On June 28, 1914, Europe was still enjoying peace, but already 37 days later, European countries were embroiled in the First World War. At that time, only a few people understood what was really happening in the world. It is with these words that the new series of the British broadcasting corporation BBC begins, telling about a key event in world history - the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a pro-Russian Serb in Sarajevo. This murder was the reason for the outbreak of the First World War. On August 3, 1914, Germany and its allies in the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on France and Russia. The consequences of the First World War, namely the humiliation of Germany by the victorious powers, led to another terrible tragedy - the Second World War.
If at that time the emphasis would have been placed on diplomacy, and the leaders of the countries remembered that the romance of the Napoleonic wars, with sabers and horse cannons, remained in the distant past, then there would be no war. The Industrial Revolution has turned war into collective suicide, with millions and millions of people thrown into the fiery abyss.
Repeating mistakes
101 years and 37 days have passed since the beginning of the First World War. And now we are watching how the world chessboard is shaking again, as if humanity is forever doomed to repeat the mistakes of past history.
The collapse of the USSR at the end of the 20th century and the advent of the new millennium, marked, according to the happy Fukuyama, "the end of history." However, a new era of harmony led to the outbreak of the "Arab Spring" in 2010. In March 2011, anti-government demonstrations began in Syria. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad declared war on his own people, who rebelled against the repressive dictatorship, and the Syrian army, unlike the Tunisian or Egyptian, supported him.
The two great military powers realized too late the complexity and seriousness of the Syrian conflict, and their reaction to the Syrian events was very opposite. Instead of uniting and putting an end to the war, Moscow and Washington began to play a game aimed at pushing their interests. If the human face is a mirror of the soul, then the presidents of the United States and Russia, Barack Obama and Vladimir Putin, after their meeting in June 2013, where the situation in Ukraine and Syria was discussed, demonstrated by their behavior to the world community that they not only do not understand each other, but even hate.
How it all began
If we try to figure out what was the root cause of the cooling of relations between the West and Russia, then we need to remember 2008. It was then that US President George W. Bush signed an agreement with his colleagues from Poland and the Czech Republic on the deployment of elements of the American system on their territory. missile defense(PRO). The American leadership claimed that the missile defense system was designed to track launches ballistic missiles from the territory of Iran.
It would seem counterintuitive to any sane person to place a missile defense system on the territory of Poland, since it is much better to do this on the territory of Turkey, which is a NATO member country and is located near the Iranian border. Such a decision was humiliating for the Kremlin. Any person will understand, looking at the map, that Poland was not chosen by chance - it is located in close proximity to the Russian border.
Remember how the United States behaved when Nikita Khrushchev decided to place missiles on Cuban territory. US President John F. Kennedy threatened the Kremlin and promised to declare war on the USSR if Moscow did not remove them from the island, which was eventually done.
President Vladimir Putin decided to take a retaliatory step, but he did not take risks and did not go into direct confrontation with the West. The Russian leader has attempted to strengthen his position in the south of the former Soviet empire by supporting pro-Russian separatists in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, who in 2008 declared their independence from Georgia.
Obama's Helplessness
In January 2009, Democrat Barack Obama became President of the United States, who preferred not to interfere in the settlement of the Georgian crisis. But there was a good opportunity to move the missile defense system away from Russian borders in exchange for the return of Georgian territories. The inaction of the American president untied Putin's hands. He immediately announced the deployment of missiles aimed at Europe, and turned gas supplies to the European Union into a powerful weapon of pressure on European countries. In addition, the Kremlin tried to keep three former Soviet republics in its orbit: Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. Minsk and Astana did not particularly oppose this, while Ukraine, the most populous and strategically important for Moscow, decided to integrate with the European Union.
Two Ukraine
Putin managed to ensure that Ukrainians in 2009 forgot about the failed "Orange Revolution" and unanimously voted for Yanukovych, who promised the Ukrainian people cheap Russian gas in order to get the country's economy off the ground and Ukraine's integration with the European Union. But when the President of Ukraine decided to sign an association and free trade agreement with the EU, Putin persuaded him not to do this and to rely on an alliance with Moscow.
The next day, Euromaidan broke out - mass protests in the center of Kyiv in response to the suspension of preparations for the signing of an association agreement between Ukraine and the European Union. Events developed rapidly and tragically. On January 21, 2014, Yanukovych and the opposition agreed to hold new elections, but the raging crowd demanded the resignation of the president, and at dawn on January 22, he fled Kyiv. Supporters of European integration rejoiced. Against this background, Washington takes steps that subsequently led to a civil war.
