Booking scheme for an armored cruiser with a carapace armored deck (red line). Coal pits are located above the bevels of the armored deck.

armored cruiser- a type of cruiser common at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, the protection of mechanisms and gun magazines of which consisted of an armored deck, flat or convex (carapace).

On the first high-speed cruisers built in the early 1990s, in order to reduce displacement, there was no armor; the protection of the vital parts of the ship - cellars for ammunition, boilers and machines - was ensured by their placement well below the waterline and side coal pits. However, the very first experiences of the combat use of such cruisers showed their extreme vulnerability even to medium-caliber artillery.

The first armored cruiser was the British cruiser Komus laid down in the city ( comus), which had a flat 38-mm armor deck below the waterline, covering the middle part of the ship. In Great Britain, Aretheusa-class cruisers were laid down ( Arethusa), the 38-mm armored deck of which had bevels to the sides, to some extent compensating for the absence of an armor belt along the waterline; such an armored deck was called a carapace.

The further evolution of the armored cruiser followed the line of thickening of the armored deck and its distribution along the entire length of the ship. The transition from horizontal to vertical steam engines led to the fact that the central part of the carapace armored deck rose 0.5 - 0.75 m above the waterline; bevels to the sides at the same time fell 1.0 - 1.2 m below the waterline. The thickness of the armor on the bevels usually exceeded that in the horizontal part of the armored deck. Along the sides (at a distance of 0.8 - 1 m from them), between the middle and armored decks of the cruisers, there was a waterproof bulkhead forming a cofferdam, divided by frequent bulkheads into compartments. On some cruisers, these compartments were filled with cork or cellulose. The protection of armored cruisers was usually supplemented with armored shields for deck guns, armored casemates and conning towers; armor accounted for about 1/10 of the ship's displacement.

Armored cruisers were built in all maritime powers; displacement, armor thickness, armament, speed and cruising range varied widely depending on the tasks assigned to the fleets.

In the British Navy, armored cruisers were divided into three ranks (classes). Cruisers of the first rank - large ships with a displacement of over 6000 tons, armed with guns up to 234 mm in caliber - were intended for operations on communications and for long-range reconnaissance. The task of cruisers of the second rank with a displacement of 3000 - 5000 tons with 152-mm guns of the main caliber was patrol service and the destruction of enemy merchant ships. Messenger and stationary service (protection of British interests in the colonies and foreign ports) was carried out by cruisers of the third rank - ships of 1500 - 3000 tons with guns of 102-119 mm caliber.

The British classification of armored cruisers was commonly applied in other countries as well. As part of some fleets (including the Russian one), there were no armored cruisers of the third rank.

The variation in the protection of armored cruisers in accordance with the intended nature of combat use is easy to trace on the example of the Russian cruisers of the 1st rank "Varyag", "Askold" and "Bogatyr" built at the beginning of the 20th century, having close displacement, the same armament and armored decks of approximately equal thickness . If on the "Varyag" the guns did not have armored shields at all, then on the "Askold" both guns and servants were already covered with armor, and on the "Bogatyr" four 152-mm guns were placed in armored towers, four - in casemates and four - on deck behind armored shields.

Armored cruisers

Armored cruiser "Jurain de La Graviere" - 1 unit.

"Jurin de la Gravière" (Jurien de la Graviere) Lohr 11.1897/26.7.1899/1902 - excl. 1922

5595 t, 137x15x6.3 m. 600/886 t coal Armor: deck 65 - 35 mm, gun shields 54 mm, wheelhouse 160 mm. Ek. 511 people 8 - 164 mm / 45, 10 - 47 mm, 2 TA 450 mm.

Large but lightly armed cruiser. Possessed poor maneuverability and during the tests (which lasted more than a year) did not develop the design 23-knot speed. During the First World War, he operated in the Adriatic, in the Ionian and Aegean Seas. Since 1920 - a stationer in Syria.

Armored cruiser "Gishen" - 1 unit.

"Gishen" ( Guichen) SNzL 10.1895/15.5.1898/1901 - excl. 1921

8151 tons, 133 (pp) x17 x 7.5 m. PM-3, 36 PCs, 25,000 hp = 23 knots. 1460/1960 tons Armor: 100 - 40 mm, casemates 60 - 40 mm, gun shields 54 mm, wheelhouse 160 mm. Ek. 625 people 2 - 164 mm/45, 6 - 138 mm/45, 10 - 47 mm, 5-37 mm, 2 TA 450 mm.

An ocean-going "trade fighter" with a long range, but very weak weapons for its size. In 1914 he carried out patrol service in the Atlantic from the English Channel to Morocco, since 1915 he was in the Mediterranean Sea. In 1917, it was partially disarmed and then used as a high-speed transport. In 1919, he operated on the Black Sea, participating in the intervention against Soviet Russia.

Armored cruiser "Shatoreno" - 1 unit.

"Chatoreno" ( Chateaurenault) FSH 5.1896 / 12.5.1898 / 1902 - died 12/14/1917

7898 tons, 135(w)x17x7.4 m. 1460/1960 tons Armor: deck 100 - 60 mm, casemates 60 - 40 mm, gun shields 54 mm. Ek. 604 people 2 - 164 mm/45, 6-138 mm/45, 10 - 47 mm, 5 -37 mm.

According to the characteristics, it is similar to the cruiser "Gishen", but differed in a different layout and silhouette. On tests in 1899, a strong vibration appeared, which is why he was again sent to the shipyard. Correction of all defects continued from October 1899 to September 1902. During the First World War, he carried out patrol service in the English Channel, hunted for a German auxiliary cruiser

"Meuve" in the South Atlantic, was used in the Mediterranean Sea as a high-speed transport. Sunk in the Ionian Sea by two torpedoes fired by a submarineUC-38.

Armored cruiser "D" Antrecasto - 1 unit.

"D" Antrecasto ( D" Entrecasteaux) FSH 9.1894/12.6.1896/1899 - excl. 1922

7995 tons, 117 (pp) x17.8x7.5 m. PM - 2.5 PCs, 14,500 hp = 19.2 knots 650/980 t coal Armor: deck 100 - 30 mm, towers 230 mm, casemates 52 mm, wheelhouse 250 mm. Ek. 559 people 2 - 240 mm/40, 12-138 mm/30, 12 - 47 mm, 6 - 37 mm, 2 TA 450 mm.

Original ship with heavy turret artillery and moderate speed. It was intended for operations in remote areas: the underwater part of the hull was sheathed in wood and covered with copper, the ammunition cellars had a cooling system. By 1914, the speed of the cruiser did not exceed 17 knots. Until 1916, he operated in the Mediterranean, repeatedly shelling Turkish positions in Palestine and Syria. Then he operated in the English Channel, escorted convoys to Madagascar. He again moved to the Mediterranean Sea, where he was used mainly as a military transport. From 1919 she served as a training ship in Brest, later she was disarmed and donated to Belgium, and in 1927 she was sold to Poland. It was a blockhouse, dismantled for metal after 1938.

Armored cruiser "Descartes" - 1 unit.

"Descartes" ( Descartes) SNzL 8.1892/27.9.1894/7.1896 - excl. 1920

3960 t, 96.3(pp)x13x6.5 m. PM - 2, 16 PCs, 8500 hp = 19 knots. 543 tons Armor: deck 60 - 20 mm, gun shields 54 mm, wheelhouse 70 mm. Ek. 421 people 4-164mm/45, 10-100mm, 8-47mm, 4-37mm, 2 TA 450mm.

An obsolete cruiser designed for colonial service. The same type "Pascal", "Katina" and "Prote" were decommissioned in 1910 - 1911. "Descartes" in 1914 - 1917 was in the West Indies, and was twice damaged as a result of collisions with merchant ships. In 1917 he arrived in Lorient, disarmed and laid up. The heavy guns removed from the cruiser were sent to the land front, and the small ones were installed on mobilized patrol ships.

Frian-class armored cruisers - 3 units.

"Frian" ( Friant) Brest 1891/17.4.1893/4.1895 - excl. 1920

"Du Chaila" ( Du Chayla) Sher 3.1894/10.11.1895/2.1898 - excl. 1921

"Kassar" ( Cassard) Cher 1894/27.5.1896/2.1898 - excl. 1924

3960 tons, 96.1(pp)x13.7x6.25 m ("Frian": 94x13x6.3 m). PM - 2, 20 PCs, 10,000 hp = 19 knots 577 - 600 tight. Armor: deck 80 - 30 mm, gun shields 30 mm, wheelhouse 100 mm. Ek. 393 people 6-164mm/45, 4-100mm, 10-47mm, 5 to 9-37mm, 2 TA 450mm.

Old ships similar in type to the Russian armored cruiser Svetlana. A total of 6 units were built, but three of them were Bugeauds (Bugeaud), "Chaslu-Loba" ( Chasseloup- Laubat) and "D" Assa ( D" Assas) - were expelled from the combat strength of the fleet even before the First World War.

"Frian" in 1914 was on about. Newfoundland, then moved to the Mediterranean Sea, in 1915 - 1916 was a station in Morocco. In 1918 it was used as a floating base for submarines on about. Wise. "Kassar" and "Du Chaila" served mainly in the Mediterranean and Red Seas, in 1917 they searched for German raiders in the Indian Ocean. In November 1918, "Du Chaila" took part in the last military operation against Turkish troops in Lebanon, in 1919 she was on the Black Sea. By the end of the war, the armament of this ship consisted of two 164 mm, four 75 mm and four 47 mm guns; the rest of the artillery was sent to the land front.

Armored cruiser "D" Estre - 1 unit.

"D" Estre ( D" Estrees) Roche 3.1897/27.10.1897/1899 - excl. 1922

2428 t, 95x12x5.4 m. PM - 2.8 PCs, 8500 hp=20.5 knots. 345/470 t coal Armor: deck 40-20 mm. Ek. 235 people 2-138mm/45, 4-100mm, 8-47mm, 2-37mm.

3rd class cruiser for colonial service. The same type of "Inferne" crashed on 11/22/1910. "D" Estre in 1914 carried out patrol service in the English Channel, from 1915 was in the Mediterranean Sea, in 1916-1918 was based in Djibouti and operated in the Red Sea. After the end of the war, he served in the Far East.

Armored cruiser "Lavoisier" 1 - unit.

"Lavoisier" ( Lavoisier) Roche 1.1895/17.4.1897/4.1898 - excl. 1920

2318 t, 100.6x10.6x5.4 m. PM - 2, 16 PCs, 6800 hp = 20 knots. 339 tons Armor: deck 40 mm, gun shields 54 mm, wheelhouse 100 mm. Ek. 269 ​​people 4-138mm/45, 2-100mm, 10-47mm, 2 TA 450mm.

Class 3 "colonial" cruiser with main battery artillery located in sponsons. The ships of the same type "Linois" and "Galilei" were decommissioned in 1910 - 1911. The outbreak of the First World War found the Lavoisier in Iceland, where she provided security for French fishing boats. Then he carried patrol service in the English Channel, in February 1915 he moved to Port Said, he acted in the Eastern Mediterranean. Since September 1916 he was a stationer in Morocco, in July 1918 he was again transferred to the Mediterranean Sea. Returned to France in 1919, disarmed and decommissioned the following year.

Armored cruisers of the Surkuf type - 3 units.

"Surkuf" ( Surcouf) Cher 5.1886/10.1888/1890 - excl. 1921

"Cosmao" ( Cosmao) Bordeaux 1887/8.1889/1891 - excl. 1922

"Forban" ( Forbin) Roche 5.1886/14.1.1888/2.1889-excl. 1919

2010/2450 t, 95(w)x9x5.2 m. 300 tons Armor: deck up to 40 mm. 4 - 138 mm / 30.9-47 mm, 4 TA 355 mm.

Old cruisers of the 3rd class were often classified by advice. "Surkuf" in 1914-1918 was based on Brest, carried out patrol and sentinel service in the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay. "Cosmao" and "Forben" most wartime were in Moroccan waters, and the latter in 1917-1918 was used as a floating base for submarines.

"Varyag" - armored cruiser 1st rank of the 1st Pacific squadron of the Russian Navy in 1901-1904. He became famous throughout the world for his decision to take an unequal battle at Chemulpo against the superior forces of the Imperial Japanese Navy.

In 1895 and 1896, two shipbuilding programs were adopted in Japan, according to which by 1905 it was envisaged to build a fleet superior to the Russian naval forces in the Far East. In 1897, shipbuilding programs were revised in the direction of strengthening linear forces. The bet was made, first of all, on battleships and armored cruisers, developed by leading European shipbuilding companies. Funding for the programs was calculated up to 1905.
In April 1900, a naval exercise of unprecedented magnitude was held in Japan. All ships of the first line took part in them - over 53 units at the first stage and over 47 at the second. main goal maneuvers was a test of the general plan for the mobilization of the fleet and coastal defense forces. In addition to 2,734 fleet personnel, more than 4,000 people called up from the reserve were involved in the exercises. The maneuvers continued for a month.

In parallel with the implementation of shipbuilding programs, the Japanese paid no less attention technical equipment ports and bases for the fleet, the construction of modern docks, shipyards, coal stations, arsenals and other infrastructures that ensure the performance of combat missions by the linear forces of the fleet. In addition, observation posts were created along the coast of Japan, which were supposed to immediately report by telegraph on the appearance of suspicious ships in the sea.

