Causes of death from alcohol. Sat down and died

Adults is a phenomenon that takes root in daily life modern man... It is becoming more and more common. But no one can say for sure that the deceased was seriously ill. That is, in fact, death comes suddenly. There are a number of reasons and risk groups that can influence this phenomenon. What does the population need to know about sudden death? Why does it arise? Is there any way to avoid it? All features will be presented below. Only if you know about the phenomenon all the information known on this moment, you can try to somehow avoid a collision with a similar situation. In fact, everything is much more complicated than it seems.

Description

Sudden adult death syndrome is a phenomenon that spread in 1917. It was at this moment that a similar term was first heard.

The phenomenon is characterized by death, and unreasonable, of a person in good health. Such a citizen, as already mentioned, did not have any serious illnesses. In any case, the person himself did not complain of certain symptoms, and also did not receive treatment from a doctor.

There is no precise definition of this phenomenon. Exactly the same as real mortality statistics. Many doctors argue about the reasons why this phenomenon appears. Sudden adult death syndrome is a mystery that still remains unsolved. There are many theories according to which people die. More about them.

Risk group

The first step is to figure out who is most often exposed to the phenomenon under study. The fact is that the syndrome of sudden death of the adult generation quite often occurs in Asians. Therefore, these people are at risk.

It is also not uncommon for SVNS (Sudden Unexplained Death Syndrome) to occur in people who work hard. That is, among workaholics. In any case, this is the assumption made by some physicians.

The risk group includes, in principle, all people who have:

• unhealthy family environment;
• hard work;
• constant stress;
• there are serious illnesses (but then usually death is not sudden).

Accordingly, the majority of the world's population is exposed to the phenomenon under study. Nobody is safe from him. As the doctors assure, during the autopsy it is impossible to establish the cause of the death of the person. That is why death is called sudden.

Nevertheless, as already mentioned, there are several assumptions according to which this phenomenon arises. Sudden adult death syndrome can be explained in several ways. What are the assumptions about this topic?

Man against chemistry

The first theory is the effect of chemistry on the human body. Modern people surrounded by a variety of chemicals. They are everywhere: in furniture, medicine, water, food. Literally at every step. Especially in food.

There is very little natural food. The body receives huge doses of chemicals every day. All this cannot pass without a trace. This is why Sudden Adult Death Syndrome occurs. The body simply cannot withstand the next charge of chemistry that surrounds a modern person. As a result, life activity ceases. And death comes.

The theory is supported by many. Indeed, as practice has shown, over the past century, inexplicable deaths have begun to occur quite often. It was during this period that the progress of human development is observed. Therefore, the impact of the surrounding chemistry on the body can be considered the first and most likely cause.

Waves

The following theory can also be scientifically explained. We are talking about electromagnetic waves. It's no secret that a person is under the influence of magnetism all his life. Pressure surges are felt very well by some people - they start to feel bad. This proves the negative impact of electromagnetic waves on humans.

At the moment, scientists have proven that the Earth is the second planet in the solar system in terms of the power of produced radio emissions. The body, being constantly in such an environment, gives some kind of failure. Especially when combined with exposure to chemicals. And from here comes the Sudden Adult Death Syndrome. Actually electromagnetic waves cause the body to stop performing functions to ensure human life.

It's all about breathing

But the following theory may seem somewhat non-standard and even absurd. But it is still actively promoted all over the world. Quite often, sudden death syndrome occurs in an adult. Some people make incredible assumptions about this phenomenon.

The point is that during sleep, the human body functions, but in an "economical" mode. And a person in such periods of rest sees dreams. Terror can cause the body to refuse to function. Or rather, breathing is disturbed. It stops because of what it sees. In other words, from fear.

That is, a person does not realize in a dream that everything that happens is not reality. As a result, he dies in life. As mentioned, a somewhat incredible theory. But it does take place. By the way, sudden infant death syndrome in sleep is explained in a similar way. Scientists say that if, while resting, the child dreams that he is in the womb, then breathing will stop. And the baby "forgets" to breathe, as oxygen must be supplied to him through the umbilical cord. But these are all just assumptions.

