The fifteenth task of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language involves testing students' knowledge of the rules of punctuation of the Russian language. For the correct execution of this task, you can get as many as two primary points, so you need to prepare well for it. The theoretical material below can help with this.

Theory for assignment No. 15 USE in the Russian language

Punctuation with homogeneous members of a sentence

A comma is placed	No comma is placed
Between homogeneous members, not related unions	Between two homogeneous members connected by the union "and"
Yesterday I read, cleaned, cooked.	Yesterday I read, cleaned and cooked.
Between homogeneous members connected by opposing unions a, but, yes (in the sense of but), however, but	Between two homogeneous members, if they are connected by a single union into a pair
Yesterday I read and cooked, but I didn’t have time to clean up.	Yesterday I read and cooked.
Between homogeneous members connected by repeated unions:	In stable combinations
coordinating and, yes (in the meaning of and), neither ... nor divisive or, either, then ... then, or ... either, not that ... not that	Neither light nor dawn, and laughter and sin, neither this nor that, and here and there, neither to myself nor to people
Yesterday I not only read, but also cooked.
Between several homogeneous members, related unions and and or	Between two verbs in the same form acting as a single predicate
Yesterday I read and cooked.	I'll go read a book.

Punctuation in compound sentences

A comma before the union "and" is not put if
If there is a common member of the sentence	In spring, nature wakes up and people rejoice in the warmth.
	(the common member of the sentence is “in the spring”)
If there is an introductory word that is common to both parts of the sentence	As is often the case, we forgot the good and remembered the bad.
If the parts of a compound sentence have a common subordinate clause or a common non-union part	When I woke up, the sun had not yet risen and everyone in the house was asleep.
Interrogative sentence	When will we meet and will you tell me everything?
Incentive offer	Read the assignment carefully and do it!
exclamatory sentence	How bright the sun shines and how beautiful the sea!
The offer is indefinitely personal	In the neighboring house, the lights were turned off and a candle was lit.
The offer is impersonal	You need to carefully study this paragraph and make notes in your notebook.
Denominative offer	Frost and sun!

Task execution algorithm

1. Read the assignment carefully.
2. Write down the correct answer.

Analysis of typical options for task No. 15 USE in the Russian language

Fifteenth task of the 2018 demo

Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. The captivating beauty of Russian landscapes is amazing and remains in memory for a long time.
2. Among the most ancient images on the walls of caves of the Paleolithic era are prints of a human hand and incomprehensible patterns with random weaves of wavy lines.
3. Descartes built the logic of knowledge from the simplest and obvious to the complex and incomprehensible.
4. Artistic speech is characterized by both imagery and emotionality.
5. The poet sees now the diamond shine of a birch forest, now the velvet shine of arable land, now the amber shine of candles.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Place punctuation marks in sentences.

• The captivating beauty of Russian landscapes is amazing and remains in memory for a long time.- The sentence is simple, complicated by homogeneous predicates connected by a single union AND, therefore there are no commas in the sentence.
• Among the most ancient images on the walls of caves of the Paleolithic era are prints of a human hand, and incomprehensible patterns with random interweaving of wavy lines.- The sentence is simple, complicated by homogeneous additions connected by a repeating union AND, which means we put ONE comma between them.
• Descartes built the logic of knowledge from the simplest and obvious to the complex and incomprehensible.- A simple sentence, complicated by two groups of homogeneous additions, interconnected by single unions I. There are no commas.
• Artistic speech is characterized by both figurativeness and emotionality. The sentence is simple, complicated by homogeneous additions connected by the union both ... and ..., between the parts of which a comma is always placed. ONE comma per sentence.
• The poet sees now the diamond shine of a birch forest, now the velvet shine of arable land, now the amber shine of candles. The sentence is simple, complicated by homogeneous additions connected by the union then ..., then ..., then ..., between the parts of which a comma is always placed. There are two commas in the sentence.

Answer: 2, 4.