In Russia at this time, too, did not sit idly by. The militarization of Japan did not go unnoticed. In 1895, Emperor Nicholas II was presented with an analytical note "On state of the art Russian fleet and its immediate tasks. "The author of the document was M.I. Kazi. The author in his work reasonably argued that the center of gravity of the fleet's actions from the Western theater to the Far East. The king agreed with Kazi's conclusions, and they significantly influenced the plans of the Naval Ministry .

At that time, the shipbuilding program for strengthening the navy, adopted in 1895, was being implemented. But it clearly did not match the growth rate of the Japanese fleet. Therefore, in 1897, an additional program was developed "for the needs Far East". It, like the Japanese programs, was supposed to be completed in 1905. By that time, Russia planned to have in the Far East 10 squadron battleships, 4 armored cruisers, 8 armored cruisers of the 1st rank, 5 armored cruisers of the 2nd rank, 7 gunboats, 2 mine transport, 67 destroyers of various types, 2 mine and 2 auxiliary cruisers.Due to the workload of domestic factories, some of the ships were ordered abroad: in the USA, in France and in Germany.

Armored cruisers of the 1st rank of the program "for the needs of the Far East", the lead of which was the "Varyag", were conceived as "long-range reconnaissance squadrons". According to the "program for cruiser design" developed by the ITC (in terms of modern language- terms of reference), they were supposed to have a displacement of 6000 tons, a speed of 23 knots, armament of 12 152-mm and 12 75-mm guns, as well as 6 torpedo tubes. Orders for three cruisers of this type (the future Varyag, Askold and Bogatyr) were placed with various private firms in the US and Germany; later, another ship ("Vityaz") was laid down according to a German project in St. Petersburg.
The main contractor in the construction of the Japanese fleet was Great Britain - at that time a recognized leader in the field of military shipbuilding. As a result, the Land of the Rising Sun basically completed its shipbuilding program as early as 1903, two years ahead of schedule. The Russian program "for the needs of the Far East", on the contrary, lagged behind. As a result, Japan was able to start a war at a time when the balance of forces at sea was clearly in her favor.

Construction and testing

An order for two ships of the shipbuilding program "for the needs of the Far East" - a squadron battleship and an armored cruiser (future Retvizan and Varyag) - was placed in the USA at the plant of The William Cramp & Sons Ship and Engine Building Company. This company managed to bypass its competitors and, avoiding participation in the announced by the Marine Technical Committee international competition, to sign a contract on April 11, 1898, which was "highest" approved already on April 20. According to its terms, the cruiser with a displacement of 6000 tons (order No. 301) was to be ready 20 months after the arrival of the monitoring commission from Russia at the plant. The cost of the ship without weapons was estimated at 2,138,000 US dollars (4,233,240 rubles). Due to the absence of a detailed project at the time of the conclusion of the contract, it was specifically stipulated that the final specification of the cruiser was specified during the construction process with mutual agreement on emerging issues.

The supervisory commission arrived at the plant on July 13, 1898, it was headed by Captain 1st Rank M.A. Danilevsky. The commission included specialists in all the main departments of the ship under construction. Immediately upon arrival, the members of the commission had to fight with the head of the company, Ch. English language, began to challenge many of the requirements - in his opinion, they were unfeasible or entailed additional costs. In particular, Kramp believed that the cruiser’s displacement was underestimated in the terms of reference, and therefore insisted on removing two 152-mm guns from the ship and reducing the coal reserve by 400 tons. As a result of the compromise reached, the displacement was allowed to be increased to 6500 tons. at a speed of 23 knots, Kramp suggested introducing the possibility of forced blast in the furnaces into the draft terms of reference. The commission did not agree to this. Therefore, in order to guarantee the achievement of a stroke of 23 knots, an American company designed machines with excess power - 20,000 hp. from. instead of the design 18,000 l. from.

As for the artillery of the main caliber, according to the original project, it was planned to disperse it throughout the ship - just like the cellars of artillery shells. As a result, the company had serious problems with the placement of cellars, especially in the area of ​​​​boiler rooms and engine rooms. There was clearly not enough space, and Crump suggested that the guns be grouped at the ends. This made it possible to compactly place the cellars, providing them with better protection from enemy fire in battle. The Commission found the proposal acceptable and agreed to the changes.

As a prototype for the construction of a new ship, Crump suggested taking the Japanese armored cruiser Kasagi, but the MTC insisted on the Diana cruiser, which was built according to the 1895 program of the year. At the same time, the contract provided for the installation on the ship of Belleville boilers, which had proven themselves well in the Russian fleet. Although they were heavy, they were more reliable than the Nikloss boilers. Kramp, contrary to the requirements of the customer, persistently offered the latter, refusing, otherwise, to guarantee the achievement of the contract speed. Alas, he was also supported in St. Petersburg (in the person of Admiral General and head of the GUKiS V.P. Verkhovsky), finally resolving the dispute in favor of the construction company. It should be noted that representatives of the monitoring commission often found themselves in a difficult position due to the intervention of various officials of the MTC from St. Petersburg and Washington, in particular, naval agent D.F. Dead. Especially got the chairman of the commission. Crump, as one would expect, took advantage of this. In the end, due to the conflict between Danilevsky and Mertvago, in December 1898 a new chairman of the commission was appointed - Captain 1st Rank E.N. Shchenenovich, future commander of the battleship "Retvizan"

On January 11, 1899, by the will of the emperor and the order of the Naval Department, the cruiser under construction was given the name "Varyag" - in honor of the propeller-sailing corvette of the same name, a member of the "American expedition" of 1863. Captain 1st Rank V.I. was appointed commander of the new cruiser. Baer.
And on the slipway at that time, work was in full swing. In difficult "battles", sometimes beyond the bounds of decency, each side defended its interests. Disputes about what the look of the cruiser would be did not stop. As a result, the main pipe was excluded; the conning tower has been increased in size, in addition, it was raised to improve visibility; end torpedo tubes, chimney casings, ammunition supply elevators, and a skylight in the engine room received armor protection. It was possible to convince Krump to increase the height of the side keels of the cruiser from 0.45 to 0.61 m. The undoubted victory of the commission was the provision of auxiliary mechanisms with electric drives - up to the dough mixer in the galley. But there were some obvious miscalculations. So, gun shields were not installed due to fear of overload. And due to the ambiguity of the wording "weapons", Crump had to pay extra for the manufacture of auxiliary systems and mechanisms that ensure the firing of guns - fire control dials, elevators, monorails for supplying ammunition and other devices.

After the laying ceremony, which took place on May 10, 1899, work continued: propeller shaft brackets, stern tubes, outboard valves, kingstones and other fittings were installed. Due to the delays of the officials of the MTK (except for the "Varyag", the MTK had more than 70 orders), misunderstandings constantly arose, which inevitably led to a delay in work, and sometimes to a rework of already completed ones.

Suddenly there was a problem with the order of armor plates for the ship. Despite the fact that the ITC and the monitoring commission insisted on the use of monolithic armor plates made of "extra soft nickel steel", Kramp ordered ordinary shipbuilding steel from the counterparty. At the same time, he once again rightly referred to the inaccurate wording in the "program for designing a cruiser." The conflict was resolved only after the company was promised an additional payment for the installation of nickel steel. Much controversy arose around the design of the armored deck. Due to the sluggishness of the MTK officials, the commission quickly had to accept the armor installation scheme proposed by the plant: composite horizontal armor riveted from two plates.

Although the construction of the ship proceeded at a fairly rapid pace, the cruiser's launch date was constantly pushed back. So, because of the strike in August 1899 at the factory, and then the general strike in the country, it was postponed to October. Finally, on October 19, on a rainy day, in the presence of the Russian ambassador to the United States, Count A.P. Cassini and other officials of the two countries launched the Varyag cruiser. The descent went well. Immediately after the descent, the tugboats took the ship's hull to the outfitting wall.

On December 29, the steamer "Vladimir Savin" arrived from Russia with weapons. By January 1, 1900, the installation of the main equipment inside the hull was practically completed and the installation of weapons on the upper deck began. Although the work went on uninterruptedly, even workers had to be removed from the Retvizan battleship under construction, it was clear that the Varyag would not be commissioned by the contract deadline - June 29, 1900. MTK began to prepare documents for withholding penalties from the company. In response, Kramp cited his counterarguments - a long coordination of drawings in Russia, multiple alterations of already assembled units, as well as strikes and strikes that swept the United States. last reason construction delays in St. Petersburg were considered respectful and Kramp was not fined.

By the beginning of May, the chimneys, masts and weapons were finally installed. By the middle of the month, the company began mooring trials. On the 16th, the ship with the factory crew went to sea for the first time. When testing the machines, the cruiser developed a course of 22.5 knots. Despite the excessive heating of the bearings, the tests were considered successful. This gave hope that the contract speed will be achieved. At the same time, artillery fire was carried out, including on both sides. No damage or deformation of the hull was found. True, when firing at the nose from guns No. 3 and No. 4, the shock wave from the tank guns No. 1 and No. 2 tore off the muzzle covers. The same thing happened when firing from the stern - No. 9 and No. 10. In this regard, extended bulwarks were installed on the forecastle from both sides above guns No. 3 and No. 4 (much later, during the cruiser's service in Japan, similar bulwarks appeared over guns No. 5 and No. 6).
In the meantime, the deadline for the cruiser had passed, and the ship was still not ready even for sea trials. Finally, on July 2, the Varyag was brought into the dock for painting the underwater part. On July 12, the ship, having a bow draft of 5.8 m and a stern of 6 m, entered the ocean for a measured mile for progressive sea trials. The day turned out to be cloudy: it was raining, a strong wind was blowing, the sea state at the beginning of the tests was three points, and by the end it reached four. Progressive tests were carried out at a distance of 10 miles: three runs at a speed of 16 knots and two at a speed of 18.21 and 23 knots. By the end of the tests, with a headwind, the Varyag reached a speed of 24.59 knots (with a machine power of 16198 hp and a steam pressure of 15.5 atm).

On July 15, 12-hour continuous tests began in full swing. Everything started well. The ship was in full swing for the eighth hour, when suddenly the cover of the HPC of the left machine was knocked out. The tests were forced to stop; the repair of mechanisms continued until mid-September. Before the 12-hour trials, they decided to conduct 24-hour tests, with an economic course of 10 knots. They passed without notice. As a result, the actual operational characteristics of the cruiser's power plant were clarified: the productivity of the distillers was 38.8 tons fresh water per day against the design 37 tons; coal consumption - 52.8 tons per day. Thus, with a full capacity of 1350 tons of coal pits, the cruising range was 6136 miles, which significantly exceeded the design value. At the same time, the power of the left and right machines was 576 and 600 hp. from. respectively; propeller speed 61.7 and 62 rpm.

On September 21, 12-hour progressive tests began in full swing in the morning. The deepening of the cruiser on an even keel was 5.94 m; sea ​​roughness - 2 points; wind force in the lateral direction - 3 points. In general, the tests went well, only in one of the boilers a tube broke. The average speed reached - 23.18 knots - exceeded the value of the contract. The machines developed a capacity of 14,157 liters. from. at a steam pressure of 17.5 atm. The rotational speed of the shafts was on average 150 rpm.
On September 22, Crump passed the ship in excess of the main characteristics. The factory rejoiced. The members of the commission, on the contrary, were restrained in their emotions, although they were satisfied with the results of the tests. During the delivery, many minor shortcomings were revealed, which continued to be eliminated until the cruiser left for Russia.

Hull and armor

In accordance with the preliminary specification, the mass of the hull, taking into account efficient things, was to be 2900 tons. The cruiser's hull was made with a forecastle, which improved combat and running characteristics in stormy seas. The basis of the hull was the keel, enclosed between bronze stems. The keel was assembled on exposed keel blocks from simple elements: sheets and profiles. First, horizontal keel sheets were laid and riveted, vertical keel sheets were fixed to this structure with the help of technological fasteners. Then reinforced sheets of a transverse set - flora - were attached to this assembly. On top of this structure, sheets of the second bottom were laid, stretching for the entire length of the ship. The foundations of all mechanisms and main machines were installed on the flooring of the second bottom. Brickwork of the foundations of 30 Nikloss boilers was installed on specially prepared sites. The cruiser's hull consisted of a reinforced plating, a longitudinal and transverse power set, deck decks, an armored deck, posts and other structural elements that provide fastening of mechanisms, boilers and machines. The height of the ship's hull was 10.46 m.

Armored cruiser "Varyag" in the Baltic

All vital mechanisms, machines, boilers and cellars were covered by an armored deck made of "extra-soft nickel steel", stretching from stem to stem at a height of 6.48 m from the main line. Above the engine room, the deck rose to a height of 7.1 m; to the sides of its bevels descended below the waterline by about 1.1 m. The armor was riveted from 19-mm and 38.1-mm plates; the total thickness of the horizontal deck and bevels was 38 and 76 mm, respectively. The width of the plates was 3.74 m. The viscosity of the armor material made the projectile ricochet when it hit it at an acute angle. All armor plates were supplied by the Carnegie Steel Company, based in Pittsburgh. In the middle of the deck, along the diametrical plane above the boiler rooms, holes were made for chimneys, above the engine rooms - for a skylight. Along the sides, above and below the bevels in the area of ​​​​engine and boiler rooms, there were coal pits. In addition to their direct purpose, they also performed protective functions, forming a parapet around the vital mechanisms and systems of the ship.