Obama, instead of convincing the "friends of the Euromaidan" not to take anti-Russian steps against the pro-Russian population of the eastern regions of Ukraine, gave Putin trump cards. The Russian leader in March 2014, with the support of Russians in Crimea, returns the peninsula to the Russian Federation.
He manages to repeat the "Georgian experience" - to violate the territorial integrity of a sovereign state and, under the pretext of restoring historical justice, to return the Crimea, once presented to Ukraine by Khrushchev.
The majority of the Crimean population welcomed the return to Russia with glee.
Chinese dragon wakes up
The lightning-fast annexation of Crimea is somewhat reminiscent of Hitler's seizure of Czechoslovakia under the pretext of protecting the German minority. Washington regarded Putin's actions as unacceptable, as the Russian leader crossed a red line. Obama takes tough sanctions against Russia. In response, Putin is responding with a bold move: a strategic alliance with China. Moscow is promising guaranteed supplies of Siberian gas to Beijing in exchange for Chinese investment in order to soften the Western embargo.
Russian gas not only fed the "world factory", but, as it turned out, helped to "reset" the Asian dragon, which presented territorial claims to its neighbors - Japan, the Philippines and South Korea. Beijing even threatened to build artificial islands, where it is planned to place military bases.
And all this is done with the tacit consent of the Kremlin.
It is no coincidence that Time magazine in December 2014 chose former KGB officer Vladimir Putin as its person of the year. The Russian leader talks a lot about the fall of the American empire. Obama, in response to these statements, decided to use Putin's weapons - if Russia uses oil and gas as an instrument of pressure on Western partners, then why shouldn't the Americans use the experience of the Russians.
Fracking is a lever of pressure on Russia
The blow to the oil and gas industry in Russia came from the US state of North Dakota, where most of the world's most promising shale oil fields.
Despite the fact that a powerful environmental movement has unfolded in the United States against the extraction of shale oil using the so-called "fracking" method - hydraulic fracturing - Obama gave the green light to oilmen.
In just a few months, the United States has turned from the world's largest oil importer into the world's exporter of "black gold". As a result of the steps taken, by mid-2014, world oil prices fell by half.
Thus, Obama dealt a serious blow not only to the Russian economy, but also to its closest allies - Venezuela and Iran.
The economy of the Islamic Republic, weakened by many years of sanctions, could not withstand the blow of the "shale revolution" and was forced in June 2015 to sign an agreement on the Iranian nuclear program to prevent the collapse of the country.
Syrian winter
The Syrian issue was not discussed during the talks between the Six and Iran. It was quite obvious that Shiite Iran would never betray its "Shiite brother" Bashar al-Assad, even if Washington insisted on this in negotiations on the Iranian nuclear program.
It is quite logical that Russia, one of the leading powers in the negotiations, will reject this condition, since the Syrian president is a staunch ally of Russia. It is no coincidence that Russia's only naval base in the Mediterranean is located in Syria.
It should be noted that two years ago Obama had a great chance to get rid of Assad, using the support of the world community, and regardless of the opinion of Moscow and Tehran.
On August 21, 2013, in the suburbs of the Syrian capital of Eastern Ghouta, government forces launched a chemical attack on Syrian opposition rebels, which killed 1,400 people and injured 3,000.
The world was shocked. Obama announces an ultimatum: if the information that the war crime was committed by Assad is confirmed, then the US will declare war.
On September 26, international inspectors concluded that chemical attack was committed from territory controlled by the Syrian authorities. In parallel, the UN is reminding world powers that Syria is hiding tons of chemical weapons.
The US Congress is ready to approve the use military force in Syria to overthrow Assad. And then Putin intervenes, who convinces Obama not to conduct a military operation, promising in return to force his friend Assad to transfer chemical weapons to the UN.
Hot summer 2013
History repeats itself. More than a century ago, in the summer of 1914, the world was drawn into the First World War; in the summer of 2013, the leaders of the two world powers played not the best game on the world chessboard. Now we are paying for the mistakes they made. Thousands of opponents of the Syrian regime have defected to al-Qaeda and the Islamic State in retaliation for being abandoned by the US. For the first time since the end of World War II, hundreds of thousands of refugees rushed to Europe.
The aggravation of the situation around Syria forced the United States, and then Russia, to get involved in the Syrian war based on their own interests.
A century later, the tragic days of the past are repeating themselves, but there is still room for maneuver. Obama and Putin have the leverage on the opposing sides to end the war in Syria. The leaders of the two countries must join forces to find a solution to the bloody conflict, but for this it is necessary to convince Putin that Assad is a war criminal, and this is unlikely.
