In the history of the Russian state, there were many different rulers: great diplomats, wonderful strategists and brilliant commanders. But only one of them combined all these qualities - Peter the Great. He was called a brilliant reformer, a madman, a bully and the Antichrist. How was the personality of Tsar Peter formed, what factors influenced it?

Unusual king

Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov was very different from his predecessors. Undoubtedly, there was a deep hereditary connection between them. But all the rulers of Russia were masters who tremblingly guarded the wealth of the country for themselves and used other people's hands for work. And the son of Alexei Mikhailovich was a tsar-worker in the truest sense of the word. The fourteen professions that Tsar Peter the Great owned are not a beautiful fairy tale, but the truth.

The character of the first Russian emperor

Peter the Great had a complex and contradictory character. Liveliness, indefatigable curiosity and briskness of thought he inherited from his mother's side. As a child, he was a smart and handsome boy, very different from his co-ruler, brother Ivan.

The main traits of Peter's character were irascibility, impulsiveness, impressionability and incredulity. When he could not explain something intelligibly, he easily fell into a rage. In this state, he often grabbed his cane. By the way, the king departed quickly and after a few minutes he could forgive the offender. But its simplicity was deceiving. Peter the Great asked to address him without a title, but in case of obvious disobedience, the sentence was quick and cruel.

How was the personality of Tsar Peter the Great formed? What made him so different from the rest of the rulers of Russia? The answer must be sought in the earliest years of the little prince.

Childhood of Peter the Great

It is not known where the future first Russian emperor was born. They name several alleged places, but the researchers do not have exact data.

Trying to understand how the personality of Tsar Peter the Great was formed, one must first turn to his parents - those who had a direct influence on him from birth.

At the age of 4, he lost his father, who loved him very much. Aleksey Mikhailovich, giving his son toy soldiers and pistols, engendered in the child the first interest in weapons and military affairs. According to contemporaries of the king, in childhood he was not interested in any other toys and amusements, except for military ones.

The father, wanting to give his young son proper military training, assigned Colonel Menesius to him as a military mentor. And so it turned out that Peter the Great began to study military affairs earlier than reading and writing. The young heir was then 4 years old. Acquaintance with literacy began for him at the age of five.

Learning from church books for a lively and restless child was a real torment, so Nikita Zotov, the teacher of the young king, taught him from the then popular “amusing” picture books. Peter's mentor paid much attention to the study military history Russia, talking about Prince Vladimir and

Until the age of ten, the prince lived calmly and carefree with his mother near Moscow, in the village of Preobrazhensky. Here, an earthen fortification with cannons was built for him, where he, with his “amusing” army, recruited from his peers, could engage in military affairs, playing to capture the fortress.

The childhood of Peter the Great was not cloudless. witnessed by the young Peter, could not but leave an imprint on the psyche of the child, causing the future emperor to become nervous. Because of this, convulsions distorted the face of the king in moments of great excitement.

After his sister Sophia came to power, he was again sent to Preobrazhenskoye. Zotov was removed from him, and the young heir was left to himself. Another idle way of life would have spoiled, but the whole and active nature of Peter did not let him kill his curiosity and desire to learn new things. He himself later said that he really lacked the knowledge that he did not receive in childhood.

Tsar Peter Alekseevich studied until his death. At the age of 14, he learned about the astrolabe and instructed him to bring it from France. Then he found a Dutchman who could in general terms show how to use the device. This was enough for a talented young man to figure it out on his own. It has always been so. Seeing or learning about something unknown to him, the king immediately set on fire with the idea of ​​​​learning a new business and did not calm down until he became an expert on it. So, seeing an abandoned boat, he learned to sail on it and even laid his own shipyard.

Environment

How was the personality of Tsar Peter Alekseevich formed? This question is extremely interesting, given the fact how much he differed from his predecessors. The environment of the young heir played a huge role in the education of those qualities that were inherent in Peter the Great. He was lucky - first his father, and after his death, his elder brother Fedor paid much attention to the upbringing and education of the heir to the throne. Teachers, Menezius and later assigned to Peter the clerk Nikita Moiseevich Zotov, engendered in him a craving for knowledge and maintained an interest in everything new.