In the area of ​​the coal pits, adjacent to the outer skin of the side, there were compartments of a cofferdam 0.76 m wide and 2.28 m high to accommodate pulp. But due to the fragility of cellulose, the compartments were not filled with it. Armor covers were installed around the chimneys, skylight, rudder drives, ammunition supply elevators and other devices that passed through the armored deck. The muzzle parts of torpedo tubes also had reinforced protection. Manhole covers in the armored deck could be opened both from the inside and from the outside.
Under the armored deck, on the second bottom, all the main units, mechanisms and machines of the ship were located. Here, in the fore and aft ends, there were cellars with ammunition, reduced to two groups of nine rooms, which simplified their protection.
On the armor deck there were compartments for the bow and stern torpedo tubes, all utility rooms, on the bevels along the sides - coal pits. Above the armored deck was a living deck designed to accommodate the crew. The command quarters were also in free places under the forecastle.

Photo cruiser Varyag

Armament of the cruiser Varyag

Initially, in accordance with the "design program for the cruiser", it was supposed to install two 203-mm, ten 152-mm, twelve 75-mm, six 47-mm guns and 6 torpedo tubes on the ship, two of the latter being underwater. In total, 440.5 tons were allocated for artillery weapons; in reality, it was almost 30 tons heavier. Of this mass, 150.4 tons were assigned to 152-mm guns, 134 tons to torpedo-mine weapons, of which 26 tons were assigned to underwater TAs.
In the final version of the project, the "six-thousanders" ("Varyag", "Askold" and "Bogatyr") had 12 152/45 mm, 12 75/50 mm, 8 47/43 mm (two of them with removable machines), 2 37/23mm; 2 63.5/19 mm Baranovsky guns; 6 381 mm TA and 2 7.62 mm machine guns. In addition, it was supposed to install removable TA for boats, as well as minefields, exposed from special rafts.
"Varyag" was equipped with all these numerous weapons. Unlike other cruisers, on it all TAs were placed above the water. Despite the fact that all reference and specialized literature speaks of 381-mm torpedo tubes, there is reason to believe that in fact on the Varyag they had a caliber of 450 mm. This assumption is based on measurements of the dimensions of the torpedo and torpedoes given in the original drawings of the Kramp plant, and is indirectly confirmed by photographs of the torpedoes on the cruiser.

The large artillery of the cruiser (152 mm and 75 mm guns) was combined into three batteries. The first included 6 152-mm guns located in the bow, the second - 6 aft 152-mm guns; in the third - 12 75-mm guns.
All the cruiser's guns, including small-caliber guns, had through numbering, with odd numbers on the starboard side and even numbers on the left. Numbering - from bow to stern:

152 mm Kane guns, model 1891. On the forecastle - No. 1 and No. 2. On the upper deck - guns from No. 3 to No. 12;
- 75-mm Kane guns of the 1891 model on Meller's machines. On the upper deck from No. 13 - No. 22; on the living deck in the commander's cabin - No. 23 and No. 24;
- 47-mm Hotchkiss guns of the 1896 model. On the forecastle on the sponson of guns No. 5 and No. 6 - guns No. 27 and No. 28. Guns No. 25 and No. 26 were installed on removable machines designed for steam boats, No. 29 and No. 30 - on the top of the foremast, No. 31 and No. 32 - on the top of the mainmast;
- 37-mm Hotchkiss guns of the 1896 model. Both guns No. 33 and No. 34 were installed on the platform behind the aft bridge;
- 63.5-mm landing guns of the Baranovsky model of 1882. Guns No. 35 and No. 36 were located on the forecastle under the wings of the bow bridge. Wheel carriages for them were stored separately - under the bow bridge behind the conning tower;

The machine guns were mounted on special brackets located on the bulwarks near the conning tower. Before firing, the calculation threw back a special platform, stood on it and fired. Exactly such platforms were prepared in the stern of the ship under the whaleboats. If desired, detachable 47-mm guns No. 25 and No. 26 could be mounted on the same brackets.
As already mentioned, all torpedo tubes on the cruiser were surface. Two of them were located in the stems at the ends of the ship in a fixed position; four - on the sides: two in the premises of the ship's church and two in the wardroom. The onboard vehicles were rotary; their guidance was carried out using a ball device. In the stowed position, they were disassembled; before the shot they had to be collected. Shooting from onboard vehicles was carried out using the energy of powder gases, and from the bow, due to the danger of flooding with water, with compressed air.

In addition, the ship had 254-mm torpedo tubes for arming steam boats. In the stowed position, they were fixed under the flooring of the longitudinal bridges next to the boats /
The cruiser's ammunition was stored in 18 cellars. Initially, the cellars were placed along the sides throughout the ship (similar to the Askold), but due to crowding, especially in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bboiler rooms and engine rooms, and the inability to provide sufficient protection, in the final version, all of them were concentrated in nine cellars at the ends. They contained shells of all calibers, as well as torpedoes, projectile mines, barrage mines and cartridges for machine guns and small arms. Armor-piercing, high-explosive, cast-iron and segment shells were used for the main caliber; for firing from 75-mm guns - only armor-piercing and cast iron. According to the state, 2388 cartridges (charges in cartridge cases) and shells for 152-mm guns (199 rounds per barrel), 3000 unitary cartridges for 75-mm guns (250 per barrel), 5000 unitary cartridges for 47-mm guns were placed in the cellars (625 per barrel), 2584 unitary cartridges for 37 mm guns (1292 per barrel), 1490 unitary cartridges for 63.5 mm guns (745 per gun), 12 381 (or 450) mm torpedoes, six throwing mines with a caliber of 254 mm and 35 mines of obstacles (according to other sources - 22).

The supply of ammunition for all calibers was carried out by elevators with electric and manual drives. Shells and cartridges were fed up in the gazebos, four shots each, and the gazebos were rolled up to the guns on special monorails and unloaded there onto a tarpaulin spread on the deck. Monorails were laid to all the guns located on the upper deck; they were in all the cellars. Shells and cartridges (cartridges) were delivered to guns No. 1 and No. 2 using folding monorails or brought by hand directly from the elevators. To the guns mounted on the tops, shots were fed using elevators located inside the masts. 152-mm guns were serviced by 12 elevators (one elevator per gun); 75-mm guns - three; 47-mm guns - two; the remaining elevators were intended for 37-mm guns and guns of Baranovsky. The speed of lifting arbors with an electric drive is 0.8 - 0.9 m / s, manually - 0.2 - 0.4 m / s. .

A remote electric fire control system was introduced on the cruiser using special indicators installed at the guns and in the cellars. Data on firing parameters and the type of projectiles were transmitted directly from the conning tower via cables laid throughout the ship. The total length of the cable network of the firing control system was 1730 m. The system consisted of a step-down transformer (supply voltage from 100 to 23 volts, current strength up to 25 A), cable network, setting and receiving devices.
The transmission of commands from the conning tower was carried out by turning the handle of the setting device, which, according to the principle of selsyns, rotated the same angle of the receiving device at the guns, indicating either the value of the heading angle, or the type of projectiles used for firing, or information about the type of firing being performed. The receiving devices were installed not only in the batteries, but also in the cellars (8 shell dials), issuing commands to feed certain shells to the guns.

Determining the distances to the target was carried out by six ranging stations equipped with ranging keys. The keys were included in the set of rangefinder stations, which are columns with Lujol-Myakishev micrometers installed on them. With the help of a micrometer, the distance to the target was determined and transmitted to the dials in the conning tower and to the guns. To control the correctness of the transmitted distance, the station had a control dial.
In the central post, two master and two combat dials were installed, with four keys and two projectile master dials each. Electrical devices that control the parameters in the network were also installed here.

Main mechanisms

Triple expansion steam engines with a capacity of 20,000 hp. from. located in two adjacent engine rooms and had a height of 4.5 m together with the foundation. Their excess power, revealed during full-speed tests, was like a "dead weight", since it could not be realized with the existing steam output of the boilers.

The cruiser's four-cylinder machines had one high (14 atm), medium (8.4 atm) and two low (3.5 atm) pressure cylinders each. Accordingly, their diameters were equal to 1.02; 1.58 and 1.73 m. The piston stroke was 0.91 m. The maximum angular speed of rotation of the shaft was 160 rpm. Piston rods were made of forged nickel steel hollow. The steel shafts of the main machines are also forged. The crankshaft of the machine consisted of four knees. The thrust shaft in its design had 14 rings, which are the main elements that perceive the pushing force from the propeller. This force was perceived by 14 horseshoe-shaped brackets attached to the thrust bearing housing. The rubbing parts of the brackets were filled with white metal. The entire structure was cooled by tap water during rotation. The ship had two shafts, respectively, two propellers. Shafts through the stern tubes were taken out of the ship.
In accordance with the design drawings, it was supposed to install two four-blade propellers with removable blades with a diameter of 4.4 m on the Varyag. However, during construction they were replaced with two three-blade propellers with fixed blades and a standard pitch of 5.6 m. two cylinder machines.
During the movement of the ship at full speed (during trials in the USA), the temperature in the engine rooms reached 3 G and 43 ° - respectively, on the lower and upper platforms.

The "Stop" command from full speed ahead to a complete stop of the machine was executed for a 10 - 75-mm gun; 11 - boat, 12 - davit; 13 - trial boat; 14 - flooring of the longitudinal bridge, 15 - casing of the chimney; 16 - skylight; 17 - flooring of the upper deck. Graphics: V. Kataev
15 s; "Move forward" - in 8 s, and change from full forward to full reverse - in 25 s.
The three boiler rooms of the cruiser housed 30 Nikloss water-tube boilers:
nasal 10; on average - 8 and in the stern - 12. The height of each boiler with a foundation is 3 m, of which 2 meters were occupied by a collector with tubes. Each boiler had three fireboxes lined with bricks. All boilers were combined into four groups, each had its own chimney, and the bow was narrower than the others. The area of ​​the heating surface of all 30 boilers was 5786 m2, and the area of ​​the swinging grate was 146 m2. The design working pressure in the boilers was taken equal to 18 atm (test - 28.1 atm). During running 12-hour progressive tests, the pressure in the boilers did not exceed 17.5 atm, the temperature in the boiler room on the upper platforms reached 73 °, on the lower ones - 50 °. Water was supplied to the boilers by 10 feed pumps. The amount of water in the boilers - 110 tons; another 120 tons were additionally stored in the double-bottom space. Steam high pressure from the boilers to the machines was supplied through a pipeline with a diameter of 381 mm. Slag from the boiler room was ejected through special shafts equipped with an electric drive. The total cooling surface of the two main refrigerators is 1120 m2.

Coal pits adjoined the boiler rooms. Coal from them climbed through special necks located in the boiler room. He was brought to the fireboxes on rails in special trolleys.
Coal was loaded into the pits through 16 necks with a diameter of 508 mm, located on the upper deck.

Ship devices and systems

The Davis mechanism, which was the basis of the cruiser's steering gear, for the first time in the Russian fleet had three types of drive: steam, electric and manual. The rudder blade was made in the form of a three-section steel frame sheathed with 9 mm thick sheet steel. The frame space was filled with wooden bars. Rudder area - 12 m2.
The steering was carried out either from the conning or wheelhouse; in the event of their failure, control was transferred to the steering compartment, located under the armored deck.
The cruiser "Varyag", unlike the ships created earlier, had a large percentage of equipment powered by electricity. In this regard, the power consumption of the ship exceeded 400 kW. This required a significant amount of fuel. So, for example, out of 8600 tons of coal consumed in a year, 1750 tons were spent on lighting, 540 tons on a desalination plant, 415 tons on heating and a galley.
Three dynamo machines were the sources of electricity on the ship. The power of two, located in the bow and in the stern, was 132 kW each, and the generator located on the living deck was 63 kW. They generated electric current with a voltage of 105 V. In addition, a 2.6 kW generator with a voltage of 65 V was used to lift boats and boats. There was a steering generator in the tiller compartment; in Everyday life he often served for illumination. In addition, in a special compartment there was a battery for emergency power supply of running lights, loud bells and other needs.
To extinguish fires under the armored deck, a fire main with a diameter of 127 mm was laid. To connect fire hoses, the pipe had branches with a diameter of 64 mm, which stretched to all cellars, boiler rooms and engine rooms. Fire alarm sensors were installed in the coal pits. The fires in the coal pits were extinguished by steam.
The drainage system consisted of signaling means, drainage pumps and drives (electric motors). She ensured the pumping of incoming water from all the rooms under the armored deck of the ship.
Water was removed from the boiler rooms with the help of centrifugal pumps placed on the double bottom flooring. As a drive for them, electric motors were used, installed on the armored deck and connected to the pumps by a long shaft. Productivity of one pump - 600 MUCH. The diameters of the inlet pipes on all pumps were the same - 254 mm. Water was pumped out of the engine rooms by two circulation pumps of the main refrigerators with a capacity of 2x1014 m3/h.

