In 1939, the Special Conference considered a number of sentences in criminal cases related to the theft of socialist property. Separate, especially egregious cases were sent for approval along the party line - personally to Comrade Stalin.
Among them, one can recall the case of the head of the construction trust number four fraction twenty-seven Boris Lvovich Pyryev. Boris Lvovich's career developed rapidly and successfully.
Boris was born in the family of the head of the gendarme department, but when the revolution broke out, he decisively dissociated himself from the family and became an ardent admirer of the victorious Soviet power. At least in words.
Then there was a construction college, a Komsomol cell, work in the political department of a newspaper, and then a meteoric rise to the head of a construction trust. It should be noted that Pyryev had no real construction or engineering experience at all. Before that, he had visited construction sites only with politically literate speeches about the high role of the party and government.
Having headed the trust, Comrade Pyriev did not leave his "political" activities. At every opportunity, he mercilessly scourged those who, in his opinion, did not speak enthusiastically enough about the affairs of the government or even the management of the trust.
For a word carelessly dropped by an employee, he could present the matter as if he was almost an enemy of the people. But Pyryev himself was certainly present at every party meeting, jumped up from his seat and clapped the loudest.
Surprisingly, but under Pyryev, the affairs of the construction trust also seemed to go smoothly. Chronically lagging behind high plans, the trust unexpectedly launched a stormy activity. Instead of completing the construction and then taking on the next one, Pyryev, through party acquaintances, scored two dozen large orders.
There was a catastrophic lack of equipment and people to pull all these construction projects. It so happened that the brigades traveled around the sites and portrayed shock work. An hour there, an hour here. Things moved slowly, but the reports were beautiful - the trust is leading large projects. And that the deadlines are broken - so you can always blame subcontractors, finishers, suppliers of materials.
Pyryev's affairs were also developing well on the personal front. Customers of construction projects also have plans on fire, but there are still no workers of the trust on their site. Applicants poured into Boris Lvovich's office with cognac, boiled pork, and then with envelopes made of thick paper.
In a year, the head of the construction trust built himself a luxurious dacha near Moscow and started a small "estate" on the sea not far from Pitsunda. good costumes, expensive "real Swiss" watches, restaurants and rumors about numerous mistresses trailed behind a successful construction official.
The happy time ended, as always, abruptly. At the construction site of one of the objects of the trust - the future seven-story building run by the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, a skyscraper at that time, the foundation was strongly driven. It was only by a lucky chance that the case did not end with human casualties. If this happened during the day, people would inevitably die - the staircase projects of the two floors simply formed.
The emergency commission of the building trusts management urgently went to the site. The conclusion of construction engineers was disappointing - gross miscalculations were made during the construction of the building, the building cannot be repaired, it is necessary to disassemble and start construction again. Moreover, concrete samples from the foundation showed that when pouring concrete, it turned out to be half as much less than according to the technical documentation and the worst brand. There were thefts of materials on an especially large scale.
After the arrest of Pyryev, a total of several buckets will be collected in his luxurious five-room apartment and in the country house. jewelry, a couple of closets with expensive furs and large sums of money. The head of the trust kept bundles of money beautifully, in a row of silver champagne buckets placed on cabinets and chests of drawers.
For such acts in aggregate, taking into account the size of theft and the danger to human life, punishment was provided up to the highest measure. Nevertheless, the prosecutor's office was ready to limit itself to imprisonment for up to ten years with confiscation of stolen property. The attached note from the prosecutor stated that "Comrade Pyriev is an ardent supporter of Soviet power, an active participant in activities along the party line, the crimes are of an exclusively material nature."
Having examined the Pyryev case, Comrade Stalin will say:
Our party, comrades, are such "party leaders" who pilfer people's property, who, instead of honestly working, tear down buildings on people's heads, unnecessarily. We already have enough handclaps. The Party cannot agree that such "activities" are only material. The crimes of a state official undermine the authority of our entire government, of our entire people. No, comrades, Pyriev's crimes are of an anti-Soviet, ideological nature. Theft and negligence are incompatible with the high rank of a Bolshevik, with the high rank of a Soviet citizen!
On the cover of the folder with the case of Boris Pyryev, a clear resolution of the leader appeared:
Sentenced to death with confiscation of property. I. Stalin.
After the death of the leader, party cronies, the same "clappers," Pyryev was declared a victim of political repression by a bloody tyrant. And the high-rise building ordered by the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs is still standing. True, it was not built by the "comrades Pyryevs", but by real, Soviet builders.
Hundreds and thousands of documents on the subject of repressions in Yakutia have been found and will continue to surface in the federal archives. Probably, some of them will not be published - for example, we decided never to publicize the materials of the USSR NKVD Directorate for the Leningrad Region and the city of Leningrad found back in 1989 according to Teki ODULOK (Nikolai SPIRIDONOV, author of the famous story "The Life of Imteurgin the Elder").
Since the topic of General Anatoly PEPELYAEV does not belong to ours, we are unlikely to use this document with the resolution of Joseph STALIN in any of our possible future books.
Therefore, we decided to publish this material separately - maybe it will be useful to other researchers who are engaged in the topic of Pepelyaev's "Yakut campaign".
The document in the original has almost no paragraphs, but we decided to break it into paragraphs for ease of reading. Also fixed some obvious typos.
The document was published in a number of federal publications, but in Yakutia it is not known to the general public.
The document is in the archive of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation. F. 3. Op. 58. D. 205. L. 136-141.
SPECIAL COMMUNICATION ON THE ROVS CONSPIRACY
Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks Comrade. STALIN
I am sending copies of telegrams No. 5670, 5671, 5672, 5673 of the head of the NKVD Department of the Novosibirsk Region, comrade. GORBACH.
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR
General Commissar of State Security Ezhov
Owls. Secret
MEMORANDUM No. 49577, 49571, 49581, 49602
From Novosibirsk
People's Commissar VNUDEL USSR comrade. Ezhov
The well-known Kolchak general Anatoly Nikolaevich PEPELYAEV, born in 1891, arrested by us in Voronezh, testified that after the defeat of Kolchak, he, living in Harbin in 1920, received 10,000 yen from the representative of the military circles of Japan, Colonel YOKOHAMA to organize among the officers who fled to Harbin the "Military Union, which trained personnel to fight the Soviet regime.
In 1921, he established contact with the leaders of the Harbin Socialist-Revolutionary organization "Siberian Committee" SAZONOV, GOLOVACHINSKY, GRACHEV, whose task was to create a Siberian Autonomous Republic.
In 1922, he accepted the offer of the "Siberian Committee" to organize and lead the overthrow of Soviet power in Siberia.