The associates and people closest to the tsar were Franz Yakovlevich Lefort, Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, Pavel Yaguzhinsky, Yakov Bruce.

The first Russian emperor - a brilliant reformer or a tyrant?

It is difficult to judge the personality of Peter the Great. Opposite traits of character are closely intertwined in him. Hot temper, cruelty, vindictiveness coexisted with diligence, curiosity, an irrepressible thirst for life, and a cheerful disposition. The uniqueness of the personality of Peter Alekseevich lay in the fact that he had a strong craving for knowledge and a huge capacity for work, with the help of which he sought to transform Russia, which was backward in all respects, and make it a great power.

Personality of Peter I

The history of the state, Peter himself, and all historians
... commanded us to think, because so we
thinking about our days. (N.Ya. Eidelman.)

Kneller S.G. Portrait of Peter I

Khudoyarov V.P. Emperor Peter I at work

The implementation of broad shipbuilding plans reveals in their initiator, Peter the Great, a man of extraordinary energy and a broad outlook, who did not think about momentary benefits, but looked into the distant future. The very thought - to create a navy from scratch in a short time - can give an idea of ​​the scale of Peter's plans. This idea was impudent, first of all, because the country had neither financial resources, nor master shipbuilders, nor navigators, nor people from whom it was possible to complete the crews of ships. Nevertheless, the navy was created. It is rightfully considered the brainchild of Peter, his long-standing dream, embodied in real frigates and battleships. And in the very places where Alexander Nevsky once fought and got his nickname, Tsar Peter laid the fortress of St. Petersburg on May 16, 1703 on Veseloy Island . A year later, he calls it the capital of the state.

Many of Peter's critics have argued that he is more of a conqueror than a reformer. But Peter's attitude to the war shows that the material and political benefits for him were higher than the success of military weapons. For him, war was not a goal, but a means; he understood it as a temporary disaster, but necessary for the well-being of the people and national development. Peter did not look like a hoarder of military glory and a "great conqueror." His conquests were necessary to create in Russia the prerequisites for the development of European civilization.

conclusions

Versatility and harmony are the main features of Peter's personality. These properties of his personality are largely due to environmental conditions and the nature of the era. In late XVII v. the tsar left the palace for the street, descended from the heights of society to its very bottom, plunged into the suburban life of foreign settlers. Not a single Russian person of that time had access to such a diversity of views. Peter turned a blind eye to class differences, religious strife, national enmity, he was close to the concepts, customs and customs of different strata of society, he was capable of critical analysis, comparing Russian with foreign, etc.

Bibliographic list

1. Georgiev I.I. "Entertaining questions and answers", Collection: Proc. allowance. - St. Petersburg: "Parity", 2003. - 345 p.
2. Brockhaus F.A., Efron I.A. Encyclopedic dictionary in 86 volumes, St. Petersburg: "Polradis", 1993.- 455 p.
3. Fedrova D.V. "Remembering Peter", Nizhny Novgorod: "Yarilo", 2000. - 340 p.
4. Pavlenko N.I. "The life of wonderful people", M .: "Young Guard", 1976.-370s.
5. Anisimov E.V. “The time of Peter's reforms. About Peter 1. St. Petersburg, 1989.-240s.
6. Bagger Hans "Reforms of Peter the Great". M., 1985.-380s.
7. Klyuchevsky V.O. "Historical portraits". M, 1991.-230s.
8. Klyuchevsky V.O. "Course of Russian History". M, 1957.-390s.
9. Lebedev V.I. "Reforms of Peter the Great". M, 1937.-410s.
10. Polyakov L.V. Kara-Murza V. “Reformer. Russians about Peter the Great. Ivanovo, 1994.-390s.
11. Soloviev S.M. "Public readings on the history of Russia". M, 1962.-400s.
12. Soloviev S.M. "On the History of the New Russia". M, 1993.-400s.
13. Collection: "Russia during the reforms of Peter the Great" M, 1973.-530s.
14. Encyclopedia of kings and emperors. ROOSSA, 2010. -282s.

Topic:

Peter the Great, is he really great?

Chinyakina Inna

11th grade student

supervisor:

history teacher and

social science

Mezentseva E. A.

