Conversational style - a style of speech that has the following features:

used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere;

the task is to exchange impressions (communication);

the statement is usually laid-back, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author's attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor;

characteristic language means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotionally-evaluative means, in particular with suffixes - points-, -enk-. - ik-, - k-, - ovate-. -evat-, verbs perfect look with a prefix for - with the meaning of the beginning of the action, treatment;

incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences.

opposed to book styles in general;

the function of communication is inherent;

forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, syntax. For example: phraseology - running away with the help of vodka and drugs is not fashionable now. Vocabulary - buzz, in an embrace with a computer, climb into the Internet.

Spoken language is a functional variety of the literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves such a sphere of communication, which is characterized by the informality of relations between the participants and the ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family situations, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, in confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss with a subordinate, etc.

The topics of colloquial speech are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

An important feature of colloquial speech is its unpreparedness, spontaneity (Latin spontaneus - spontaneous). The speaker creates, creates his speech immediately "clean". As the researchers note, linguistic conversational features are often not realized, not fixed by consciousness. Therefore, often when native speakers are presented with their own colloquial statements for normative assessment, they evaluate them as erroneous. Babaitseva V.V., Maksimova L.Yu. Modern Russian language: At 3 hours - M., 1983

The following characteristic feature of colloquial speech: - the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of the speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - in dialogical or monologue. The activity of the participants is confirmed by utterances, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.

On the structure and content of colloquial speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication big influence have extralinguistic (extralinguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), the speech situation (the context of the utterance). For example, to the question "Well, how?" depending on the specific circumstances, the answers can be very different: "Five", "Met", "I got it", "Lost", "Unanimously". Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the right expression - and the interlocutor understands what the partner wanted to say. Thus, the extralinguistic situation becomes integral part communications. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be incomprehensible. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in colloquial speech.

In this regard, colloquial speech is opposed to codified book speech. Conversational speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. For example, a geologist is writing an article for a special journal about mineral deposits in Siberia. He uses book speech in writing. The scientist makes a presentation on this topic at an international conference. His speech is bookish, but the form is oral. After the conference, he writes a letter to a work colleague about his impressions. The text of the letter - colloquial speech, written form.

At home, in the family circle, the geologist tells how he spoke at the conference, which old friends he met, what they talked about, what gifts he brought. His speech is colloquial, its form is oral.

Active study of colloquial speech began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of natural natural speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary. For example, in the field of vocabulary, colloquial speech is characterized by a system of its own methods of nomination (naming): various types of contraction (evening - evening newspaper, motor - motor boat, act - in educational institution); ambiguous phrases (Is there anything to write about? - a pencil, a pen, Give me something to hide - a blanket, a blanket, a sheet); one-word derivatives with a transparent internal form (opener - can opener, rattle - motorcycle), etc. Spoken words are highly expressive (porridge, okroshka - about confusion, jelly, slur - about a sluggish, spineless person).

Content

Introduction………………………………………………………………………….3

Features of conversational style……………………………….……… 5

Colloquial vocabulary………………….………………………….……… 7

Morphology of conversational style …………….……………………….. 9

Syntax of spoken style .......................................... ... ... 11

Intra-style features of colloquial speech……………………………14

The use of colloquial style in a literary work ... 16

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..18

List of used literature…………………………………………………………19

Introduction

Household vocabulary - vocabulary that serves non-productive relations of people, that is, relations in everyday life. Most often, everyday vocabulary is represented by colloquial speech. Spoken language is a functional variety of the literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves such a sphere of communication, which is characterized by the informality of relations between the participants and the ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family situations, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, in confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss with a subordinate, etc.

The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech is the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of the speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - in dialogic or monologue.

The activity of the participants is confirmed by utterances, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.

The structure and content of colloquial speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extralinguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), speech situation (the context of the statement). Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the right expression - and the interlocutor understands what the partner wanted to say. Thus, the extralinguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be incomprehensible. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in colloquial speech.

Spoken speech is uncodified speech, the norms and rules of its functioning are not fixed in various dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in observing the norms of the literary language. It actively uses forms that qualify in dictionaries as colloquial. “Litter does not discredit them,” writes the well-known linguist MP Panov. he is lanky and at times grumpy. In official papers, do not use the words look, relish, go home, penny. Isn't it sound advice?" Zaretskaya E.N. Rhetoric: Theory and practice of verbal communication. - M.: Delo, 2001 In this regard, colloquial speech is opposed to codified book speech. Conversational speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. Active study of colloquial speech began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of natural natural speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary.

colloquial style speech Russian

Features of the conversational style.

Conversational style is a style that caters to the realm of oral communication or verbal communication.

Conversational style (colloquial speech) is used in a wide range of personal, i.e. informal, off-duty relationships. This style is often called colloquial-everyday, but it would be more accurate to call it colloquial-everyday, since it is not limited only to the everyday side, but is used as a means of communication in almost all areas of life - family, industrial, socio-political, educational, scientific , cultural, sports.

The function of conversational style is the function of communication in its "original" form. Speech is generated by the needs of direct communication between two or more interlocutors and acts as a means of such communication; it is created in the process of speaking and depends on the interlocutor's response - speech, facial expressions, etc.

A huge role in sounding speech is played by intonation, logical stress, tempo, pauses. In conditions of easy communication, a person, to a much greater extent than in the presence of official relations, has the opportunity to show his personal qualities - temperament, emotionality, sympathy, which saturates his speech with emotional and stylistically colored (mostly stylistically reduced) words, expressions, morphological forms and syntactic constructions.

In colloquial speech, the function of communication can be supplemented by the function of the message or the function of influence. However, both the message and the impact are manifested in direct communication, and therefore occupy a subordinate position.

The most common factors in the colloquial style are the personal, informal nature of the relationship between the participants in communication; their direct participation in communication; continuation of speech in the process of communication without prior preparation.

Although these factors are closely related to each other, their role in the formation of the actual linguistic features of the conversational style is far from homogeneous: the last two factors - direct participation in communication and unpreparedness of communication - are closely related to the oral form of speech and are generated by it, while the first factor is the personal, informal nature of the relationship also applies to written communication, for example, in personal correspondence. On the contrary, in oral communication, the relationship between its participants can be official, service, "impersonal".

Language means used during personal, everyday, informal relationships between speakers are characterized by additional shades - ease, a sharper evaluative moment, more emotionality compared to neutral or bookish equivalents, i.e. these language means are colloquial.

Such linguistic means are also widely used outside of colloquial speech - in artistic and journalistic, as well as scientific texts.

The norms of colloquial-everyday style in oral form differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, for which the written form is defining (although not the only one). The norms of colloquial-everyday style are not established and are not officially regulated, i.e., they are not subject to codification, which gives rise to the illusion, which is very common among non-specialists, that colloquial speech does not have a norm at all: whatever you say, it's okay. However, the very fact of automatic reproduction in speech of ready-made structures. Phraseological turns, various kinds of stamps, i.e. standardized language means corresponding to certain standard speech situations, indicates an imaginary or, in any case, limited "freedom" of the speaker. Conversational speech is subject to strict laws, has its own rules and norms, as evidenced by the fact that the factors of book and written speech in general are perceived in colloquial speech as alien. Strict (albeit unconsciously following ready-made standards) is the norm of unprepared oral speech.

