of points. Assimilation of the material is estimated at 100 rating points, including practical and independent types of work. The level of knowledge is assessed by the sum of points scored for studying the course.

Obtaining education takes place according to a two-stage system: after 4 years of study, a bachelor's degree is issued, after 5 years - a specialist or master's degree. State attestation of bachelors is carried out through state examinations, and for specialists and masters with the help of diploma and master's theses, which are final qualifying work of practical and scientific content.

There are two model credit scoring systems:

1) credit systems oriented towards offsetting loans in order to ensure academic mobility - ECTS (European Credit Transfer System);

2) credit systems focused on the accumulation of loans - USCS (United States Credit System). This system reflects the student's capabilities as much as possible, by ranking it introduces competition into the educational process, improving its quality.

The system of higher education standards is state standard of higher education , industry standards and standards of higher education institutions. Higher education standards serve as the basis for assessing the quality of higher education and professional training, as well as the educational activities of universities, regardless of their types, levels of accreditation and forms of education.

State standard higher education contains:

▪ a list of qualifications according to the relevant educational and qualification levels (names of work performed by specialists of a certain educational and qualification level in primary positions);

▪ a list of areas of specialties for which training is carried out in accordance with certain educational and qualification levels (reflect generalized objects of activity or production functions and objects of activity);

▪ requirements for educational levels (requirements for the formation of a person's social and civic qualities, taking into account future professional activity);

▪ requirements for educational and qualification levels, taking into account the social division of labor.

Thus, the structure of the standards includes:

- listing specializations by specialties;

- curricula (schedules of the educational process, enrollment, sequence and period of study of academic disciplines);

- programs of academic disciplines (volume, level of formation of skills and knowledge, literature);

- educational and qualification characteristics of graduates;

- means of diagnosing the quality of higher education;

‒ educational and professional training programs.

Industry standards contain: educational and qualification characteristics of university graduates (requirements for competence), educational and professional programs (normative period, content, volume, level of professional training).

Higher education standards of educational institutions contain: a list of specializations by specialty, variable parts of the educational and qualification characteristics of university graduates, variable parts of educational and professional training programs, variable parts of education quality diagnostic tools, curricula, programs of academic disciplines.

The procedure for developing higher education standards, making changes to them and monitoring their implementation is determined by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on the proposal of the central executive body in the field of education and science.

The levels of higher education in Russia that exist today are fundamentally different from those that were in the country 10 years ago. The changes that took place were the result of the signing of the Bologna Declaration by the Russian Federation in 2003. The reform of the higher education system did not take place quickly, and was completed only in 2010.

The main stages of higher education in Russia

The system of higher education in Russia has three main levels. Below is the a brief description of each of them.

Level One: Bachelor

The bachelor's degree is a new step in the system of higher education in Russia. People with a certificate of secondary general or vocational education are eligible to receive this degree - graduates of the 11th grade of a school or vocational schools, colleges, lyceums. The bachelor's degree program lasts four years.

At this time, students receive fundamental knowledge, and upon graduation (after defending a qualifying work) - a bachelor's degree, which can be academic or applied. The owner of this document has the right to start labor activity by profession or to enroll in a master's program. A bachelor's degree in Russia is considered a completed higher education.

Second level: specialist and master's degree

Specialization is a step familiar to many. Before the reform, all university graduates received specialist diplomas. Today, every graduate of secondary school can start studying under the specialist's program comprehensive school(11th grade) or an institution providing secondary vocational education.

Students study for 5 years. This program differs from the bachelor's degree in that it provides not only fundamental knowledge, but also practical orientation in the chosen field of activity. Surrendered upon graduation final exams, written and protected thesis on the basis of which the graduates are awarded a diploma of a specialist.

The document must indicate the qualifications assigned to the graduate (for example, "Journalist", "Economist", "Lawyer", etc.). Having a specialist diploma in your hands, you can start working in your chosen field or enter a master's program or the third level of higher education.

Master's degree also belongs to the second stage. It involves deepening the knowledge gained during the development of a bachelor's or specialist's program. Students in the magistracy are prepared for research activities.

The duration of study is at least two years. Upon completion, students write and defend a master's thesis and receive a corresponding diploma. They have the right to start working in the chosen industry or move to the third stage.

Level Three: Postgraduate, Adjuncture, Residency, Assistant-internship

The third step involves the training of personnel who have the highest qualifications. Depending on the industry, there are several types of programs:

1. Postgraduate studies train personnel of a scientific and pedagogical orientation. Persons with a specialist or master's degree have the right to become such a student. The program involves the expansion of knowledge gained earlier, their practical application, as well as, without fail, research and pedagogical activity. The duration of study is at least three years in a hospital and four years in a correspondence department. Upon completion of the program, future graduate students write a PhD thesis. In case of successful defense, they receive the first academic degree - candidate of sciences. They have the right to proceed with the preparation of a doctoral dissertation and the assignment of an appropriate degree.

2. Adjuncture is a program similar to postgraduate studies, but implemented in the universities of the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

3. Residency - the third degree of higher education for physicians and pharmacists. Graduates of the relevant universities are allowed to master the two-year program. In the course of its implementation, future doctors and pharmacists receive in-depth knowledge of their specialty. They also learn how to put them into practice. To get a diploma, qualification and the right to work in medical institutions, you need to successfully pass a difficult three-stage exam.

4. Assistant-internship prepares highly qualified personnel in the field of art. Specialists and masters who have received their degrees in the relevant universities can start mastering the program. The maximum study period is two years. During the internship, future artists implement a curriculum developed individually. This process is supervised by the supervisor. Graduation work, depending on qualifications, may be a concert, performance, film, exhibition of artworks or other product of the assistant trainee's creative work. When successful delivery With such an examination, a person receives a diploma indicating qualifications, as well as the right to teach in his industry or to conduct performing activities.

The answer to the question "How many levels of higher education are there in Russia?" – three levels with different sub-items. Every citizen has the right to master the educational program to the maximum, reaching the very top. There are no limits for anyone.