To this end, having received weapons and ammunition from Japanese warehouses in Harbin, he organized the Siberian Volunteer Squad in Primorye, with which in August 1922 he went through the D-East to the port of Ayan Yakutia.
The squad near Yakutsk was defeated in June 1923, PEPELYAEV was taken prisoner.
By the decision of the tribunal of the 5th Army in 1923, he was sentenced to VMN, with the replacement of imprisonment for 10 years.
While serving his sentence in the Yaroslavl detention center, PEPELYAEV used the benefits provided to him in prison, which weakened the regime, through the criminals VOLKOV Ivan and GOLUBEV Alexei, who had a free exit from the detention center, and in 1927 restored organizational communication with the colonel living in Yaroslavl, a member of the ROVS Mikhail KISELEV, through who at the same time established a written connection with an active participant in the Russian All-Military Union, General VISHNEVSKY, who lives in Harbin, is the commander of the Pepelyaev Army Corps.
Pepelyaev conducted correspondence with VISHNEVSKY through a Japanese citizen in Moscow.
VISHNEVSKY informed him of the agreement reached in Harbin between the EMRO, Japanese military circles, Siberian regionalists, on the creation of a "buffer state" on the territory of Siberia of the Far East under the slogan "through free Siberia to the revival of Russia." Representatives of the officers of the Social Revolutionaries were planned to be part of the Siberian government. The overthrow of Soviet power was planned by organizing an uprising at the time of Japan's military attack on the USSR. After the overthrow of Soviet power, Japan was promised the provision of the Siberian market, concessions, timber, and coal.
In 1935, PEPELYAEV accepted, handed over by VISHNEVSKY, the proposal of Japanese intelligence circles and the Harbin leadership of the ROVS - to organize an insurgent K.-R. in the USSR. organization, to lead the armed overthrow of Soviet power in Siberia at the time of Japan's war against the USSR.
Being interrogated about the reasons for the provision of benefits in the Yaroslavl political isolator, Pepelyaev testified that in January 1936 he was called from the isolator to Moscow, where he was received by the former. the head of the NGO GUGB GAEM in a conversation made it clear to PEPELYAEV that he was aware of the K.-r. activities of the latter.
As PEPELYAEV testifies, GAI promised him support in this work. In July 1936, PEPELYAEV was again summoned to Moscow, where the GAEM announced to him a decision to release him and a warning about caution in work, financial assistance was provided with the issuance of 1,000 rubles on Yagoda’s personal order, after which PEPELYAEV was sent to the place of his choice of residence in Voronezh.
In Voronezh, PEPELYAEV met ESTRIN, head of the UNKVD NGO, who, referring to an order received from Moscow, gave PEPELYAEV a job, giving him the opportunity to live in a hotel room paid by the NKVD.
In December 1936, the NKVD of the Voronezh region provided additional financial assistance to Pepelyaev, with the issuance of 250 rubles.
In the personal file-form of PEPELYAEV there is a special instruction from the GAI to the NKVD Directorate of the Voronezh Region to provide special assistance to PEPELYAEV.
Using the opportunities provided and guided by the instructions received from Harbin, through Kiselev he established an organizational connection with the White Guard officers known to him: in Chita - with Captain MIKHAILOVSKII Boris Mikhailovich; in Irkutsk - Colonel IVANOV Boris Ivanovich; in Saratov - with Captain NUDATOV Erast Pavlovich; in Gorky - with Captain GOLUBEV Alexei; in Moscow - with lieutenant ZUYKOV; in Novosibirsk - with General ESKIN, who instructed the deployment of K.-R. work in the direction:
a) extensive recruitment of insurgent personnel;
b) creation of terrorist and sabotage groups.
The question of the structure of the organization was left to local decision. The regrouping of insurgent cadres in militant organizations according to the type of regular troops, it was planned to carry out in the first days of the uprising.
PEPELYAEV testified that from the reports of members of the organization associated with him, he knew about their extensive work to create insurgent sabotage personnel, from the report of ESKIN he knew about the presence of a rebel K.-r. in Zapsibkrai. organization with several thousand members.
The ROVS organization, created on the territory of the b. Western Siberia, partially liquidated.
The leadership of the regional insurgent headquarters consisting of b. generals ESKIN, MIKHAILOV, SHEREMETYEV, EFANOV, princes GAGARIN, DOLGORUKOV, who directly supervised the formation of the insurgent underground and subversive terrorist groups.
In total, 15,203 people were arrested and convicted in the case of the West Siberian Organization of the ROVS.
In November, in Novosibirsk, the reserve insurgent headquarters of the K.-R. was additionally opened and liquidated. rebel organization created by ESKIN, which included former colonels of the army of Kolchak Alexander Alekseevich NUDNER, Nikolai Lvovich POPOV, Nikolai Maksimovich TYUMENEV, Gavriil Semenovich POLYNOV.
At the same time, a widely branched k.-r. was discovered in the Siblag system. rebel organization ROVS, covering 17 camps.
The organization was created at the suggestion of General PEPELYAEV Anatoly by the head of the regional headquarters of the ROVS, General ESKIN in 1935, who contacted the brother of General PEPELYAEV, staff captain Mikhail PEPELYAEV, who is serving a sentence in Siblag, to whom he entrusted the formation of the organization.
Having accepted ESKIN's proposal, using free movement around the camps to decorate the clubs, Mikhail PEPELIAEV launched a wide recruiting work, created the headquarters of the organization from among those serving sentences in the camps, Colonel TULUBEV, Colonel NAMESTNIKOV, Captain BERNGARD, Captain LAZARENKO.
At the suggestion of the headquarters for the management of the organization and command for the time of the uprising, PEPELYAEV Mikhail involved in the organization connected by the ROVS circles during emigration in Bulgaria, now serving a sentence in the camp, a member of the Don Cossack military circle, Major General SHUMILIN, the latter, accepting the offer to lead the organization and command during the uprising, he repeatedly gave instructions to Mikhail Pepelyaev on the development of the organization's activities.
The uprising was planned together with the ROVS organization of Western Siberia at the start of the war with Japan, the organization was created on the basis of a military unit.
First of all, the command staff was selected, recruited and appointed from among the serving officers, who, in turn, worked in an anti-Soviet spirit and trained ordinary rebels.
Headquarters Captain PEPELYAEV Mikhail, being appointed adjutant of the insurgent headquarters, maintained regular contact with the regional ROVS headquarters, General ESKIN, and received instructions from him.
Additionally, 357 people were arrested, including 1 former generals, 7 former colonels, 4 former lieutenant colonels, 140 other officers, 20 police gendarmes, 6 metropolitan bishops, 69 priests, kulaks, 139 punishers. 345 admitted to participating in the organization, their cases are also considered.