On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, its attachment to the situation, along with the lack of a clear idea of the norm, determine a very wide freedom in choosing options. The boundaries of the norm become unsteady, vague, the normativity itself sharply weakens. Casual, everyday dialogic speech consisting of short remarks allows significant deviations from generally accepted norms due to its impulsive nature.

Spoken vocabulary.

The vocabulary of the colloquial style is divided into two large groups:

1) commonly used colloquial words;

2) colloquial words, socially or dialectally limited.

Common vocabulary, in turn, is divided into:

Colloquial and literary (related to the norms of literary use),

Colloquial and everyday (not bound by strict rules of use), colloquialism adjoins the latter.

Colloquial vocabulary is also heterogeneous:

2) non-literary vernacular, rude, for example:drive up instead ofto strive, to push instead offall, fall instead oftalk absurdly, drag around, wander around instead ofwalk around idle; this includes the actual vulgarisms and swear words:thorns (eyes), sting, die; faggot, slut etc. Such words are used for certain stylistic purposes - it is common when depicting the negative phenomena of life.

Colloquial vocabulary, socially or dialectally limited, includesv themselves such lexical groups as colloquial professionalisms (for example, the names of brown bear varieties:vulture, oatmeal, anteater etc.), dialectisms(talking - talk, veksha - squirrel, stubble - stubble), jargon(plaisir - pleasure, fun; plein air - nature), argotic(split - betray; lettuce, lettuce - young, inexperienced; crusts - boots). Many jargonisms arose even before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes, some argotisms were preserved from the speech usage of the declassed elements. Slang vocabulary can also be associated with the age commonality of generations (for example, in the language of youth:cheat sheet, pair (deuce). All these categories of vocabulary have a narrow scope; in terms of expression, they are characterized by extreme reduction. The main lexical layer of the colloquial style is made up of commonly used words, both actually colloquial and colloquial. Both of these categories of words are close to each other, the line between them is unsteady and movable, and sometimes difficult to grasp; it is not for nothing that many words in different dictionaries are provided with different labels (for example, the wordsswear, really in the "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakov are classified as colloquial, and in the four-volume "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" - as colloquial; the wordsget rich, carminative, sour in the "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakov are rated as colloquial, but in the "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" they do not have marks, that is, they are classified as interstyle - stylistically neutral). In the Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. S. I. Ozhegov expanded the boundaries of colloquial vocabulary: many words marked in other dictionaries as vernacular are classified as colloquial. Some colloquial words in dictionaries have a double mark - colloquial and regional, as many common dialectisms become colloquial words. The colloquial style is characterized by the predominance of words with an emotionally expressive coloring, with the mark "affectionate", "joking", "abusive", "ironic", "diminutive", "contemptuous", etc.

In colloquial style, words with a specific meaning are usually used.(storage room, locker room) names of persons(chatterbox, couch potato) and much less often - words with an abstract meaning(superficiality, boasting, nonsense). In addition to specific colloquial words(krokhobor, stun), there are words that are colloquial in only one of the figurative meanings, and 8 others are perceived as stylistically neutral (for example, the verbunwind e meaning "to lose the ability to restrain"). Colloquial words, as a rule, are synonymous with neutral ones and relatively rarely with book words. Sometimes there is a complete correspondence of stylistic opposites (for example:eyes - eyes - peepers).

3. Morphology of conversational style.

The distinctive features of the morphology of the colloquial-everyday style are associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the parts of speech in it. The relative activity of morphological categories of words and individual word forms in the colloquial-everyday style is different than in other functional styles. Such forms of the verb as participle and participle are practically not used in colloquial speech. The absence of gerunds can be compensated to some extent by the second predicate, expressing the "accompanying" feature:"And I'm sitting writing"; "They have
punished, but I regret not punishing”; "I see: it is staggering."
A well-known analogy (but, of course, not an identity) with turns of the type
"Please take out the pliers that are on the shelf" (or
"lying on a shelf" constructs:"Get it, please
pliers... over there on the shelf" (or:"over there on the shelf").

In colloquial speech, the forms in -a (-ya), (-v) shi (s),
reminiscent of adverbs:“I don’t get up all Monday
lay”, “go on without turning to the store.” Such forms
are considered adverbs of the adverbial form. Forms of the same type:
“Is he a knowledgeable specialist?” - of course, are adjectives.

Different than in other styles is the ratio of full and short adjectives in colloquial-everyday style. Short forms of most quality adjectives are not used, preference is given to short adjectives likegrateful, faithful, satisfied, needed, for which full forms are not typical, as well as adjectives that have the meaning of inconsistency of the measure with the quality of the type"Dress is short for you."

In colloquial-everyday style, non-significant words (pronouns, particles) became more common; significant words are used less frequently. With situational attachment of colloquial speech, pronouns with their generalized semantics are used instead of nouns and adjectives:“Be kind, get me that ... well ... that on the top shelf ... on the left” (book), “What is he like? - Yes, such ... you know ... "," Hello ... it's you ... and where is he? etc. In almost 25% of cases, insignificant words are used not so much to express some shades of meaning, but to fill pauses forced in colloquial speech:"Well... since you've come... well... be, well... consider yourself a guest"; "Well... I don't know... do as you like"; "But Pavel is right ... but he still ... so ... found, so ... he solved the problem."

According to E.A. Stolyarova, there are an average of 142 nouns per 1000 words in colloquial speech, while in artistic speech - 290, in oral speech - 295, in written scientific speech - 386; adjectives, there are respectively 39-82-114-152 per 1000 words.

Among the case word forms of a noun, the nominative case is the most active, which is explained by the peculiarities of colloquial syntax, i.e. the prevalence of constructions with "nominative themes"("Buy there ... well, kefir, cheese ... yes ... here's another ... sausage ... don't forget it"; "And the Palace of Congresses ... did you get there?"), as well as the commonness of nouns in the nominative case with various kinds of additives, clarifications(“And you go straight, straight ... there is such a house ... so you pass by”; “Well, you won’t remember everyone ... Sveta ... I know her”).

In colloquial speech, a certain group of material nouns is used in a countable form in the meaning of "portion of this substance":two milk (two bags or bottles),two sour cream, two borscht etc.

The feminine form is also activated when designating a profession, position:cashier (instead of the official "cashier"),librarian (instead of "librarian"),doctor (instead of "doctor").

4. Syntax of colloquial style.

The most peculiar feature of the colloquial style is its syntax. And this is not surprising: the unpreparedness of colloquial speech is especially strongly reflected in its syntax.

The direct contact of the participants in the speech act, the instantaneous consideration of the interlocutor's extralinguistic reaction (facial expressions, gestures, etc.), communication in the form of a dialogue, attachment to the situation cause various kinds of incompleteness, reticence of the message.

In colloquial speech, in particular, are widespread
structures capable of performing the functions of the missing part
statements, - for example, the so-called main independent and subordinate independent. So, at the end of a conversation that touches on complex, conflicting issues, the solution of which turned out to be problematic, or even after a considerable time after such a conversation, a person says:"Oh, I don't know, I don't know." Due to the special intonation, this structure performs the function
not only the main, but also the unsubstituted subordinate clause:"... what will happen next (... what will come of it)". There is even more reason to talk about the main independent when the pronoun is used in the sentencesuch or adverbSo, i.e. demonstrative words, after which, however, in this case there are no subordinate clauses:“Your hands are not so dirty ...”, “I can sew so well ...”