Zheleznovodsk

1. Introduction ………………………………………………

2. Characteristics of the personality of Peter 1…………………

3. Reforms…………………………………………………

4. Foreign policy………………………………………

5. Analysis of the situation in Russia……………………………

6. Results…………………………………………………….

7. Conclusion……………………………………………………

8. Literature…………………………………………

Introduction.

The transformations of Peter 1, his activities, personality, role in the fate of Russia are issues that interest and attract the attention of researchers of our time no less than in past centuries. Without Peter and his transformations, the development of Russia could have taken a different path. The question of to what extent the transformations were accidental or natural, whether they meant a radical break in the continuity of the historical process or were its logical continuation, whether Peter was a great reformer or a tyrant, arose long ago. The answer to these questions, in my opinion, must be sought in the personality of Peter, and in the circumstances in which he was surrounded in those objective tendencies of the Russian historical process that influenced the course of reforms, in many respects gave them such a swift, sometimes inconsistent character.

This topic attracted me with its versatility, versatility and depth. In doing this work, I wanted to find out if his deeds really had the price that the people paid for them. On the example of this topic, one can consider the process of development, formation and strengthening of the state, growing to the level of a great power, the formation of absolutism, and one can also highlight the role of the individual in history.

Various historians evaluate Peter and his activities in different ways. Some, admiring him, push his shortcomings and failures into the background, while others, on the contrary, seek to put all his vices in the first place, accuse Peter of making the wrong choice and criminal acts. Considering the life and work of the reformer tsar, one should not forget what he did in the conditions of internal and external struggle: external - constant hostilities, internal - opposition.

The figure of Peter 1 is very controversial. There is no such person in history who could be considered only with positive or only with negative side. Everyone is free to perceive everything from their point of view.

In all forms of art, the theme of Peter was given attention. Many poems, novels, paintings and musical works have been written. The authors recognize Peter as great.

Oh, mighty lord of fate!

Are you not so above the abyss,

At a height, an iron bridle,

Raised Russia on its hind legs?

A. S. Pushkin

Characteristics of the personality of Peter the Great.

The giant figure of Peter combined the abyss of contradictions. Having outstripped his contemporaries by a whole head in regard to mental demands, thirst for activity and almost inhuman capacity for work, he remained a son of his time in the sense of the rudeness of moral principles and the wildness of his nature.

Peter 1 is talented, has extraordinary willpower, is active and active, but his abilities are not aimed at elevating his own personality, but for the glory of Russia. He is stubborn in achieving the goal, and with temporary defeats he does not lose his presence of mind. But the laying of the fleet, the construction new capital on the bones of thousands and thousands of people, mass executions, persecution of the Old Believers - all these are also the acts of Peter.

Pyotr Alekseevich did not tolerate disobedience, although he asked to be addressed to him "simply" and "without the Great", that is, without a permanent title. If his orders were not carried out, then he demanded severe and demonstrative punishment. For example, in a letter to the Moscow governor about the Glukhov commandant Volkov, who was convicted of embezzlement, he demands: “... for this theft, order him to be executed in the square or in the swamp and not bury his corpse in the ground until spring until there is a lot of warmth.”

Peter, being a man generously gifted by nature, had an attraction to any kind of technology and to a wide variety of crafts. From childhood, he skillfully carpenter, carpenter, painter. Fifteen-year-old Peter was fond of applied mathematical disciplines, in particular geometry. This interest remained with him throughout his life. Peter was not like his predecessors either in appearance or lively and open character. The personality of the king is very complex and contradictory, but at the same time, he was a very integral nature. In all his undertakings, sometimes very contradictory, there was still a rational grain. All the inconsistency of the character of Peter 1 manifested itself during the construction of the new capital - St. Petersburg. On the one hand, intending to take a firm footing in the Baltic, Russia was to receive a stronghold and base for the fleet. But on the other hand, the death of thousands of people during the construction of the city shows how expensive the embodiment of the state will of the king was at times. Not sparing himself, not knowing how to take care of his health and life, he did not spare his subjects either, easily sacrificing them for the sake of his plans.

Not evil by nature, he was impulsive, impressionable and distrustful. Unable to patiently explain to others what was obvious to him, Peter, meeting misunderstanding, easily fell into a state of extreme anger and often “hammered” the truth to senators and generals with his huge fist or staff. True, the king was quick-witted and after a few minutes he could already laugh at the successful joke of the offender.