We continue to liquidate.
We send interrogation protocols.
9.XII -37
GORBACH
STALIN'S RESOLUTION
On the special message of Nikolai Ezhov there is a personal resolution of STALIN: “To Yezhov. According to Gorbach's note, all former officers and generals must be shot."
Also, STALIN circled the name of a member of the Don Cossack military circle, Major General SHUMILIN, and wrote “Shoot” on the margin of the document.
We are talking about the head of the 4th Don Frontier Division of the Don Army, Major General Kuzma Polikarpovich SHUMILIN. This division, which was actually a brigade, participated in the attack on Tsaritsyn (later Stalingrad, then Volgograd), the defense of which was led by STALIN. Therefore, the reaction of STALIN is understandable - he had a very long memory.
As early as July 9, 1928, STALIN declared: “... as we move forward, the resistance of the capitalist elements will increase, the class struggle will intensify, and the Soviet government ... will pursue a policy of isolating these elements, ... a policy of suppressing the resistance of the exploiters ...
It has not happened and will not happen that the moribund classes voluntarily give up their positions without trying to organize resistance. It has never happened and never will be that the advance of the working class towards socialism in a class society can do without struggle and unrest. On the contrary, the advance towards socialism cannot but lead to the resistance of the exploiting elements to this advance, and the resistance of the exploiters cannot but lead to the inevitable intensification of the class struggle.
On March 3, 1937, in his report to the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, STALIN repeated: “... the more we move forward, the more we have successes, the more the remnants of the defeated exploiting classes will become embittered, the sooner they will go to more acute forms of struggle , the more they will do harm to the Soviet state, the more they will grab at the most desperate means of struggle ... "
Therefore, STALIN's order to shoot the former generals and officers of the White Army was logical in its own way and consistent with his views.
PEPELIAEV'S COOPERATION WITH THE NKVD
In the Memorandums of the head of the NKVD USSR Directorate for the Novosibirsk Region of the West Siberian Territory of the USSR, Grigory GORBACH, it is indicated that Anatoly PEPELYAEV collaborated with the Special Department of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR.
A. Pepelyaev, 1937. Photo: yakutskhistory.net
One could take this statement for another falsification of the NKVD.
But in reality there is a form-case (as the state security bodies called cases of operational intelligence development) on Anatoly PEPELYAEV, from which it becomes obvious that he really agreed to work against the agents of the ROVS introduced into the USSR. And not only did he agree - there are a lot of documents in the form file that testify to the active work of PEPELYAEV against the ROVS.
ROVS (Russian All-Military Union) was a real enemy of the USSR, it included thousands of Russian generals, officers and soldiers who ended up in exile (it is believed that ROVS reached a strength of 100 thousand people).
Members of the ROVS infiltrated the USSR and carried out underground work, fought in Spain on the side of the Francoists. The activities of the ROVS were so effective that the OGPU, then the NKVD, considered the ROVS as their main opponent. That is why the Chekists kidnapped abroad the leaders of the ROVS, Generals Alexander KUTEPOV (in 1930) and Evgeny-Ludwig MILLER (in 1937).
Of course, over 15,000 arrested and convicted by the beginning of December 1937, according to the Gorbach Memorandums, the year of the ROVS agents in the West Siberian District is too inflated a figure. No intelligence agency can infiltrate a country with strong intelligence services and a total bureaucracy with so many agents concentrated in one region.
But in the USSR, the agents of the ROVS really acted, and the Special Department of the GUGB of the NKVD of the USSR had to fight against it.
And one of the instruments of the Chekists' struggle against the EMRO was the former White Guard Lieutenant General PEPELIAEV.
Judging by the materials of the case-form, the processing of PEPELIAEV went quite systematically. And when he agreed, he was immediately transferred to Moscow, where the head of the Special Department of the GUGB of the NKVD of the USSR, Mark GAY (SHTOKLYAND), who, through the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Heinrich Yagoda, obtained permission from STALIN to release Pepelyaev personally worked with him.
WHAT WAS PEPELIAEV'S MOTIVATIONS?
The first version is Anatoly PEPELYAEV's sincere desire to serve the new Russia.
Here is an excerpt from his Diaries: “Mental crisis. I overestimate everything, but truth and truth are eternal. If the good of the people, in the name of which I fought, is realized or is being carried out by others, I will give all the forces of my life to the service of the new Russia.
Also, during the trial of the participants in the Yakut campaign, Pepelyaev initiated, on behalf of 78 defendants, an “Appeal to the officers and soldiers of the Russian army who remained abroad”:
“We appeal to those who, like us, wanted happiness for their people, who, like us, sincerely and deeply love their homeland, and who are still mistaken, just as we were mistaken. And we say to them: think about this last appeal of ours, return to Soviet Russia, submit yourself to its judgment, come here to work and forge here, hand in hand with the Soviet government, the well-being and happiness of the people, for which we have been for so long and so fought hard…”
The trial of members of the Siberian Volunteer Squad. Chita. January 1924. On the first row in the middle - A. Pepelyaev. A photo: State Archive Trans-Baikal Territory
Leonid Yuzefovich wrote: “The question is not whether he was hypocritical or wrote the truth, or in what proportion the one and the other were mixed, but how much the desire to live and fear for the family made him convince himself that he really thinks so.”
Probably, by 1936 PEPELYAEV could have matured in order to convince himself that for the sake of the Fatherland and the family it was necessary to serve the new Russia - the USSR. By that time, he had already been languishing in prisons for over 13 years and the prospect of a new term loomed ahead - the Soviet government did not release those whom it considered its class enemy for a long time.
The second version - PEPELYAEV decided to use the capabilities of the NKVD for his real struggle against the USSR.
But to try to outplay the NKVD, especially the central apparatus of the GUGB, which was especially adept at secret operations and intrigues - was it possible for a man whose opponent during the “Yakut campaign”, and later the commander of the 27th Omsk rifle division Red Army Stepan VOSTRETSOV characterized as very honest (between the lines - naive)? Could the Chekists buy into PEPELYAEV's ingenuous game, if there was one?
VICTIM
Whatever the true motives and specific actions of PEPELIAEV in cooperation with the NKVD in the fight against the agents of the ROVS, he became a victim of the changed rules of the game of the Chekists, who in 1937 were given the task of detecting and defeating large-scale underground organizations of the ROVS in the USSR. In other regions, they searched for and allegedly found huge conspiracies of former White Guards. And the Novosibirsk security officers, of course, were eager to surpass competitors from other regions in this tacit competition.