Sentences are used as "subordinate clauses" only in those cases when the content of the unsubstituted main included in them finds expression in intonation and union or union word or is suggested by the very structure of the sentence:what is she, what is not (instead of“It doesn’t matter what she is, what she isn’t” ) .

The colloquial-everyday style is distinguished by a variety of types of incomplete constructions or "unreplaced syntactic positions". They are studied in particular detail in the monograph "Russian Colloquial Speech".

For example, the unreplaced syntactic position of the verb-predicate in constructions likehe is home. The fact that such an utterance will be correctly understood outside the situation of the context proves its systemic linguistic nature. A wide variety of categories of verbs can be unsubstituted - verbs of motion: “Where are you going?" - "Only to the store"; verbs of speech:Not very interesting - you are shorter »; « Well, I'm in praise of you »;

Verbs“appeal”: “We are already with this in the district committee and in the newspaper”; with a value close to the value“do, study”: “She does gymnastics every morning. Regularly"; with a value close to the value“read, study”: “Well, with my knowledge of German, I’ll probably do this book in a week”; with a value close to the value“beat”: “And they are great for him”, “It seems to me that this is his stick” etc. A verb in an indefinite form can also be unsubstituted:“We should go to the theater tomorrow”, “I couldn’t talk about it.”

It is known that colloquial speech is characterized by increased emotionality, which is achieved in various ways. Word order and intonation play an important role. So, in order to focus on that part of the message that is expressed by the adjective as a predicate, it is made the beginning of a sentence; it pulls the logical stress on itself and is separated from the unstressed noun by a bunchbe: there was a small river; mushrooms were great. How notes O.A. Laptev, of particular interest are constructions in which the only purpose of an adverbial word is to fill an empty stressed link in order to preserve the expression of speech:“I like her so much!”, “Here, try to take her, so she will start to bite!”. The use of stressed pronounssuch as, some, none allows you to maintain the appearance of a constant emotional intensity of speech:“it was such a heat, terrible”; "there was such a noise"; “And we bought such flowers.”

Expressive constructions are used in colloquial speech, in which the informative center of the utterance strives for maximum formal independence from the rest of the utterance, for example, the so-called nominative theme. True, the “nominative theme” is also used in other functional styles, both in written and oral form, representing a stylistic device, the purpose of which is to attract
attention of the reader or listener to the most important, from the point of view
the speaker's point of view, part of the utterance. A.M. Peshkovsky suggested that the use of the nominative theme in
lecturer's speech "arises from the desire to single out a given idea and thereby facilitate the upcoming connection of this idea -
with another. The idea is presented in two steps:
first, an isolated object is put on display, and the listeners only know that there will be something about this object
it is also said that for the time being this object must be observed; Next
moment the thought itself is expressed.

In colloquial speech, this process of dividing the utterance into parts occurs automatically. What is done in lecture speech to facilitate the listener, in colloquial speech can be done by the speaker to facilitate himself, for example:The sky / it is all in clouds; Lecture / where will it be?; Nikolai Stepanovich / Nikolai Stepanovich will not be here today; Sausage / chop, please; I liked the picture very much. ABOUT. Sirotina singles out "nominative themes" in "qualitative situations", which are widespread not only in oral (literary and dialect), but also in written speech. These constructions are characterized by a pronounced value of the qualitative characteristics of the subject:Grandma - she will talk to everyone (i.e. chatty).

Characteristic for colloquial speech and appendix construction(And your daughter, is she a historian?); interrogative constructions with an additional phrase boundary(This is you on purpose, right? A raw log (dragged); non-union subordinating constructions(Do you want a pie - did your grandmother bake it?); overlay designs(This is a television center, and she - tower, she asked); bipredicative constructions with who(Come in - who's on the procedure!).

In colloquial speech, there is no strictly fixed arrangement of the components of the phrase, therefore the main means of actual articulation is not word order, but intonation and logical stress. This does not mean at all that in colloquial speech word order does not play a role at all in the expression of actual articulation. There are certain trends here: the informatively important part of the statement is located as close as possible to the beginning of the sentence; there is a desire to preposition that part of the syntactic association that is more strongly accented (while bookish-literary speech is characterized by the opposite principle, corresponding to the rhythmic-intonational structure of bookish-literary speech - the postposition of the member that is more accentuated). For instance:I like it very much this theater (in neutral written speech, this would probably sound like this:I like this theater very much) In Sochi... no... I will not go to Sochi; It was a difficult year, difficult; Oddly enough, but a hundred meters he gets tired more than two hundred meters. Active means of actual articulation of colloquial speech are special highlighting words and repetitions:What about the teachers' council? Today will not be?; For how many years he has been resting in Gelendzhik every year ... in Gelendzhik.

Intra-style features of colloquial speech

Speech, as a means of organizing the communication of a small number of people who are nearby and well known to each other, has a number of distinctive features. This is colloquial speech, which is characterized by:

1) the personality of addressing, i.e., the individual address of the interlocutors to each other, taking into account mutual interests and possibilities for understanding the topic of the message; closer attention to the organization of feedback with partners, since the addressee of colloquial speech is always present, has the same degree of reality as the speaker, actively influences the nature of speech communication, the partner's position is continuously reflected, rethought, reacted to, anticipated and evaluate;

2) spontaneity and ease: the conditions of direct communication do not allow planning a conversation in advance, the interlocutors interfere in each other's speech, clarifying or changing the topic of conversation; the speaker can interrupt himself, remembering something, returning to what has already been said;

3) the situational nature of speech behavior - the direct contact of the speakers, the fact that the objects in question are most often visible or known to the interlocutors, allows them to use facial expressions and gestures as a way to make up for the inaccuracy of expressions, inevitable in informal speech;

4) emotionality: situational, spontaneity and ease of speech in direct communication inevitably enhance its emotional coloring, highlight the emotional-individual perception by the speakers of both the topic of conversation and the interlocutor, which is achieved with the help of words, structural organization sentences, intonations; the desire to be understood encourages interlocutors to privately express personal assessments, emotional preferences, opinions.

5) Uncertainty arouses INTEREST in a person. At the moment when a person is interested, he actively considers this innuendo, tries to choose its continuation himself, drawing for himself a huge number of options. In his head, there are many questions and many answers. In other words, the intrigue of a person makes the other person think and ask himself.

6) Incomplete. The vocabulary of the Russian language is a single, complex system. In this case, a lexical system is an internally organized set of linguistic elements that are naturally interconnected by relatively stable relationships and constantly interacting. This definition combines two interdependent aspects of systemicity vocabulary: lexical system as a set of nominative means, and lexical system as a form of organization and interaction of these elements. Therefore, the concept of incomplete statements must be considered from the point of view of both vocabulary and semantics, the syntax of the language structure. Lexical incompleteness of statements is manifested mainly in colloquial speech (in incomplete and elliptical sentences). And, by definition Fomina M.I. "the abbreviation of the syntactic construction, justified by the semantic background that arose due to the integral lexical system of the dialogue." In a dialogue, as a rule, already named words are not repeated, the preceding and subsequent remarks are closely interconnected, therefore, most often in colloquial speech, the lexical incompleteness of statements is justified. But the underdevelopment of the speech apparatus in a person cannot be taken for lexical incompleteness of statements. For this case, A.V. Prudnikova introduces a new concept - the lexical inferiority of the statement, which implies the distortion of the semantic, lexical, syntactic construction of the sentence.