Armored cruiser "Varyag". Interior spaces

The ventilation system could provide for an hour a 5-fold air exchange in all rooms below the armored deck, 12-fold in the cellars and 20-fold in the dynamo rooms.
To protect against torpedoes while parking in open raids, the ship was supplied with metal nets. They were hung along the sides on poles. In the stowed position, the poles were laid along the sides in an inclined position, and the nets were laid on special shelves.
The cruiser's anchoring device consisted of two hawse with succluses, four Hall anchors with rods, anchor chains, two capstans, a powered windlass, vymbovki and a crane for cleaning dead anchors. The mass of each anchor is 4.77 tons, and two of them were installed on special pillows on the starboard side: the first, closer to the hawse, is the anchor, the second is the spare. On the left side there is one deadman. The fourth was fixed on the front wall of the conning tower foundation. Anchor chains 274 m long and 54 mm in caliber were attached to both anchors. In addition to the main chains, the cruiser had two more spare ones, each 183 m long. The anchors were lifted by a windlass located under the forecastle. Drive windlass and capstan, located on the forecastle - steam; aft capstan - electric. In the event of a failure of these drives, the capstans could be pulled out manually using chisels. Vymbovki in the stowed position were installed on the bulkhead of the aft superstructure and on the outer wall of the elevators on the tank. Anchor cleaning after lifting was carried out by a crane installed on the forecastle not far from the guisstock. To work with a spare anchor, a collapsible crane mounted on the forecastle was used. In the stowed position, it was stored on the roof of the wheelhouse.
In addition to anchors, the cruiser had one stop anchor and three verps weighing 1.18 tons, 685 kg. 571 kg and 408 kg. The stop anchor was located on the left side behind the "casemate" of the 75-mm gun on special brackets. On the starboard side in the area of ​​whaleboat No. 1, one werp was fixed on brackets, the rest were placed on the port side.
The cruiser's rescue boats included two steam boats 12.4 m long; one 16-oar and one 14-oar longboat; two 12-oar boats; two 6-oar whaleboats; two 6-oared yawls and two trial 4-oared boats. All of them were made of galvanized steel. In addition to two yawls, all watercraft were mounted on rostras. The sixes were located on the sides on the forecastle in front of the first chimney; trial boats - next to 12-row boats on rosters.

The means of control, communications and surveillance on the cruiser were concentrated mainly on the stern and bow bridges, including the navigation and conning tower. The cruiser's conning tower, increased from 2.8x2.3 m to 4.2x3.5 m compared to the project, was an oval armored breastwork protected by 152-mm armor. The cabin was installed on a foundation 1.5 m high. To ensure the normal operation of the combat and directional compasses, the roof and floor of the cabin were made of a bronze sheet 31.8 mm thick and a brass sheet 6.4 mm thick.

The roof was a mushroom-shaped oval figure with the edges curved down. The edges of the roof protruded beyond the parapet; the gap between the roof and the vertical armor parapet formed observation slots 305 mm high. The entrance to the armored cabin was open. To prevent shells and fragments from entering the wheelhouse, a traverse from an armor plate 152 mm thick was installed opposite the entrance. The armored cabin was connected by means of a vertical armored tube to the central post located under the armored deck. The pipe wall thickness was 76 mm. Above the conning tower there was a transverse bridge, on which combat lights (searchlights) and tack lights were installed. The wheelhouse, also made entirely of sheet brass and copper, was in the center of the bridge. There were fifteen windows in its walls: five in front, four on each side and two behind. Doors - four. And all the doors were sliding. The bridge rested on the roof of the conning tower and 13 racks installed on the forecastle.
In both cabins for ship control, communications and observation, duplicated devices and instruments were installed. Similar devices, except for the steering wheel and compass, were also installed in the central post.
There were five compasses on the cruiser. The two main ones were located on the roof of the undercarriage and on a special platform of the aft bridges. The non-magnetic zone of these compasses was 4.5 m.
The means of communication "Varyag" included a telephone network, speaking pipes and a staff of messengers. If the latter were a traditional type of communication, then the telephone was almost a novelty in the Russian fleet. It covered almost all service areas of the ship. Telephone sets were installed in all cellars, in boiler rooms and engine rooms, in the cabins of the commander, senior officer, mechanical engineer, in the conning and navigation cabins, at posts near the guns.
Means of electrical signaling (bells, indicators, fire alarm sensors, annunciators, etc.) were available in the cabins of command personnel, at combat posts and in the conning tower. In addition to warning bells, on the cruiser, paying tribute to traditions, the staff of drummers and buglers was retained (drummers gave signals for artillery crews on the starboard side, and buglers on the field side). To communicate with other ships, in addition to the radio station, the cruiser had a large staff of signalmen transmitting messages using flags, flags, figures, Tabulevich's lights and a mechanical semaphore (removed in the summer of 1901 due to bulkiness and inconvenience of use).

For raising signal flags, figures, stretching the radio antenna and placing searchlight and Mars platforms on the cruiser, two single-pole masts were installed. The topmasts of both masts were made telescopic and, if necessary, could be pulled inside the masts with the help of special devices. Elevators were also placed inside the masts for supplying cartridges to 47-mm guns on the tops.
The "Varyag" had six searchlights with a mirror diameter of 750 mm. They were located on the masts (one each) and bridges (two each).

Combat dressing stations

There were four dressing stations on the Varyag: two in the bow and two in the stern. In the bow, in a combat situation, the wounded were bandaged in the infirmary, located on the starboard side, and in the pharmacy opposite the infirmary on the port side. In the aft part - in the 4th command room at the descent to the combat dressing station and in the point itself, located under the armored deck. It was possible to get to the bow points through two hatches located between the 1st and 2nd chimneys. In peacetime, one could also go down to them through the hatches between the 2nd and 4th pipes, passing through the 3rd command room, separated from them by a waterproof partition. But in a combat situation, on alarm, this passage cannot be used, since the doors are usually battened down.
To deliver the wounded to the point located in the 4th command cockpit, it was necessary to lower him into the officer's quarters, then from there along a steep ladder to the armored deck, then carry him along a narrow corridor that ran at right angles to the ladder, go through the door in a waterproof bulkhead and get into the 4th command room.

To deliver the wounded to the combat dressing station, it is necessary to go down the ladder to the officer's quarters, from there carry him to the wardroom. Then, with the help of hoists, lower the wounded man into the torpedo storage room (at the same time, torpedoes were delivered through this hatch to the devices located in the wardroom during the alarm), and from there through a narrow door to the dressing station.
The unsuitability of this item was revealed during a training alarm before the battle, since during the alarm the gangway leading from the wardroom to the armored deck was removed, and the hatch cover was battened down to ensure the survivability of the ship. Subsequently, in accordance with the order of the commander, the following were approved as dressing stations:

1. In the bow - an infirmary and a pharmacy.
2. In the aft part there is a cabin-company room and a dressing station on the armored deck.
Dressings were stored in special boxes located in four places. All personnel were trained to provide first aid to the wounded.
The carriers of the wounded (14 people) were provided with special bags with medical supplies. There were enough surgical instruments: in addition to state-owned ones, doctors also used their personal ones.

Crew and accommodation

On the cruiser "Varyag", in accordance with the specification, the crew consisted of 21 officers, 9 conductors and 550 lower ranks. Before the ship left for Russia, there were 19 officers, a priest, 5 conductors and 537 lower ranks on it. 558 people participated in the battle on January 27, 1904: 21 officers, a priest, 4 conductors, 529 lower ranks and 3 civilians. Another 10 crew members of the Varyag were left in Port Arthur before leaving for Chemulpo.
The crew's living quarters were located under the forecastle and on the living deck and aft on the armored deck. From the 72nd sp. towards the stern were the cabins of the officers and command of the ship. The officers' cabins were single, with an area of ​​6 m2; cabins of a senior officer, mechanical engineer and senior navigator - 10 m2 each. The commander occupied the premises towards the stern at a length of 12.5 m. Adjacent to them was a saloon with an area of ​​92 m2. On the living deck there was an infirmary, a pharmacy, a galley, a bathhouse (25 m2) and a ship's church. On the living deck, all doors, except for watertight ones, were sliding.

Coloring

During the service "Varyag" was painted as follows. Before leaving for Russia and in Russia from September 1900 to May 1901: the hull and masts are white; lower knees of chimneys, fans (pipes and sockets) - yellow; upper knees of chimneys, topmasts of both masts and yardarms - black; the underwater part - green and the inner surface of the bells - red
During the voyage as part of the escort of Emperor Nicholas II from August to September 1901: the hull and masts are white; chimney elbows and fans (chimneys and sockets) - yellow; chimney crowns 1.5 m wide, topmasts of both masts and yardarms - black; the inner surface of the sockets is red; the underwater part is red.
When moving to the Far East and in Port Arthur from August 1901 to September 1903: the hull and masts are white; lower knees of chimneys and fans (pipes and sockets) - yellow; the upper knees of the chimneys, the topmasts of both masts and the yards are black; the inner surface of the sockets is red; the underwater part is red.
From September 1903 until the moment of death: from the klotik to the waterline - olive color (in accordance with the order for painting ships on the chimneys, an orange stripe 0.9 meters wide was to be beaten off); the underwater part is red.
During repairs in Vladivostok and the transition to Hong Kong from March to July 1916: from the klotik to the waterline - ball color; crowns of chimneys 1 meter wide - black; the underwater part is most likely red. During the transition from Hong Kong to Greenock from July to November 1916: from the klotik to the waterline - "semi-white" color (as in the document - V. K); crowns of chimneys 1 meter wide - black; the underwater part is red.
During the transition from Greenock to the capture by the British from November 1916 to November 1917: from the klotik to the waterline - ball color; crowns of chimneys 1 meter wide - black; the underwater part is red.

Project evaluation

The cruisers of the program "for the needs of the Far East" were built according to the same technical specifications, but they appeared to the world completely different, both in appearance and in basic shipbuilding characteristics. Rodin them, perhaps, only the same composition of weapons. In this regard, the question involuntarily arises: how successful were these ships and which one was better?
It seemed that the experience of military operations should have answered these questions. However, in reality, everything turned out to be much more complicated. The tasks that the cruisers had to perform during the Russo-Japanese War turned out to be far from those originally prescribed in the projects.

Ironically, the Bogatyr, the most protected and advanced of the 6000-ton armored cruisers, did not fire a single shot during the entire war and practically did not take part in any campaign, standing in the dock in a protracted repair. But "Varyag" on the very first day of the war had to meet face to face with representatives of almost all generations of "Elsvik cruisers" - from obsolete to the latest models. But fate put him in such conditions that the tragic outcome was a foregone conclusion. The third representative of the family - "Askold" - accepted active participation in all operations of the Pacific squadron. True, there were few such operations - much less than expected before the opening of hostilities. Nevertheless, the cruiser showed her outstanding capabilities, becoming the only ship of the series that managed to come out of the crucible of that war with honor, in the "arena" of which these cruisers were so imprudently used.

Speaking of 6,000-ton cruisers, one cannot fail to mention the ships built according to the 1895 program of the year. It was they who became the prototype for the development of the lead cruiser under the shipbuilding program of 1898. We are talking about cruisers of the type "Diana". Entered into service before the start of the Russo-Japanese War, they, alas, were morally and physically obsolete and no longer responded modern requirements. This fact speaks, first of all, about the level of development of domestic industry at the beginning of the 20th century. "Diana", "Pallada" and "Aurora" were distinguished by good reliability of mechanisms, but in all respects they lost to armored cruisers of foreign construction.

Armored cruiser "Varyag" in 1916

"Varyag" and "Askold", in fact, were experimental ships of this type, according to the design and layout scheme, are most suitable for comparison. There is no doubt that the Varyag was designed more thoughtfully and compactly. The forced placement of artillery at the extremities saved him from cramped cellars along the sides. The ship had good seaworthiness, boats and boats were very well located on it. The engine and boiler rooms were spacious; their equipment and ventilation system deserved the highest praise.

"Askold" in this regard, "Varyag" was losing. The fears of the builders not to reach the contract speed led to the fact that the relative length of the cruiser (already large in the original project) became 8.7 in the final version (for the Varyag - 8.1). As a result, the hull was a long, flexible beam; its low margin of safety led to local loss of stability, and sometimes to destruction of the structure. The "fragility" of the hull on the move caused a strong vibration, this was especially felt on the quarterdeck. Due to the fear of overloading, the ship lost its forecastle and wheelhouse (the latter was installed only after sea trials, at the insistence of the commander), which significantly worsened its performance in stormy weather. The narrowness of the hull led to cramped quarters and ammunition cellars.

On the measured mile during the progressive maximum speed tests, both ships performed outstandingly. So, on July 12, 1900, the Varyag reached a speed of 24.59 knots. On September 6, 1901, the Askold, in turn, reached a speed of 23.39 knots. During 12-hour continuous tests, the Varyag showed an average result of 23.18 knots, with a machine power of 19,602 liters. from. "Askold" on September 15 and 17, 1901 on 6-hour runs reached a speed of 23.98 and 24.01 knots with a power of 21,100 and 20,885 hp. from. respectively. At the same time, it should be noted that due to a malfunction of the mechanical log, the velocities were not measured. In the final test tables, the figures obtained during other tests were entered.