Hence the exaggerated over 15,000 ROVS agents in the West Siberian Territory, hence the desire of the Chekists to turn their secret collaborator PEPELYAEV into an alleged coordinator of the ROVS rebel organization.
If PEPELYAEV sincerely wanted to help his country fight against former combat comrades-in-arms, then he lost.
If he wanted to play against the NKVD, he also lost.
Unfortunately, the honest and straightforward general, who devoutly believed in God, was doomed to lose in any case ...
A. Pepelyaev before the execution. Photo: yakutskhistory.net
On December 16, 1937, Alexander POSKREBYSHEV sent a cipher telegram with a STALIN visa to the Office of the NKVD of the USSR in the Novosibirsk Region (Archive of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation. F. 3. Op. 58. D. 205. L. 134).
On January 14, 1938, Pepelyaev was shot.
On October 20, 1989, the Prosecutor's Office of the Novosibirsk Region rehabilitated Anatoly Nikolaevich PEPELYAEV.
JAPANESE ASSESSMENT
There are thousands of attempts to understand the motives of STALIN, who launched a large-scale rink of repression, which crushed the fate of General Pepelyaev.
For the interest of Yakut readers, we present a secret report at a meeting of the Japanese diplomatic association in July 1937 by infantry captain Etsuo KOTANI [in the documents of Soviet intelligence appears as KOOTANI], who served in Moscow from March 1, 1935 to April 6, 1937 as an assistant military attache. Its leader was the head of the Soviet department of the 4th section (Europe and America) of the 2nd bureau of the General Staff of the Japanese Ground Forces, cavalry colonel Yukio KASAHARA (later became lieutenant general of the infantry, died in 1998, but the fate of KOTANI, who later became an infantry colonel, is reliably unknown, there are three different versions).
KOTANI in July 1937 in his report “The Internal Situation of the USSR (Analysis of the Tukhachevsky Case)” stated:
“It is wrong to consider the execution of Tukhachevsky and several other leaders of the Red Army as the result of an anti-Stalinist movement that broke out in the army. It would be correct to see this as a phenomenon stemming from the purge work carried out by Stalin for some time, penetrating the entire country. Such processes, presumably, will take place in the future. This purge started last year. It is based on the desire of Stalin, in connection with the growing tension in the international situation, to achieve political strengthening within the country and secure freedom of action for the implementation of his plans. The first step was to purge the Communist Party. Lenin said that the Party would certainly grow, but if its growth were left to take its course, it would begin to rot, which is why it was necessary to organize purges at the right moments to expel all alien elements. Purges were repeatedly carried out in the past, but the purge, which began the year before last, was the first step in the general purge conceived by Stalin within the state ...
Let us turn to examples of how military commanders acted on the battlefield during civil war and you will understand what I want to say. At the moment when the operations or the situation of the battle unfolded unsuccessfully, the commanders resorted to the strongest repressions, to terror and executions against their subordinates, and then the course of the operation changed for the better and the battle took a successful turn. Examples of this, as they say, were observed, in particular, during the Siberian events. I think this is true...
I have heard the opinion that although England, France and Germany are closely watching the events in Russia, only the Japanese army gives a serious, restrained assessment of these events ... I want to say on this occasion that the Japanese General Staff and the Japanese military circles know Russia best of all …
The modern USSR, carrying out the Stalinist purge inside the country, seeks precisely to increase its defense capability.
In 1950, in the execution cellars of Moscow, shots rang out with might and main: Chekists, who had trained their hands back in the years of the Great Terror, habitually “snacked” at the back of the head of Soviet generals.
Although the death penalty in the USSR was abolished in May 1947, but on January 12, 1950, "meeting", as usual, numerous requests "from the national republics, from trade unions, peasant organizations, and also from cultural figures," the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decided allow the application death penalty"to traitors to the motherland, spies, subversive saboteurs."
KGB shots were especially frequent in August 1950. On August 24, Hero was shot Soviet Union, Marshal of the Soviet Union Grigory Kulik and Hero of the Soviet Union Colonel General Vasily Gordov. The next day, August 25, three more generals were shot: major generals Philip Rybalchenko, Nikolai Kirillov and Pavel Ponedelin. On August 26, 1950, KGB bullets in the back of the head were taken by another general's troika - Major General of Aviation Michael Beleshev, major general Mikhail Belyanchik and brigade commander Nikolai Lazutin. On August 27, somewhat tired judges and executioners took a Sunday break, and on August 28 the following were led to the basement - major generals Ivan Krupennikov, Maxim Sivaev and Vladimir Kirpichnikov. Another high-ranking military man, brigvrach (corresponding to the title of "brigade commander") Ivan Naumov, almost fell short of the KGB bullet "put" to him - he died on August 23, 1950 in Butyrka, tortured by Abakumov's "guys". In total, according to Vyacheslav Zvyagintsev, who worked with the materials of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, only from August 18 to August 30, 1950, 20 generals and marshals were sentenced to death.
However, the extermination of generals did not begin in August, not in August (and not even in 1950) and was limited. Say, on June 10, 1950, Major General Pavel Artemenko, and on October 28, 1950, in the Sukhanovskaya prison of the MGB, Rear Admiral Pyotr Bondarenko. On the same day and in the same Sukhanovka, Lieutenant General killed by Chekists died. tank troops Vladimir Tamruchi, languishing in prison since 1943. The "pioneer" of the application of the decree of January 12, 1950 was the air marshal Sergei Khudyakov, arrested back in December 1945: he was shot on April 18, 1950, accusing, as usual, of "treason."
Execution by installments
According to the same decree, in April and June 1950, at least six more military leaders went under execution: brigade commanders Ivan Bessonov and Mikhail Bogdanov and four major generals - Alexander Budykho, Andrey Naumov, Pavel Bogdanov and Evgeny Egorov. But here the story seems to be special: these six, according to the documents, paid for their cooperation with the Germans in captivity.
