Throughout the existence of mankind, society has not stood still and has developed. Science considers such development from different angles, using two different types of approach: civilizational and formational. In this article, I propose to consider only the first of these approaches.
This approach provides for the division of the stages of development of society into 3 time periods. Let's look at them and try to give each a detailed description and distinctive features.
Pre-industrial (agrarian) society
The first time period in the development of society. This type of society is characterized by the employment of the population mainly in the field of agriculture, while labor is of an individual nature. The main factor of production is land, labor is carried out manually, without the use of machinery. In this society, the life span is very short (40-50 years), there is a high mortality rate, which occurs due to underdeveloped medicine, and indeed all spheres of life, which, however, is compensated by a high birth rate. There is no social mobility, class or estate affiliation is determined at birth. The form of government is a monarchy. There are no examples of such states in modern world, however, various tribes of aborigines living in the territories of Africa and Australia can serve as such examples.
industrial society
An industrial society is characterized by the employment of the population in all spheres of activity. Thus, 85% work in the industrial sector, 5% in the service sector, and 10% in the agricultural sector. Naturally, these figures are not absolutely accurate, but they cannot change significantly and show the approximate employment of the population in different types activities. In this society, social mobility appears, however, it is not so high, there is a division into classes, belonging to which is not determined at birth. Unlike the agrarian society, in the industrial one there is the use of technology in many types of labor, while the main factor of production is capital. Average life expectancy is quite high (about 70 years). The form of government is a republic, which provides every person with natural rights (the right to life, freedom, etc.). A vivid example of such a society can serve as the USSR (from the time of its foundation to the collapse) and modern China.
post-industrial society
Post-industrial society is characterized by high employment in the service sector. So, the distribution of labor in these areas of activity is approximately as follows: the service sector - 60%, Agriculture- 5%, industry - 35%. At the same time, there is a complete automation of production, and knowledge is its main factor. There is high social mobility (higher than in an industrial society), class affiliation is not assigned at birth, but is determined only by the mental and other abilities of an individual. Life expectancy in such a society is higher than in the previous two, it averages more than 70 years. The form of government is a republic, which, just like in an industrial society, provides natural and other rights to people, but at the same time, an active civil society appears, which receives many rights to participate in political life. Vivid examples of states with this type of society can be modern Sweden, Spain, France.
Instruction
The science of the development of society - sociology - uses the following typology to designate the stages of development of society: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. The creator of this typology, the American sociologist D. Bell, believed that when each of these stages changes, a colossal change occurs in all spheres of human life: production technologies and the form of ownership, the way of life of people, science, political structure and social institutions.
The pre-industrial society was based on agriculture, and its basis was a traditional society, where the fate of a person was completely determined by his origin.
The industrial society arose in last third 18th century. Its appearance was facilitated by the industrial revolution, which was characterized by a serious industrial, scientific and cultural upsurge, a fundamentally new level of development of production relations.
The Industrial Revolution began with cotton, which was originally exported to Europe from India. The price of cotton was quite high. In 1785, a mechanical loom was invented, which was able to increase labor productivity by almost forty times. At the same time, a spinning machine was also developed, driven by a water engine. In the same years, the first steam engine was created, whose use gave impetus to the development of metallurgy. As a result, the demand for hard coal increased significantly.
With the development of metallurgy and the production of fabrics, with an increase in demand for coal, a new need arose - it required the transportation of goods in large volumes. Also now it was required to reduce transport costs. It took the mass creation and construction of roads and canals, and, as a result, the inventor D. Stephenson created the first steam locomotive, and in 1825 the first steam locomotive was built in Great Britain. Railway, which allowed the country to become the first industrial power in the world.
Further, the industrial society began to spread throughout the world, often the industrial revolution coincided with the change social order, the industrial revolution coexisted with the political revolution: the feudal system was replaced by the bourgeois one. In France, the industrial revolution coincided with the bourgeois revolution of 1789-1794; in Germany it took place a little later, in the middle of the 19th century. In the United States of America, the Industrial Revolution coincided with the Revolutionary War of 1775-1783 and civil war 1861 - 1865, as a result of which the United States became a leader in the development of metallurgy, mining, engineering and invention. The Meiji Revolution in Japan in 1868 also contributed to the change from the feudal traditional system to the bourgeois one, resulting in an unprecedented economic boom of 1875-1895.
In Russia, the industrial revolution took place in the last quarter of the 20th century. The formation of an industrial society was facilitated by serfdom and various judicial and economic reforms, which allowed Russia to achieve a significant industrial boom by the beginning of the twentieth century and catch up with the developed European countries.