Now the world is divided into two warring camps, which can be regarded as a prelude to the beginning of a new cold war. The current situation plays into the hands of the jihadists, whose ambition is to create an Islamic state through terror. And everywhere - beyond any geographical boundaries.
On November 26, 1939, several Red Army soldiers died on the Finnish border. This incident became the formal reason for the start of the Soviet-Finnish war. We remembered 5 cases when the parties to the conflict were only looking for an excuse to start a war.
1) Mainil incident. On November 26, 1939, near the village of Mainila, a platoon of Red Army soldiers was fired upon by artillery, as a result of which three privates and one junior commander were killed and seven privates and commanders were wounded. The Finns called this incident a provocation. Four days after the mutual exchange of notes of protest, the Soviet-Finnish war began, costing the USSR about 150 thousand people.
Until now, it has not been established exactly who opened fire on Soviet soldiers November 26, 1939, but one thing is for sure - Stalin masterfully adjusted the solution of the problem to the answer that he then needed: by all means find a pretext for starting a war against Finland with the aim of completely or partially capturing it. The case was so whitewashed that despite the nominal fact of the Mainil incident, the USSR was expelled from the League of Nations as an aggressor state.
2) Football war in 1969. The “100-hour war”, as it is also called in another way, between El Salvador and Honduras took place formally due to the fact that during the qualifying matches for reaching the final of the 1970 FIFA World Cup, the Honduras team was defeated by El Salvador. All three games were accompanied by serious skirmishes between the fans. After the anti-Salvadoran pogroms in Tegucigalpa, the situation quickly spiraled out of control and eventually escalated into a war between the two military dictatorships.
Of course, the real cause of the war between the two Latin American countries was the attempts of both leaderships to distract their populations from pressing economic problems and an attempt to resolve the old border conflict, and not at all a ball scored against Honduras.
3) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914. Everyone knows from school textbooks that the formal reason for the outbreak of the First World War was the assassination of the Austrian heir to the throne in Sarajevo by the Serbian nationalist Gavrila Princip. The pun in the summer of 1914 sounded like a verdict for Europe and the world: one stupid act, dictated by principle, destroyed 15 million and several monarchies, including Russia, which was unable to withstand the pressure of military problems.
The real reasons for the war between the Central Powers and the Entente were plenty without the assassination of the Archduke: the desire of France to return Alsace and Lorraine, the desire of England to defeat the industrial rival Germany, Germany's desire for world domination.
4) Gleiwitz incident, summer 1939. On August 31, 1939, the Poles allegedly attacked a German radio station in Gleiwitz and killed all of its employees and guards. This served as the basis for Hitler to start a war against Poland, which escalated into World War II.
Almost immediately after these events, it became clear that this incident was an absurd staging by the Nazis, who were only looking for an excuse to attack Poland, and not finding it, they decided to invent it in this way.
5) The death of the American armored cruiser "Maine" in Havana Bay in the winter of 1898. No one still knows for sure why the newest American warship then exploded in the roadstead. However, there are persistent rumors - however, not documented anywhere - that the explosion was inspired by American intelligence agencies in order to create a pretext for starting a war against Spain.
That distant war became one of the first in a long list of colonial wars and conflicts, the conduct of which pursued the purely predatory interests of one of its participants, in this case the United States, and of which there were so many in the 20th century, which promised so much to humanity. The Americans, after defeating Spain in this war, took control of Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico.
A cause is something that causes things to happen or actions to take place. The role of the cause may be other phenomena or any circumstances. Causes can also have a preventive effect on the course of events, that is, prevent the occurrence of phenomena or the performance of actions.
A reason is a pretext, an incentive to start any action. In some cases, the reason, like the reason, becomes the basis for inaction.
Comparison
To make it clearer, here are a few examples. So the man has a cold. The reason for this could be being in the rain or eating ice cream. The reason is the general weakening of the body, which is available at the moment.
Another example. One of the spouses did not clean up after himself. A quarrel broke out. The very fact that the required action did not take place can be called a reason. The reason lies in the irritation that has accumulated between the spouses. The behavior of people suffering from alcoholism is also indicative. Addiction is a reason that pushes a person to use any excuse to drink alcohol again.
to action .. Reason - pretext
The reason is more often an excuse. For example, the reason for the outbreak of the First World War. She was needed by many, but even more needed was a reason. - 4 years ago
Cause - a case, circumstance, fact that can be the basis for smth., cause of something.; pretext. A circumstance that may be the basis for something; pretext.
Cause - Phenomenon, circumstance, directly generating, causing another phenomenon - a consequence. Reason, reason, pretext for some. actions, deeds. - 4 years ago
SYNONYM one-word, class, unambiguous, or very close in meaning to another word. 😉 - 4 years ago
There can be many reasons, but the reason is always the same!