These features define the most important functions of speech in interpersonal communication. These include emotive and conative.emotive function connected with the subjective world of the addresser (speaker), with the expression of his experiences, his attitude to what is being said, it reflects the self-esteem of the speaker, his need to be heard, understood.conative function associated with the installation on the addressee (hearer), with the desire to influence him, form a certain nature of relationships, it reflects the needs of a person to achieve goals, to influence other people; this function manifests itself in the structural organization of the conversation, the target orientation of speech.

6. Use of colloquial style in a literary work

In literary works, the use of colloquial style of speech is widely used. Writers and poets introduce colloquial vocabulary into the text of a work of art with a variety of tasks: a more capacious creation of an image, the ability to more accurately characterize a character using his speech characteristics, convey the national flavor of speech, everyday life, etc.

In the process of development of the Russian people, and then the nation, everything vital, typical, necessary for the language as a means of communication was selected from the dialect vocabulary.

So, the literary language includes the words beam, taiga, foliage, roadside, fishing, earflaps, very, annoying, vobla, part (type of fish), dokha, strawberry, strawberry, spider, plowman, plowing, upper reaches, smile, etc. In agricultural terminology, the use of dialect words as terms occurs in our time: stubble "stubble, harvested field", pull "collecting, pulling out flax with the root", etc.

The meanings of many words that exist in the Russian literary language can only be explained with the help of dialect words. For example, the word careless "stupid, disorderly" becomes understandable if it is compared with the dialectal Kalinin labor "order, arrangement" and the dialect word laborit "to turn things around, turn things over, redo them, put them in order in their own way."

Dialect words are introduced by writers into the language works of art with different stylistic purposes. We find them in the works of N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, I.A. Bunina, L.N. Tolstoy, S. Yesenin, M.A. Sholokhov, V.M. Shukshina and others. The North Russian dialect vocabulary is used by N.A. Nekrasov in the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia". Dialectisms are introduced by the author not only into the speech of the characters, but also into the author's speech. They perform a nominative-stylistic function and are used to describe the customs and customs of the people, to reproduce the local color: at ease, pushing, ottudova, pokudova, voster, pichuga, ochep, vestimo, blizzard, peasant (in the meanings of "husband" and "peasant") and others. South Russian dialect vocabulary is widely represented, for example, in I.S. Turgenev. The writer knew the Kursk, Oryol and Tula dialects well, from there he drew material for his works of art. Using lexical dialectisms, I.S. Turgenev often gave them explanations, for example: He was built clumsily, "knocked down", as we say ("Singers"). They immediately brought us riding horses; we went to the forest or, as we say, to the "order" ("Burgeon"). Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M.: Enlightenment, 1977 In the author's speech, words that name things, objects, phenomena characteristic of the life of the depicted characters, i.e. ethnographic vocabulary: He wore a rather neat cloth chuyka, worn on one sleeve ("Singers") (chuyka - "long cloth caftan"); Women in plaid panevas threw wood chips at slow-witted or overzealous dogs ("Burmistr"). In the language of the characters I.S. Turgenev, dialect elements serve as a means of socio-linguistic characteristics. - And let him sleep, - my faithful servant remarked indifferently ("Yermolai and the Miller's Woman"). Jargons are expressive, so they are sometimes used in fiction as a means of creating an image, mostly negative (see the works of L.N. Tolstoy, N.G. Pomyalovsky, V. Shukshin, D. Granin, Yu. Nagibin, V. Aksenov and others).

Conclusion

Household vocabulary - vocabulary that serves non-productive relations of people, that is, relations in everyday life. Most often, everyday vocabulary is represented by colloquial speech. Spoken language is a functional variety of the literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence.

Colloquial speech serves such a sphere of communication, which is characterized by the informality of relations between the participants and the ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family situations, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, in confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss with a subordinate, etc., that is, in non-production situations.

The topics of colloquial speech are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

Conversational style - a style of speech that has the following features: used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere; the statement is usually laid-back, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author's attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor; characteristic language means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotionally - evaluative means, appeals; opposed to book styles in general, the function of communication is inherent, it forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, syntax

The colloquial style is widely used in literary works.

Bibliography

Barlas L.G. Russian language. Stylistics. M.: Enlightenment, 1978. - 256 p.

Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language. M.: Logos, 2001. - 528 p.

Goykhman O.Ya., Goncharova L.M. etc. Russian language and culture of speech. - M.: INFRA - M, 2002. -192 p.

Grekov V.F., Kryuchkov S.E. A manual for classes in the Russian language. - M.: Enlightenment, 1984. - 255 p.

Pustovalov P.S., Senkevich M.P. A guide to the development of speech. – M.: Enlightenment, 1987. – 288 p.

Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. IN AND. Maksimov. – M.: Gardariki, 2002. S. 246

Culture of oral speech. Intonation, pausing, tempo, rhythm.: Uch.pos-e/G. N. Ivanova - Ulyanova. - M.: FLINTA: Nauka-1998.-150s-193s.

Kazartseva O.M. Culture of speech communication: Theory and practice of teaching: textbook pos-e-2nd ed.-M.: Flint: Science-1999-496s.

Rhetoric. Reader practical. Muranov A.A.M.: Ross. teacher. Agency, - 1997 - 158s.

Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / edited by prof. V. I. Maksimova. - M.: Gardariki, 2002-490s.

L. A. Vvedenskaya, L. G. Pavlova, E. Yu. Kashaeva. Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. allowance for universities. Posts N/A. From "PHOENIX" 2001-160s.

Under the colloquial-everyday, or simply colloquial, style, they usually understand the features and color of the oral-colloquial speech of native speakers of the literary language; at the same time, the colloquial style is also manifested in writing (notes, private letters).

Although the typical sphere of manifestation of the conversational style is the sphere of everyday relations, however, apparently, communication in the professional sphere (but only unprepared, informal and, as a rule, oral) is also characterized by the features inherent in the conversational style.

Common extralinguistic features that determine the formation of this style are: informality and ease of communication; direct participation of the speakers in the conversation; unprepared speech, its automatism; the predominant oral form of communication, and at the same time usually dialogic (although an oral monologue is also possible).

The most common area of such communication is everyday, everyday. It is associated with meaningful features and the specific nature of thinking, which are reflected in the structure of colloquial speech, primarily in its syntactic structure. For this sphere of communication, an emotional, including evaluative, reaction (in dialogue) is typical, which is also embodied in the speech features of the conversational style. The condition that accompanies the manifestations of colloquial speech is gestures, facial expressions, the situation, the nature of interlocutor relationships and a number of other extra-linguistic factors that affect the characteristics of speech.

Such a peculiar extralinguistic basis of colloquial speech determines its special position among other stylistic and speech varieties of the literary language.

The colloquial style is opposed to the book styles; he alone has the function of communication, he forms a system that has features on all "tiers" of the language structure: in phonetics (more precisely, in pronunciation and intonation), vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, morphology, syntax.

The term "conversational style" is understood in two ways. On the one hand, it is used to indicate the degree of literary speech and is included in the series: high (bookish) style - medium (neutral) style - reduced (conversational) style. Such a subdivision is convenient for describing vocabulary and is used in the form of appropriate labels in dictionaries (neutral style words are given without labels). On the other hand, the same term refers to one of the functional varieties of the literary language.