Infection

What else can you hear? What are the causes of Sudden Adult Death Syndrome? The next assumption is generally similar to a fairy tale. But it is sometimes expressed.

As already mentioned, an incredible, fabulous theory. There is no need to believe in this assumption. Rather, such a story is a common "scarecrow" that was invented with the aim of somehow explaining the sudden adult death syndrome.

Overwork

Now some information that looks more like the truth. The fact is that, as already mentioned, Asians are at risk of people susceptible to sudden death syndrome. Why?

Scientists have put forward a certain assumption. Asians are people who are constantly working. They work very hard. And therefore, the body at one point begins to deplete. It "burns out" and "turns off". As a result, death occurs.

That is, in fact, the sudden death of an adult occurs due to the fact that the body is overworked. This is often the fault of the job. As statistics show, if you pay attention to Asians, then many die right in the workplace. Therefore, you should not work for wear and tear constantly. This pace of life negatively affects health. In a person, other than fatigue, there are no other signs.

Stress

Also among the most common theories about death without cause, stress is highlighted. Another assumption that can be believed. As already mentioned, people who are constantly in a nervous environment have not only a high risk of diseases and cancer, they are also attributed to the population risk group that may face sudden death syndrome.

The theory is explained in almost the same way as in the case of constant work and stress - the body "wears out" from stress, then "turns off" or "burns out". As a result, death occurs for no apparent reason. The effects of stress cannot be detected at autopsy. Just like the negative impact of strenuous, systematic and incessant work.

Outcomes

What conclusions follow from all of the above? Sudden night death syndrome, as well as daytime in adults and children, is an unexplained phenomenon. There are a huge variety of theories that allow us to classify this or that group of people as a risk category. Physicians and scientists to this day cannot find an exact explanation for the named phenomenon. In the same way as to put forward a clear definition of sudden death syndrome.

Only one thing is clear - so that there is no high risk die for no apparent reason, you must lead healthy image life, less nervous and more rest. In modern conditions, it is very problematic to bring the idea to life. If anything, doctors recommend at least minimizing stress and the amount of stress. Workaholics need to understand that they also need to rest. Otherwise, such people may suddenly die.

If you lead the most healthy lifestyle, then the likelihood of sudden death is minimized. Every person should remember this. Nobody is immune from the mentioned phenomenon. Scientists are trying to study it as best as possible and find the exact reason for the appearance of this phenomenon. So far, as has already been emphasized, this has not been done. It remains only to believe numerous theories.

Sudden death occurs as a result of a fast-flowing latent or clinically pronounced painful state. As medical practice shows, sudden death in adults often occurs due to acute coronary insufficiency, congenital or acquired cardiac and vascular pathologies. Find out what symptoms may indirectly indicate a hidden threat.

What is sudden death

According to international medical recommendations, the death of a person is considered sudden within 6 hours after the first symptoms of a pathological condition appear. Instant death, or sudden death in English, occurs without knowingly known reason... In addition, there are no morphological signs on the basis of which an autopsy can be used to make an appropriate diagnosis of the patient's sudden death.

Nevertheless, in the course of a postmortem examination of a person by a pathologist, comparing all the available data, he can draw a logical conclusion about the instant or violent death of a person. In most cases, such changes in organs speak in favor of instant death, in which the continuation of life for the shortest period of time is impossible.

Causes of sudden death

Statistics show that the main cause of most deaths is heart disease: ischemic pathology, the onset of ventricular fibrillation. At the same time, answering what causes instant death, experts often call chronic ailments, which for a long time proceed in a latent form, after which they suddenly become aggravated and lead to an unexpected death of a person. Cancer is one of these deadly diseases.

In most cases, oncology develops asymptomatically and makes itself felt when the patient is often already considered hopeless. Thus, malignant liver damage is the main cause of unexpected deaths in China. Another insidious disease that can lead to sudden death is AIDS, which claims millions of lives in Africa every year. In addition, it is worth mentioning separately about Mexico. This is the only country in which cirrhosis of the liver is the main cause of high mortality in the population.