Of interest are the 24-hour tests of the Varyag during the run at an economical speed of 10 knots. So, during the day the cruiser traveled 240 miles, while using 52.8 tons of coal (that is, 220 kg per mile). Simple calculations show that with a normal supply of coal of 720 tons, the cruising range was 3,270 miles, and with a full supply of 1,350 tons, 6,136 miles.

True, the actual cruising range of a ship always differs significantly from the calculated one obtained from the test results. So, during long-distance crossings, the Varyag at a speed of 10 knots spent 68 tons of coal per day, which corresponds to the maximum cruising range of 4288 miles. The daily consumption of coal on the Askold for a speed of 11 knots was 61 tons - thus, its cruising range was 4760 miles.

One of the main advantages of "Askold" was considered the reliable operation of its power plant. This advantage compensated for all its shortcomings. Alas, the "Varangian" could not "boast" of this. The cruiser spent a significant part of the pre-war service in Port Arthur against the wall in endless repairs. The reason was both the careless assembly of the machines and the unreliability of the boilers of the Nikloss system, which were ingenious in idea, but were no good in operation.

The location of the main caliber guns on the "Askold" look preferable. On it, seven six-inch guns could participate in a side salvo, and only six on the Varyag. True, strictly at the bow or stern, the Varyag could fire from four, and the Askold only from one gun. The rest were limited to an angle of 30 ° due to the danger of destruction of the superstructure structure.

But the main disadvantage of both the Varyag and the Askold lies in the depravity of the very concept of armored cruisers with a displacement of 6000 tons. While Japan, preparing for war, prudently relied on much cheaper 3000-ton ships, and the money saved invested in the creation of armored cruisers with 203-mm artillery, Russia continued to spend money on "trade fighters" designed to operate alone on ocean communications. As a result, the domestic fleet was replenished with a whole series of large, beautiful, but, alas, practically useless ships, among which the legendary Varyag belonged.

The battle

In the twentieth of January, telegraph communication with Port Arthur was interrupted. But despite all the signs of an impending war, Pavlov, the envoy to Korea, did not let the Varyag leave Chemulpo, giving the go-ahead only to send the Korean with diplomatic mail to Port Arthur. It is noteworthy that on the night of January 26, the Japanese stationary station Chiyoda suddenly went to sea.

On January 26, the gunboat “Koreets”, having received the mail, weighed anchor, but at the exit from the roadstead, the squadron of Rear Admiral S. Uriu, consisting of the armored cruiser “Asama”, cruisers of the 2nd class “Chyoda”, “Naniva”, “ Takachiho", "Niitaka" and "Akashi", as well as three transports and four destroyers. The destroyers attacked the gunboat with two torpedoes, but unsuccessfully. Not having an order to open fire and not knowing about the beginning of hostilities, the commander of the "Korean" captain 2nd rank G.P. Belyaev ordered to turn back.

Immediately upon anchoring, Belyaev arrived at the cruiser Varyag and reported to its commander about the incident, Rudnev immediately departed for the English cruiser Talbot, whose commander, captain L. Bailey, was the senior on the roadstead. Bailey, after listening to the Russian commander, immediately went to the older Japanese ship for clarification. During the proceedings, the commander of the Takachiho denied a mine attack on the Russian boat, and the actions of the destroyers, according to him, were dictated by the protection of transports from the attack of the Korean. As a result, the incident was presented as a misunderstanding.

All night the Japanese landed troops from the transports. And in the morning of the next day, Russian sailors learned that war between Russia and Japan had been declared ...

Rear Admiral Uriu sent messages to the commanders of the warships of neutral countries located in Chemulpo - the English cruiser Talbot, the French Pascal, the Italian Elba and the American gunboat Vicksburg - with a request to leave the raid in connection with possible actions against the Varyag "and" Korean. After a meeting on the British cruiser Talbot, the commanders of the first three ships protested, since a battle in the roadstead would be a flagrant violation of the formal neutrality of Korea, but it was clear that this was unlikely to stop the Japanese. The Japanese admiral was also protested by the ambassadors of England, France and other countries accredited in Seoul.

The painting "Cruiser" Varyag ", Artist P.T. Maltsev. 1955

Then V.F. Rudnev, who was the commander of a detachment of Russian ships, decided to go to sea and try to break through to Port Arthur with a fight. The officers of the Varyag and Koreets unanimously supported this proposal at the military councils.

After the incendiary speech of the commander of the Varyag, which the crew of the ship greeted with repeated loud "cheers", and the performance of the national anthem by the ship's orchestra, the command sounded: "All up, anchor!" At 11.20 on January 27, 1904, the Varyag cruiser and the Koreets gunboat weighed anchors and headed for the exit from the raid. The "Korean" walked ahead for some time. The distance between the ships was maintained at 1-2 kbt, the speed was approximately 6-7 knots. The weather that day turned out to be calm and frosty, the sea was completely calm.

The horizon line was not visible due to the haze, and so far nothing spoke of the presence of an enemy in the sea. On foreign ships, people standing along the sides paid tribute to the courage of the Russians. According to the words of the British from the Talbot, "they greeted us three times, and we also very amicably answered three times ..,." On the Varyag, the orchestra played the anthems of those countries whose ships were passing by at that moment. Solemnly and decorously, the Russians looked at the foreigners, who admired their calmness before the coming unequal battle. French sailors from the Pascal cruiser expressed their feelings especially enthusiastically: having broken the formation, they waved their arms and caps, shouted greetings, trying to encourage people going to certain death.

When the Italian cruiser Elba left behind, the music stopped. Now there was only the enemy ahead, who was not yet visible behind the island of Yodolmi (Pha-mildo). Gradually increasing the speed, the Russian ships brought the speed up to 12 knots. The signalmen on the bridge of the Varyag, who had been keeping watch according to the combat schedule since the morning, peered tensely into the distance and soon noticed the silhouettes of enemy ships in the haze. Captain 1st rank V.F. Rudnev at 2:25 p.m. ordered to sound a combat alarm and raise the flags. As soon as the blue and white cloths of the St. Andrew's flags fluttered in the wind, the crackling of the drum and the high notes of the horn rang out, the bells of loud battle rang deafeningly, calling the fire and water divisions upstairs. People quickly fled to combat posts. The conning tower began to receive reports about the readiness of batteries and posts for battle.

Although S. Uriu was preparing for retaliatory actions on the part of the Russians, nevertheless their entry into the sea came as a surprise to him. The Japanese squadron, with the exception of a few ships, guarded the Russians at the southern tip of Philip Island. Closest to the exit from the raid were Asama and Chiyoda, and it was from them that the Varyag and Korean sailing into the sea were discovered. in the sea".

Rear Admiral Uriu on board the cruiser "Naniva" at that time read the protest of the commanders of the international squadron, delivered by Lieutenant Wilson from the English cruiser "Talbot". Having received the news from Asama and Chiyoda, the commander, along with those present, quickly went upstairs. Signal flags flew up on the masts of the Naniva. Having riveted the anchor chains, since there was no time to lift and clean the anchors, the ships of the squadron began to hastily stretch out onto the stretch, on the move reorganizing into battle columns according to the disposition received the day before. Assessing the situation, the admiral ordered the Chiyoda to join the Asama and act together with it.

Asama and Chiyoda were the first to move, followed by the flagship Naniwa and the cruiser Niitaka, a little behind. Three destroyers of the 14th detachment of destroyers walked abeam the non-shooting side of the Naniva. The destroyers of the 9th detachment were sent in the morning to fetch coal and water in Asan Bay. The cruisers Akashi and Takachiho, having developed a large course, rushed in a south-westerly direction. Aviso "Chihaya" together with the destroyer of the 14th detachment "Kasasagi" were on patrol at the exit from the 30-mile fairway.

The Russian ships continued to move on the same course, but the "Korean" was now walking in a ledge, somewhat to the left of the "Varyag". On the right wing of the bridge of the cruiser, at the combat lamp (searchlight), rangefinders began to adjust their instruments, the ship froze in anticipation of the battle. The priest, Father Michael, blessed the “Christ-loving warriors for heroic deeds and victory over the enemy” and went down to the infirmary.

On deck like giant snakes, lay rolled out sleeves of fire hoses. From rangefinder stations began to report the distance to the nearest enemy ships. The elevators fired their first shots, and the arbours loaded with charges rumbled down the overhead monorails towards the guns.

In the distance, along the course, the island of Yodolmi opened. To the right of the island, the gray silhouettes of the ships of the Japanese squadron were already visible to the naked eye. The nearest Japanese ships, meanwhile, stretched out in a battle column (as it seemed from the Russian ships), moved in a converging course, advancing down to the line of movement of the Russian ships. There were more than 45 kbt to the lead ship. Against the background of numerous smokes on the masts of the third from the head of the cruiser column, multi-colored signal flags rose. Without a doubt, the meaning of the signal was clear - the Japanese commander offered the Russians to surrender without a fight. They immediately let the conning tower know about this, From there the command came: "Do not answer the signal."

The ship's clock, installed in the wheelhouse, showed 11.40. The conning tower was crowded. In addition to the watch, which already in the morning was on duty according to the combat schedule, there were a commander, a senior artilleryman, a senior navigator, an auditor and a watch commander. The helmsman froze at the helm, the lower ranks froze at the telephones and speaking pipes, the staff bugler and drummer stood stretched out in the aisle of the conning tower. And already outside, at the entrance to the wheelhouse, almost on the steps of the ladder, there were signalmen and messengers of the commander.

Russian sailors continued to watch the enemy. The second group of Japanese ships - "Naniva" and "Niytaka" - a little behind the first group, walked in a ledge to the right, keeping a little more seaward. In the distance, in the haze, there were still a few enemy ships, but it was difficult to classify them because of the distance.

It was also crowded in the conning tower of the Naniva. In addition to the command of the ship, the commander of the squadron was here with his headquarters. At 11.44 on the masts of the Naniva, a signal was raised to open fire. A minute later, the Asama armored cruiser began firing from the bow turret guns,

The first volley of the enemy lay ahead of the "Varyag" with a small flight. To the surprise of the Russians, the Japanese shells exploded even on impact with the water, raising huge columns of water and puffs of black smoke. The guns of the Varyag were silent for the time being - the commander was waiting for the distance to decrease.

The very first shell that hit the cruiser killed the junior navigator midshipman A. M. Nirod and two rangefinder sailors, three people were injured. The explosion destroyed the flooring and handrails of the bridge, and the shock wave bent the bridge struts. A fire broke out in the navigator's cabin, but it was quickly extinguished.

The next shell exploded at the side. Its fragments disabled all the servants of the 152-mm gun No. 3, and the plutong commander midshipman P.N. Gubonin was also seriously wounded.

"Varyag" and "Korean" returned fire. True, the very first volleys from the gunboat gave a big shortfall, and in the future, the Russian cruiser fought an artillery duel with the enemy almost alone.

Meanwhile, the density of fire from the enemy increased: the ships of the second group entered the battle. The "Varyag" was fired mainly by "Asama", "Naniva" and "Niytaka"; occasionally, when the situation allowed, Takachiho and Akashi opened fire. The "Varyag" was literally bombarded with enemy shells, sometimes hiding behind huge water tornadoes, which with a roar now and then took off to the level of combat mars. Missiles, bursting at the sides, doused the superstructures and the deck with streams of water and a hail of fragments, destroying the superstructures and crippling people who stood openly on the upper deck. Despite the casualties, the Varyag energetically responded to the enemy with frequent fire, but, alas, the results were not yet visible. The "Korean" was fired upon by the "Chyoda" and, probably, several more ships of the Uriu squadron. Moreover, their shooting was very inaccurate, and during the battle it was not corrected. Looking ahead, we note that for the entire battle, not a single shell hit the “Korean”. According to the gunboat commander, there were only three shortfalls, and the rest of the shells fell with a large flight.

Since the Japanese ships were initially far ahead and to the right along the course of our ships, the Varyag and the Korean had to catch up with them all the time and fire from rather sharp angles. The Japanese, in turn, moving in relation to the Russians on a converging course, gradually "descended" to the alleged line of movement of the "Varangian" and "Korean". At the same time, they had to follow the fairway so as not to run into stones.

The battle flared up with new force, and, as the English observer Captain Trubridge noted, during this period of the battle "he observed many shells falling near the Naniva and believed that he must have been hit." Caught under fire from the Varyag, the Japanese flagship cruiser immediately broke down and, having made a coordinate to the right, let the Nii-taka go ahead, and then he entered her wake.

At that time, a fire was raging on the quarterdeck on the Varyag, which arose as a result of the explosion of a six-inch segment projectile, which ignited the cartridges prepared for firing. The fire from the cartridges spread to the canvas canopy of whaleboat No. 1. The explosion of this projectile destroyed the combat crew of the six-inch gun No. 9; it was temporarily silent. Shrapnel also killed the commutator K. Kuznetsov, three people from the servants of gun No. 8, and almost completely the crew of the 47-mm gun located on the main-mars. Through the efforts of the fire division, headed by midshipman N.I. Chernilovsky-Sokol and boatswain Kharkovsky, the fire was soon extinguished. The wheelhouse received data on damaged starboard guns. It turned out that compressors and knurlers failed during firing on 75-mm guns.