Imagine the situation: you honestly work at work, trying to fulfill all the instructions of the boss with high quality, and sometimes even predict them, and do someone else's work on your own initiative.
But they don’t like you there, they constantly slander you, slip you the most difficult cases, call names in every possible way and fine you for other people’s violations, and the boss really finds fault. So that's all the reasons. Which accumulate and accumulate.
And one day your boss accidentally stepped on your foot. This is an occasion to kick in the face and write a statement on your own.
I exaggerate a little, but in history there are often not enough reasons for unleashing a war, but some reason is always enough.
difference between cause and cause
Of the two concepts, "cause" is much deeper and more extensive. The difference between a reason and a reason lies in the fact that the first is something solid, often independent of the person himself. The reason is characterized in a certain sense by constancy. And there is not one reason, but another, so that what should happen happens. Figuratively, the reason can be compared with a spark from which a flame flares up.
The reason can be an unexpected circumstance or even a word. It often happens that a person has good reasons for doing some action, but he does nothing, as he is waiting for the right reason. That is, an occasion can be called a case used for a specific purpose.
What is the difference between cause and cause?
The reason is superficial and obvious. The reason is not always visible. Sometimes it can be very difficult to get to the bottom, that is, to the reasons that caused this or that event. It requires reflection and analysis. The real reasons for actions are often hidden, and a reason is called as an excuse or excuse.
What is the difference between occasion and cause?
What is the difference between occasion and cause?
A striking example on this issue was the assassination of the ex-Duke Ferdinand in 1914.
It was this terrorist act that became the reason for the start of the First World War, but the reasons, namely the redistribution of spheres of influence between powerful powers, this is the real reason.
Reason, like a fig leaf, is always called upon to cover up the true reasons.
The reason is on the surface, the reason is in the depths.
an occasion, as I understand it, is an opportunity for some action or conflict to arise. that with which we explain our actions, words.
and the cause is that which gave rise to some action or conflict. what really was the basis for further actions, words.
for example: the reason for the quarrel of the spouses was the arrival of the mother of one of them. the reason is that some people not only do not like the woman who gave birth to one of the quarreled)
to action .. Reason - pretext
Usually they are looking for a reason to do something or undertake something, or justify themselves.
But the reason is only a deliberate invention in order to find the reason for one's action.
There is no need to look for a reason, it either exists or not. But the reason is not always correctly determined.
So the reason for water is rather a consequence of the cause, and the person usually looks for the reason himself. And the reason does not need to be looked for - rather, on the contrary - the reason itself finds a person.
And they usually think about it, looking for a reasonable explanation for it. But in order to find a reason, a reasonable explanation is not always required.
In the end, the reason is just the consequences of the cause.
The reason is the last drop of patience, the spark that ignited the flame of further events.
For example: The reason for a family quarrel may be offensive word, the husband's arrival home drunk, his wife's delay at work.
The reason for the quarrel is financial problems and constant nervous tension of both spouses.
A reason is a circumstance or a pretext that can be the basis for something (both for action and for inaction). This is a case that can be used for a specific purpose.
*The reason for the fun was their upcoming wedding.*
* Not taken out the trash can - this is not a reason for a quarrel. *
A cause is a phenomenon or circumstance that serves as the basis for something. Often this basis causes another action or phenomenon.
*Student N. does not attend classes due to illness.*
*She has 100 reasons not to work.*
A reason is a circumstance that justifies or explains one or another action and, as a result, induces another action:
*Due to the radiator turned on at night, there was a fire in the apartment.*
A reason is a motivation, a circumstance that prompts action:
* If the drunk had a bottle, he would always find a reason to drink. *
The cause begets the effect. Reason begets action.
In principle, everything is clearly explained here. For example, to drink - you need a reason. To get drunk - you need a reason. To do something you need a reason, to not do something - a reason.
To find an excuse for themselves - they are looking for a reason in the main. The edge is small, but significant.
a reason is a reason that provokes a reason, and a reason creates a reason at which the reason is triggered.
In short, a reason is the basis for taking certain actions. A reason is just a circumstance that can be the basis for certain actions. As you can see, there is a big difference between these concepts. For example, there are reasons to start a war, but a reason is needed to open hostilities.
A reason is just a pretext for doing something, which may have completely different reasons. The reason is the true motivation of our actions, which we often cover up with a reason. For example, you are stopped by a traffic police officer. The reason for this was your violation of the rules of the road, but the real reasons.) Here, something like this.