For example, brigade commander Bessonov is a personnel security officer, on the eve of the war, due to discrediting circumstances and with a very strong demotion, he was transferred to the Red Army: he was the head of the combat training department of the Main Directorate of the NKVD border troops and then the commander of the Trans-Baikal border district, and became the chief of staff of the 102nd rifle division . At the end of August 1941, when nothing was left of the division, brigade commander Bessonov surrendered. Almost immediately he began to cooperate with the Germans, and there he even offered them his services in creating punitive anti-partisan formations and pseudo-partisan detachments - to discredit real partisans in the eyes of the population. Here, undoubtedly, the KGB school and the rich practice of Bessonov himself had an effect: he participated in the special operation of the OGPU of 1933-1934 in Xinjiang - when several brigades and regiments of the OGPU, dressed in White Guard and Chinese uniforms, fought against "Chinese Muslims" and Chiang troops Kaishi. Surely Bessonov was and was aware of some of the details of the False Cordon operation - when the security officers in the border zone recruited local residents, ferrying them "abroad" - as scouts. On the "other" side - on the false "Manchurian" ("Polish", "Finnish", "Romanian", etc.) outposts, they were caught by the Chekists, dressed in the uniform of the local border guards, they were tortured to beat out confessions in work for the NKVD, "re-recruited" and sent back. Where the unfortunate "scouts" were already taken as natural "spies" ... At least, Bessonov's counter-guerrilla proposals too clearly followed from the richest practice of the school of Chekist provocations. But the most interesting thing is that Bessonov suggested that the Germans throw out troops from former prisoners of war in the areas of the NKVD camps - up to 50 thousand paratroopers who were supposed to destroy the camp guards, raise the prisoners of the Gulag to revolt, launching a guerrilla war in the Soviet rear. The energetic security officer also managed to work in his specialty - as a "brood hen", in the cell of Yakov Dzhugashvili ...
Major-General Pavel Bogdanov, commander of the 48th Infantry Division, apparently surrendered voluntarily and, according to the documents, betrayed his political workers to the Germans, offering his services in the fight against the Red Army along the way. In 1942, he joined the “Russian squad of the SS”, took part in punitive operations, in 1943 he headed the counterintelligence of the “1st Russian National SS Brigade” Gil-Rodionov, but ... was handed over to the partisans. Major General Alexander Budykho, former commander of the 171st Rifle Division, was captured in the fall of 1941, collaborated with the Germans - joined the ROA, formed the "eastern battalions". The commander of the 13th Infantry Division, Major General Andrei Naumov, was also captured in the fall of 1941. He agreed to work for the Germans, recruited prisoners of war into the "Eastern battalions" and, as documented, wrote a denunciation of the captured generals who were conducting anti-German agitation - Thor and Shepetov ... The Germans shot them according to that denunciation.
Commander of the 4th Corps of the 3rd Army Western Front Major General Yevgeny Yegorov has been in captivity since the end of June 1941: the documents of the MGB claimed that he was conducting "pro-fascist agitation" among the prisoners of war. It is difficult to verify this, but he was not posthumously rehabilitated. Brigade commander Mikhail Bogdanov was captured in August 1941, being the head of artillery of the 8th Rifle Corps of the 26th Army of the Southwestern Front. He worked in the Todt organization, then joined the ROA, rising there to the rank of chief of artillery.
It would seem that everything is clear with these military leaders: betrayed - answer. But it's full of mysteries. For example, what prevented them from being convicted much earlier, why were they kept in the stash for so long in order to be taken out of there precisely in 1950?
"He knew too much..."
But generals Artemenko, Kirillov, Ponedelin, Beleshev, Krupennikov, Sivaev, Kirpichnikov and brigade commander Lazutin no longer fit into this company. Although they were captured, they did not cooperate with the enemy. However, Aviation Major General Mikhail Beleshev was guilty for Stalin, apparently, by the fact that he was the commander of the Air Force of the 2nd shock army - the same one commanded by Vlasov, although there is no data on his cooperation with the Germans. Major General Pavel Artemenko, deputy commander of the 37th Army for the rear, was captured in the "Kiev Cauldron". When the Americans released him, the general was literally dying of dystrophy (read: from hunger). He successfully passed the Chekist special check, already in 1945 he was reinstated in the cadres of the Armed Forces of the USSR, he retained the rank of major general. Moreover, in addition to the Order of the Red Banner that he already had since 1938, in 1946 General Artemenko was awarded two more orders: the Red Banner - for 20 years of impeccable service, and Lenin - for 25 years of service. If the Chekists had even a shadow of doubt about the impeccability of Artemenko's behavior in captivity, there could be no talk of such an award! However, perhaps it was his speeches that let him down - seditious stories (and reasoning) in his circle about the reasons for the defeat in 1941, about being in captivity ...
The head of artillery of the 61st Rifle Corps of the 13th Army of the Western Front, brigade commander Nikolai Lazutin, was captured in July 1941, after defeating the remnants of the corps near Mogilev. If there had been real dirt on the brigade commander, he would not have been rehabilitated in 1956. The head of military communications of the 24th Army of the Reserve Front, Major General Maxim Sivaev, was captured after the encirclement of the army in October 1941 near Vyazma. The Chekists accused him of treason in the form of voluntary surrender and giving the Germans the secret of military transportation, but not a single fact proving this was found, which was also evidenced by the posthumous rehabilitation of the general in 1957. Major General Ivan Krupennikov, chief of staff of the 3rd Guards Army of the Southwestern Front, was taken prisoner, of course, at an unfortunate time (if there is a good hour for this at all!) - at the end of the Battle of Stalingrad, in December 1942: German units , breaking through from the encirclement on the middle Don, captured the headquarters of the 3rd Guards Army. But the captured general did not cooperate with the Germans. As well as did not cooperate with the Finns who captured him, and Major General Vladimir Kirpichnikov, commander of the 43rd Infantry Division. The combat commander, who received the Order of the Red Star for Spain and the Order of the Red Banner for the Finnish War, "pierced" in only one thing: when he was interrogated by the Finns, he spoke too well of the Finnish army. As Abakumov later wrote in a note to Stalin, “he slandered the Soviet government, the Red Army, its high command and praised the actions of the Finnish troops.” With such a "diagnosis" it was unrealistic to survive.
And with Generals Ponedelin, who commanded the 12th Army of the Southern Front, which disappeared near Uman, and Kirillov, commander of the 13th Rifle Corps of the same army, it was even more difficult - Comrade Stalin personally had a grudge against them. As early as August 16, 1941, the infamous order No. 27 of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command was signed by him, which read: Generals Ponedelin and Kirillov are traitors, traitors and deserters who voluntarily surrendered and violated their oath. According to Stalin (if not the entire order, then he himself wrote or dictated the bulk of it), Ponedelin allegedly “had every opportunity to break through to his own, as did the vast majority of parts of his army. But Ponedelin did not show the necessary perseverance and the will to win, succumbed to panic, chickened out and surrendered to the enemy, deserted to the enemy, thus committing a crime against the Motherland as a violator of the military oath.