Hard work was going on in the wardroom adapted for the dressing station. Not far from the entrance hatch, a shell exploded, the ship shuddered perceptibly. The senior doctor M.N. Khrabrostin, who performed the dressing, could hardly keep on his feet. In an instant, the wardroom was filled with smoke, there was nothing to breathe. The orderlies began to drag the wounded into an adjacent room. They were putting out a fire upstairs - streams of water gushed through the open hatch; Khrabrostin and some orderlies were soaked to the skin.

By that time, the distance between the opposing sides had decreased so much that the Korean guns were finally able to enter the battle. His very first shells landed at the side of the lead Japanese cruiser.

Due to the tightness in the conning tower and the difficulty of observing the enemy (hanging remnants of a canvas body kit, shrouds and davits interfered), the commander of the Varyag stood in the wheelhouse aisle between the bugler N Nagle and the drummer D. Korneev and continued to command the ship from here. On the right beam one could see the gloomy rocks of the island of Iodolmi. Enemy ships were moving ahead on a wide stretch. The Uriu squadron in relation to the Russians "created" for a while. In the process of complex evolutions, Japanese ships ended up on the same line. As a result, the cruisers of the second and third groups, which rarely fired, ceased fire altogether. The tension of the battle subsided somewhat.

"Varyag" and "Korean", having reached the traverse of the island of Yodolmi, had to, following the fairway, turn to the right. Therefore, at 12.12 on the surviving halyards of the foremast of the cruiser, the signal “P” (“Peace”, which meant “I am turning right”) was raised. The rudder was shifted “port to side 20 °”, and the cruiser began to maneuver. The clock in the cabin showed 12.15 pm. From that moment, a chain of tragic events followed, accelerating the denouement of the battle. First, one enemy shell, breaking through the deck near the conning tower, broke the pipe in which all the steering gears were laid. As a result, the uncontrolled ship rolled on the circulation right on the rocks of the island of Yodolmi. Almost simultaneously with the first, a second shell landed here, forming a hole in the deck with an area of ​​​​about 4 m2. At the same time, the entire crew of gun No. 35 died, as well as quartermaster I. Kostin, who was at the wheelhouse on the transmission of orders. The fragments flew into the passage of the conning tower, mortally wounding the sailors Nagle and Korneev; the commander escaped with a slight wound and concussion. Further control of the ship had to be transferred to the aft steering compartment. There, under the leadership of the boatswain Shlykov, the helmsmen Gavrikov, Lobin and the machinist Bortnikov hastily began to establish manual control.

On the "Korean", seeing a signal from the cruiser, they wanted to turn after him, but then, seeing that the "Varangian" was not controlled, they reduced the speed and described a circulation of 270 ° in the opposite direction. After the battle, the commander of the boat, Belyaev, in his report to Rudnev noted: “Having passed the island of Yodolmi, I saw your signal (“P”) “I am changing course to the right”, and, avoiding to happen to you for the enemy, and also assuming you had damage in the steering wheel, put “ right on board "and, reducing the course to a small one, described a circulation of 270 ° ... At 12 1/4 hours of the day, following the movement of the 1st rank cruiser" Varyag ", turned to the roadstead, continuing to shoot, first from the left 8-inch and 6-inch guns, and then from one 6-inch.

Suddenly, under the bottom of the "Varyag" there was a rattle, and the cruiser, shuddering, stopped. As a result of the grounding, boiler No. 21 moved from its place, and water appeared in the boiler room. Later, already when the ship was being raised by the Japanese, a large hole was found on the port side in the region of 63 frames, about seven long and about a foot wide.

In the conning tower, instantly assessing the situation, they gave the car the fullest back, but it was too late. Now the Varyag, which turned to the enemy with its left side, was a stationary target.

On the Japanese ships, which had moved far ahead, they did not immediately notice the danger of their enemy's maneuver and continued to move on the same course, firing from the guns of the stern sectors. However, having seen the signal on the masts of the Varyag and assuming that the Russians decided to break through astern of him, Uriu immediately went back on course. The ships of his detachment, successively describing the coordinates to the right side, continued to conduct fierce fire. And only then, having assessed the plight of the Russians, Uriu raised a signal: “Everyone turn to approach the enemy .. The ships of all groups lay down on a new course, without stopping firing from bow guns.

The Varyag's position seemed hopeless. The enemy was rapidly approaching, and the cruiser sitting on the rocks could not do anything. It was at this time that he received the most severe injuries. One of the enemy shells hit the third chimney; with a ringing, the main-yard braces burst. Splinters scattered in all directions killed two people from the servants of the 75-mm guns of the left side. Another shell that exploded next to the cruiser broke the pertulin and rusts (chains that fasten the anchor to the pillow) of the right main anchor. The anchor with a roar broke loose and hung on the slack of the anchor chain. Fragments were pierced by the side plating in the bath area. Another large-caliber projectile, breaking through the side under water, exploded at the junction of coal pits No. 10 and No. 12, resulting in a large hole in the area of ​​frames No. 47 and No. 48 with an area of ​​about 2 m5. The spread of water was stopped by battening down the neck of the coal pit. The water that had approached the fireboxes was immediately pumped out with all available means. The emergency parties, under the leadership of senior officer V.V. Stepanov, despite the enemy fire, began to put a plaster under this hole. And here a miracle happened: the cruiser itself, as if unwillingly, slid aground and reversed away from dangerous place. And no longer tempting fate, Rudnev ordered to lie down on the return course.

However, the situation was still very difficult. Although the water was pumped out by all means, the Varyag continued to roll to the port side. In the poop, the fire division unsuccessfully fought the fire in the provisional department - flour was burning. The fire was caused by a projectile that had flown in from the port side. The shell, having passed through the officer's cabins in the area of ​​frame No. 82, pierced the adjacent deck and exploded in the provision cellar. A shell fragment pierced the starboard side (looking ahead, we note that this fire was extinguished only after the cruiser returned to the roadstead). Soon another source of fire arose - the bed nets of the spruce side broke out. A heavy projectile, breaking through the nets behind the bow bridge in the area of ​​frame No. 39, exploded between the first and second chimneys just above the ladder to the infirmary, while the 75-mm gun No. 16 was dropped onto the deck by a shock wave.

Armored cruiser "Varyag" in Port Arthur

The enemy continued to approach: the distance to the nearest ship ("Asama") was no more than 25 kbt. The "Korean", who was somewhat away from the cruiser, fired intensely at the enemy, first from the left linear, and then from one retirade gun. The enemy still did not pay attention to the gunboat, and there were no dead or wounded on it.

To the surprise of Admiral Uriu, the Varyag, despite the visible fires, increased its speed and, together with the Korean, confidently left in the direction of the raid. Due to the narrowness of the fairway, only Asama and Chiyoda could pursue the Russians. According to the Japanese, due to a malfunction in the car and poor coal, the Chiyoda, with the permission of the admiral, was forced to leave the battle ahead of time and join other cruisers that were heading to the anchorage.

"Varyag" and "Korean" fired furiously, although because of the sharp heading angles, only two or three 152-mm guns could fire. Meanwhile, the Asama cruiser, giving way to the destroyer, circulated to the right and temporarily disengaged. A nimble destroyer appeared from behind the island and began to attack. It was the turn of small-caliber artillery. From the surviving stern guns, the Russians opened a dense barrage. The destroyer turned sharply and left without firing a torpedo.

This unsuccessful attack prevented the Asama from approaching the Russian ships in a timely manner, and when the enemy cruiser, having circulated to the right side, again rushed in pursuit, the Varyag and the Korean were already approaching the anchorage. The Japanese had to cease fire, as their shells began to fall near the ships of the international squadron. On the latter, they were forced to play a combat alarm and prepare for battle, and the Elba cruiser even had to go deep into the raid. At 12.45 the Russian ships also ceased fire. The fight is over. The Varyag anchored next to the Talbot cruiser, and the Korean, having received permission from the Varyag, went further and stopped away from foreign ships.

The Japanese in the battle with the "Varyag" fired a total of 419 shells: "Asama" - 27 203 mm; 103 152mm; 9 76mm; "Chyoda" - 71 120 mm; "Naniva" - 14 152 mm; "Niita-ka" - 53 152 mm; 130 76mm; Takachiho 10 152 mm; and "Akasi" 2 152-mm projectiles.

According to Russian data, during the battle, the "Korean" fired 22 shots from eight-inch guns, 27 from a six-inch gun and 3 from 9-pounders; "Varyag" fired 1105 shells; 425 152mm, 470 75mm and 210 47mm. If these data are true, then the Varyag artillery in battle showed a record rate of fire. However, it is not entirely clear how, during the battle, a record of fired shells was kept (and whether it was kept at all). It can be assumed that the number of shots fired given in the report of the Varyag commander was calculated on the basis of a survey of the crew after the battle, and in fact it was less. However, there is still no exact answer to this question.

To this day, the dispute about the effectiveness of the fire of the Russian cruiser has not been put to rest. As often happens, the opinions of opponents on this matter differed greatly. According to official Japanese data published during the Russo-Japanese War, there were no hits on the ships of the Uriu squadron, and no one from their teams was injured. On the contrary, in the Russian, and later the Soviet official press spoke of significant losses of the Japanese - both in ships and in people. Both sides had reasons not to trust each other. So, the official Japanese work “Description of military operations at sea in 37-38 years. Meiji ”, published immediately after the war, was replete with inaccuracies, omission of facts inconvenient for Japan, and even outright disinformation. Sinned similar and Russian print media. And additional confusion was introduced by contradictory testimonies of foreign observers who were in Chemulpo. A comprehensive analysis of all available information is the topic of a separate study that goes beyond the scope of this book. In the meantime, we present the main official documents, including the reports of the participants in the battle on January 27, without comment.

According to the report of the Varyag commander, 557 people took part in the battle, including 21 officers (including ranks equated to officers). According to the official document (sanitary report for the war), the loss of the Varyag crew amounted to 130 people, including 33 killed. In total, according to Russian data, about 14 large shells hit the cruiser; according to the Japanese - 11. However, after lifting the cruiser on it, the Japanese found 8 combat damage from shells. Other damage was not directly related to the battle: one hole (the area of ​​sp. No. 63) with an area of ​​approximately 0.3 m2 was the result of a grounding near the island of Yodolmi and three - in the area of ​​frames No. 91-93 and No. 99 - the result of an explosion of ammunition and fire in the stern, which occurred after the evacuation of the ship's crew in the port of Chemulpo.

Although the armor deck was not destroyed, and the ship kept moving, it should be recognized that by the end of the battle, the Varyag had almost completely exhausted its combat capabilities for resistance due to large losses in personnel, damage to steering gears, and the failure of a significant number of guns ( according to Rudnev's report) and the presence of several underwater holes, which, under the conditions of the besieged port, could not be corrected on their own. In addition, the morale of the crew, which experienced the effects of powerful Japanese shells, changed dramatically by the end of the battle. And, apparently, it was very difficult to force people to go into battle again, and without the slightest hope of success.

On foreign ships, seeing the plight of the Varyag, they lowered the boats and rushed to the Russian cruiser. One of the first boats approaching the Varyag was from the English Talbot. On board, in addition to the officers, were doctors - Dr. Austin from the Talbot itself and Dr. Keene from the merchant ship Ajax. Then came the barge from the "Pascal" with the commander, who arrived in person. On the barge was also the doctor of the cruiser Dr. Prezhan with orderlies. Having boarded the Varyag, they wasted no time immediately began to provide assistance to the wounded.

At 13.35 the commander of the "Varyag" on a French boat went to the "Talbot". On the English cruiser, he agreed on further actions: the transportation of the crew of his ship to foreign ships and the sinking of the cruiser right in the roadstead. According to Rudnev, Bailey objected to the explosion of the Varyag, citing the large crowding of ships in the roadstead. At 13.50 Rudnev returned to his cruiser, hastily having gathered nearby officers (moreover, the senior officer and some others involved in the elimination of damage were not nearby), he informed them of his intention. The officers present approved of it. The transportation of the wounded, and then the entire crew, to foreign ships immediately began. The sailors behaved courageously, discipline and order reigned among the team, first of all they sent the wounded. The British, French and Italians accepted Russian sailors, only the American sailors from the Vicksburg, according to the British, for some reason transported the Varangians not to their own ship, but to the Talbot or Pascal. The American gunboat Vicksburg, although it sent its doctor for dressing, refused to take people from the sinking cruiser. Subsequently, the commander of the gunboat A. Marshall justified his actions by the lack of permission from his government to assist the Russians.

Scuttled armored cruiser "Varyag" in Chemulpo

At 15.15 V.F. Rudnev sent midshipman V.A. Beam on the "Korean" to notify the boat commander about the situation on the "Varyag". The commander of the "Korean" immediately gathered a military council and proposed to discuss the question: what to do in these conditions?

The officers decided: "The upcoming battle in half an hour is not equal, it will cause unnecessary bloodshed ... without harming the enemy, and therefore it is necessary ... to blow up the boat."

The crew of the "Korean" in full strength switched to the cruiser "Pascal". Subsequently, the GMSH forwarded to the second department (MFA) 38 certificates for the medal "For Diligence", granted to the lower ranks of the cruiser "Elba" - for the help provided to the Russians, and 3rd class mechanic Umberto Morocci received a gold medal on the Annenskaya ribbon.

Similar awards were later received by the crews of other foreign ships.