The first version of the assignment

2. The sun went down and fog fell on the ground.
3. The sun went down, it became cool and fog fell on the ground.
4. The sun turned red, became huge and began to slowly set behind the forest.
5. The sun turned red and became huge, it began to slowly set and then completely disappeared behind the forest.

Task execution algorithm:

1. We put punctuation marks and find sentences with one comma.
2. Place punctuation marks in sentences.

• In the evening the sun went down and fog fell on the ground.- The sentence is complex, has two parts, two grammatical bases ( ), do not put a comma, since two simple sentences in the complex have a common secondary member of the sentence in the evening.
• The sun went down, and fog fell on the ground.- The sentence is complex, has two parts, two grammatical bases ( 1 - the sun has set, 2 - the fog has fallen), we put a comma between the parts of a complex sentence, since there is no common secondary member of the sentence, there is no common subordinate clause or part of an impersonal sentence.
• The sun went down, it became cool, and fog fell on the ground.- The proposal is complex, consists of three parts ( 1 - the sun has set, 2 - it has become cool, 3 - the fog has fallen), we put commas between parts of a complex sentence. This is a complex sentence with several grammatical stems that are not connected by a common sentence member or introductory word.
• The sun turned red, became huge and began to slowly set behind the forest.- The sentence is simple, complicated by homogeneous predicates, we put one comma between the first and second predicates, before a single union And with homogeneous members, a comma is not put.
• The sun turned red and became huge, it began to slowly set, and then completely disappeared behind the forest.- The sentence is complex, consists of two parts, has two grammatical bases ( 1- the sun turned red, became huge; 2 - it began to sit down, disappeared); each part, in turn, is complicated by homogeneous predicates: the first comma is placed between the parts of a complex non-union sentence, the second comma separates homogeneous predicates.

Answer: 2, 4.

The second version of the assignment

Set up punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1. Our ability to think about the consequences of our actions and deeds is what distinguishes us from animals.
2. Man is able to think about the consequences of his actions and deeds, and this distinguishes us from animals.
3. Man is able to think about the consequences of his actions and decisions, and this distinguishes us from animals.
5. What distinguishes us from animals is our ability to think about the consequences of our actions and decisions.

Task execution algorithm:

1. We put punctuation marks and find sentences with one comma.
2. Place punctuation marks in sentences.

• Our ability to think about the consequences of our actions and deeds distinguishes us from animals.- In the first sentence, a comma is not required - there is a union "and" between the homogeneous members of "actions and deeds".
• Man is able to think about the consequences of his actions and deeds, and this distinguishes us from animals.- In the second sentence, you need to put one comma - after the word "deeds"; she will separate the grammatical bases "a person is capable" and "it distinguishes".
• A person is able to think over the consequences of his actions, actions, decisions, and this distinguishes us from animals.- Three commas are required in the third sentence. Commas are placed between homogeneous members, as well as between parts of a complex sentence.
• The ability to think about consequences is what separates us from animals.- In the fourth sentence, a comma is not needed, since the sentence is simple, uncomplicated.
• What distinguishes us from animals is our ability to think about the consequences of our actions, deeds and decisions.- A comma is placed here only between homogeneous members that are not connected by a union.

Answer: 2, 5.

The third version of the task

Set up punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1. Bacteria, fungi and invertebrates are involved in the whole cycle of biological and chemical processes in the soil and support its existence.
2. Both bacteria and fungi and invertebrates are involved in the cycle of biological and chemical processes in the soil and support its existence.
3. Both bacteria and fungi and invertebrates are involved in the cycle of biological and chemical processes in the soil and this maintains its normal existence.