Peter was able to overcome personal hostility in the name of the interests of the cause. He was indifferent to outfits and did not like official receptions, at which he had to wear an ermine mantle and a symbol of royal power.

Assemblies were his element, where those present simply addressed each other without titles and titles, drank vodka, scooping it from clay mugs from bath tubs, smoked, played chess and danced.

Peter had an outstanding diplomatic talent. He skillfully mastered all the classical techniques European politics, which at the right moment he easily “forgot”, suddenly reincarnating as a mysterious eastern king. He could unexpectedly kiss a stunned interlocutor on the forehead, like to use folk jokes in his speech, confusing translators, or suddenly stop the audience, referring to the fact that his wife was waiting for him. The outwardly sincere and benevolent Russian Tsar, according to European diplomats, never revealed his true intentions and therefore invariably achieved what he wanted.

Peter loved to have fun all his life and was sometimes undemanding to fun, like a child. At the fortieth year of his life, he rides wooden horses with delight and cheerfully shouts: “Live, live!”, And when some of his companions fall from their horses, from the speed of rotation, he laughs to tears.

After the conclusion of the Nystadt peace, he had fun with the people, jumped in the crowd, gesticulated, sang at the top of his voice. But more often than not, his gaiety took the form of reckless revelry. In the amusements of Peter the main place was occupied by wine. He drank incredibly much himself and loved that those who were present at feasts and festivities did not lag behind him. Peter liked everything around him to be drunk, he especially enjoyed seeing drunken women.

Reforms.

For many years, historians, philosophers, and writers have been arguing about the significance of Peter's reforms. Indeed, they can be evaluated in different ways. Everything depends on what is considered useful for Russia and what is harmful; what is primary and what is secondary. But everyone agrees on one thing: the Petrine reforms were the most important stage in the history of Russia, thanks to which all of it can be divided into pre-Petrine and post-Petrine eras.

Peter's reforming activity began immediately upon the return of the Great Embassy from Europe. The official goal was to confirm Russia's friendly relations with European countries and to search for allies against Ottoman Empire, but the real task for the king was to learn about the political and cultural life of Europe, state structure, the education system, the organization and equipment of the army, the fleet. Peter was interested in absolutely everything. A few days after his return, he issued a decree, according to which he was ordered to shave his beards and dress in foreign clothes. Wearing a beard was subject to a special tax. A rather surprising beginning of transformations, but if we think more deeply about this issue, we will see that in this way the psychological barrier between Russia and the West was partially broken, and even to some extent it prepared people's consciousness for the perception of further changes.

Peter's reforms affected all strata of society, they imperiously invaded the life of every person from the boyar to the poorest peasant. This is their main feature.

Military reforms occupy a special place among the transformations. It was the army and navy that were the main concern of Peter. Even in early childhood, the king amazed the courtiers with his addiction to military amusements. He created two “amusing” regiments from his comrades of childhood fun, which later became the guards regiments: Semyonovsky and Preobrazhensky. Amusing regiments became the core of the future regular army. With the outbreak of the Great Northern War, Peter's main focus was on the Baltic Sea, and ever since Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703, shipbuilding has been carried out almost exclusively in that city. As a result, by the end of the reign of Peter 1, Russia, which had 48 linear and 788 galley and other ships, became one of the strongest maritime powers in Europe.

The beginning of the Northern War led to the final creation of a regular army. Previously, it consisted of two main parts: the noble militia and various semi-regular formations. Peter changed the very principle of manning the army. The main results of military reforms are as follows:

Creation of a strong regular army capable of fighting with the main opponents of Russia and defeating them;

The emergence of a whole galaxy of talented commanders;

Building a powerful navy out of almost nothing;

Unprecedented growth in military spending and, as a result, covering them at the expense of the most severe squeezing of funds from the common people.

administrative reforms. In reality, there was no program of administrative-state reforms. Those or other changes in the administration, the administrative-territorial division of Russia, the organization of the state apparatus were dictated by the difficulties of that time. main goal Of these chaotic, hastily implemented reforms was the rapid and effective extortion of funds from the people to cover the ever-increasing public expenditures, primarily for the war. Lack of system and haste often led to confusion: as soon as any institution had time to enter into life, after a few years it was already replaced by others or was reduced to nothing.