The colloquial style is a functional system so separate from the book style (it is sometimes called the literary language) that this allowed L.V. Shcherba to make the following remark: “Literary language can be so different from spoken language that one sometimes has to talk about two different languages.” Literary language should not be literally contrasted spoken language, i.e. bring the latter beyond the limits of the literary language. This refers to two varieties of the literary language, each with its own system, its own norms. But in one case it is a codified (strictly systematized, ordered) literary language, and in the other, it is not codified (with a freer system, a lesser degree of regulation), but also a literary language (beyond which there is a partly included in the literary language). speech, partly beyond its scope, the so-called vernacular).

Spoken language is characterized special conditions functioning, which include:

1) the lack of preliminary consideration of the statement and the associated lack of preliminary selection of linguistic material;

2) the immediacy of verbal communication between its participants;

3) the ease of the speech act, associated with the lack of formality in relations between speakers and in the very nature of the statement.

An important role is played by the context of the situation (the environment of verbal communication) and the use of extralinguistic means (facial expressions, gestures, the reaction of the interlocutor).

The purely linguistic features of colloquial speech include:

1) the use of non-lexical means: intonation - phrasal and emphatic (emotionally expressive) stress, pauses, speech rate, rhythm, etc.;

2) the widespread use of everyday vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally expressive vocabulary (including particles, interjections), various categories of introductory words;

3) the originality of the syntax: elliptical and incomplete sentences of various types, words-addresses, words-sentences, repetitions of words, breaking sentences with plug-in constructions, weakening and breaking the forms of the syntactic connection between parts of the statement, connecting constructions, etc.

Active fusion of extralinguistic factors.
Expressiveness, emotionality, visibility, figurativeness.
The activity of synonymy and the unformed structures.
Tendency to contraction and redundancy of speech.
High degree of standardization.
Brilliant individualization.

Linguistic features of conversational style

Among the most common linguistic features of conversational style are the following:

greater, compared with other styles, activity of non-bookish means of the language (with stylistic coloring of colloquialism and familiarity), including the use of non-literary (colloquial) elements at all language levels;
incompletely structured formalization of language units (at the phonetic, syntactic, and partly morphological levels);
the use of language units of a specific meaning at all levels and, at the same time, the uncharacteristic nature of means with an abstract generalized meaning;
weakening of syntactic links between parts of the sentence or their lack of expression, unformedness; the activity of linguistic means of subjective evaluation (in particular, suffixes), evaluative and emotionally expressive units of all levels from phonetic to syntactic;
activity of speech standards and colloquial phraseological units;
the presence of occasionalisms;
activation of personal forms, words (personal pronouns), constructions.

When characterizing colloquial speech by language levels, such functional phenomena are especially distinguished that are not characteristic of other styles or are of little use in them. Only dialogic speech in artistic prose and dramaturgy is close to colloquial speech, but stylization is manifested here and, moreover, the function changes. In post-perestroika times, the means of colloquial speech began to be used more widely in journalism.

At the phonetic level: relaxed articulation; strong reduction of sounds; loss of words and parts of words; richness and variety of types of intonation.

Pronunciation. Conversational style also appears in various classifications of pronunciation styles. Its peculiarity is, firstly, that it, like the "high" (bookish) style of pronunciation, is expressively colored, in contrast to the neutral style. This is due to the fact that the colloquial style is associated with the corresponding lexical layer (colloquial vocabulary). Secondly, the colloquial style of pronunciation is characterized as incomplete: less distinct pronunciation of sounds, strong reduction, which is associated with an accelerated rate of speech (as opposed to full - with a slow rate of speech with a distinct pronunciation of sounds, careful articulation).

Often, words and their forms in a colloquial style have a stress that does not match the stress in more strict speech styles:

sentence(cf. normative verdict), call(cf. call), get in(cf. drunk), attach(cf. attach), obituary(cf. non-crolog), developed(cf. developed) etc.

In the colloquial style of pronunciation, certain types of intonation predominate.

At the lexical and phraseological level: use of stylistically reduced vocabulary; activity of variant and syntactic means; use of semantically empty vocabulary; metaphorization; activation of phraseologized turns.

Colloquial vocabulary, being part of the vocabulary of oral speech, is used in casual conversation and is characterized by various shades of expressive coloring. Spoken words belong to different parts of speech.

Some words become colloquial in only one of the meanings. Such is the verb fall apart("carelessly sit down or lie down"), onomatopoeic words bam, fuck in the function of the predicate, etc.

In vocabulary and phraseology, units of colloquial coloring, including everyday content, and specific vocabulary are widely used. On the other hand, the composition of abstract vocabulary and book words, as well as terminology and uncommon words of foreign origin is limited. Colloquial speech is characterized by the activity of expressive-emotional vocabulary and phraseology, especially such colors as familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic and other evaluative ones with a decrease in style. Author's neologisms (occasionalisms) are high-frequency. Polysemy is developed, and not only general language, but also individual occasional (cf. family "languages" and friendly "jargons" of a narrow circle of people). There is an activation of phraseologically related meanings. Synonymy is rich, and the boundaries of the synonymic field are rather fuzzy; active situational synonymy, different from the general language. The possibilities of combining words are wider than the normative general language ones.

Phraseological units are actively used, especially colloquially reduced stylistic coloring. The renewal of set phrases, their rethinking and contamination is widespread.

Phraseology. A significant part of the phraseological fund of the Russian language is colloquial phraseology. Stylistically, it is very expressive, contains a variety of expressive and evaluative shades (ironic, dismissive, playful, etc.). It is also characterized by structural diversity (a different combination of nominal and verbal components): pitch hell, a week without a year, the wind in the head, look at both, it's in the bag, they barely wear their legs, they can't wait, make porridge, play a comedy, how to sink into the water, get out of their skin, a bearish corner, fill your hand , circle around your finger, don’t hit a finger on a finger, a stone’s throw, with a sin in half, dance from the stove, your ears wither, flap your eyes, rake in the heat with someone else’s hands, topsy-turvy, the apple has nowhere to fall and etc.

At the morphological level: high frequency and originality of the use of pronouns; activity of all forms of the verb; going into the passive of the active and passive voice; relatively low frequency of nouns, adjectives, numerals; specific use of nouns: the presence of a vocative form, the use of nouns with -a in the plural, the inflexibility of the first part of compound names, the declension of abbreviations, the activity of nouns with suffixes -sha, -ih, -k; the use of words of the category of state; high activity of particles, conjunctions, interjections, interjectional verbs.

In the field of morphology, the frequency of parts of speech is peculiar. In the colloquial sphere, there is no predominance of a noun over a verb, which is usual for a language. Even in the "most verbal" artistic speech, nouns occur 1.5 times more often than verbs, while in colloquial speech, verbs are more common than nouns. (See, for example, the data of the frequency dictionary: 2380 words most used in Russian colloquial speech, and also: Sirotinina O.B. Modern colloquial speech and its features. M., 1974.) Significantly increased frequency of use (several times higher against indicators for artistic speech) give personal pronouns and particles. At the same time, the activation of conversational particles is characteristic, well, here, after all. Possessive adjectives are very common here (brigadier's wife, Pushkinskaya street); but participles and gerunds almost never occur. Short adjectives are rarely used, and they are formed from a very limited range of words, as a result of which there is almost no opposition between short and full forms of adjectives in colloquial speech.

Among the case formations, variants of the genitive and prepositional cases in %y are common (from home, on vacation, no sugar, sugar).