The emergence of the industrial system in all states was characterized by the growth of cities, or urbanization, a decrease in the volume of agriculture, an increase in life expectancy, an increase in the quality of life, and the spread of education. There was a mass production based on scientific and technological progress, labor automation, a concept appeared as a market, a civil society was formed. The industrial society lasted until the last quarter of the 20th century, giving way to a post-industrial society.
Today, an industrial society is a concept familiar in all developed and even many developing countries of the world. The process of transition to mechanical production, the decline in the profitability of agriculture, the growth of cities and a clear division of labor - all these are the main features of the process that is changing the socio-economic structure of the state.
What is an industrial society?
In addition to production characteristics, this society is distinguished by a high standard of living, the formation of civil rights and freedoms, the emergence of service activities, accessible information and humane economic relations. Previous traditional socio-economic models were distinguished by a relatively low average standard of living for the population.
The industrial society is considered modern, both technical and social components are developing very quickly in it, affecting the improvement of the quality of life in general.
Main differences
The main difference between a traditional agrarian society and a modern one is the growth of industry, the need for a modernized, accelerated and efficient production and division of labor.
The main reasons for the division of labor and in-line production can be considered both economic - the financial benefits of mechanization, and social - population growth and increased demand for goods.
Industrial society is characterized not only by the growth of industrial production, but also by the systematization and flow of agricultural activities. In addition, in any country and in any society, the process of industrial reconstruction is accompanied by the development of science, technology, media and civic responsibility.
Changing the structure of society
Today, many developing countries are characterized by a particularly accelerated process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one. The process of globalization and free information space play a significant role in changing socio-economic structures. New technologies and scientific advances are making it possible to improve production processes, which makes a number of industries especially efficient.
The processes of globalization and international cooperation and regulation also affect the change in social charters. An industrial society is characterized by a completely different worldview, when the expansion of rights and freedoms is perceived not as a concession, but as something due. In combination, such changes allow the state to become a part of the world market both from an economic point of view and from a socio-political one.
The main features and signs of an industrial society
The main characteristics can be divided into three groups: production, economic and social.
The main production features and signs of an industrial society are as follows:
- mechanization of production;
- reorganization of labor;
- division of labor;
- productivity increase.
Among the economic characteristics it is necessary to highlight:
- growing influence of private production;
- the emergence of a market for competitive products;
- expansion of sales markets.
The main economic feature of an industrial society is uneven economic development. Crisis, inflation, decline in production - all these are frequent phenomena in the economy of an industrial state. The Industrial Revolution is by no means a guarantee of stability.
The main feature of an industrial society in terms of its social development is a change in values and worldview, which is affected by:
- development and accessibility of education;
- improving the quality of life;
- popularization of culture and art;
- urbanization;
- expansion of human rights and freedoms.
It is worth noting that industrial society is also characterized by reckless exploitation natural resources, including irreplaceable ones, and almost complete disregard for the environment.
Historical background
In addition to economic benefits and population growth, the industrial development of society was due to a number of other reasons. In traditional states, most people were able to secure their livelihood, and nothing more. Only a few could afford comfort, education and pleasure. The agrarian society was forced to move to an agrarian-industrial one. This transition allowed for an increase in production. However, the agrarian-industrial society was characterized by the inhumane attitude of the owners towards the workers and the low level of mechanization of production.
Pre-industrial socio-economic models rested on various forms of the slave system, which indicated the absence of universal freedoms and the low average standard of living of the population.
Industrial Revolution
The transition to an industrial society began during the industrial revolution. It was this period, the 18th-19th centuries, that was responsible for the transition from manual to mechanized labor. The beginning and middle of the 19th century became the apogee of industrialization in a number of leading world powers.
During the industrial revolution, the main features took shape modern state such as industrial growth, urbanization, economic growth and the capitalist model community development.
Usually, the industrial revolution is associated with the growth of machine production and intensive technological development, but it was during this period that the main socio-political changes took place that influenced the formation of a new society.
Industrialization
As part of both global and state economy There are three main sectors:
- Primary - resource extraction and agriculture.
- Secondary - processing resources and creating food.
- Tertiary - the service sector.
Traditional social structures were based on the superiority of the primary sector. Subsequently, in transition period, the secondary sector began to catch up with the primary, and the service sector began to grow. Industrialization is the expansion of the secondary sector of the economy.
This process took place in world history in two stages: a technical revolution, including the creation of mechanized factories and the abandonment of manufactory, and the modernization of devices - the invention of the conveyor, electrical appliances and engines.
Urbanization
In the modern sense, urbanization is an increase in the population of large cities due to migration from rural areas. However, the transition to an industrial society was characterized by a broader interpretation of the concept.