Task execution algorithm:

1. We put punctuation marks and find sentences with one comma.
2. Place punctuation marks in sentences.

• Bacteria, fungi and invertebrates are involved in the whole cycle of biological and chemical processes in the soil and support its existence.- Here we put a comma between homogeneous members that are not connected by the union "and". After the word "soil" a comma is not needed, because the predicates "involved" and "support" are homogeneous, connected by the union "and".
• Bacteria, fungi, and invertebrates are involved in the cycle of biological and chemical processes in the soil and support its existence.- In this case, the union "and" connects several homogeneous members, so you need to put commas before it.
• Both bacteria and fungi and invertebrates are involved in the cycle of biological and chemical processes in the soil, and this maintains its normal existence.- The first comma is placed as part of the link “both ... and ...”, and the second separates the grammatical foundations of a complex sentence.
• The normal existence of the soil is maintained by biological and chemical processes involving both bacteria and fungi and invertebrates.- Again, a comma in the composition "both ... and ...".
• Biological and chemical processes involving many biological components support the normal existence of the soil.- The fifth sentence does not require punctuation marks - the homogeneous members "biological and chemical" are connected by the union "and".

Theory "Spelling -Н- and -НН- in various parts of speech"

Spelling Н and НН in nouns

NN is written:

1. if the root of the word ends in n, and the suffix starts with n. For example: cavalry, dowry, raspberry.
2. if the noun is formed from an adjective or from a participle having nn. For example: contemporary, solemnity.

N is written:
If the noun is formed from the stem of the adjective with one n. For example: sandstone, spices, youth.

Spelling Н and НН in suffixes of denominative adjectives (formed from a noun)

NN is written:

1. in adjectives formed from nouns and adjectives with the help of suffixes -enn-, -onn-. For example: revolutionary, temporary, hefty.Exception: windy.
2. in adjectives formed from nouns with a base on -n with a suffix -n-. For example: long, foggy, cast-iron.

• adjectives lamb, seal, pork and similar ones are written with one n, since they are formed from nouns with a stem on n by adding a suffix -y-.
• adjectives spicy, ruddy, youthful written from one n, since these are non-derivative adjectives.

N is written:
H is written in adjectives formed from nouns using suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan-. For example: mouse, goose, water.Exceptions: glass, tin, wood.

Spelling Н and НН in verbal adjectives and participles

NN is written:

1. full passive past participles. For example: twisted, dug out, bought
2. in adjectives in -wounded, -wounded, -wounded. For example: marinated, uprooted, asphalted

N is written:
1) in verbal adjectives. For example: whitewashed walls, laden wagon
2) in short participles. For example: made, mastered, painted

Spelling H and HH in adverbs

In adverbs, as many n are written as they are written in the word from which the adverb is formed. For example: accidentally (unintentionally), confused (confused), windy (windy)

Task 15 USE 2018 in Russian. Theory.

Task 15 is aimed at revealing your knowledge on the topics:

Setting a comma with homogeneous terms;

Putting a comma in SSP.

Comma with homogeneous members
Comma needed	No comma needed
between homogeneous members not related unions Museum staff carefully kept the collections, systematized, studied them, organized exhibitions, published scientific articles. , , , ,	between two homogeneous members if they are connected by a single union Museum staff carefully kept the collections, studied and systematized them.
between homogeneous members connected by opposing unionsa, but, yes (in the sense but), however, but Museum staff carefully kept the collections, systematized, studied them, but at that time they could not organize an exhibition. But	between two homogeneous members if they are connected by a single union into a pair Museum staff carefully kept the collections and studied them.
between homogeneous members connected by repeated unions: composing, yes (meaning and), neither ... ni dividing or, either, then ... then, or ... either, not that ... not that) Museum staff kept the collections, systematized and studied them, organized exhibitions and published scientific articles. And , and , and , and	in stable combinations neither fluff nor feathers, and laughter and sin, neither light nor dawn, etc.
before the second part of double alliances, not only ..., but also ...; as ..., and ...; not so much ... as; although ..., but ...; if not...then etc Museum staff not only kept the collections, but also systematized and studied them, organized exhibitions, and published scientific articles. [ not only but ], ,	No commas unless multiple definitions are homogeneous members
between paired homogeneous members connected by unions AND and OR Museum staff carefully kept the collections and studied them, organized exhibitions and published scientific articles. And , and

In a compound sentence, a comma is usually placed between two grammatical bases.