"cause"
cause of conflict Cause
cause and reason difference
In the Society section, the question is what is the difference between cause and reason? given by the author Margarita the best answer is In ponte. Reason - this is a show-off reason)
why the people are on the Swamp (this is a reason and a reason) elections
reason is a made-up reason
The meaning is basically the same, the difference is only in the wording.
The reason why you do something
Reason to do something
obviously this is the reason. well damn question.
the reason is real, but the reason is for the sake of it!))) five for the question!
the reason is a pretext for some actions, and the occasion is an event, the reception of which forms the starting stimulus for a sequence of actions. Unlike the cause (with which it is often identified), P. does not have deep connections with the motivation of activity. P. is emotionally colored, realized, has an accelerating effect on decision-making. In political psychology, much attention is paid to the role of P. in the dynamics of sharp shifts in public sentiment, something like this))
The reason is hidden, and the reason is announced.
For example, your iPhone was taken away -
1. reason - people need money.
2. reason - did not let unshaven types smoke
A reason is like an excuse. Already done.
And the reason is your reason. It leads you to something. What do you need or want to do
difference between cause and cause
We had such a wonderful subject in school as history. In fact, everyone had it. We were a capable class, if not for one "but". NOBODY could completely distinguish between "reason" and "reason", no matter how hard the teacher struggled.
And here is another lesson. Elena-Vanna enters the office, smiling triumphantly. For the first time she smiled.
The reason, she began, chuckling, is "why?" and the reason is "why now?" Do you understand, do you understand?
This idea was prompted by a second grader. In fact, our most tricky topic was explained to us by a child. Sometimes children know more and better than adults:3
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The reason is rather "Why?"
Sometimes just "adults" do not differ in intelligence and ingenuity. Who do you have to be in order not to distinguish between a reason and a reason?
Many ninth-graders do not distinguish between these concepts, as experience shows)
72. Are the concepts "reason" and "reason" identical?
I believe that the concepts of "cause" and "cause" are in a sense synonymous, but their difference lies in the fact that the reason answers the question "Why?", and the reason "From what?".
An occasion is an occasion, a pretext that can serve to achieve a certain goal. Very often there is only one reason, but there can be several reasons. Reason is the basis for action. A reason is needed to do something, and the reasons are used to weigh all the pros and cons, in order to then decide whether to do it or not.
The following situation can serve as an example of the connection between reasons and reasons: for a long time, a boy in the class was constantly humiliated for a reason. excess weight, once he dropped the briefcase of one of the offenders and this became a reason for a fight. Another example is the snow that lies on the mountains. The noise can cause an avalanche. The reason is the noise, and the reason is that the snow on the mountains is not “fixed” by anything, but barely holds on..
In fact, the reason is a broader concept, and the reason is the last straw after a number of reasons. The reason is always in sight, and then you need to look for the reasons.
When explaining the reason, they very often justify their actions in this way, since there were no objective reasons for the action. To justify a reason, you need reasons.
73. Can the expression “It was true in its time, now it is not true” be considered correct?
In my opinion, the expression "It was true in its time, it is not now" can be considered correct.
Everything in the world is impermanent. The world is constantly evolving and changing. As the world changes and the world and the people around us. Moral principles are changing.
What was many years ago is now unacceptable. For example, in ancient states it was normal to cut off heads in front of thousands of people because a person was guilty of something. People used to be sold and that was normal. At the present time there is also the sale of people, but it is punishable by law, it is forbidden, it is wrong.
How much do we hear from grandparents "But in our time ...". They realize that changing the world leads to a change in people's behavior and what was normal or abnormal before has now changed.
How much censorship was on television in the last century, it was forbidden even to talk about high-profile events, and now this is already quite normal, even necessary. People learn about events from various resources and are not afraid that the authorities will persecute them for this.
Changed laws, customs, traditions. All this represents the development, the progress of the population. Certain changes play a positive role, but there are also negative, undesirable changes.
74. How do you understand the Chinese wisdom: “you cannot build a new well without destroying the old one”?
Considering the expression in the literal sense, it is really necessary before building a new well, destroy the old one, completely shift the walls, foundations,
So in life, in order to comprehend new knowledge, it is necessary to find contradictions between the old knowledge and the new, thus destroying the old knowledge. After all, how long did it take before the concepts that the Earth was round were accepted, because people destroyed their old knowledge of what shape the Earth really is. Or knowledge about what revolves: the Earth around the Sun or the Sun around the Earth. After all long time people believed and knew that the Sun revolves around the Earth, and then new knowledge appeared and proved that everything was the other way around and that people's previous knowledge was destroyed.
The same problem applies to worldview. The worldview has changed - no matter how much a person would like to accept a new worldview, he must destroy the old one.