Here the leader frankly and impudently lied: the “overwhelming majority” perished in the Uman pocket, having been captured, so in this case the commander, who shared the fate of the soldiers of his army, was captured while trying to break out of the encirclement. As well as Major General Kirillov, about whom the Stalinist order stated that he, “instead of fulfilling his duty to the Motherland, to organize the units entrusted to him for a staunch rebuff to the enemy and exit from the encirclement, deserted from the battlefield and surrendered to the enemy . As a result of this, parts of the 13th Rifle Corps were defeated, and some of them surrendered without serious resistance. The order also mentioned the commander of the 28th Army, Lieutenant General Vladimir Kachalov, whose headquarters "came out of encirclement", but he himself allegedly "showed cowardice and surrendered German fascists... I preferred to surrender, I preferred to desert to the enemy. Although, in reality, Lieutenant General Kachalov died near Roslavl almost two weeks before this order was issued - from a direct hit by a shell in a tank in which the commander, at the head of the remnants of his army, was going to break out of the encirclement. But reality, as you know, interested the leader only when it suited him. Because the heroically deceased general was not only personally slandered Supreme Commander, so on September 26, 1941, he was sentenced to death in absentia (and posthumously!) and his family was repressed.
On October 13, 1941, Ponedelin and Kirillov were also sentenced to death in absentia. Their families were also subjected to repression - in full accordance with the same Stalinist order No. 270, which stated that the families of these generals "are subject to arrest as families of deserters who violated the oath and betrayed their homeland." The order actually read: all those who were captured are traitors. And therefore, everyone is obliged to “destroy them by all means, both ground and air, and deprive the families of Red Army soldiers who have surrendered of state benefits and assistance.” And although this cannibalistic document was not formally published at that time, its last line read: "The order is read in all companies, squadrons, batteries, squadrons, commands and headquarters."
So since 1941, the entire active (and inactive) army knew: Ponedelin and Kirillov were traitors and traitors, sentenced to death in absentia. Fuel to the fire was added by the fact that the Germans tried with might and main to use the very fact of the capture of the generals, photographing Ponedelin and Kirillov together with German officers and then scattering leaflets with these photographs in the location Soviet troops. And after the victory, it suddenly turned out that everything was wrong - the generals behaved courageously in captivity, refusing any cooperation with the Germans and Vlasov, although they knew very well that they had been declared cowards, traitors, traitors and had already been sentenced to death in absentia. But could the infallible Comrade Stalin admit that he was so cruelly mistaken, personally and throughout the country, calling them traitors? Could he “forgive” them, thereby recognizing that it was he who bore the lion's share of the blame for the terrible tragedy of 1941? Comrade Stalin, as you know, never errs, and indeed, those who have already been shot in absentia should not be released!
Pre-battle cleanup
It would seem, from which side then are Khudyakov, Kulik, Gordov, Rybalchenko, Belyanchik, Bondarenko or, for example, Tamruchi? None of them were captured, but all of them were destroyed on charges of mythical “treason”, anti-Soviet slander, terrorist intent against the Soviet leadership, etc., etc.
There is no point in looking for a formal logic here: even after the war, Stalin continued to destroy his military leaders for the same reasons that he had destroyed them both before the war and at the height of it. The executions of 1950 became a natural development of the pogrom of the marshal-general group, begun by Stalin immediately after the victory, as part of a whole series of cases then developed. Stalin needed to besiege the military leaders, who not only imagined themselves to be the winners (of course, only Comrade Stalin could be such!), but also dared to chat in their circle about how much in vain and about anything. For example, about the bad role of the leader in the fateful 1941, about the deplorable situation in the country.
The first lesson was given to the obstinate by arresting Air Marshal Khudyakov in December 1945, and in 1946 a full-fledged “aviation business” was launched, costing posts (and freedom) to a bunch of air marshals and generals. In the summer of 1946, a “trophy case” was initiated against Marshal Zhukov, in addition to this, the marshal was accused of “Bonapartism” and inflating merit in the defeat of Germany, was removed from the post of commander-in-chief of the Ground Forces, sent to an unhonorable exile - to the Odessa military district. Then there was the "case of the admirals" - and the legendary Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Kuznetsov fell into disgrace ... In general, everything is in the best traditions of the 37th, although on a slightly different scale. True, Comrade Stalin considered it premature to shoot Marshal Zhukov for the time being: he (like a number of other military leaders) was still needed by the leader - in the types of a war planned very seriously (and just as seriously prepared) by him against the United States.
In 1950, preparations for this war were in full swing, and, as can be assumed, Comrade. Stalin needed to show the slightly “softened” military elite again that his hand was firm, as in the unforgettable 1937. That is why he began to mercilessly shoot the "talkers" who turned up under this hand - such as Kulik and Gordov, the recording of whose conversations showed how they, ungrateful, obscenely bark personally comrade. Stalin! And it’s okay that the first one has long been in circulation - everyone to whom this lesson needs to be conveyed remembers that he was a real marshal. They also remember that it was Gordov who commanded the Stalingrad Front - there are no inviolable heroes ... In general, a typical Stalinist multi-move: The owner always tried to kill several birds with one stone. With the executions of that August, and indeed of the whole of 1950, he seemed to make it clear to the military that this was a traditional cleansing on the eve of another big war. During which there will be no indulgence for anyone - neither chatterboxes who doubted the wisdom of the leader, nor those who think to "sit out in captivity" or, like Vlasov, hope, on occasion, to swipe at the sacred - Soviet power (read: Stalin's personal dictatorship), switching to side of democracies.
It is no coincidence that in the death sentence to Major General Philip Rybalchenko, who was held in conjunction with Kulik and Gordov, it was said that he was "a supporter of the restoration of capitalism in the USSR, declared the need to overthrow the Soviet regime," and even "sought to abolish the political apparatus for enemy purposes in Soviet army". And Comrade Stalin cannot be denied a certain logic: he perfectly understood that only the military could really threaten his authorities. Therefore, it permanently cut their corporate cohesion in the bud. For with his bestial instinct he felt that in the coming war - already with the Americans - the second edition of Vlasov and Vlasovism could not be mastered by him. That the new prisoners new war(and there are no wars without them) they will certainly become the backbone of the anti-Stalinist army, which the exhausted population of the country, and ... a considerable part of the army elite, will readily support, the Owner had no doubt. Therefore, he protected himself as best he could and knew how, crushing the nape of the general's head with KGB bullets in August 1950.
Column of the head of the Memorial Museum Mikhail Cherepanov about Stalin and non-Stalin repressions
In March, the anniversary of the death of I.V. Stalin. His figure causes the most conflicting feelings among the population - from idealization and whitewashing to complete demonization. One of the "merits" of the Soviet leader is the Stalinist repressions. Our columnist, head of the Museum-Memorial of the Great Patriotic War of the Kazan Kremlin Mikhail Cherepanov, in his column written especially for Realnoe Vremya, tells about Stalin's plans for execution and non-Stalinist repressions.