Nature is waking up and people are getting ready for winter.

A comma is not needed in a compound sentence.
In the following situations:	Example:
1. If there is a common minor member of the proposal	In autumn, nature falls asleep and people prepare for winter.
2. If there is common to partsintroductory word, phrase, or sentence, particle, isolated member of a sentence (comparative turnover).	To my surprise, the weather changed dramatically and a real heat set in. Long live the light and the darkness will hide Further meetings were just as pleasant and conversations just as useful. like the first time.
3. If the parts of a compound sentence have a common subordinate clause or a common non-union part	When mother entered the room, 1 / fragments of a vase were scattered on the floor 2 / and the children tried to collect them 3 As is often the case remember the bad and forget the good
4. If parts of a compound sentence are: 1) interrogative sentences; 2) incentive offers; 3) exclamatory sentences; 4) nominal offers; 5) impersonal offers, and having synonymous words as part of predicates	1) When will you come again and will we be able to meet? 2) Try to do everything well and let everything work out for you! 3) How good you are and how I like everything! 4) Heat and stuffiness. Cold and rain. 5) Hot and stuffy. Cold and rainy.

Notes:

1. If there is a common secondary member of the sentence, a comma is placed before the union if the union is repeated:

In such weather, the wolf does not prowl, and the bear does not crawl out of the den.

2. An opposing union is not a unifying element, after which or before which there are two connected by union and simple sentences, therefore a comma is placed before and:

Ibrahim would be very happy to get rid of, but the assembly was an official matter, and the sovereign strictly demanded the presence of his confidants (P.); He suppressed a sigh and slowly began to roll up the cigarette, but for some reason his hands trembled, and he scattered tobacco on his knees (Sh.); The storm passed, and the clouds dispersed, but the stuffiness still persisted.

Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The fruits of this plant are healthy and tasty and have a wonderful aroma.

2) It became unbearably stuffy and I had to open all the windows.

4) The study of the growth of unusual crystals has both theoretical and practical and general scientific significance.

5) The ancient Spanish masters used either stone or brickwork in the construction of castles.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Here is the correct spelling.

1) The fruits of this plant are healthy and tasty and have a wonderful aroma. Two rows are identical.

2) It became unbearably stuffy, and I had to open all the windows.

3) From the window, trunks of cherries and a piece of the alley were visible.

4) The study of the growth of unusual crystals has both theoretical, practical and general scientific significance.

5) The ancient Spanish masters used either stone or brickwork in the construction of castles.

One comma is required:

in the 5th sentence: its homogeneous members are connected by a repeating union or

in the 2nd sentence: it is compound, contains two predicative parts that do not have a common secondary member of the sentence or an introductory word and do not have a common subordinate part. A comma is needed before the conjunction AND.

The correct answer is numbered 2 and 5.

Answer: 25|52

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

Codifier section: Punctuation marks in SSP and a sentence with homogeneous members

Rule: Punctuation marks in SSP and in a sentence with homogeneous members. Task 16., Punctuation marks in the SSP and in a sentence with homogeneous members. Task 16.

Target

Legend:

OC - ​​homogeneous members.

For example:

two rows: two predicates, hit and covered; two additions, gusts and groans.

note:

General scheme: OOO .

Example: yellow, green, red apples.

General scheme: O and/yes/either/or O .

Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and red apples.

Example 2: .

Example 3

Example 4

General scheme: O , O and O .

Example: The still life depicts yellow, green and red apples.

And

And

General scheme: Oh, and Oh, and Oh.

General scheme: and O, and O, and O.

Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and green and red apples.

Example 2: The still life depicts apples.

More complex examples:

Example 3:

Example 4:

Example 5: Houses and trees and sidewalks were covered in snow

note:

Consider examples.

Example 1: children and adults and read aloud. How many rows? Two: children and adults; gathered and read

Example 2: reread letter and write a response.