At 15.50, Rudnev with the senior boatswain, bypassing the ship and making sure that no one was left on it, got off it along with the owners of the hold compartments, who opened the kingstones and flood valves. At 16.05 they blew up the "Korean".

The cruiser continued to slowly sink; Rudnev, fearing that the Japanese might capture the agonizing ship, asked Captain Bailey to fire a torpedo shot at the waterline.

Having received a refusal, he and his people on a French boat headed for the Varyag and "made a series of fires that hastened the death of the ship."

At 18.10 the burning "Varyag" with a roar overturned on the port side and disappeared under water.

The Japanese are raising the Russian cruiser Varyag, Chemulpo. 1905

The further fate of the cruiser Varyag

The Varyag was raised by the Japanese on August 8, 1905. August 22, 1905 was included in the Imperial Japanese Navy. She was repaired and commissioned on July 7, 1907 as a 2nd class cruiser under the name Soya (宗谷, after the Japanese name for the La Perouse Strait). For more than seven years it was used by the Japanese for training purposes. Saluting the feat of the Russian sailors, the Japanese left the name "Varangian" on the stern, and when climbing on board, an inscription was made: "On this ship we will teach you how to love your Motherland." From March 14 to August 7, 1909, the cruiser went on a campaign to the Hawaiian Islands and North America for practicing navigation in conditions of long-distance navigation and training officers. The cruiser performed similar trips until 1913.

After raising the Varyag and repairing it in Japan, its helm was transferred to the flagship of the Japanese fleet, the battleship Mikasa. From the latter, a museum ship was made. Until now, the Mikas exhibits a helm that is passed off as the helm of the Varyag. However, his appearance says that, most likely, the steering wheel belonged to the Russian ship "Sungari".

During the First World War, the Russian Empire and Japan became allies. In 1916, the Soya cruiser (together with the battleships Sagami and Tango) was bought by Russia. On April 4, the Japanese flag was lowered and on April 5, 1916, the cruiser was transferred to Vladivostok, after which, under the former name "Varyag", it was included in the flotilla of the Arctic Ocean (made the transition from Vladivostok to Romanov-on-Murman) as part of the Detachment of Special Purpose Ships under the command of Rear Admiral Bestuzhev-Ryumin.

In February 1917, he went to the UK for repairs, where he was confiscated by the British, since the Soviet government refused to pay the debts of the Russian Empire. In 1920, it was resold to German firms for scrapping. In 1925, while being towed, the ship got into a storm and sank offshore in the Irish Sea. Part of the metal structures was removed at the same time local residents. Was subsequently blown up.

The Japanese are raising the Russian cruiser Varyag, Chemulpo. 1905

The performance characteristics of the cruiser Varyag

Homeport: Port Arthur
- Organization: First Pacific Squadron
- Manufacturer: William Cramp and Sons, Philadelphia, USA
- Construction started: 1898
- Launched: 1899
- Commissioned: 1901
- Status: Scuttled 9 February 1904
- Commissioned by Japan: July 9, 1907 under the name "Soya"
- Returned to Russia: April 5, 1916
- Withdrawn from the fleet: 1917
- Status: sank while being towed for scrapping in 1925

Displacement of the cruiser Varyag

6604 tons, 6500 tons (design displacement)

Dimensions of the cruiser Varyag

Length: 129.56 m
- Width: 15.9 m (without plating)
- Draft: 5.94 m (midships)

Booking cruiser Varyag

Armor deck: 38/57/76 mm,
- Conning tower - 152 mm

Cruiser Varyag engines

Vertical triple expansion steam engines, 30 Nikloss steam boilers
- Power: 20,000 HP from.
- Propulsion: 2 three-bladed propellers

The speed of the cruiser Varyag

On trials 13/7/1900: 24.59 knots
- after repair in Port Arthur 10/16/1903: 20.5 knots
- after repair in Vladivostok: 16 knots
- Cruising range: (10-knot course): 6100 miles (full coal supply), 3270 miles (normal coal supply)

Crew: 20 officers, 550 sailors and non-commissioned officers

Armament

Artillery
- 12 × 152 mm / 45,
- 12 × 75 mm / 50,
- 8 × 47 mm / 43,
- 2 × 37 mm / 23 guns,
- 2 × 63-mm / 19 Baranovsky guns,
- 2 × 7.62 machine guns

Mine and torpedo armament
- 6 × 381 (450) mm TA (2 in stems, 4 onboard, 12 torpedoes),
- 2 × 254-mm TA (6 throwing mines),
- 35 (22) mine barriers.

The Japanese are raising the Russian cruiser Varyag, Chemulpo. 1905

The Japanese are raising the Russian cruiser Varyag, Chemulpo. 1905

The Japanese are raising the Russian cruiser Varyag, Chemulpo. 1905

In the history of the Russian-Japanese war, the Varyag cruiser, which entered into an unequal battle with much superior enemy forces, entered its heroic st...

Armored cruiser "Varyag": history, feat, place of death

By Masterweb

30.05.2018 14:00

In the history of the Russo-Japanese war, the Varyag cruiser, which entered into an unequal battle with much superior enemy forces, entered its heroic page. His feat, as well as the feat of the "Korean" will forever remain in the hearts of people.

Russian sailors withstood an unequal battle with the Japanese, did not surrender to the enemy, sinking their ship and not lowering the flag. This legendary battle with six enemy cruisers and eight destroyers made an indelible impression not only in Russia, but also abroad. We will talk about the history of the Varyag cruiser today.

background

Considering the history of the cruiser "Varyag", it would be appropriate to refer to the events preceding it. The war between Russia and Japan (1904 - 1905) was fought between the two empires for control over the territories of Manchuria, Korea, and also over the Yellow Sea. After a long break, it became the first major military conflict in which such new weapons as long-range artillery, battleships and destroyers were used.

The issue of the Far East at that time was in the first place for Nicholas II. The main obstacle to Russian dominance in the region was Japan. Nicholas foresaw the inevitable clash with her and prepared for it both from the diplomatic side and from the military side.

But there was still hope in the government that Japan, fearful of Russia, would refrain from a direct attack. However, on the night of January 27, 1904, without declaring war, the Japanese fleet unexpectedly attacked the Russian squadron at Port Arthur. There was a naval base here, which Russia rented from China.

As a result, several of the strongest ships belonging to the Russian squadron went out of order, which ensured the landing of the Japanese military in Korea in February without any obstacles.

Attitude in society

The news that the war had begun left no one indifferent in Russia. At its first stage, the patriotic mood prevailed among the people, the awareness of the need to repulse the aggressor.

Unprecedented manifestations took place in the capital, as well as in other large cities. Even revolutionary-minded youth joined this movement, singing the hymn "God Save the Tsar!". Some circles of the opposition for the duration of the war decided to suspend their activities and not put forward demands to the government.

Before moving on to the story of the feat of the Varyag cruiser, let's talk about the history of its construction and characteristics.

Construction and testing

The ship was laid down in 1898 and built in the United States, in Philadelphia. In 1900, the Varyag armored cruiser was transferred to the Russian Navy, and since 1901 it has been in service. Ships of this type were common at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The protection of their mechanisms, as well as gun magazines, was made up of an armored deck - flat or convex.

This deck was a covering of the ship's hull, located horizontally in the form of a flooring of armor plates. It was intended to protect against bombs, shells, debris and fragments falling from above. Ships such as the armored cruiser "Varyag" were the most numerous part of the cruising crew of most maritime powers at the turn of the century.

The base of the ship was Port Arthur. Although some researchers have claimed that it had poor boiler design and other construction defects that resulted in a significant reduction in speed, tests have shown otherwise. On tests conducted in 1903, the ship developed a high speed, almost equal to the speed of the initial tests. The boilers served well for many years on other ships.

State of War

In 1904, in early February, two ships from Russia arrived on a diplomatic mission in the port of Seoul, the capital of Korea. These were the cruiser "Varyag" and "Korean", a gunboat.

Japanese Admiral Uriu sent a notice to the Russians that Japan and Russia were at war. The cruiser was commanded by Rudnev V.F., captain of the 1st rank, and the boat was commanded by the captain of the second rank Belyaev G.P.

The admiral demanded that the Varyag leave the port, otherwise the battle would be fought right on the roadstead. Both ships weighed anchor, a few minutes later they gave a combat alert. In order to break through the blockade of the Japanese, the Russian sailors had to fight through the narrow fairway and go out to the open sea.

This task was almost impossible. The Japanese cruisers handed over the offer of surrender to the mercy of the winner. But this signal was ignored by the Russians. The enemy squadron opened fire.

Fierce fight

The battle between the cruiser Varyag and the Japanese was fierce. Despite the hurricane attack carried out by ships, one of which was heavy, and the other five were light (and also eight destroyers), Russian officers and sailors fired at the enemy, laid holes and extinguished the fire. The commander of the cruiser "Varyag" Rudnev, despite the injury and shell shock, did not stop leading the battle.

Ignoring the great destruction and heavy fire, the Varyag crew did not stop aimed fire from those guns that were still intact. At the same time, the "Korean" did not lag behind him.

According to Rudnev's report, the Russians sank 1 destroyer and damaged 4 Japanese cruisers. The losses of the Varyag crew in battle were as follows:

• It was killed: officers - 1 person, sailors - 30.
• Among those who were wounded or shell-shocked, there were 6 officers and 85 sailors.
• Approximately 100 more people were slightly injured.

Critical damage inflicted on the cruiser "Varyag" forced him to return to the roadstead of the bay in one hour. After the severity of the damage had been done, those guns and equipment that remained after the battle were, if possible, destroyed. The ship itself was sunk in the bay. The "Korean" did not suffer human losses, but was blown up by its crew.

Battle of Chemulpo, beginning

On the roads near the Korean city of Chemulpo (now Incheon) there were ships of Italians, British, Koreans, as well as Russians - "Varyag" and "Koreets". The Japanese cruiser Chiyoda was also moored there. The latter on February 7, at night, withdrew from the raid without turning on the identification lights and set off for the open sea.

Around 4 p.m. on February 8, the Korean, leaving the bay, met with the Japanese squadron, which consisted of 8 destroyers and 7 cruisers.

One of the cruisers, called Asama, blocked the way for our gunboat. At the same time, the destroyers fired 3 torpedoes at her, of which 2 flew past, and the third sank a few meters from the side of the Russian boat. Captain Belyaev was given the command to go to a neutral harbor and hide in Chemulpo.

Development of events

• 7.30. As mentioned above, the commander of the Japanese squadron, Uriu, sends a telegram to the ships standing in the bay about the state of war between the Russians and the Japanese, where it was indicated that the neutral bay would be forced to attack them at 16 o'clock if the Russians did not appear on the high seas by 12 o'clock.
• 9.30. Rudnev, who was on board the British ship Talbot, becomes aware of the telegram. A short meeting takes place here and a decision is made to leave the bay and give battle to the Japanese.
• 11.20. "Korean" and "Varyag" go to sea. At the same time, on the ships of foreign powers that observed neutrality, their teams were lined up, who greeted the Russians going to certain death with cries of "Hurrah!"
• 11.30. The Japanese cruisers were in combat formation near Richie Island, covering the exits to the sea, behind them were the destroyers. "Chyoda" and "Asama" laid the foundation for the movement towards the Russians, followed by "Niitaka" and "Naniva". Uriu offered the Russians to surrender and was refused.
• 11.47. As a result of accurate Japanese strikes, the deck on the Varyag is on fire, but it is possible to put it out. Some of the guns were damaged, there were wounded and killed. Rudnev was contused and seriously wounded in the back. The helmsman Snigirev remains in the ranks.
• 12.05. On the "Varyag" steering mechanisms are damaged. A decision is made to surrender full back, while not ceasing fire on enemy ships. At Asama, the aft tower and bridge were disabled, repair work began. Guns were damaged on two more cruisers, 1 destroyer was sunk. The Japanese had 30 killed.
• 12.20. The "Varyag" has two holes. A decision is made to return to Chemulpo Bay, correct the damage and continue the battle.
• 12.45. Hopes for a fix for the most part ship guns are not justified.
• 18.05. By decision of the team and the captain, the Russian cruiser Varyag was flooded. The gunboat, having been damaged by the explosions, was also flooded.

Captain Rudnev's report

It seems that it will be interesting to get acquainted with the content of excerpts from Rudnev's report, the meaning of which boils down to the following:

• The first shot was fired from the Asama cruiser with an 8-inch gun. It was followed by the fire of the entire squadron.
• After the sighting was made, they opened fire on the Asama from a distance equal to 45 cables. One of the first Japanese shells destroyed the upper bridge and set fire to the navigator's cabin. At the same time, the rangefinder officer Count Nirod - midshipman, as well as the rest of the rangefinders of the 1st station, were killed. After the battle, they found the count's hand, which held the rangefinder.
• After inspecting the Varyag cruiser, making sure that it was impossible to engage in battle, at a meeting of officers they decided to sink it. The rest of the team and the wounded were taken to foreign ships, which expressed their full consent in response to a request to do so.
• The Japanese suffered heavy casualties, there were accidents on ships. The Asama, which went to the dock, was especially badly damaged. The cruiser Takachiho also suffered a hole. He took on board 200 wounded, but on the way to Sasebo his plasters burst, bulkheads broke, and he sank at sea, while the destroyer was in battle.