Already in the first reign of Peter 1, the styles and methods of state administration began to change: the significance of the Boyar Duma fell, the main decisions were made in a narrow circle of the tsar's closest associates. First administrative reform was the creation in 1699 of a special department of cities. A number of decrees introduced local self-government for the city merchants. In 1708, the creation of eight provinces was proclaimed: Moscow, Ingermanland (St. Petersburg), Kiev, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Kazan, Azov and Siberia.

The main task of the provincial reform - providing the army at the expense of local institutions - was not fulfilled, because the Northern War dragged on until 1721, and it was not possible to place regiments "assigned" to them in the provinces.

A special place among state reforms belongs to the Table of Ranks adopted in 1722. Its significance lies in the fact that it brought into the system all state ranks, distributing them into three branches of service: civil, military land and naval.

Church transformations. After Peter 1 traveled around Europe, the church began to interest him. Sharing the latest European views, the king wanted to make the church an instrument of enlightenment, and at the same time - to deprive her of the position of a "state within a state" and completely subordinate her to his power. In fact, the church has lost the right to dispose of its property. The funds that previously belonged to her went to the maintenance of a huge army and navy. In 1721, the prominent church figure Feofan Prokopovich drew up the so-called Spiritual Regulations. This document provided for the destruction of the patriarchate and the establishment of a spiritual college to manage the church. Peter himself edited the Spiritual Regulations and proclaimed it a law. Its acceptance meant the logical conclusion of the church policy of Peter 1.

Transformations in the field of science, culture and everyday life . The process of Europeanization of Russia was most vividly embodied in the cultural transformations of the time of Peter the Great.

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Characteristics of the personality of Peter I the Great

Peter the Great is a complex and highly controversial historical figure. This was largely due to the era in which he was to become one of the most famous Russian monarchs. From his grandfather and father, the boy inherited a deep worldview, mode of action and views on the development of Russia. At the same time, Peter had individual views on the current situation in the country and the world, which allowed him to get away from the previous inefficient management traditions, as well as enrich public and political life with the best ideas that worked at that time in the more developed powers of Europe.

The childhood of the future emperor and its influence on character

Even in the early childhood of the future ruler Russian Empire was noted as one of the most restless children, who are characterized by a selfless passionate passion for any game that, over time, turns into a real business. And so it was with Peter. The old English boat, the astrolabe and the "amusing regiments" became the beginning of all Peter's achievements in the future, which became the beginning of a new Russia.

Being naturally gifted in all areas of activity, he associated himself more with ordinary people who were engaged in various crafts and manual labor. From an early age, the future emperor skillfully painted, carpentry, and carpentry. Over the years, he developed these skills even more, replenishing his luggage with the technical details of his favorite things.

The boy grew up hardy and strong, not at all afraid of hard physical work. Seeing with his own eyes all the palace intrigues and conspiracies, he became secretive and learned to hide his feelings. Understanding how the Kremlin “gears” move in the mechanism, in this way, he was able to lull the vigilance of all ill-wishers, and also later become an excellent diplomat.

Hobbies of Peter I

Passion for engineering gave Peter the Great the opportunity to introduce various tactical innovations and principles of weapons. For example, thanks to the tsar's knowledge of ballistics, a fundamentally new type of artillery open position was introduced - redoubts, tested in the battle with the Swedes near Poltava. In addition, the defeat at Narva forced Peter to reconsider the armament of his soldiers and equip their guns with a screwed triangular bayonet.

Contemporaries of the emperor noted that he did not tolerate disobedience. At the same time, Peter did not want to be addressed with the prefix “great”, etc. However, if orders were not followed, the tsar fell into a rage and, as a rule, demonstrative and cruel punishment awaited the guilty person.

The character of Emperor Peter I

Although Peter the Great had a contradictory complex character, he was a whole person. Even in his most controversial actions there was a grain of rationality, and each such action was subject to a carefully considered plan.

Not being evil by nature, the king had an impetuous character, and was also distinguished by extreme distrust of people and special impressionability. Possessing a subtle mind, but not being able to patiently explain obvious things and when people did not understand his own explanations, he immediately fell into a state of rage, often driving his truth into generals and senators with a royal staff or fist. However, after some time, the emperor could call the “guilty” to himself and laugh with him at the situation that had developed earlier.