In young age

Today, young men and women are exposed to the negative influences of modern lifestyles every day. From TV screens, covers of fashion magazines, the cult of a slender (often dystrophic) body, accessibility and licentiousness are imposed on young people. Therefore, it is quite understandable that the mortality rate of persons who are just starting their life path will increase over time. The main causes of instant death among boys and girls under the age of 25 are considered to be:

• alcohol;
• smoking;
• promiscuous sex;
• drug addiction;
• improper nutrition;
• psychological susceptibility;
• hereditary diseases;
• severe congenital pathologies.

In a dream

Unexpected death in this condition occurs due to the loss of special cells responsible for the contractility of the lungs. So, scientists from the United States were able to prove that people die in their sleep in most cases due to central sleep apnea. In this case, a person may even wake up, but still leave this mortal world due to oxygen starvation caused by a stroke or cardiac arrest. As a rule, elderly people are susceptible to this syndrome. There are no specific treatments for central sleep apnea.

Sudden infant death

This syndrome was first described in the early 60s of the last century, although cases of instant death of babies were recorded earlier, but they were not subjected to such a thorough analysis. Small children have very high adaptive abilities and incredible resistance to a variety of negative factors, therefore, the death of an infant is considered to be an exceptional situation. Nevertheless, there are a number of external and internal reasons that can lead to a sudden death of children:

• elongation Q-T interval;
• apnea (the phenomenon of periodic breathing);
• deficiency of serotonin receptors;
• overheat.

Risk factors

Due to the fact that the main cardiogenic cause of instant death is ischemic disease, it is quite logical to assume that the syndromes accompanying this heart pathology can be fully attributed to conditions that can increase the likelihood of sudden death. With all this, it has been scientifically proven that this connection is mediated through the underlying disease. Clinical risk factors for the development of clinical death among patients with ischemic syndrome are:

• acute myocardial infarction;
• postinfarction macrofocal sclerosis;
• unstable angina;
• violation of the heart rhythm due to ischemic changes (rigid, sinus);
• asystole of the ventricles;
• myocardial damage;
• episodes of loss of consciousness;
• damage to the coronary (cardiac) arteries;
• diabetes;
• an electrolyte imbalance (eg, hyperkalemia);
• arterial hypertension;
• smoking.

How sudden death comes

This syndrome develops in a matter of minutes (less often hours) without any warning in the midst of complete well-being. In most cases, instant death affects young men between the ages of 35 and 43. In this case, often during the pathological examination of the dead, vascular reasons for the onset of sudden death are found. So, studying the more frequent cases of instant death, experts came to the conclusion that the main provoking factor for the occurrence of this syndrome is a violation of the coronary blood flow.

With heart failure

In 85% of cases, an instant death is recorded in persons with structural anomalies of the organ that pumps blood into the vessels. At the same time, sudden cardiac death looks like a lightning-fast clinical variant of ischemic disease. Medical practice shows that a quarter of people who die instantly, before the onset of primary symptoms, bradycardia and episodes of asystole are observed. Death from cardiac arrest occurs due to the launch of the following pathogenetic mechanisms:

• Decrease in fractional ejection of the left ventricle by 25-30%. This syndrome greatly increases the risk of sudden coronary death.
• Ectopic focus of automatism in the ventricle (more than 10 ventricular extrasystoles per hour or unstable ventricular tachycardia), arising as a result of ventricular arrhythmias. The latter mostly develop against the background of acute transient myocardial ischemia. The ectopic focus of automatism is usually classified as a risk factor for sudden arrhythmic death.
• The process of spasm of the vessels of the heart, which leads to ischemia and contributes to the deterioration of the restoration of blood flow to the damaged areas.

It should be noted that tachyarrhythmia is a particularly significant electrophysiological mechanism due to which sudden coronary death occurs in a person with heart failure. At the same time, timely treatment of this condition using a defibrillator with a modified pulse configuration significantly reduces the number of deaths among patients who have undergone sudden cardiac arrest.

From a heart attack

Blood flows to the heart through the coronary arteries. If their lumen closes, the formation of primary foci of necrosis, ischemia in the heart occurs. Acute manifestation of cardiac pathology begins with damage to the vascular wall with further thrombosis and arterial spasm. As a result, the load on the heart increases, the myocardium begins to experience oxygen starvation, which affects its electrical activity.