In conclusion, the captain considered it his duty to report that the ships of the naval detachment, which was entrusted to him, had exhausted all possible means for a breakthrough, prevented the Japanese from winning a victory, inflicted many losses on the enemy, supporting with dignity the honor of the Russian flag. Therefore, he petitioned for the award of the team for the valiant performance of duty and selfless courage shown at the same time.

honors

After the battle, Russian sailors were received by foreign ships. An obligation was taken from them that they would not participate in further hostilities. The sailors returned to Russia through neutral ports.

In 1904, in April, the crews reached St. Petersburg. Tsar Nicholas II welcomed the sailors. All of them were invited to the palace for a gala dinner. Dinnerware was specially prepared for this event, which were then handed over to the sailors. And also the king gave them a nominal watch.

The battle at Chemulpo vividly demonstrated the miracles of heroism of people who are capable of going to inevitable death in order to preserve honor and dignity.

In honor of this brave and at the same time desperate step of the Russian sailors, a special medal was established. The feat of sailors over the years has not been forgotten. So, in 1954, on the 50th anniversary of the battle at Chemulpo, N. G. Kuznetsov, commander of the naval forces Soviet Union, awarded 15 of his veterans with medals "For Courage".

In 1992, a monument was erected to the commander of the cruiser Rudnev in the village of Savina, which is located in the Zaoksky district of the Tula region. It was there that he was buried in 1913. In the city of Vladivostok in 1997, a monument was erected to the heroic cruiser Varyag.

In 2009, after lengthy negotiations with representatives of Korea were successfully completed, relics related to the feat of two Russian ships were delivered to Russia. Previously, they were kept in Icheon, in the museum storerooms. In 2010, the mayor of Icheon, in the presence of Dmitry Medvedev, who was then president Russian Federation, handed over to our diplomatic workers the guis (bow flag) of the Varyag cruiser. This solemn ceremony took place in the capital South Korea, at the Russian Embassy.

Speech of Nicholas II addressed to the heroes of Chemulpo

Tsar Nicholas II delivered a heartfelt speech in honor of the heroes in the Winter Palace. In particular, it stated the following:

• He called the sailors "brothers", declaring that he was happy to see them safely returned to their homeland and in good health. He noted that, having shed their blood, they thereby committed an act worthy of the exploits of our ancestors, fathers and grandfathers. They wrote a new heroic page in the history of the Russian fleet, leaving in it forever the names "Varangian" and "Korean". Their feat will become immortal.
• Nikolai expressed confidence that each of the heroes until the very end of his service would be worthy of the award he received. He also emphasized that all the inhabitants of Russia read about the feat accomplished near Chemulpo with trembling excitement and love. The Tsar heartily thanked the sailors for maintaining the honor of the St. Andrew's flag, as well as the dignity of Great and Holy Russia. He raised his glass to the future victories of the glorious fleet and to the health of the heroes.

The further fate of the ship

In 1905, the Japanese raised the Varyag cruiser from the bottom of the bay and used it for training purposes, calling the ship Soya. During World War I, Japan and Russia were allies. In 1916, the ship was bought out and included in the Navy. Russian Empire under the previous name.

In 1917, the Varyag went to the UK for repairs. There it was confiscated by the British, as the newly formed Soviet government would not pay for repairs. After that, the ship was resold to Germany for scrapping. While being towed, it was caught in a storm and sank off the coast of the Irish Sea.

In 2003, they managed to find the place of the death of the cruiser "Varyag". Next to him, on the shore, in 2006, a memorial plaque was installed. And in 2007, they established a fund to support the navy, giving it the name "Cruiser" Varyag ". One of his goals was to raise the money needed to build and install a monument in Scotland dedicated to the legendary ship. Such a monument was opened in the city of Lendelfoot in 2007.

Our proud Varyag does not surrender to the enemy

This well-known song is dedicated to the event of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) described by us, which has become the most famous - the feat of the Varyag and the Korean, who entered into an unequal battle in the Chemulpo Bay with the forces of the Japanese squadron that were much superior to them.

The text of this song was written in 1904 by the Austrian poet and writer Rudolf Greinz, who was greatly impressed by the feat of Russian sailors. First, a poem called "Varangian" was published in one of the magazines, and soon after that several Russian translations of it were made.

The most successful was the translation by E. Studentskaya. It was set to music by AS Turishchev, a military musician. For the first time, the song was performed at a gala reception in the Winter Palace, which was described above.

There is another song dedicated to the legendary cruiser - “Cold waves are splashing”. In the newspaper "Rus" 16 days after the "Varyag" and "Koreets" were flooded, a poem by Y. Repninsky was placed, the music for which was later written by Benevsky V. D. and Bogoroditsky F. N. The song also has an unofficial the name given by the people is "Korean".

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Armored cruisers - armament of ships from 1877 to 1912.

One of the characteristic and distinctive features of armored cruisers was their protection and armament of ships, protection was limited to one "turtle shell" on the deck, as well as in some cases the so-called "honeycomb flooring". This flooring covered the roof and each of the sheer walls of the "protective deck" and consisted of many small cells formed by numerous partitions intersecting along and across inside the flooring. These cells were filled with light bulky material, such as cork, or used as coal bunkers.

Thus, they formed a protective structure for armored cruisers, which could be destroyed by enemy fire without causing serious damage to the ship and protected the powder magazines and ammunition depots located behind it from shells and fragments. This "honeycomb deck" was invented by an Italian named Benedetto Brin, who installed it on the battleships Italia and Lepanto built between 1875 and 1885; however, the idea was not accepted, and on most armored cruisers they were limited only to the protective deck and side coal bunkers - the weapons of the ships were stored in them.

"Esmeralda I" is considered the prototype of the armored cruiser. She was built in Armstrong's British shipyard for the Chilean navy between 1881 and 1884 and should not be confused with the armored cruiser of the same name also built by Armstrong between 1893 and 1897. and entered service after Esmeralda I was sold to Japan and renamed Izumi. The first Esmeralda had a steel hull with rounded bow lines, a smooth deck, no forecastle or poop, and a central superstructure that contained six 6-inch (152 mm) guns in side casemates; in addition, there were two 10-inch (254 mm) guns at the bow and stern, covered with armored shields. The armament of the ships was completed by seven machine guns and three torpedo tubes. As for armament and armor, armored cruisers were decisively inferior to armored cruisers in this. However, the British Navy was forced to station warships in its many overseas colonies and therefore built a large number of armored cruisers, which were much cheaper, since a large armored cruiser could cost more than a battleship. The United States Navy, on the other hand, did not favor unarmored cruisers, although it subsequently built several of the class. Armored cruisers had their supporters in other navies as well as in the British navy; this included the Italian, French, Austrian, German and Argentinean naval departments.

In 1879, the British Navy took into service the ships of the fleet, the first Comus-class cruiser. These vessels, classified as cruisers of the third rank (although they had the characteristics of armored cruisers, were still equipped with masts and sails and had a 1.4-inch (28 mm) partially armored deck, two 7-inch (178 mm) guns and twelve sixty-four-pound guns and a single-screw propulsion system that allowed the ship to reach speeds of nearly 14 knots.

Eleven Pelorus-class ships made up another class of armored cruisers. They entered service in 1897-1898. and were armed with eight 4-inch (102 mm) guns on individual mounts on the main deck, eight 1.8-inch (47 mm) guns and two surface torpedo tubes located in the center of the main deck. The protective deck reached a thickness of 1-2 inches (25-51 mm).

The Hermes-class cruisers, the first of which entered service in 1899, had a displacement of 5,600 tons and were armed with eleven 6-inch (152 mm) and nine 3.5-inch (90 mm) guns protected by armor. installations on both sides of the main deck, as well as a protective deck 3 inches (76 mm) thick. These were twin-screw vessels with a speed of 18 knots and an autonomous navigation radius of 900 miles at a speed of 10 knots.

Many armored cruisers of the French navy had the characteristic hull shape of the armored cruiser Dupuy de Lomé and several other French ironclads of the same period.

The Tazh, which entered service in 1890, had a bulb-shaped (that is, "bulb-shaped", with a convex bottom part) hull and sides tapering downwards. In addition to the 1.9-inch (50 mm) protective deck, it had two more 3.9-inch (100 mm) armored floors that defined the boundaries of the main artillery tower located in the center, which did not have armored walls and could accommodate ten 5.4 -inch (138 mm) aiming guns. On the main deck were eight more 6.4-inch (164 mm) guns mounted on individual platforms on both sides. The rest of the armament consisted of seven fixed surface torpedo tubes, three on each side and one on the bow. "Algier", "Jean Bar" and "Isli" (1891-1892), which belonged to the cruisers of the second rank, had a displacement of 4,300 tons against 7,590 tons of displacement at the Taj and were among those few cruisers that had " honeycomb deck" on its 35-inch (90 mm) protective deck. They were armed with four 6.4-inch (164 mm) and four 5.4-inch (138 mm) guns in the side gun pods, plus two 5.4-inch (138 mm) guns fore and aft. They also had twenty small 1.8-inch (47 mm) and 1.4-inch (37 mm) guns on the superstructures and observation platforms on the tops at the junctions of the masts with the topmasts), plus four torpedo tubes, a pair from each side .

Eight cruisers of the second rank of the Chasselu-Loba type, which entered service four years later, had two gun platforms on strong cylindrical supports that protruded beyond the sides on each side. The armament of the ships consisted of six 6.4-inch (164 mm) guns: one at the bow, another at the stern, and four on the platforms mentioned above. In addition, the ships had four 3.9-inch (100 mm) and fifteen 1.8-inch (37 mm) guns, as well as four torpedo tubes.

The Russian cruiser Svetlana, built in France between 1895 and 1897, had the same hull form, as well as a honeycomb deck. It was armed with six 6-inch (152 mm) guns, located in the same way as on the Chasselu-Loba. The Svetlana was the first ship equipped with an electric generator and electric motors for lifting ammunition.

The Italian Navy bought its first armored cruisers from Armstrong in Britain. These were Dogali, Bosan and Piedmont. Later, Italy built three Etna-class cruisers and Liguria-class ships (modeled respectively on the Bosan and Piemonte).

Piemonte was armed with six 6-inch (152 mm) guns: one in the bow, one in the stern, and two on each side. The Liguria also had six 6-inch (152 mm) guns, but they were arranged in three symmetrical pairs. Other vessels of this class, however, had two 6-inch (152 mm) guns on each side interspersed with six 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns, three on each side in the center of the vessel. Both Piemonte and seven Liguria-class cruisers took part in the First World War, after which they were decommissioned. From August 29, 1903 to April 18, 1905, the Liguria circumnavigated the world under the command of the Duke of Abruzzi. The United States Navy had relatively few armored cruisers. The exceptions were the partially armored Atlanta and Boston (1886), the larger Chicago (1889), Newark (1891), Charleston (1889), San Francisco (1890), Balti- sea" (1890), "Philadelphia" (1890), "Columbia" and "Minneapolis" (1894), "New Orleans" (1898), "Albany" (1900), "Olympia" (1895) and six ships of the class " Chattanooga" (1904-1905).

Ships like the armored cruisers Atlanta were armed with two 8-inch (203 mm) guns, and this large caliber was also used on the Olympia. An interesting feature placement of artillery on the Atlanta was that the 8-inch guns were not located along the center line, the bow was shifted to the port side, and the stern to the starboard side. The two 6-inch (152 mm) bow and stern guns of the main turret were arranged in a similar way, only in reverse, while the other four were placed symmetrically. All of these guns were armored, and the 8-inch (203 mm) guns were also protected by a 1.9-inch (50 mm) thick barbette. The protective deck was 1.2 inches (33 mm) thick. The Olympia had four 8-inch (203 mm) guns in two twin centerline pivoting turrets, protected by 4-inch (102 mm) armor both in the rotating part and on the fixed barbettes. In addition to this, the ship had ten 5-inch (127 mm) guns in the casemates of the main turret on the main deck, ten 2.2-inch (57 mm) guns on the battery deck, and four on the superstructure. The Olympia was a twin-screw vessel and sailed twenty-one knots with an autonomous navigation radius of 12,000 miles. She also had a "honeycomb deck" on both sides of the protected deck. The Chattanooga-class cruisers had a displacement of 3,100 tons. They had ten 5-inch (127 mm) guns: one at the bow, one at the stern (both in protected mounts) and eight inside casemates on the gun deck. They did not have torpedo tubes. A prominent feature of the Atlanta and Chattanooga class ships was their very tall chimneys and masts, originally designed to mount a spanker (trapezoidal longitudinal sail).

Small naval powers also had armored cruisers, such as the Austrian Franz Joseph, Kaiserin Elisabeth, built in Trieste, and the German Gefion, built in Danzig. In contrast, the Argentine 25 De Mayo, the Chinese Haichi and Haitien, the Brazilian Almirante Baroso and the Uruguayan Montevideo were built in the UK by Armstrong, the international supplier of this type of armored cruiser. A curious detail: the Brazilian armored cruiser Tamandare was built at the naval shipyard in Rio de Janeiro with the help of the British, but her power plant and guns were all delivered from England. Many armored cruisers had wooden sheathing over the iron hull, covered with copper sheets. Examples are the British Pelorus and Comus, the American Chattanooga-class ships, the Argentine Buenos Aires and the Brazilian Almirante Baroso.