Scheme: O, a / no / yes O

Example 1:

Example 2:

Example 3: Small spool but precious .

Scheme: O, or O, or O

Example 1:

Than others.

Examples: I have an assignment as from the judge So equals and from all our friends.

Green was Not only but It was still and very subtle psychologist.

Mum not that angry, but she was still dissatisfied.

There are fogs in London if not everyday , then in a day for sure.

He was not so much disappointed , how many

Example1: .

Example 2:

Example 3:

And the snow came and went.

If the offer contains heterogeneous definitions

Example:

impersonal part, with the predicate in . For example:

[O Skaz and O Skaz].

Leaves crimson, gold

common minor member.

Example 1: .

in a year

just the beginning of the sentence

Example 2:In the evening the wind died down and start to freeze. What happened By the evening?

Now more complex example 1: On the outskirts of the city a comma is placed

Example 2 a comma is placed.

PUNCUNCATION IN A COMPOUND SENTENCE AND IN A SENTENCE WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS

In this task, knowledge of two punctograms is tested:

1. Commas in a simple sentence with homogeneous members.

2. Commas in a compound sentence, parts of which are connected by coordinating unions, in particular, the union I.

Target: find TWO sentences in which you need to put ONE comma in each. Not two, not three (and this happens!) commas, but one. In this case, it is necessary to indicate the numbers of those sentences where the missing comma was PLACED, since there are such cases that the sentence already has a comma, for example, with adverbial turnover. We don't count it.

You should not look for commas at various turns, introductory words and in NGN: according to the specification, only three indicated punctograms are checked in this task. If the sentence needs commas for other rules, they will already be placed

The correct answer will be two numbers, from 1 to 5, in any sequence, without commas and spaces, for example: 15, 12, 34.

Legend:

OC - ​​homogeneous members.

SSP is a compound sentence.

The task execution algorithm should be as follows:

1. Determine the number of bases.

2. If the sentence is simple, then we find ALL series of homogeneous terms in it and turn to the rule.

3. If there are two bases, then this is a complex sentence, and each part is considered separately (see paragraph 2).

Do not forget that homogeneous subjects and predicates do NOT create a complex, but a simple complicated sentence.

15.1 PUNICATION WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS

Homogeneous members of a sentence are those members that answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members of a sentence (both main and secondary) are always connected by a coordinating link, with or without a union.

For example: In "The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson" S. Aksakov describes both summer and winter pictures of Russian nature with truly poetic enthusiasm.

In this sentence, there is one row of OCs, these are two homogeneous definitions.

In one sentence there can be several rows of homogeneous members. Yes, in the proposal Soon a heavy downpour hit and covered with the noise of rain streams and gusts of wind, and the moans of a pine forest. two rows: two predicates, hit and covered; two additions, gusts and groans.

note: each row of OC has its own punctuation rules.

Consider various schemes of sentences with OC and formulate the rules for setting commas.

15.1.1. A number of homogeneous members, connected ONLY by intonation, without unions.

General scheme: OOO .

Rule: if two or more OCs are connected only by intonation, a comma is placed between them.

Example: The still life depicts yellow, green, red apples.

15.1.2 Two homogeneous members are connected by the union AND, YES (in the meaning of AND), OR, OR

General scheme: O and/yes/either/or O .

Rule: if two EPs are connected by a single union AND / YES, a comma is not put between them.

Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and red apples.

Example 2: Everywhere she was met cheerfully and friendly..

Example 3: Only you and I will stay in this house.

Example 4: I will cook rice with vegetables or pilaf .

15.1.3 Last OC added by union I.

General scheme: O , O and O .

Rule: If the last homogeneous member is joined by the union and, then a comma is not placed in front of it.

Example: The still life depicts yellow, green and red apples.

15.1.4. There are more than two homogeneous members and the union And repeated at least twice

Rule: For various combinations of allied (clause 15.1.2) and non-union (clause 15.1.1) combination of homogeneous members of the proposal, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members and the union And is repeated at least twice, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous members

General scheme: Oh, and Oh, and Oh.