Therefore, the Chinese wisdom “you cannot build a new well without destroying the old one” is understood by me as that it is impossible to comprehend new knowledge about the same object or phenomenon without destroying the old knowledge about the same object or phenomenon.
causes and cause of the Hundred Years War. The difference between the cause of any historical event and the reason for it?
Answers and explanations
A reason is a pretext for some action.
Reason - a circumstance that gives a direct impetus to the beginning of the event.
1) The desire of the kings of France to subjugate the French lands belonging to the king of England (Aquitaine) in order to complete the unification of the country.
2) The desire of England and France to control the rich cities of Flanders.
3) War is a way of enrichment for the feudal lords.
Cause of War - Claims of the king of England to the crown of France.
What is the "cause of the conflict" and "cause of the conflict"? What are their differences?
In general philosophical terms, the concept "cause" means a phenomenon whose action causes or produces some other phenomenon, which is called an effect. In society, as in nature, there is an infinite number of causal relationships and dependencies. And conflicts here are no exception, they can also be generated by a variety of reasons: external and internal, universal and individual, material and ideal, objective and subjective, etc. Their classification can be carried out for various reasons and should not be considered complete.
You can group the causes of conflicts as follows:
(1) conflict of interests as a fundamental cause of conflicts;
(2) objective factors in the emergence of conflicts; ‘
ABOUT The operation, codenamed "Canned Food", carried out by the SS, which served as a pretext for the German attack on Poland on September 1, 1939, which became the beginning of World War II, was carried out on August 31, 1939.(3) personal factors in the emergence of conflicts. It is necessary to distinguish the cause of the conflict from its cause. cause of conflict serves as a phenomenon that contributes to its occurrence, but does not determine the emergence of conflict with necessity. In contrast to the reason, the reason arises by chance and can be created quite artificially, as they say, “from scratch”. Cause reflects the natural connection of things. So, an unsalted (oversalted) dish can serve as a reason for a family conflict, while the true reason may be the lack of love between spouses.
The provocation was organized by Reinhard Heydrich and his subordinate, the head of the VI-F (sabotage) group, SS Sturmbannführer Alfred Naujoks, at the direction of Adolf Hitler.
The role of "killed during the attack" was intended for concentration camp prisoners who were killed by injection and then taken to the scene. In SS jargon they were called "canned food"; hence the name of the operation.
Adolf Hitler threw back his right hand in a Nazi salute and looked around at the faces of those who entered. Before him stood the entire top military elite of the Great German Empire. The commanders-in-chief, chiefs of staff and leading generals of the Wehrmacht arrived this Tuesday, August 22, 1939, at the Berghof residence to hear from the lips of the Führer the fateful decision: be war. “I have gathered you,” Hitler began, “to explain the prevailing political situation to make it very clear to you what my final decision is based on - to act immediately.
From the Fuhrer's many hours of monologue, the military learned that "Germany's position has never been as favorable as it is now": England is in a threatening situation, France's position is also not in the best way, Soviet Russia is ready to conclude a non-aggression pact with Germany.
“No one knows how long I have left to live. Therefore, the collision is now, ”Hitler concluded.
In the middle of the day, everyone went to eat. Then the meeting continued. With every new minute, Hitler turned himself into a fit of hysteria. His gaze grew fanatical and obsessive.
“Lock hearts against pity and compassion! he shouted. - The cruelest course of action! Eighty million people must finally find their rights!”
Suddenly, in a completely calm, icy voice, he announced that the very next day he was ready to announce the exact date for the start of hostilities against Poland.
“One way or another, war cannot be avoided ... I will provide a propaganda pretext for starting a war. How plausible it will be, does not matter. The winner is not judged or found out, he said, whether it is true or not. In unleashing and waging war, it is not questions of law that matter, but victory.
When the military dispersed, they could not imagine that the people called upon to provide the “propaganda pretext for starting the war” promised by Hitler were already in full combat readiness. Hitler chose Heinrich Himmler to carry out this mission. This operation forever linked the SS chief with the blood and tears shed during the Second World War.
History of the security forces. Chapter 10 The SS and Foreign Policy
The idea of Operation Canned Food was born by Heydrich back in 1938, during the Sudeten crisis, but then it did not find application, since Great Britain and France made concessions by signing the Munich Agreement.
In connection with the planned attack on Poland, there was a problem with a plausible motive. And here the idea of staging an attack came in handy.
According to Heydrich's plan, SS officers dressed in Polish military uniforms were to:
Attack the radio station in Gleiwitz* (now Gliwice, Poland) and broadcast an anti-German proclamation in Polish;
.to attack the forestry in Pinchen north of Kreuzburg (now Klyuchbork, Poland);
.in Hochlinden, on the section of the border between Gleiwitz and Ratibor (now Racibórz, Poland) to destroy the customs point.