As a result of a sudden coronary spasm, ventricular fibrillation occurs, after a few seconds after that, the blood circulation of the brain completely stops. At the next stage, the patient experiences respiratory arrest, atony, and the absence of corneal and pupillary reflexes. After 4 minutes from the onset of ventricular fibrillation and complete cessation of blood circulation in the body, irreversible changes occur in the brain cells. In general, death from a heart attack can occur in 3-5 minutes.

From a blood clot

In the venous bed, these pathological formations arise due to the uncoordinated work of the coagulation and anticoagulant systems. So, the onset of the appearance of a clot is caused by damage to the vascular wall and its inflammation against the background of thrombophlebitis. Perceiving the appropriate chemical signal, the coagulation system is activated. As a result, fibrin threads are formed near the pathological site, in which blood cells become entangled, creating all the conditions for the detachment of a thrombus.

In the arteries, the formation of clots occurs due to the narrowing of the vascular lumen. So, cholesterol plaques block the path of free blood flow, as a result of which a lump of platelets and fibrin filaments is formed. It is important to note that in medicine, floating and parietal blood clots are distinguished. Compared to the first type, the latter has a small chance of breaking off and causing a blockage (embolism) of the vessel. In most cases, the causes of sudden cardiac arrest from a blood clot are due to the movement of a floating clot.

One of the serious consequences of the separation of such a clot is the blockage of the pulmonary artery, which is expressed in a strong cough, cyanosis of the skin. Often there is a violation of breathing with the subsequent cessation of cardiac activity. An equally serious consequence of the separation of a blood clot is a violation of cerebral circulation against the background of embolism of the great vessels of the head.

Sudden death diagnostics

A timely physical examination is the key to the success of further measures for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The diagnosis of instant death is based on the symptoms characteristic of the natural death of the patient. So, the absence of consciousness is determined if no external stimuli cause reactions from the reanimated person.

Diagnosis of breathing disorders is noted when in 10-20 s. observation fails to catch the coordinated movements of the sternum, the noise of the air exhaled by the patient. At the same time, agonal breaths do not provide adequate ventilation of the lungs and cannot be interpreted as spontaneous breathing. During ECG monitoring, pathological changes characteristic of clinical death are detected:

• fibrillation or flutter of the ventricles;
• asystole of the heart;
• electromechanical dissociation.

Clinical manifestations

In 25% of cases, sudden death occurs instantly without any precursors. Some patients, a week before clinical death, complain of various prodromal manifestations: increased sternum pain, general weakness, shortness of breath. It is important to note that today there are already methods for the prevention of a heart attack, based on the early diagnosis of the preventive symptomology of this condition. Immediately before the onset of sudden death, half of the patients have an anginal attack. The clinical signs of the patient's imminent death include:

• loss of consciousness;
• lack of pulse in the carotid arteries;
• dilated pupils;
• lack of breathing or the appearance of agonal breaths;
• discoloration of the skin from normal to gray with a bluish tinge.

Medical care for sudden death

Typically, most of the sudden cardiac arrest occurs outside the hospital walls. For this reason, it is extremely important to master the technique of providing emergency care in case of sudden onset of clinical death. This is especially true of the subjects of society who, due to their official duties, are in contact with a large number of people. Remember, well-performed resuscitation actions right in the first minutes after the onset of symptoms of cardiac arrest will help buy time before arrival. medical professionals.

Urgent care

The main problem that occurs in unconscious persons is the obstruction of the airways with the root of the tongue and the epiglottis due to muscle atony. I must say that this condition develops in any position of the body, and when the head is tilted forward, it develops in 100% of cases. Therefore, the first thing to be done is to ensure proper airway patency. For this purpose, it is necessary to use P. Safar's triple technique, consisting of the following sequential actions:

1. Throwing back the head;
2. Moving the lower jaw forward;
3. Opening the mouth.

After the patency of the airways is ensured, you should switch to artificial ventilation (ALV). When providing first aid, this measure is carried out by mouth-to-mouth method. So, one hand is located on the victim's forehead, while the other pinches his nose. Then the resuscitator fixes its own lips around the mouth of the person being revived and blows in air, while controlling the excursion of the patient's chest. With its visible lifting, you need to release the victim's mouth, giving him a chance to make a passive exhalation.