General scheme: and O, and O, and O.

Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and green and red apples.

Example 2: The still life depicts and yellow and green and red apples.

More complex examples:

Example 3: From the house, from the trees, and from the dovecote, and from the gallery- long shadows ran far away from everything.

Two unions and four points. Comma between OCH.

Example 4: It was sad in the spring air, and in the darkening sky, and in the car. Three unions and, three och. Comma between OCH.

Example 5: Houses and trees and sidewalks were covered in snow. Two unions and, three och. Comma between OCH.

Note that there is no comma after the last EP, because it is not between the OC, but after it.

It is this scheme that is often perceived as erroneous and non-existent, keep this in mind when completing the task.

note: this rule only works if the union AND is repeated in one row of OC, and not in the entire sentence.

Consider examples.

Example 1: In the evenings they gathered at the table children and adults and read aloud. How many rows? Two: children and adults; gathered and read. The union is not repeated in each row, it is used once. Therefore, commas are NOT put according to rule 15.1.2.

Example 2: In the evening Vadim went to his room and sat down reread letter and write a response. Two rows: left and sat down; sat down (why? for what purpose?) to re-read and write.

15.1.5 Homogeneous members are connected by the union A, BUT, YES (= but)

Scheme: O, a / no / yes O

Rule: In the presence of the union A, BUT, YES (=but), commas are put.

Example 1: The student writes quickly, but sloppily.

Example 2: The baby no longer whimpered, but wept uncontrollably.

Example 3: Small spool but precious .

15.1.6 With homogeneous members, unions are repeated NO NO; NOT THAT, NOT THAT; THAT, THAT; OR EITHER; OR OR

Scheme: O, or O, or O

Rule: with a double repetition of other unions (except And) neither, nor; not that, not that; then, then; or either; or, or a comma is always placed:

Example 1: And the old man paced the room, now humming psalms in an undertone, now impressively instructing his daughter.

Please note that there are also homogeneous circumstances and additions in the proposal, but we do not single them out for a clearer picture.

There is no comma after the predicate “paced”! But if instead of the union AND THAT, AND THAT would be just AND, there were three commas (according to rule 15.1.4)

15.1.7. With homogeneous members, there are double unions.

Rule: With double unions, a comma is placed before its second part. These are unions both ... and; not only but; not so much... how much; how... so much; although... but; if not... then; not that ... but; not that ... but; Not only not, but rather... than others.

Examples: I have an assignment as from the judge So equals and from all our friends.

Green was Not only great landscape painter and storyteller, but It was still and very subtle psychologist.

Mum not that angry, but she was still dissatisfied.

There are fogs in London if not everyday , then in a day for sure.

He was not so much disappointed , how many surprised by the situation.

Please note that each part of the double union is BEFORE OC, which is very important to consider when completing task 7 (type "error on homogeneous members"), we have already met with these unions.

15.1.8. Often homogeneous members are connected in pairs

General scheme: Scheme: O and O, O and O

Rule: When combining secondary members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between the pairs (the union AND acts locally, only within groups):

Example1: Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden platform.

Example 2: The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the past day and the day to come.

Example 3: Books on geography and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria.

15.1.9.They are not homogeneous, therefore they are not separated by commas:

A number of repetitions that have an intensifying shade are not homogeneous members.

And the snow came and went.

Simple compound predicates are also not homogeneous.

He said so, I'll go check it out.

Phraseologisms with repeated unions are not homogeneous members

Neither this nor that, neither fish nor meat; neither light nor dawn; neither day nor night

If the offer contains heterogeneous definitions, which stand in front of the word being explained and characterize one object from different sides, it is impossible to insert a union between them and.

A sleepy golden bumblebee suddenly rose from the depths of the flower.

15.2. PUNCIATION MARKS IN A COMPOUND SENTENCE

Compound sentences are complex sentences in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a compound sentence do not depend on each other and form one semantic whole.