Radio station in Gliwice
The leadership of the 23rd and 45th SS standards stationed at the site of the proposed operation was instructed to immediately provide SD with 120 personnel who speak Polish.
Responsible were appointed: for the attack on the customs point - SS Oberfuhrer Herbert Mehlhorn, for the attack on the radio station - SS Sturmbannfuehrer Alfred Naujoks **, for the attack on the forestry - SS Oberfuhrer Otto Rasch, for providing the Polish uniform - SS Brigadeführer Heinz Jost, for the delivery " canned goods" - SS Oberführer Heinrich Müller. Melhorn was also to clear the area around Hochlinden from the Wehrmacht and coordinate the actions of the groups of SS-Obersturmbannführer Ottfried Hellwig ("Polish military personnel") and SS Standartenführer Hans Trummler ("German border guards"). The overall direction of the operation was entrusted to Alfred Naujoks, who received the following instructions from Heydrich:
First, you have no right to contact any German institution in Gleiwitz about this story. Second: no one in your group should carry documents proving his affiliation with the SS, SD, police, or certifying citizenship of the German Reich.
The code signal was supposed to be Heydrich's phrase: "Grandma died."
On August 10, Naujoks, with five escorts and an interpreter, arrived in Gleiwitz and settled in two hotels. He conducted reconnaissance and found out that the capture of the radio station would not be a problem.
In mid-August, Himmler and Heydrich reported their readiness to Hitler, who ordered Admiral Canaris to provide the SD with Polish military uniforms. The uniform was given to Jost by Captain Dingler, an Abwehr officer at the headquarters of the VIII military district in Breslau.
The group attacking the forestry was supposed to portray the militia in civilian clothes, the rest - the Polish military.
On August 20, Melhorn gathered everyone in the assembly hall of the SD school, instructed and reported on the essence of the operation. After that, the SS men in covered trucks drove to their destination.
On August 22, Heydrich received a report on full readiness. On August 23 (the day the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed), Hitler fixed the time and date of the action - August 26, 4.30 am.
The first pancake is lumpy
Opponents of the regime from the Abwehr also did not sit idly by. They organized a leak of information, drawing up a protocol of Hitler's speech to the Wehrmacht command on August 22, adding to the words spoken by Hitler, also a phrase (however, very close to reality) about sending several companies to stage a Polish attack.
This protocol fell into the hands of Hermann Maas, who, with the help of Lewis Lochner, head of the Berlin bureau of the Associated Press, handed it over to the British Embassy. And already in the afternoon of August 25, the political leadership of Great Britain had information about Hitler's intentions.
Meanwhile, preparations for the provocation went on as usual. Everyone went to their original positions.
But on the evening of August 25, two news came: the Italian ambassador said that Mussolini was not ready to support Hitler, and Great Britain concluded a mutual assistance pact with Poland. Hitler called Keitel to him, ran out to meet him and shouted:
"Cancel everything! Urgent Brauchitsch to me! I need time to negotiate."
Keitel immediately called von Brauchitsch:
"The operation that began under the Weiss plan at 20.30 should be stopped due to the changed political situation!"
The military machine, which gained full speed, was stopped with great difficulty. Heydrich also had to give an urgent order to cancel Operation Canned. There were some overlaps here. It was not possible to contact the Hellwig group, already on Polish territory, and they attacked the customs post. Only Muller's intervention prevented bloodshed.
Mehlhorn and Hellwig blamed each other. Upon parsing, it turned out that Hellwig misunderstood the passwords: he believed that “Little Capercaillie” was a signal of complete readiness, “Big Capercaillie” was a command to start the operation. For Melhorn, the passwords meant: “Little capercaillie” - “in the gun”, “Big capercaillie” - “readiness number one”, “Agatha” - a signal to attack.
Heydrich, who suspected that someone deliberately wanted to disrupt the action, made organizational conclusions: Melhorn and Hellwig were dismissed from the SD, and Müller and Trummler, respectively, took their place in the operation.
On August 31, Hitler set a new date and time - September 1, 4 hours 45 minutes in the morning.
On August 31, at 16:00, a telephone rang in Naujoks' hotel room. Picking up the phone, he heard: "Call back urgently!". Naujoks dialed the number of the SD headquarters known to him and asked Adjutant Heydrich to the phone. In response, he heard the same high-pitched voice say: "Grossmutter gestorben" ("Grandma is dead"). Naujoks gathered all his subordinates and scheduled an action to seize the radio station at 19.30. Muller also received a command and hurried: the “canned food” had to be delivered to the place no later than 20.20.