On March 5, in our country, the day of the death of the “Great Helmsman”, the “Father of the Nations” Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin is again marked. Its popularity is rapidly growing again among both adults and the younger generation. Increasingly, there is an opinion that only such as Secretary General Koba can restore order, punish thieves and criminals, and stand up for the disadvantaged. A sort of Robin Hood of our time. And the role of Stalin in unwinding large-scale repressions against his own people is completely forgotten.
It is worth recalling only one fact from the recent history of at least our republic.
Shooting plan overfulfilled
On July 30, 1937, all regional and republican departments of the NKVD of the USSR received an operational order from the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR No. 00447 N. Yezhov, approved at a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In the second section of the order "On the measures of punishment of the repressed and the number of those subject to repression" there is paragraph 2:
“According to the credentials provided by you, I confirm to you the following number of persons subject to repression:
The party and the government, represented by I. Stalin and N. Yezhov, gave the NKVD officers a “production plan” for the destruction of their own people.
The party and the government, represented by I. Stalin and N. Yezhov (on the right), gave the NKVD officers a “production plan” for the destruction of their own people. Photo wikimedia.org
By a separate protocol, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on July 31, 1937, "released the NKVD from the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars" for this dirty work, "for the operational costs associated with the operation, 75 million rubles." The fact itself is shocking, but I want to say more than just that.
Having received an order from the center, the NKVD officers immediately began to take such an initiative that the "released limits" were not enough. Many more people ended up in prisons than was even prescribed by the inhuman plans of repression.
Stalin, of course, went to meet the wishes from the field, personally increased the limits on executions (see note). There was such an initiative in Tatarstan.
There is an interesting document in the archive of the KGB of the Republic of Tatarstan - "Information on the use of the limit as of December 30, 1937." In it, the secretary of the operational headquarters of the NKVD of the Tatras Republic, junior lieutenant of the State Security Gorsky, reports on how the plan of repression is being carried out:
- category (execution) - limit - 2,350 people, convicted - 2,196 people, 154 people remain.
- category (expulsion) - the limit is 3,000 people, 2,124 people were convicted, 876 people remain.”
(Archive of the KGB RT. F.109. Op.1. D.13. L.338).
Think about it: the plan from the center was as follows - to shoot 500 people. A few months later, an officer of the NKVD of Tataria reports that 2,196 people have been shot in the republic and the limit has not been exhausted. There are 154 “undershot” people left!
What is this if not an initiative from below? "Creativity of the masses" in the field. And this is only during 1937. How was it explained - by the struggle for an idea, by an unforeseen number of enemies? Or maybe the same amount - 75 million rubles - allocated by the Central Committee "for operating expenses"?
From 1921 to 1953, about 4 million Soviet citizens were arrested for political reasons. Photo archsovet.msk.ru
According to the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, from 1921 to 1953, about 4 million Soviet citizens were arrested for political reasons. Of these, about 800 thousand were shot, about 600 thousand died in custody. The total number of victims is 1.4 million people.
Who was responsible for such an “overfulfillment of the plan”, for a crime against their own people? The ones who gave the order? All their names have not yet been declassified. But after all, the scale of repression was once the strictest secret.
Crimes against humanity have no statute of limitations. Time will be the chief judge for those who signed death sentences and carried them out with particular zeal.
Not only "Stalinist"
In most official documents on the rehabilitation of victims of political repression, their time frame is clearly defined - “the period of the 30s-40s and early 50s”. Even in the Tatar Encyclopedic Dictionary, published in 1999, the repressions are limited to 1918-1954. It is said that “all sectors of society” were affected by repressions only in 1929-1938 and that “innocent victims were rehabilitated on the basis of decisions of the Soviet government.”
What is political repression? What were their scales in our country? Were they only "Stalinist"?
It became possible to give more accurate answers to these questions only in the 21st century, when, in the course of preparing for the publication of the Book of Memory of the Victims of Political Repressions of the Republic of Tatarstan, files from the republican archives of the KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Supreme Court and the prosecutor's office were declassified and computerized ...
Half a century has passed since party officials allowed the Soviet people to consider their relatives and friends, torn from peaceful life, tortured to death in camps and prisons, as innocent victims. True, this was done with great reservations. At first, only those who personally established, by shedding blood (including someone else's), the very power that later ruined them, were declared innocent. They also acquitted those who were declared traitors only because they were captured by the enemy. There were about 800 thousand of them. Work on their rehabilitation was enough for a dozen years.
They also acquitted those who were declared traitors only because they were captured by the enemy. There were about 800 thousand of them. Photo soldatru.ru
At the end of the 1950s, it was allowed to consider as innocent those who worked all their lives, strengthening Soviet power economically, and suffered from it only because they did not fully correspond to the position of a slave. (Or, as one of the leaders of the establishment of Soviet power in Russia, Lev Trotsky, put it, “a white Negro”). There were several million of them. And the rehabilitation process dragged on, and soon completely stalled.
Only in 1987 did the party leaders of the country again remember the millions of fellow citizens who had died with the stigma of "enemy of the people" or eked out a miserable existence, devoting all their strength to slave labor in the Gulag camps. By 1990, another 1,730,000 people were legally justified.
On October 18, 1991, the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repressions” was finally adopted. Its Article 2 states that citizens "who have been subjected to political repression since October 25 (November 7), 1917" are subject to rehabilitation. Until what year the repressions were carried out is not indicated. But the State Archives of the Russian Federation clearly recorded the date of termination of the last case under the infamous article 58-10 (later renamed the 70th): December 6, 1991 (see 58-10. Supervisory proceedings of the USSR Prosecutor's Office on cases of anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda. March 1953 - 1991. - M., 1999).
As for Tatarstan, the last political prisoner in our republic was Andrey Ivanovich Alemasov, a pensioner from Yelabuga, born in 1921. On November 18, 1983, he was sentenced by the collegium of the Supreme Court of the TASSR to 3 years and 6 months in a correctional labor colony "for fabrications discrediting the state and the social system."
The fact that the Bolsheviks began repressions on the territory of present-day Tatarstan back in August 1918, not far from the station. Sviyazhsk is a widely known fact. The museum of the revolution on the island of Sviyazhsk tells in detail about this initiative of Leon Trotsky. The first victims of the executions were the Red Army soldiers themselves, who left Kazan almost without a fight for the White Guard and the Czechoslovaks. The remains of seven executed Red Army soldiers were found in 2003 by our working group of the Book of Memory of the Republic of Tatarstan on the banks of the Volga near the railway bridge and buried in the village. Lower Elms.