It is typical for colloquial speech to weaken the grammatical meaning of pronouns (So it is) and use them to enhance expression (This bespectacled man of yours came). There is an active tendency to non-declension of the first part of compound names (to Ivan Ivanych) and compound numerals (out of two hundred and fifty-three) and, on the contrary, the decline of some abbreviations (I received the Book from the BAN).

We note the variety of aspectual shades of the verb with the meaning of multiple actions in the past (he used to say, walked, gasped, harvested) and one-time (pushed, thumped), as well as the activity of expressive forms of moods with various amplifying contextual means, the widespread use of forms of one mood in the meaning of another.

The temporal meanings of the verb are surprisingly diverse when using one tense in the meaning of another. The palette of meanings of the present tense is especially rich (the present of the moment of speech, the present extended, the present historical), as well as the past and future in the meaning of the present.

The widespread use of verbal interjections turns out to be a specific sign of colloquial speech (jump, lope, walk, bang); in fiction, these interjections are its reflection.

Form comparative degree adjectives in colloquial speech can be easily combined with a prefix in: better, prettier and has the suffix -ey: faster, warmer(cf. in book styles:

faster, warmer).

Colloquial variants are forms of the infinitive see, hear(cf.: neutral. see, hear); also form measure (measure, measure) is conversational compared to measure (measure, measure).

At the syntactic level: incomplete construction of proposals; abbreviation of phrases; with the actual division of the sentence in the first place - the main word in meaning; activity of packaged structures; presence of special types complex sentences.

The syntax of colloquial speech is characteristic. It is here that its ellipticality, as well as emotionality and expressiveness, are most clearly manifested. This is expressed both in the high frequency of different semantic shades of infinitive and incomplete sentences (Well, full!; Great!; Silence!), and in the nature of the incompleteness of the latter ("skipping" not only and not so much secondary as the main members: Tea? - Me half a cup), and in a large number of interrogative and incentive sentences. A specific feature is the actual intonational, emotionally expressive transmission of meanings (affirmative, negative, and others).

It is the conversational sphere that is characterized by the use of special words and corresponding sentences expressing agreement or disagreement (Yes; No; Of course).

Due to the unpreparedness and associativity of colloquial speech, it is characterized by the restructuring of the phrase on the go (The phone is you), parceling (It’s scary to leave. But it’s necessary; We had a good rest. Only a little) and generally a broken structure with interruptions in intonation. The activity of connecting structures of various types (in particular, with introductory words and particles: yes, and here, perhaps, moreover, by the way).

Colloquial speech is characterized by a weakening of the meaning of introductory words, their redundancy, and in general (with a large number of introductory words with the meaning of indicating the relationship between parts of the statement) their use in a modified function.

The word order is freer than in book-written speech (post-position of unions, their transfer from the subordinate clause to the main one, etc.).

There is an activity of interjectional phrases (Oh, is it?; Is that how?; Fathers!; Here you go!), predicative phrases reinforced with emotionally expressive particles (Well, power!; That's what he said!), And phrases with constant constructive elements ( It is necessary ...; There is ...; The same for me ...; Toto and it that ...).

In complex sentences, composition clearly predominates over subordination (subordinating sentences make up only 10% in colloquial speech, while in other styles they are about 30%), and in complex sentences, the composition of subordinate clauses is very uniform, and such a common form as attributive clauses in colloquial speech is not widely used. The limited vocabulary content of subordinate clauses is also characteristic (as a manifestation of the standardization of speech). Explanatory clauses are attached to very few verbs: speak, say, think, hear, etc., for example: I don’t know who you had; I'm not saying it's bad. Colloquial speech is also characterized by non-union connections in a complex sentence.

The speed of speech reactions is usually explained by short sentences here. The depth of phrases, as a rule, does not exceed 7 ± 2 word usages.

In general, it seems possible to talk about some prevailing patterns and salient features literary and colloquial syntax. These include:

1. The predominant use of the form of dialogue.

2. Predominance of simple sentences; of the complex, compound and non-union complex are more often used.

3. Widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences.

4. The use of sentence words (affirmative, negative, incentive, etc.); "Is he young?" - "Yes" (Ch.); "Do you know the trophies?" - "How" (Tr.).

5. Widespread use of incomplete sentences (in dialogue): “Is Denisov good?” she asked. "Good" (L.T.).

6. Breaks in speech caused by various reasons (looking for the right word, the speaker's excitement, an unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.): Friend Mozart, these tears ... do not notice them (P.).

7. The use of introductory words and phrases of different meanings: “The storm is not appeased,” she muttered. “It’s as if the hour is uneven, which didn’t burn” (Ch.).

8. The use of insert structures that break the main sentence and introduce additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into it: “I fired,” the count continued, “and, thank God, I missed; then Silvio ... (at that moment he was, really, terrible) Silvio ... began to aim at me ”(P.).

9. The use of connecting structures, which are an additional statement: I paid for everything, absolutely for everything! And so expensive! (Ch.).

10. Widespread use of emotional and imperative (imperative) interjections: "Oh, oh, I'm dying!" she said, throwing up her hands sadly.

11. Lexical repetitions: It is necessary that the guy was prominent, handsome. Yes Yes Yes. So, so (Ostr.).

12. different kind inversions in order to emphasize the semantic role of the word highlighted in the message: And what an interesting little book I bought today!

13. Special forms of the predicate (the so-called complicated verbal predicate).

word formation.

The word-formation features of colloquial speech are primarily associated with its expressiveness and evaluativeness. Active here are suffixes of subjective assessment with the meanings of endearment, disapproval, magnification, etc. (mommy, sweetie, sun, child; wimp; vulgarity; home; coldness, etc.), as well as suffixes with a functional coloring of colloquialism, for example, in nouns: suffixes -k- (locker room, overnight stay, candle, stove); -ik (knife, rain); -un (talker); -yaga (hard worker); - yatina (dead meat, rotten meat); -sha (in the names of professions: doctor, conductor, usher, etc.). In addition, non-suffix formations (illness, dance) and word compositions (couch potato, windbag) are used here. You can also indicate the most active cases of word formation of adjectives with an estimated value: big-eyed, bespectacled, toothy; biting, pugnacious; thin, hefty, etc., as well as verbs - prefix-suffix: play pranks, sentence, incite; suffixes: pull, speculate; get well; prefixal: lose weight, buy, etc. In order to enhance expression, doubling of words is used - adjectives, sometimes with additional prefixation (He is so huge-huge; Water is black-black; She is big-eyed-big-eyed; smart preum), acting as a superlative degree.

Many conversational style words are formed with the help of certain affixes (in most cases - suffixes, less often - prefixes). So, in the category of nouns, the following suffixes are used with a greater or lesser degree of productivity, giving the words a colloquial character:

-ak/-yak: simpleton, fool, good-natured, healthy;

-ak(a)/-yak(a) For general words: onlooker, scribbler, reveler, bully, wimp;

-an/-yan: old man, rude;

--ach: bearded man, circus performer;

-ash: huckster;

-hedgehog (a): carving, cramming, feeding("feeding");

-en: darling, goof;

-l (a): bigwig, thug, crammer;

-lx(a): locker room(other words are colloquial: smoking room, reading room);

-n (i): fuss, bickering;

-rel(s): running around, dirtying;

-tyai: lazy, slobbery;

-un: chatterer, talker, screamer, messy;

-uh(a): dirty, fat woman;

-ysh: silly, naked, strong man, baby;

-yag (a): poor fellow, hard worker, hard worker.