At 20.00, Naujoks and his subordinates broke into the radio station. Seeing the worker Feutzik, he aimed his gun and shouted: “Hands up!”. He signaled, and the attackers opened fire indiscriminately. The radio station workers were tied up and locked in the basement. Quite a lot of time was taken by the search for a thunderstorm microphone, by which radio listeners were warned of the approach of a thunderstorm. Shortly after its discovery, residents of the surrounding area heard a "fiery appeal" in Polish against the backdrop of gunshots. The whole operation took no more than 4 minutes. Leaving, Naujoks noticed the corpses in Polish uniforms carefully laid out by Muller's people. The same thing happened in other places of the action.
The next day, Hitler addressed the German people, declaring that Poland had carried out an attack on German territory and that from that moment Germany was at war with Poland. The newspapers came out with screaming headlines.
Speaking in the Reichstag, Hitler announced 14 clashes on the border, three of them major. Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop told the French ambassador that the Polish army had crossed the border in three places. Hermann Goering told Birger Dahlerus:
The war broke out because the Poles carried out an attack on the radio station in Gleiwitz.
Heinrich Müller went to the scene together with the head of the criminal police, Artur Nebe, to conduct an "investigation". Nebe was also ordered to make an electrified model showing the course of "events". Heydrich, who attended one of the demonstrations, confirmed:
"Yes, yes, that's how the war started."
Second World War began ... Polish propaganda beat into fanfare: "Polish air raid on Berlin", the Siegfried Line was broken in 7 places "...
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* Gliwice (formerly Gleiwice) is a city in Silesia in southern Poland. First mentioned in 1276. First as a Czech city, then as a Polish city, in 1742 it became part of Prussia. In 1945, after the end of World War II, Gliwice, like the rest of Silesia, became part of Poland.
**Naujocks, Alfred Helmuth (Naujocks), (1911-1960), secret agent of the Nazi German intelligence services, who gained a reputation as "the man who launched the 2nd World War."
Alfred Helmut Naujoks (right)
Testimony of Naujoks in Nuremberg:
“Müller said that he had twelve or thirteen convicted criminals at his disposal, who were to be dressed in Polish uniforms and whose corpses were to be left at the scene in order to show that these people were allegedly killed during the attack. For this purpose, an operation was envisaged with the injection of poison, which was to be carried out by a doctor invited by Heydrich, it was also envisaged that the corpses had gunshot wounds.After the staged attack was over, representatives of the press and other persons were to arrive at the scene, and then a police report was to be drawn up.
Müller told me that he had received orders from Heydrich to put one of these criminals at my disposal for my task at Gleiwitz. The code name he gave to these criminals was "canned".
The incident at Gleiwitz, in which I took part, took place on the eve of the German attack on Poland. As far as I remember, the war began on September 1, 1939."
They talk about causes and causes when they analyze past events or someone's actions. However, concepts are often confused, and things are not called by their proper names. To avoid misunderstandings, it is important to know how the cause differs from the occasion.
Definition
Cause- something that causes different phenomena to occur or actions are performed. The role of the cause may be other phenomena or any circumstances. Causes can also have a preventive effect on the course of events, that is, prevent the occurrence of phenomena or the performance of actions.
Occasion- an excuse, an incentive to start any action. In some cases, the reason, like the reason, becomes the basis for inaction.
Comparison
Of the two concepts, "cause" is much deeper and more extensive. The difference between a reason and a reason lies in the fact that the first is something solid, often independent of the person himself. The reason is characterized in a certain sense by constancy. And there is not one reason, but another, so that what should happen happens. Figuratively, the reason can be compared with a spark from which a flame flares up.
The reason can be an unexpected circumstance or even a word. It often happens that a person has good reasons for doing some action, but he does nothing, as he is waiting for the right reason. That is, an occasion can be called a case used for a specific purpose.
The reason is superficial and obvious. The reason is not always visible. Sometimes it can be very difficult to get to the bottom, that is, to the reasons that caused this or that event. It requires reflection and analysis. The real reasons for actions are often hidden, and a reason is called as an excuse or excuse.
To make it clearer what is the difference between cause and reason, we will give a few examples. So the man has a cold. The reason for this could be being in the rain or eating ice cream. The reason is the general weakening of the body, which is available at the moment.
Another example. One of the spouses did not clean up after himself. A quarrel broke out. The very fact that the required action did not take place can be called a reason. The reason lies in the irritation that has accumulated between the spouses. The behavior of people suffering from alcoholism is also indicative. Addiction is a reason that pushes a person to use any excuse to drink alcohol again.
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