The fact that the Bolsheviks began repressions on the territory of present-day Tatarstan back in August 1918, not far from the station. Sviyazhsk is a widely known fact. The museum of the revolution on the island of Sviyazhsk tells in detail about this initiative of Leon Trotsky. Photo by Mikhail Kozlovsky
The newspapers of the times of the Civil War published lists of the families of the hostages who were shot during the Red Terror. But few people could get acquainted with the first cases of the Kazan Extraordinary Commission and the military tribunal. They were declassified only in the 21st century. The personal data of those sentenced to death are very indicative. Here is who was officially sentenced to death by the Soviet authorities, judging by the cases preserved in the archives of the KGB of the Republic of Tatarstan:
On August 9, 1918, the former mayor F.P. Polyakov - "for the extradition of the Red Army to the White Czechs" and a student of the Kazan Technical School P.A. Cherepanov (16 years old) - "for complicity with Czechoslovak spies";
35-year-old pharmacist's assistant from Sviyazhsk E.I. Pulcherovskaya and her brother, a clerical employee, - “for their hostile attitude towards owls. authorities";
On August 11, 1918, a 66-year-old priest, father of 11 children, K.I. Dalmatov and his two sons (20 and 25 years old);
On August 12, 1918, a peasant woman from Sviyazhsk A.S. was shot. Tsvetkov "for the extradition of the Red Army to the Czechs."
There were several hundred death sentences in the summer of 1918. Later, the number of executions in Tataria alone was already in the thousands. The statistics of sentences, judging by the information published in 25 volumes of the Book of Memory of the Victims of Political Repressions of the Republic of Tatarstan, is very indicative.
54,727 natives or residents of Tataria arrested in different years for so-called anti-Soviet activities and propaganda. Of these, 3,657 are women. In places of detention, 13,938 people died, of which 5,687 were shot, the rest died of disease and starvation.
And even when capital punishment was abolished for three years in the USSR in 1947, 25 years of hard labor were often a guarantee lethal outcome for the convict. Photo grad-petrov.ru
Extrajudicial bodies - "triples" of different scales - convicted more than half, i.e. even at that time convicted illegally. And we are talking only about those who, at least formally, were charged. There were many more people who were shot during the years of the Red Terror or expelled from the republic without trial. And even when capital punishment was abolished for three years in the USSR in 1947, 25 years of hard labor were often a guarantee of death for the convict. The total number of victims of political and administrative repressions in the territory of present-day Tatarstan alone is about 350,000 people.
Mikhail Cherepanov
Reference
Mikhail Valerievich Cherepanov- Head of the Museum-Memorial of the Great Patriotic War of the Kazan Kremlin; Chairman of the Association "Club of Military Glory"; Honored Worker of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Military Historical Sciences, Laureate of the State Prize of the Republic of Tatarstan.
- Born in 1960.
- Graduated from Kazan State University them. IN AND. Ulyanov-Lenin with a degree in Journalism.
- Head of the working group (from 1999 to 2007) Books of Memory of victims of political repressions of the Republic of Tatarstan.
- Since 2007 he has been working in National Museum RT.
- One of the creators of the 28-volume book "Memory" of the Republic of Tatarstan about those who died during the Second World War, 19 volumes of the Book of Memory of the Victims of Political Repressions of the Republic of Tatarstan, etc.
- Creator of the electronic Book of Memory of the Republic of Tatarstan (a list of natives and residents of Tatarstan who died during the Second World War).
- Author of thematic lectures from the cycle "Tatarstan during the war years", thematic excursions "Feat of countrymen on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War".
- Co-author of the concept of the virtual museum "Tatarstan - Fatherland".
- Member of 60 search expeditions to bury the remains of soldiers who died in the Great Patriotic War (since 1980), board member of the Union of Search Teams of Russia.
- Author of more than 100 scientific and educational articles, books, participant of all-Russian, regional and international conferences. Columnist of Realnoe Vremya.
Elementary, even small children already know this: “In 1930, the ShKAS machine gun was created specifically for mass terror and executions. In 1932 he went into serial production. Rate of fire - 1800 shots / minute. So, in the recently declassified archives of the Cheka / NGB, documents were found that clearly describe the process of the most terrible atrocity in the history of mankind. In the cellars of the Lubyanka, a conveyor was mounted, through which the connected s / c were fed at great speed. The unfortunate people were put on the conveyor belt with the back of their heads to the wall, past which the belt was passing. To avoid mass riots, people were promised that they were sent to a brighter future, and their hands were tied behind their backs so that they would not be injured during transportation (the conveyor was moving very quickly). At that moment, when the first s/k stepped onto the conveyor, a window opened in the wall, the barrel of a ShKAS machine gun stuck out, the machine gun rattled loudly, and did not stop until the last of a billion s/k was villainously killed in the back of the head by a 7.62 mm caliber bullet. In order for you to appreciate the enormity of this crime, I will tell you that in the most “difficult” days, at least 3.5 million people were shot every day! The unfortunate convicts were brought to the place of execution at night, by barges, along a whole system of canals dug specifically for this. Where then did so many corpses go, the skeptical reader will ask? The answer to this question was found in the same place - in the bloody basements of the archives of the current FSB. Remember how much the subway developed in the 30s? It was in order to hide the huge number of innocent victims that Stalin ordered these gigantic holes to be dug. The corpses fell directly from the conveyor into the shafts of the falconer line then under construction, where they were crushed into dust, after which they were added to the mortar, which strengthened the arches of the tunnels. The Stalinist metro is literally made of bones. Of course, with a stingy mathematical calculation, it turns out that to implement this monstrous plan, Stalin would need 1.5 years of continuous executions for 8 hours a day, and this does not fit in with the reality in which all the terror occurred, as you know, in 1937. But here the archives again came to our aid - what do you think, for which Shpitalny, (designer of the ShKAS machine gun) received TWO titles of Hero of Socialist Labor? Yes, it’s very simple - Stalin had TWO conveyors (and ShKAS machine guns), and the bloody tyrant, standing in special blood-resistant chrome boots (so as not to stain breeches) knee-deep in human blood, shot at the back of the head of the repressed with two hands, in Macedonian ! Proof of this is the fact that there are TWO tunnels at EVERY metro station! When you are in the subway - pay attention to this inconspicuous fact. Destroying the flower of the intelligentsia according to this scheme, Stalin managed in just 289 days in 1937, those very famous “three hundred to eleven” sung in Kolyma folklore, after which he went on vacation to Gori, where he drank Tsinandali and ate lobio with Beria ." Alexander Solzhenitsyn, "A Billion in Three Hundred Days"
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