Example: Three times he wintered in Mirny, and each time returning home seemed to him the limit of human happiness.

Depending on the type of the coordinating union that connects the parts of the sentence, all compound sentences (CSP) are divided into three main categories:

1) SSP with connecting unions (and; yes in the meaning of and; neither ... nor; also; also; not only ..., but also; both ..., and);

2) BSC with divisive unions (that ..., then; not that ..., not that; or; or; either ..., or);

3) SSP with opposing unions (a, but, yes in the sense of but, however, but, but, only, same).

15.2.1 The basic rule for setting a comma in the SSP.

A comma between parts of a complex sentence is placed according to the basic rule, that is, ALWAYS, with the exception of special conditions that limit the effect of this rule. These conditions are discussed in the second part of the rule. In any case, to determine whether a sentence is complex, it is necessary to find its grammatical foundations. What should be taken into account in this case:

a) Not always every simple sentence can have both a subject and a predicate. So, frequency sentences with one impersonal part, with the predicate in indefinite personal offer. For example: He had a lot of work to do, and he knew it.

Scheme: [to be], and [he knew].

The doorbell rang and no one moved.

Scheme: [they called], and [no one moved].

b) The subject can be expressed by pronouns, both personal and other categories: I suddenly heard a painfully familiar voice, and it brought me back to life.

Scheme: [I heard ] and [it returned ]. Don't lose a pronoun as a subject if it duplicates the subject from the first part! These are two sentences, each with its own basis, for example: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests, and he was a little surprised to see a face unfamiliar to him.

Scheme: [The artist was familiar], and [he was surprised]. Compare with a similar construction in a simple sentence: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests and was a little surprised to see a face unfamiliar to him.[O Skaz and O Skaz].

c) Since a complex sentence consists of two simple ones, it is likely that each of them can have homogeneous members in its composition. Commas are placed both according to the rule of homogeneous members, and according to the rule of a compound sentence. For example: Leaves crimson, gold fell silently to the ground, and the wind circled them in the air and tossed them up. Sentence scheme: [Leaves fell], and [wind O Skaz and O Skaz].

15.2.2 Special conditions for setting signs in a compound sentence

In the school course of the Russian language, the only condition under which a comma is not placed between parts of a complex sentence is the presence common minor member.

The most difficult thing for students is to understand if there is common minor member of a sentence, which will give the right not to put a comma between the parts, or it does not exist. General means referring to both the first part and the second part at the same time. If there is a common member, a comma is not placed between the parts of the SSP. If it is, then in the second part cannot have a similar minor term, he is only one, stands at the very beginning of the sentence. Consider simple cases:

Example 1: A year later, the daughter went to school and the mother was able to go to work.

Both simple sentences can equally claim to be the adverb of time "in a year". What happened in a year? The daughter went to school. Mom was able to go to work.

Rearranging the common term at the end of the sentence changes the meaning: My daughter went to school, and my mother was able to go to work a year later. And now this minor member is no longer general, but refers only to the second simple sentence. Therefore, it is so important for us, firstly, the place of a common member, just the beginning of the sentence , and secondly, the general meaning of the sentence.

Example 2:In the evening the wind died down and start to freeze. What happened By the evening? The wind has died down. Start to freeze.

Now more complex example 1: On the outskirts of the city the snow had already begun to melt, and there was already quite a spring picture here. There are two circumstances in the sentence, each simple one has its own. That's why a comma is placed. There is no common minor member. Thus, the presence of a second minor member of the same type (place, time, purpose) in the second sentence gives the right to put a comma.

Example 2: By night, my mother's temperature rose even more, and we did not sleep all night. There is no reason to attribute the circumstance "to the night" to the second part of the complex sentence, therefore a comma is placed.

It should be noted that there are other cases in which a comma is not placed between parts of a compound sentence. These include the presence of a common introductory word, a common subordinate clause, as well as two sentences indefinitely personal, impersonal, identical in structure, exclamatory. But these cases were not included in the USE tasks, and they are not presented in the manuals and are not studied in the school course.