At the next stage, artificial support of blood circulation is carried out, for which an algorithm for performing an indirect heart massage, or chest compression, is used. For this purpose, it is necessary to properly lay the resuscitated person on a flat surface. Next, you should determine the points of compression: by palpation of the xiphoid process and deviating from it by 2 transverse fingers up.

The hand must be positioned on the border of the middle and lower part of the sternum so that the fingers are parallel to the ribs. Jerks are performed with the limbs straightened at the elbows. Compression of the chest is performed at a frequency of 100 clicks per minute with a break for artificial ventilation. The depth of the tremors is about 4-5 cm. Measures to restore cardiac activity should be discontinued if:

1. Pulse appeared in the main arteries.
2. The actions taken do not have the desired effect within 30 minutes. In this case, the following conditions are an exception, requiring prolongation of resuscitation:

• hypothermia;
• drowning;
• overdose drugs;
• electrical injury.

Resuscitation measures

Today, the concept of CPR is based on strict rules that ensure the complete safety of the measures taken for human life. In addition, an algorithm for the actions of a resuscitator in case of sudden cardiac arrest or a sharp loss of respiratory function in an injured person is presented and scientifically substantiated. With the development of these conditions the main role time plays: only a few minutes separate a person from death. The algorithm for cardiopulmonary resuscitation involves the following actions:

1. Determination of the condition of the victim, on the basis of which the range of measures necessary for revitalization is selected;
2. Early start CPR, which involves the implementation of two manipulations: chest compressions and mechanical ventilation.
3. If the second stage is ineffective, they switch to defibrillation. The procedure involves the action on the heart muscle with an electrical impulse. In this case, direct current discharges should be applied only if the electrodes are correctly positioned and their good contact with the victim's skin.
4. At this stage, as a rule, the victim is provided with specialized medical care, including the following early treatment measures:

• artificial ventilation of the lungs with tracheal intubation;
• medication support, involving the use of:
• catecholamines (Adrenaline, Atropine);
• antidiuretic hormones (vasopressin);
• antiarrhythmic drugs (Cordaron, Lidocaine);
• fibrinolytic agents (streptokinase).
• intravenous drip of electrolyte or buffer solutions (for example, sodium bicarbonate is injected with acidosis)

Video

Phase of "primary devastation"

On the 5th day after irradiation, the level of most of the formed elements in the blood begins to fall - phase of "primary devastation".

Clinically, this phase manifests itself when the content of cells decreases to a critically low level. This time determines the duration of the latent period.

Dose determination

total body irradiation according to the content of leukocytes in peripheral blood on days 7-9 after irradiation

The duration of the latent period is the less, the higher the dose.

irradiation:

With a mild form of ARS, the latent period may end in 30 or more days;

With an average form - after 15-30 days;

In severe form - after 5-20 days;

In extremely severe form, the latent period may be absent.

III. The peak period.

It occurs when the number of blood cells falls below the critical level:

In addition, there is:

toxemia,

the predominance of catabolism over anabolism,

vegetative dystonia,

autoimmune lesions.

But the basis of the lesion is a violation of the hematopoietic function.

IV. Recovery period

If death does not occur during the height

regenerative processes in the hematopoietic system lead to an increase in the number of mature blood cells

the elimination of the symptoms of the peak period occurs.

During this period, there is a complete or partial normalization of the functions of the critical systems of the body.

Life prognosis for ARS:

Mild - favorable;

Moderate - favorable with proper treatment;

Severe - doubtful, even intensive complex therapy is not always successful.

Work capacity in ARS:

Mild degree - preserved. Restriction of heavy physical labor is required during the 2nd month of illness;

Average degree - by the beginning of the 3rd month of the disease, it is possible to return to light work, and after a year - to normal activities;

Severe degree - performance is not fully restored. Light work is possible from the 4th month of illness.

Intestinal ARS:

With general irradiation at a dose of 10-20 Gy, the intestinal form of ARS develops, the basis of which is intestinal syndrome.