In addition, Peter the Great had the strength to overcome his own dislike for a person in order to achieve his intended goal. He was indifferent to royal outfits and official receptions, before which he had to wear a mantle and symbols of royal power.

But what really delighted the king was the assemblies, at which a certain “familiarity” was adopted. There, people addressed each other without ranks and titles, drinking vodka from clay mugs, dancing, smoking and playing chess.

Emperor Talents

The Russian emperor possessed an outstanding natural diplomatic talent. He perfectly mastered most of the techniques that were used at that time in negotiations between monarchs. At the same time, in a minute, the king could enter into natural negotiations without these methods with the sultan.

For example, Peter the Great could suddenly stand up and kiss his interlocutor on the forehead, often used in his speech folk proverbs, impressing the best European interpreters, or sometimes completed the reception, explaining this by the fact that right now his wife was waiting for him. According to the descriptions of some diplomats of that time, the outwardly benevolent and sincere Russian emperor never revealed the planned plan for conducting a conversation and therefore always achieved what he wanted.

It is worth noting that Peter the Great loved to have fun throughout his life, but he was not at all capricious in fun. After the conclusion of the so-called Peace of Nishtad, he jumped with the crowd and had fun in the streets, singing songs at the top of his voice. More often than not, however, the king's gaiety soon took the form of revelry.

Habits of Peter I. Where did the emperor live?

Video lecture: the personality and talents of Peter I

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The personality of Peter the Great is not as simple as we used to imagine it to be. What immediately caught the eye in this person was really simple - Peter's penchant for physical work, his practical sharpness and dexterity, his gaiety, apparent directness and purely spontaneous impulses in expressing affection and anger, this man's tendency to a simple life and to coarse noisy pleasures, close contact with the common people - all this in the tsar, which declared itself too loudly and openly, greatly simplified the image of the one who is called the reformer of Russia. And in our imagination, the idea of ​​​​Peter, as a “carpenter king”, a “master”, as a “sailor” with a “sailor’s appetite”, somehow more suited to an unusual habit for the king, and in general, the whole the simple atmosphere of the life of this sovereign. It is interesting and instructive to fully understand this man, who from childhood made a strong impression on all of us with his gigantic stature, his extraordinary strength, cruelty, all his proud and majestic posture, the imperious stern expression of a handsome, but slightly rough, round face, framed by thick, curly folded back hair...

Already from his very birth (on the night of May 30, 1672), Peter promised to be a physically outstanding person: the newborn child turned out to be a giant - 11 inches long and 3 inches wide. He did not follow either his father, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, or his paternal grandfather - people who were not distinguished by good health and generally represented a different type of personality. The toys and amusements that surrounded Peter's early childhood developed in him predominantly military tastes. These very early toys and games were seeds that fell on very fertile soil: it was they who launched the first and very viable shoots of Peter's extraordinary love for military craft; according to a contemporary of Krekshin, the little prince was not interested in any amusements, except for the military. With early physical and mental development, he, apparently, was significantly ahead of his peers, who soon got bored with him, and they had to be replaced by adults, from whom, at the order of the tsar, a regiment was recruited with a banner, in a green uniform, armed with a real gun and called "Petrov's regiment ”, named after his militant colonel, 4th year old. peter reform state

Since childhood, such qualities as haste, diligence, impatience, self-development, curiosity, wit, interest in innovations were laid in Peter.

Peter's mind is rightly considered a genius, but not enough, it seems, to determine what actually this genius consisted of. An amazing, extremely rare ability to move from habitual mental associations to new ones - unusual for the same cultural environment, to instantly get a taste of these new accociations, make them your own and independently create new rows and combinations of associations from them - that's what was the genius of Peter's mind. In Petrine's mind, despite its enormous sensitivity and perseverance, there was a lot of independence based on a strong common sense, in purely Russian "on my mind."

The interests of Russia, the Russian people were exceptional for Peter, the only interests for which he lived and worked "by the sweat of his brow", "tirelessly".

Peter the Great did a lot for the development and prosperity of his state and people, which causes many contradictions.