Cities became not only places of work and migration of the population, but also cultural and economic centers. It was the cities that became the boundary of the true division of labor - territorial.
Future of industrial society
Today at developed countries there is a transition from a modern industrial society to a post-industrial one. There is a change in the values and criteria of human capital.
The engine of the post-industrial society and its economy should be the knowledge industry. So scientific discoveries and technological developments of the new generation play big role in many states. Professionals with a high level of education, good learning ability, and creative thinking are considered valuable working capital. The dominant sector of the traditional economy will be the tertiary sector, that is, the service sector.
industrial society
industrial society- a society formed in the process and as a result of industrialization, the development of machine production, the emergence of forms of labor organization adequate to it, the application of the achievements of technical and technological progress. It is characterized by mass, in-line production, mechanization and automation of labor, the development of the market for goods and services, the humanization of economic relations, the growing role of management, and the formation of civil society. .
An industrial society is a society based on industry with flexible dynamic structures, which is characterized by: the division of labor and the growth of its productivity, high level competition, accelerated development of entrepreneurial resource and human capital, development of civil society and management systems at all levels, broad development of means mass communication, a high level of urbanization and an increase in the quality of life.
The industrial society emerges from the industrial revolution. There is a redistribution of the labor force: employment in agriculture falls from 70-80% to 10-15%, the share of employment in industry increases to 80-85%, and the urban population is also growing.
Entrepreneurial activity becomes the dominant factor of production. For the first time, the entrepreneurial resource was introduced as a leading development factor by Joseph Schumpeter. As a result of the scientific and technological revolution, the industrial society is being transformed into a post-industrial society.
The essence and concept of the development of an industrial society
The essence of an industrial society reflects the emergence and development of an entrepreneurial resource as a component of human capital, human capital itself, as well as competition - the main factors in the formation and development of the industrial economy and society, drivers of the industrial revolution and the generation of innovations.
The concept of the development of an industrial society is to form and develop a class of entrepreneurs, education, especially special education, science, culture, medicine, to improve the quality of life of the population and the efficiency of the elite, and to form a civil society.
An industrial society and economy began to take shape in the first half of the 19th century. Revolutionary changes took place in the economy and society during this period of time:
Accumulation of creative human capital, knowledge and innovation (in industry);
Industrialization and mechanization of production, the transition from manual to machine labor;
Competitive relations and competitive markets were formed, democracy and civil society were formed;
The level and quality of life of the population increased; culture, education, science were developing, and the basis for the next round of accelerated economic growth, the development of industry and technology was gradually being prepared;
There was a rapid development of human capital due to the priority growth of investments in education, including professional education, science, innovation.
The main driving force behind the development of the industrial economy has been and remains competition.
Features of an industrial society
- The emergence of a creative class - entrepreneurs (capitalists) and hired workers.
- Growth and development of special and general education, science, culture, quality of life, infrastructure.
- Transition to machine production.
- Movement of population to cities - urbanization.
- Uneven economic growth and development - stable growth alternates with recessions and crises.
- Socio-historical progress.
- Unlimited exploitation of natural resources to the detriment of the environment.
- The basis of the economy is competitive markets and private property. The right to own the means of production is seen as natural and inalienable.
- The labor mobility of the population is high, the possibilities of social movements are practically unlimited.
- Entrepreneurship, diligence, honesty and decency, education, health, ability and willingness to innovate are recognized as the most important values in an industrial society.
An industrial society is characterized by a sharp increase in industrial and agricultural production; the accelerated development of science and technology, means of communication, the invention of newspapers, radio and television; empowerment of educational and educational activities; population growth and increase in life expectancy; a significant increase in the level and quality of life in comparison with previous eras; increased mobility of the population; division of labor not only within individual countries, but also on an international scale; centralized state; smoothing of the horizontal differentiation of the population (its division into castes, estates, classes) and the growth of vertical differentiation (the division of society into nations, "worlds", regions).
Waves of development and technological structures of the industrial economy
The transition from an industrial society to a post-industrial one
Notes
Literature
- Zapariy V.V., Nefedov S.A. History of science and technology. Yekaterinburg, 2003.
- Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883-1954). Theory of economic development
- Korchagin Yu. A. Human capital as an intensive socio-economic factor in the development of personality, economy, society and statehood, Moscow, HSE, 2011
- Timoshina T.M. Economic history of foreign countries. – M.: Yustitsinform, 2006.
- Glazyev S.Yu. Economic theory of technical development. – M.: Nauka, 1990. – 232 p.
- Glazyev S.Yu. Theory of long-term technical and economic development. – M.: VlaDar, 1993. – 310 p.