It is associated with damage and death of epithelial cells of the small intestine. The consequence of this damage is:

cessation of resorption from the lumen of the small intestine of water and

electrolytes

dehydration develops; impaired barrier function of the intestinal wall

toxic substances (Escherichia coli toxins) enter

into the blood and lymph

During the height of the intestinal form of ARS:

the state of health worsens,

diarrhea develops

body temperature rises,

oropharyngeal syndrome develops,

dehydration,

intoxication,

endogenous infection.

If treated, those affected with intestinal ARS can live up to two or even two and a half weeks. The causes of death can be:

Pancytopenic syndrome;

Accession of a secondary infection;

The atmosphere on our planet, the distance to the sun and many other incredible coincidences have led to the fact that life on Earth can exist as we know it. All this is perceived by us as a given, and we, rushing to work or relaxing at a table in a cafe, do not find anything surprising in our existence. But all good things come to an end. One day, the Earth will become unusable to sustain the life we ​​know. Maybe this will not happen for millions of years. But astrophysics tells us that a catastrophe can happen at any moment. And scientists have found many reasons why the Earth can become lifeless.

1) The core of the planet will cool down

The earth is surrounded by a magnetic field called the magnetosphere, which protects us from the solar wind.
This field is created by the rotation of the planet, due to which the liquid iron-nickel shell (outer core) moves around the solid metal core (inner core), forming a giant magnetic generator.
The magnetosphere deflects energy particles emitted by the sun, changing their size and shape.
If the core of the planet cools down, then we will lose our magnetosphere - as well as protection from the solar wind, because of which it will gradually spread the Earth's atmosphere throughout space.
Mars, which once had water and an atmosphere, suffered just such a fate several million years ago, and it turned into the dry and lifeless world as we know it now.

2) The Sun will expand

The sun, and especially our distance to it, is perhaps the most important factor that made life possible.
However, the Sun is a star. And the stars are dying.
Right now the Sun is in the middle of its life path, constantly converting hydrogen into helium through thermonuclear reactions.
But this cannot last forever. In a few billion years, the hydrogen in the Sun's core will run out, and it will begin to process helium.
Due to the fact that the processing of helium gives much more energy, the Sun will begin to expand, and, possibly, pull the Earth towards itself.
We will burn and evaporate.
Either that, or the expansion of the sun opposite, will push the Earth away, it will leave its orbit and will be doomed to wander through space like a wanderer planet - a dead piece of cold stone.

3) Earth will collide with a wandering planet

There are many planets in space that move freely around it, and do not revolve around the star. Planets are often thrown out of their star systems during their formation.
Recent calculations show that the number of wandering planets in the Milky Way exceeds the number of stars by 100,000 times.
One of these planets can approach the Earth and dangerously destabilize its orbit.
Or a roaming planet could collide with Earth. Moreover, this has already happened - about 4.5 million years ago, a small planet collided with a larger one, which formed the Earth and the Moon as we know them.

4) Earth will collide with an asteroid

Hollywood is very fond of such scenarios.
Stones from space can be very destructive - one of them destroyed dinosaurs. Although, of course, in order to completely destroy the planet, many more asteroids are needed.
But it can still happen. For example, over the hundreds of millions of years since the formation of the Earth, asteroids collided with it very often. The impacts were so strong that the oceans boiled for years and the air temperature was over 500 degrees Celsius. Life on Earth was then unicellular, and was represented in the form of especially heat-resistant microbes. Most of modern life forms would not tolerate this.

5) Earth may approach a wandering black hole

Black holes are perhaps the second most popular cause of death in Hollywood. It's easy to see why.
They are mysterious and frightening. Even their name sounds creepy.
We don't know much about black holes, but we do know that they are so massive that even light cannot escape beyond their event horizon.
Scientists also know that there are black holes that freely travel through space. So it is possible that one of them can visit the solar system.
If light cannot escape from the black hole, then the Earth certainly cannot. There are two theories of what happens to a planet after it crosses the point of no return of a sufficiently large black hole. A smaller one will simply stretch (as astrophysicists say, “spaghettize”) the planet.
Some physicists say that beyond the event horizon, atoms will stretch until they are completely destroyed.
Others - that we will find ourselves in another part of the universe, or even in another dimension.
But, even if the black hole does not pull the Earth into itself, then after passing close enough, it can cause earthquakes and other natural disasters or disrupt the orbit of the planet, so we either leave solar system, or fall into the sun.