1.

1. There is no measure, no name, no comparison for our suffering.
2. Only the yellow squares of the windows of the log hut cut through the darkness, and in the center of the blizzard round dance a bright red tongue dances.
3. Morning in the forest and in the coastal bushes meets with bird whistling and clicking.
4. Nuts are either ground into flour in a hand mill or put into water overnight and kneaded into dough the next morning.
5. Summer this year came late and was unlike any other summer.

2. Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. With frightening haste, the fog left the swamp and its white wisps looked like swans soaring into the sky.
2. In dark and damp spruce forests with a lot of blueberries mushrooms are few.
3. The cart bounced, then sank somewhere in the depths, then swayed.
4. Not only among the Slavs, but also among all ancient peoples, the oak was revered as a sacred tree.
5. Somewhere behind the houses shots rang out and sank into the blue dome of the sky.

3. Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. Only under the wall of the brigade barracks and near the poles of the pole fence stick out bundles of dusty grass.
2. Then suddenly the starling will let out a nightingale ringing trill, then it will quack like a wild duck.
3. The autumn sun and wind dried the leaves on the trees and dyed them yellow and brown.
4. I spent whole days wandering through the forest, climbing into the very jungle and examining the footprints on the ground.
5. The wind raged, ruffled cold puddles bent slender, flexible poplars to the ground.

4. Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. The shadows from the old blackened trees fell into the rooms, and therefore the apartment was always gloomy and cold.
2. The alarmed swan rose above the water and waved its wide silver wings.
3. Nomadic life has not changed anything either in appearance or in character or in Oska's speech.
4. I toiled from the sensation of either impending troubles or an incipient illness.
5. Brown hares run through the fields at night, digging up winter bread, leaving tangled tracks in the snow.

5. Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. I went out the door and at the steps of the porch I saw a fox.
2. Daily trips to school through a dark, dense forest hardened not only Glebka's muscles, but also his character.
3. The streets themselves seemed either gorges or riverbeds.
4. Later, Glebka got used to the rustling and the noises of the forest and the darkness.
5. Flowers appear above water only in the morning or evening.

6. Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. The night grew colder, and dampness wafted from the river.
2. Lida was shivering either from the cold or from fear.
3. Flowers subtly and gently smell of the freshness of the river and hay.
4. The entire space from the edge of the village to the lake was filled with tents, carts and cars.
5. The next day, Mikhail Prokofievich calmly went to Sokolniki or Kolomenskoye, walked and indulged in reflections.

7. Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. Behind all these events, Petka and Vaska forgot about the tent for several days.
2. The sun sank into crimson clouds and began to drizzle several times.
3. The thick crowns of the trees in the master's garden murmured softly thoughtfully, and their barely audible rustle merged and died away in the deep stillness of the night.
4. The next morning, grandfather put on clean shoes and new bast shoes, took a staff and a piece of bread and wandered into the city.
5. Every bush and every tree collects rainwater on its leaves and showers the traveler in large drops from head to toe.

8. Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. Marina successfully passed the first and second screenings and was admitted to the exam before the state commission.
2. All the heavy and dense foliage of the poplar trembled and rustled from the storm.
3. Around the grandmother's eyes, small wrinkles scattered like rays, and streams of laughter of greetings and barely noticeable clever cunning ran from her eyes.
4. The ice floe stirred under my feet and the crack began to grow before my eyes.
5. Only our northern spring plays with winds and fogs, rains and frosts so easily.

9. Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. Before evening, people gathered at the station not only from the village, but from all neighboring villages.
2. I stopped solving the problem and ran into the garden to the guys.
3. One day he [Mikhail Prokofievich] could completely oversleep, but then he wrote or read books all night long.
4. Within a second, Sedletsky managed to see streams of rain and wet roofs of houses and a black seething canyon in the lowland.
5. The man took off his hat, put it under his arm, wiped the sweat with his only hand, and calmly looked around.