- Korchagin Yu.A. Human capital development cycles as drivers of innovation waves. - Voronezh: TSIRE.
- Grinin L. E. Productive forces and the historical process. 3rd ed. M.: KomKniga, 2006.
- Korotaev A. V., Malkov A. S., Khalturina D. A. Laws of history. Mathematical modeling of the development of the World-System. Demography, economy, culture. 2nd ed. - M.: URSS, 2007.
see also
Links
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See what "Industrial Society" is in other dictionaries:
The modern stage, or epoch, in the development of mankind. Previous eras: primitive society, ancient agrarian society, medieval agrarian industrial society. In the most developed Western European countries, the transition to acting. has begun… … Philosophical Encyclopedia
- (industrial society) A society with a broad division of labor and reliance on large-scale machine production. Industrial society is considered as a general designation for the capitalist and socialist formations of the recent past. Saint Simon... Political science. Dictionary.
A type of economically developed society in which the predominant sector of the national economy is industry. Industrial society is characterized by the development of the division of labor, mass production of goods, mechanization and ... ... Financial vocabulary
Modern Encyclopedia
- (industrial society), designation of the stage of development of society, replacing the traditional, agrarian (tribal, feudal) society. The term belongs to A. Saint Simon; the concept of an industrial society was widely adopted in 50 60 ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
industrial society- (industrial society), designation of the stage of development of society, replacing the traditional, agrarian (tribal, feudal) society. The term belongs to A. Saint Simon; The concept of an industrial society became widespread in the 50s and 60s ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Burzh. sociology, and economy, theory of societies. development, directed against the Marxist-Leninist doctrine of social progress in the course of successive societies. economical formations. Formulated in two versions of the French. philosopher R. ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
One of the main categories in which modern philosophers, sociologists, political scientists and economists analyze the trends and features of modern, so-called. "developed" societies, in contrast to "traditional", "agrarian" (tribal, feudal, etc.) ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary
industrial society- The stage of development of society and social relations that took shape after the industrial revolution, when, along with the primary industries, the manufacturing industries (secondary sector of the economy) began to develop as the basis of the economy ... Geography Dictionary
- (industrial society), designation of the stage of development of society, replacing the traditional, agrarian (tribal, feudal) society. The term belongs to A. Saint Simon; the concept of an industrial society was widely adopted in 50 60 ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
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- Almanac of German History. To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Lev Kopelev. Industrial society in Germany and its development. The Germans and the Department, Ishchenko VV The Almanac continues the traditions of the Yearbook of German History, published at the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The first issue presents articles by Russian and German historians,…
typology society post-industrial
This stage is also called traditional or agrarian. It is dominated by extractive economic activities - agriculture, fishing, mining. The vast majority of the population (about 90%) is employed in agriculture. The main task of the agrarian society was the production of food, just to feed the population. This is the longest of the three stages and has a history of thousands of years. Nowadays, most of the countries of Africa, Latin America and South-East Asia. In a pre-industrial society, the main producer is not man, but nature. This stage is also characterized by rigidly authoritarian power and land ownership as the basis of the economy.
industrial society
In an industrial society, all forces are directed to industrial production in order to produce the goods necessary for society. The industrial revolution has borne fruit - now the main task of the agrarian and industrial society, which is simply to feed the population and provide it with basic livelihoods, has gone by the wayside. Only 5-10% of the population employed in agriculture produced enough food to feed the entire society.
post-industrial society
The transition to a new type of society - post-industrial - takes place in the last third of the 20th century. Society is already provided with food and goods, and various services are coming to the fore, mainly related to the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge. And as a result of the scientific and technological revolution, science turned into a direct productive force, which became the main factor in the development of society and its self-preservation.
Along with this, a person has more free time, and, consequently, opportunities for creativity, self-realization. At this time, technical developments are becoming more and more science-intensive, theoretical knowledge is acquiring highest value. The dissemination of this knowledge is ensured by a super-developed network of communications.
Social development can be reformist or revolutionary. Reform (from fr. reforme, lat. reformare - to transform). Revolution (from lat. revolutio - turn, coup). Social development: - this is any degree of improvement in any area of public life, carried out simultaneously, through a series of gradual transformations that do not affect the fundamental foundations (systems, phenomena, structures); - this is a radical, qualitative change in all or most aspects of social life, affecting the foundations of the existing social system.