6) Earth will be destroyed by a burst of gamma radiation

Gamma ray bursts (or simply gamma ray bursts) are some of the most powerful phenomena in the universe.
Many of them are the result of the collapse of the star at the time of its death. One short burst can contain more energy than the Sun can generate in its entire life.
Such a powerful flow of energy can deprive the Earth of the ozone layer, making us defenseless against a dangerous ultraviolet radiation, and launch the mechanism of rapid global cooling.
A gamma-ray burst that hit the Earth 440 million years ago could be the cause of the first mass extinction.
But fortunately, David Thompson, deputy project manager for gamma-ray observation, said that gamma-ray bursts are actually not very dangerous.
He said the chance of the Earth being caught in a gamma-ray burst stream is roughly equal to "the chance that I will meet a polar bear in my toilet."

7) the Universe will fall apart in its last "Big Rip"

This is something that can destroy the entire universe, not just the Earth.
The bottom line is this: An unknown force called dark energy is causing the universe to expand faster and faster.
If the expansion continues (which is very possible), after 22 billion years, interatomic bonds will weaken, and all matter in the universe will gradually dissipate in the form of energy.
But if we assume that the Great Rip still will not happen, then what can happen after a global catastrophe that humanity will not survive?
It is possible that some microbes will survive, from which life will then develop again.
But if the destruction is absolute, then, in extreme cases, we can hope that somewhere in the universe there is another intelligent life that can give us the last honors.

Fires - like any manifestation of unbridled elements - always bring destruction and death with them. But especially grave consequences are those of them that break out in public, residential buildings with a massive presence of people.

The death of people in fires is largely due to the lack of fire-fighting knowledge and skills among Russian citizens. People often do not know not only basic rules fire safety but even the phone number of the nearest fire department. Not to mention the actions at the initial moment of the development of the fire before the arrival of the fire brigade, about the methods of self-rescue in an extreme situation. This is especially true for residential buildings where there is the largest number fires with loss of life.
What is the cause of the death of people in the fire? What do you need to know about a fire to stay alive?

1. The fire is blinding, you cannot see in the fire.
If you have never experienced real fire factors, you will be in a state of complete shock.
To your horror, you learn that in a real fire you cannot see anything. The flame makes everything black. It does not carry light. Nothing is visible, only heat and ash, terrible darkness. You absolutely cannot navigate, you cannot find the exit door you are familiar with. Complete loss of orientation due to panic. The fire is black as night, which will lead to inevitable death.

In order to avoid this, they are used in buildings:
- emergency lighting;
- light indicators "evacuation (emergency) exit";
- fire safety signs used on escape routes,
including glow in the dark;
- electric lights.

2. Kills smoke and gas, not flames.
A modern apartment is literally stuffed with objects: and materials that, when burned in huge quantities, emit more than 70 types of toxic substances (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, diphosgene, phosgene, hydrogen cyanide, etc.). A few breaths in such an atmosphere - and a person can no longer be saved.

Basically, people do not die from fire or collapsed structures, but from smoke and lack of oxygen. Moreover, more than half of the victims of the smoke die at the scene of the fire. 42% of those affected by the survivors receive severe poisoning, every third of them dies in the hospital without regaining consciousness. About 70% of all those killed in the fire die from exposure to smoke, and the speed of its propagation is high: 2-3 minutes a corridor, 1-1.5 minutes a staircase of a ten-story building.

The most dangerous thing is if a fire breaks out in a residential building in the middle of the night. Do you think you will wake up and take action? However, the scary fact is that you will not wake up from the smell of smoke. From it you will only fall asleep even more soundly. You fall into a deep sleep, as if you were under anesthesia. You cannot move. Smoke kills your brain.

Ninety percent of the people that firefighters find in the smoke look like they were asleep.

If you are in a room filled with smoke, you not only cannot see anything, but you also cannot breathe. It is similar to drowning and head underwater. Are you scared. You forget everything that you thought you knew about the fire. You get lost, panic, behave unpredictably, because not psychologically ready for such an extreme situation.