A whole series of words with a suffix -sh(a), denoting female persons by their profession, position, work performed, occupation, etc., refers to colloquial vocabulary: librarian, director, cashier, secretary and etc.

Separate colloquial words have single-root neutral variants: nonsense(cf. meaninglessness), ambiguity(cf. ambiguity) absurdity(cf. absurdity),

bracelet(cf. bracelet), vest(cf. vest), stool(cf. stool) and etc.

In most cases, subjective evaluation suffixes give the words of different parts of speech a colloquial coloring: a thief, a liar, a rogue, a little man, a rascal, "earth, wait a minute, serviceman", little town, little house, little fence, life, milky, little letter; beards, dirt; big, furious; evening, evening, whisper and etc.

For adjectives that are colloquial, one can note the use of the suffix -ast- "big-eyed, lipped, toothy, tongued etc., as well as attachments pre-: kindly, amusing, sweet, obnoxious, obnoxious, obnoxious and etc.

The colloquial vocabulary includes verbs in - to cheat: to misbehave, to wander, to play tricks, to cheat, to paint-to chat, to monkey, to tailor, to locksmith and etc.

Conversational style serves the sphere of informal, off-duty, everyday relationships. It is used in almost all spheres of life - household, industrial, family, educational, cultural, etc. The main function of colloquial speech is communicative function (communication function) , supplemented by minor ones: information function and impact function .

Colloquial speech is mainly realized orally, although examples of written colloquial speech (non-informational friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, etc.) can also be named. The main extralinguistic factors that determine the actual linguistic features of colloquial speech are: the everyday, “personal” nature of the relationship between the participants in communication and the resulting ease, immediacy of participation and unpreparedness of communication. The direct participation of the speakers in the speech act determines the predominantly dialogic character, but a monologue is also possible. In live colloquial speech, dialogue and monologue are not as distinctly contrasted as in written language.

Colloquial speech is characterized by emotionality, expressiveness, appraisal. So, at the request Help solve the problem! instead of " No, I won't help!" usually followed by an emotionally expressive response like " All my life I dreamed!”, “Decide for yourself!” or "Here's another!" etc.

The personality of communication inherent in colloquial speech is manifested in the fact that the features of colloquial speech are most clearly expressed in the communication of relatives, relatives, acquaintances and less clearly in the communication of strangers who met by chance. It is also noted that the features of colloquial speech are more clearly manifested due to the property of situational communication (reliance on the situation, the use of not only words and intonations, but also facial expressions and gestures to convey information).

Conversational speech is characterized by a specific character, inconsistency, illogical presentation, discontinuity, the predominance of emotional and evaluative information content, and personal character. The most common language features of style: standardization, stereotyped use of linguistic means, weakening of syntactic links between parts of statements or their lack of formality, sentence breaks, repetitions of words and sentences, use of language means with bright emotional and expressive coloring, activity of units of a specific meaning, passivity of units with an abstract - generalized meaning.

The norms of colloquial speech differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, which is explained mainly by the oral nature of speech. The norms of this style are not deliberately established and codified. The notion that the colloquial norm does not exist is erroneous. The reproduction in speech of standardized language means (ready-made structures, phraseological turns, various stamps) corresponding to certain standard speech situations indicates that colloquial speech is subject to strict laws. This fact is also confirmed by the fact that the linguistic means characteristic of book speech are perceived in colloquial speech as foreign, alien. On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, the use of non-verbal means of communication and the specificity of the speech situation lead to a weakening of the norms.

Colloquial speech is distinguished by phonetic fuzziness of pronunciation and richness of intonation. L. G. Barlas names a number of phonetic and intonational features of conversational style:

1. An incomplete type of pronunciation causes an increased reduction of vowels and consonants, up to their loss.

2. The greatest reduction of vowels is observed in the first stressed syllable.

3. In addition to quantitative reduction, unstressed vowels can also undergo qualitative reduction. With an accelerated pace of speech, vowel contraction may occur.

4. Consonant sounds at a fast pace of speech undergo reduction in the position between vowels.

5. In addition to individual vowels and consonants, at a fast pace of pronunciation, whole groups of consonants fall out, that is, there is a “compression”, contraction of most of the word, the whole word or the segment at the junction of words.

Intonation in colloquial speech plays a significant role big role than in the oral implementation of other functional styles. A quick change of intonations, timbre, overflows of emotional colors make colloquial speech natural, relaxed, lively, expressive.

Stylistically neutral words, which form the core of each style, are often used in colloquial speech in figurative meanings. For example, a stylistically neutral noun Hare(a beast of the rodent order, with long ears and strong hind legs) is colloquially used in the meaning "stowaway", "spectator entering somewhere without a ticket". In colloquial speech, the use of terms and foreign words is limited, at the same time, dialectisms, professionalisms, argotisms, vulgarisms, which violate the norms of colloquial literary speech, are widespread. Phraseology gives figurativeness and brightness to colloquial speech, for example: not for life, but for death; inflate your own value; circle around the finger; disassemble the bones, etc. Most of colloquial phraseological units has a vivid metaphor and emotional-evaluative expression.

Common colloquial vocabulary is divided into colloquial-literary (associated with the norms of literary use) and colloquial-everyday, which adjoins colloquial (not associated with strict norms of use). Common speech also includes words that are outside the scope of literary use (non-literary common speech). These are, for example, vulgarisms - words that are distinguished by the expression of rudeness. Colloquial speech has emotional shades of sharp condemnation, gives the statement a rude tone. The distinction between colloquial and colloquial words often causes difficulties due to the nature of the transmitted expression and the common origin (most often native Russian). The presence of common features and mobility of boundaries leads to the emergence of the term "vernacular and colloquial words" and the discrepancy of stylistic marks in dictionaries.

The expressiveness and evaluativeness of the conversational style are also manifested in the field of word formation. Suffixes characteristic of colloquial speech with a functional coloring of colloquialism are noted, for example, the use of suffixes -To- (locker room, stove, slide), -hic- (knife, bowl), -un- (talker, flyer, fighter); the use of feminine formations to refer to representatives of certain professions and positions or spouses of male specialists (director, doctor, general), the use of nouns with suffixes - her-, -uy-, -yash-, -l-, -ovk- inherent mainly in colloquial vocabulary (literate, stunned, round, ripped off).

In colloquial style, words formed by addition are widely used: parasite, slow-witted. Colloquial speech tends to use adjectives with a suffix -ast-, indicating the redundancy of the feature (eyed, loud-mouthed), prefixed verb formations (re-elect, hold back, throw out), prefixed-reflexive verbs with bright emotional-evaluative and figurative expression (to work out, to agree, to think out). There is also a tendency to reduce names: a record book - a record book, a nautical school - a sailor, a specialist in eye diseases - an eye specialist.

In the field of morphology of colloquial speech, the following are noted:

1) the use of common nouns, especially with negative expression: bully, climber;

2) in the nominative plural, forms on -a: bunker, cruiser, searchlight, instructor;

3) in the genitive and prepositional cases of the plural, forms on -y: a glass of tea, a bunch of grapes, in the shop, on vacation;

4) zero ending in the genitive plural: five grams, ten kilograms, a kilogram of tomato;

5) use of possessive adjectives synonymous with oblique cases of nouns: fathers suit (father suit);

6) using predominantly the full form of the adjective: the woman was taciturn;

7) the use of pronouns, not only replacing nouns and adjectives, but also used without relying on the context, as well as replacing the name of the subject (Give me something to write. Bring something to read);

8) the use of verbs of multiple and single action: read, sat, walked, spun, banged; verbs with the meaning of ultra-instantaneous action (verbal interjections): knock, break, jump, bam, lope.