Types: 1) Progressive (for example, the reforms of the 60-70s of the XIX century in Russia - the Great reforms of Alexander II); 2) Regressive (reactionary) (for example, the reforms of the second half of the 80s - early 90s of the XIX century in Russia - "Counter-reforms" of Alexander III); 3) Short-term (for example, the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia); 4) Long-term (for example, the Neolithic revolution - 3 thousand years; the industrial revolution of the XVIII-XIX centuries). Reforms can take place in all spheres of public life: - economic reforms - transformation of the economic mechanism: forms, methods, levers and organization of the country's economic management (privatization, bankruptcy law, antimonopoly laws, etc.); - social reforms - transformations, changes, reorganization of any aspects of public life that do not destroy the foundations of the social system (these reforms are directly related to people); - political reforms - changes in the political sphere of public life (changes in the constitution, the electoral system, the expansion of civil rights, etc.). The degree of reformist transformations can be very significant, up to changes in the social system or the type of economic system: the reforms of Peter I, the reforms in Russia in the early 1990s. 20th century In modern conditions, two ways of social development - reform and revolution - are opposed to the practice of permanent reform in a self-regulating society. It should be recognized that both reform and revolution “cure” an already neglected disease, while constant and possibly early prevention is necessary. Therefore, in modern social science, the emphasis is shifted from the "reform - revolution" dilemma to "reform - innovation".
Under the innovation (from the English innovation - innovation, innovation, innovation) is understood as an ordinary, one-time improvement associated with an increase in the adaptive capabilities of the social organism in these conditions. In modern sociology, social development is associated with the process of modernization. Modernization (from French moderniser - modern) is the process of transition from a traditional, agrarian society to modern, industrial societies.
Classical theories of modernization described the so-called "primary" modernization, which historically coincided with the development of Western capitalism. Later theories of modernization characterize it through the concepts of "secondary" or "catch-up" modernization. It is carried out in the conditions of the existence of a “model”, for example, in the form of a Western European liberal model, often such modernization is understood as westernization, i.e., the process of direct borrowing or planting.
In essence, this modernization is a worldwide process of crowding out local, local types of cultures and social organization"universal" (Western) forms of modernity.
There are several classifications (typologies) of society:
- 1) pre-written and written;
- 2) simple and complex (the criterion in this typology is the number of levels of management of a society, as well as the degree of its differentiation: in simple societies there are no leaders and subordinates, rich and poor, in complex societies there are several levels of management and several social strata of the population located from top to bottom as income decreases);
- 3) primitive society, slave-owning society, feudal society, capitalist society, communist society (a formational sign acts as a criterion in this typology);
- 4) developed, developing, backward (the criterion in this typology is the level of development);
- 5) compare the following types of society (traditional (pre-industrial) - a, industrial - b, post-industrial (information) - c) along the following lines of comparison: - the main factor of production - a) land; b) capital; c) knowledge; - the main product of production - a) food; b) industrial products; c) services; - specific traits production - a) manual labor; b) wide application of mechanisms, technologies; c) automation of production, computerization of society; - the nature of labor - a) individual labor; b) preferential standard activity; c) a sharp increase in creativity in labor; - employment of the population - a) agriculture - about 75%; b) agriculture - about 10%, industry - 85%; c) agriculture - up to 3%, industry - about 33%, services - about 66%; - the main type of export - a) raw materials; b) products of production; c) services; - social structure - a) estates, classes, the inclusion of everyone in the team, isolation social structures, low social mobility; b) class division, simplification of the social structure, mobility and openness of social structures; c) the preservation of social differentiation, the growth of the middle class, professional differentiation depending on the level of knowledge and qualifications; - life expectancy - a) 40-50 years; b) over 70 years; c) over 70 years old; - human impact on nature - a) local, uncontrolled; b) global, uncontrolled; c) global, controlled; - interaction with other countries - a) insignificant; b) close relationship; c) openness of society; - political life - a) the predominance of monarchical forms of government; no political freedoms; power is above the law, it does not need justification; a combination of self-governing communities and traditional empires; b) the proclamation of political freedoms, equality before the law, democratic reforms; power is not perceived as a given, it is required to justify the right to leadership; c) political pluralism, strong civil society; occurrence new form democracies - "democracy of consensus"; - spiritual life - a) traditional religious values dominate; homogeneous character of culture; oral transmission of information prevails; a small number of educated people; fight against illiteracy; b) new values of progress, personal success, faith in science are affirmed; mass culture emerges and occupies a leading position; training of specialists; c) the special role of science and education; development of individualized consciousness; continuous education. Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society The most common approaches in Russian historical and philosophical science to the analysis of social development are formational and civilizational.
The first of them belongs to the Marxist school of social science, the founders of which were the German economists, sociologists and philosophers K. Marx (1818-1883) and F. Engels (1820-1895). The key concept of this school of social science is the category of "socio-economic formation".
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