To combat smoke, the following are used:
- smoke-free staircases (due to the pressurization of air or floor entrances through the outdoor air zone along balconies or loggias);
- removal of smoke from rooms, corridors through automatically opening smoke exhaust valves by turning on powerful exhaust fans;
- installation in corridors on staircases of self-closing doors with sealed porches, preventing the spread of smoke;
- device of an automatic fire alarm system (smoke and heat sensors, manual fire alarm buttons, fire alarm bells, fire alarm stations);
- systems for warning people about fire and evacuation management;
- personal protective equipment for respiratory organs in case of fire;
- autonomous fire detectors operating from a battery for apartments in residential buildings;
- group and individual rescue kits, rope ladders.

3. The heat from the fire can cause instant death. The heat is terrible. He kills. Fever alone is fatal within seconds. It is very difficult to describe in words. At 65 ° C, your body ceases to function, your lungs literally evaporate, and a person loses consciousness.

In the room, a fire lasting just over one minute creates a temperature in the smoke layer of 370 ° C. If the head is unprotected, then instant death occurs. Above, the temperature and smoke concentration is even higher. When everything that can burn in the room burns, the heat will reach its climax. The smoke itself is ready to explode, it seems that the whole structure will fly into the air. In such heat, there is no chance of surviving.

4. The fire does not leave time for reflection. You need to have time to break out of the fire.
Most people think they have time left in a fire. But this is not so, there is no time in case of fire.

The fire starts in the trash can. It goes unnoticed. A minute later, the sofa lights up and smoke begins to fill the room. The temperature is rising. After two minutes, the person may faint.

In three minutes, the whole room is on fire. No one can stay alive anymore. In four minutes the corridors will become impassable. It takes only 5 minutes for a fire inside the house to cause the death of all its inhabitants. So, from 3 to 5 minutes and the end of it all! It turns out that in a fire, time can be your worst enemy.

How long does it take to stay alive in a kitchen fire? Most people think they have 10 minutes. But in fact, after 30 seconds, the fire will become uncontrollable. You need to have time to jump out, without stopping and not thinking about things, close the door behind you (but not with the lock) and inform the fire department.

In order to have time to evacuate, there is an unshakable rule: in children's institutions, children junior groups, preschool age not dressed, but wrapped in a blanket and taken out of the danger zone. School students are brought out under the guidance of teachers or educators who are personally responsible for the group of children with whom they studied. In hotels for quick evacuation, it is forbidden to pack suitcases, etc.
5. In the event of a fire, panic may occur.

People get lost in panic and behave unpredictably. Sometimes, when panic occurs, it dies more people than from hazardous fire factors. It is quite obvious that a person who is psychologically prepared and trained in such an extreme situation would behave differently.

6. The death of people in fires is largely due to the lack of elementary fire-fighting knowledge and skills of self-defense among the population.
Statistics show that most people do not think about fires, do not care about the safety of their homes, and neglect their own safety and the health of their loved ones. This is evidenced by the absence of a fire extinguisher that would allow to extinguish a fire that has begun on a TV, electrical appliance, fat, oil in the kitchen for elderly people and schoolchildren without any problems. Almost a few citizens have provided their apartments with commercially available stand-alone fire detectors operating on a conventional battery. They are installed in the hallway, in the kitchen, in the room, and when smoke appears, they make a sharp sound, loud enough to attract attention and wake up sleeping people. Unfortunately, in society there is a clear underestimation of the values ​​of the reality of the threat of fire, its dangerous factors.

Evidence of this is our attitude to balconies and loggias of residential buildings. Most of them are glazed, the hatches of the emergency stairs of the balconies are tightly closed, the openings for the passage through the loggias are laid, furniture is installed in the walls. All this will not allow you to independently evacuate to a non-burning floor, to stand behind a wall of a balcony or loggia in case of a fire in an apartment, if you could not leave it in time or because the main evacuation staircase was blocked by smoke. In this case, the chances of surviving until the arrival of the fire brigade will be small, especially for those who today do not think about it, do not have personal respiratory protection, or a rope ladder, a rescue kit for evacuation through balconies, loggias, windows , an electric flashlight, and also ignores the conduct of firefighting drills at home, as citizens of developed foreign countries do.

FGKU "9th detachment of the FPS in the Altai Territory"