The syntax of colloquial speech is peculiar. It is characterized by the incompleteness of constructions, since everything that was previously known to the interlocutors and given by the situation is omitted from the speech. Simple sentences prevail. Often there is no verb-predicate, which gives the statement dynamism: I would like a ticket. To the theater tomorrow. Colloquial speech is characterized by the use of words and corresponding sentences expressing agreement or disagreement: Yes. No. Of course. Certainly.

Of the complex sentences, compound and non-union sentences are more active, which have a bright colloquial coloring: You will come - call. There are people who do not feel sorry for themselves. Due to economy, emotionality and a high degree of expressiveness, inarticulate sentences are actively used in colloquial speech. (Know ours! No matter how it is! Circus and nothing more!) interrogative and exclamatory sentences (Do you want to see? Well, why are you sitting at home? In this weather!), connecting structures (The factory is well equipped. By last word technology).

A huge semantic, emotionally expressive load is carried by intonation, making up for what is left unsaid, enhancing emotionality. Intonation is the main means of expressing the actual division of a sentence: the topic is highlighted with the help of logical stress, and the rheme can be located anywhere (When will you go to Moscow? - When will you go to Moscow? - When will you go to Moscow?). Word order in colloquial speech is the most free. The immediacy of communication and the unpreparedness of colloquial speech lead to frequent restructuring of the phrase on the go. At the same time, sentences often break off, their syntactic structure changes.

The colloquial style is manifested in texts of various genres. The most "prepared" of them is an informal friendly letter. friendly letter is a text of addressed colloquial speech in written form. When characterizing a letter, one should note the informal relationship between the addressee and the addressee, who, as a rule, are acquaintances, relatives, relatives, sharing impressions, feelings, etc. Necessary condition of this genre is sincerity, easy relations between the author and the addressee. Therefore, a letter can be thematically discrete, it is characterized by a free form of expression, reticence, based on the background knowledge already available to the author and the addressee. The letter can be corrected to a certain extent in the course of writing. A friendly letter is emotional, because it is a lively reaction to events, to the actions of others:

But the functioning of writing as a genre requires compliance with certain rules even in informal communication. It is necessary to take into account the external order of the letter. It contains an appeal, a greeting, a signature, a designation of the time of writing. A friendly letter uses a variety of addresses (Sasha, Sasha, granddaughter, son, son, dear, dear), greeting formulas ( hello, hello (hic), salute) and farewell ( goodbye, bye, see you soon, see you soon) .

The linguistic means that distinguish informal correspondence from official one include figurativeness (as opposed to the requirement of conciseness in transmitting only the necessary information in official correspondence), the text can be written with humor, contain a certain amount of irony (which is manifested, for example, in deliberately respectful treatment indicating positions, titles), a letter can express the character and mood of the author. Colloquial elements are widely used in journalism, where they serve as an expressive means, create a character of trust, closeness of the newspaper to the reader.

The conversational style of communication is used in an informal setting. It is typical for oral speech, but can be expressed in writing (note text, personal diary, informal correspondence). In the process of communication, common language is used. The conversational style is actively accompanied by gestures and facial expressions, it is also influenced by the emotionality of the interlocutors and circumstances.

The main features of colloquial speech:

Reduction of sentences to simple ones, and removal of some members of the sentence, if the meaning of the statement is clear even without them. Example: I miss you - I miss you.
Short phrases abbreviated to one word are used. An example of a similar word: maternity leave - decree.
The pronunciation of the word in a simplified form. Such a shorthand is used in colloquial, familiar communication. An example of a similar word: "right now" instead of "now."

The linguistic features of the conversational style are expressed in the simplification of statements based on the spontaneity of colloquial speech. Few people know how to speak coherently and beautifully without preparation, and spontaneous speech presupposes a certain development of speech abilities.

In order to avoid the appearance of unrelated parts, pauses, reservations, and profanity, abbreviations are used. Examples of the work of the law of "saving the means of speech": a five-story house - a five-story building, a utility room - a utility room.

Label cliches. A set of template phrases used in repetitive situations of daily communication. Example: "Get out? Hello".
Close contact of communicating people. Information is conveyed verbally and non-verbally.
Expressiveness or specific expressiveness of statements with the use of reduced expressions (example: fuck, go crazy).
Everyday content.
Imagery.

The linguistic features of the conversational style are expressed in specific pronunciation (example: stress on the wrong syllable), lexical heterogeneity, morphology and syntax. Everyday style is not used for writing scientific literature when preparing documents.

Signs of everyday style

The main features of the conversational style:

unconstrained, familiar form of communication;
appraisal;
emotionality;
inconsistency, from the point of view of logic;
discontinuity of speech.

Conversational style is most clearly manifested in oral speech in the form of a dialogue.

The features that define the conversational style are situational, informal and natural communication. This includes the lack of preparatory thinking about speech, the gestures and facial expressions used. Particles, sentence words, interjections, introductory words, connecting constructions, repetitions are actively used.

Everyday style implies the use of a polysemantic word, word formation is evaluative: suffixes of diminutiveness or magnification, neglect, flattery are used.

Functions and purpose of everyday style

The main features of the conversational style:

transfer of information;
communication;
impact.

The goal pursued by the everyday style of interaction between people is communication, the exchange of impressions and feelings.

Analysis of conversational genres

The characteristic of conversational style is a narrower concept than colloquial speech. In colloquial speech, non-literary components are used (examples: vernacular, slang words, dialect). Conversational style is expressed by linguistic means.

Genres of colloquial speech characterize the interaction between people. These include:

Conversation. A popular genre is communication for communication. This is an exchange of impressions, emotions, points of view. The conversation is characterized by a calm manner, it is a pleasant pastime.
Story. A monologue dedicated to some event. All aspects of the event that occurred are covered in detail, an assessment is expressed.
Dispute. Here each of the interlocutors defends his own view. In colloquial speech, the dispute is characterized by the informality of relations between the disputants and the ease of communication.
Letter. The text of the letter has a specific goal: reporting events, conveying feelings, establishing or maintaining contact, calling for something. The obligatory use of the etiquette formula is assumed - greeting and farewell, the further content of the text is free. This is one of the written genres of colloquial speech, informal epistolary interaction. The topics of such texts change arbitrarily, incomplete sentences, expressive expressions are used.
Note. A distinctive feature of the genre is brevity. This is a small everyday text, the purpose of which is a message about what needs to be done, a warning, an invitation, gestures of courtesy. Sample text: "I'll be there soon, don't forget to buy milk." Sometimes the text of the note is presented as a hint of something.
Diary. The genre differs from the rest in that the recipient and the author are the same person. The text of the diary is an analysis of past events or one's own feelings, creativity that contributes to the improvement of the word and the personality itself.

Analysis of conversational genres contributes to understanding the style of speech behavior, the structure of natural communication.

Functional styles of speech help to determine the kind of language used in various areas of communication. The sphere of interaction between people at the everyday level involves the included functions of the conversational style of statements or texts.