The newspaper “Sovershenno sekretno” (No. 9/2012) published an interview with the USSR pilot-cosmonaut Alexei Leonov “From heaven to Earth”, in which he, in particular, stated: “The director of the institute (NII-3. - Ed.) Kleymenov, Langemak and Valentin Glushko filed a denunciation against him. As a result, in 1938, the Queen was given 10 years of hard labor ... "This statement is erroneous. I managed to collect documents, from which it is clear that in fact the events developed in a completely different way.
The beginning of repressions at the Reactive Research Institute No. 3 (RNII-3, later - NII-3) was laid by the statement of the head of one of the departments, Andrei Kostikov, written by him in the spring of 1937 and sent to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks - Nikolai Yezhov, in which he all the mistakes made during development new technology, issued for wrecking and embezzlement folk remedies, accusing the director of the institute Ivan Kleymenov, his deputy Georgy Langemak, as well as leading engineers Valentin Glushko and Sergey Korolev of mediocrity and incompetence.
The testimonies allegedly signed by Kleimenov and Langemak became the first "facts" confirming the "wrecking activities" of both Glushko and Korolyov. What were these testimonies?
Kleimenov put his signature under a statement in which he admitted that, in addition to him and Langemak, the following were members of the wrecking organization: Glushko, Pobedonostsev, Korolev and Schwartz. Langemak was also forced to admit "concrete facts of sabotage."
Having received the necessary information, the leadership of the NKVD on January 10 and 11, 1938 sentenced Kleymenov and Langemak to death.
In addition to Glushko and Korolev, other employees of NII-3 were also registered as members of the wrecking organization. However, none of them were hurt. This gives reason to believe that only those employees who could interfere with Kostikov's implementation of his plans were dealt with.
Having got rid of the leadership of NII-3, Kostikov launched a vigorous activity to expose the arrested "enemies of the people", demanding from Glushko and Korolev, who were at large, to speak at the meeting with the words of their denunciation. And when they refused, he began to threaten violence.
And he carried out the threat. In the days of the execution of Kleimenov and Langemak (is it by chance?), the party committee received four more statements about Glushko's activities, and his persecution began at the institute. On February 13 and 20, 1938, meetings of the Engineering and Technical Council were held, at which Glushko's activities were assessed as "wrecking". Particular emphasis was placed on writing, together with Langemak, a "wrecking book" "Rockets, their design and use."
In February 1938, the NKVD prepared a warrant for the arrest of Glushko, which was only put into effect in March. It talked about the testimony of Kleimenov and Langemak, signed by them during the investigation, and quoted from them.
March 23, 1938 Valentin Glushko was arrested. According to the information now available, he held out for two and a half months without confessing or signing the interrogation protocols. The statements signed by him, which allegedly appeared the day after the arrest, are probably backdated. In statements, he admitted that he was involved in a wrecking organization by the former head of the Gas Dynamics Laboratory, Nikolai Ilyin.
It is clear from the text of these statements that Glushko does not say a word about the Queen. Of the accomplices of the organization, he names (or is named for him) only the deceased Tikhomirov, the executed Ilyin, and the already arrested Kleimenov and Langemak.
The first protocol of interrogation of Glushko is dated June 5, 1938. In the typed text, he makes several corrections and additions and signs it. Reading this protocol, one is amazed at how carefully it speaks of those who are still at large. As for Korolev, Glushko presented him as the executor of his will and nothing more, that is, he did everything to save his comrade from the impending arrest.
But on June 27, 1938, the car also takes Korolev, who had just been discharged from the hospital.
From the arrest warrant for S.P. Koroleva, published in the book by Natalia Koroleva "Father", it follows that the name Glushko does not even appear in this document. This fact once again proves his complete innocence in the arrest of Korolev. From this we can conclude that any attempt to accuse Valentin Glushko of involvement in the arrest of Korolev has no basis.
Another interesting fact is that on January 24, 1939, Glushko, still unaware of Korolev's conviction, denying everything signed earlier, is trying to pull his comrade out of the swamp into which they fell together.
But it is still unclear why Korolyov was arrested? It is impossible to find an answer to this question in the testimony kept in the materials of the investigation cases of Kleimenov, Langemak, Glushko and Korolev, since none of them actually had anything to do with this arrest.
In connection with these events, the judgment of Yaroslav Golovanov, who writes in his book Korolev: Facts and Myths, is interesting, that Korolev prevented Kostikov from taking the post of director of NII-3.
Another biographer of Korolev Georgy Vetrov in the book “S.P. Korolev and astronautics. First Steps ”writes that Sergey Pavlovich got involved in the organization of RNII-3 because the scale of the Jet Propulsion Study Group (GIRD) no longer suited him, he needed an institute.
These opinions about the Queen only confirm that he was a rival for Kostikov, who was eager for power. It can be assumed with a high degree of certainty that while Korolev was at large, Kostikov understood perfectly well that he would not be the director of NII-3. There is only one way out - plant!
Leonid Dushkin, one of the leading employees of NII-3, in his interview published in the journal "Wings of the Motherland", claimed that one of the reasons for Korolev's arrest was Kostikov's revenge for the fact that Korolev did not design his cruise missile and rocket plane for Kostikov's oxygen engine , and under nitric acid Glushko, for which he was punished.
Thus, we can conclude that it is not Valentin Glushko and the previously arrested Kleimenov and Langemak who are to blame for the arrest of Korolev, but the future false author of the “Katyusha” Kostikov.
After the scandalous discussion of repressions on Tethys
CLOSING INDICTMENT
on the trail, case No. 19908
on charges of the Queen
Sergei Pavlovich according to Art. 58-7; 58-11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR
On June 28, 1938, the NKVD of the USSR, for belonging to a Trotskyist, wrecking organization operating at the Scientific Research Institute No. 3 (NKB of the USSR)21, was arrested and prosecuted by the former engineer of the said institute, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.
During the investigation, Korolev pleaded guilty to having been recruited into the Trotskyist-sabotage organization in 1935 by Langemak, the former technical director of Research Institute No. 3 (convicted)22.
During the investigation of the Langemak case, he was not specifically interrogated about Korolev and testified about the latter's participation in an anti-Soviet organization that he knew about it from the words of Kleimenov, the former director of NII-3 (convicted) (case file 41).
On the instructions of the anti-Soviet organization, Korolev carried out wrecking work to disrupt the development and commissioning of new weapons by the Red Army (case files 21-35, 53-55; 66-67, 238-239).
By the decision of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR of September 27, 1938, Korolev was sentenced to 10 years in prison.
On June 13, 1939, the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR annulled the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, and the investigation file on Korolev's accusation was transferred for a new investigation (see a separate file of the court proceedings).283
During the re-investigation, Korolev testified that the testimony given by him during the investigation in 1938 did not correspond to reality and were false (case files 153-156).
However, the materials of the investigation and the documentary data of Korolev available in the case reveal that:
In 1936 he led the development of a powder winged torpedo; knowing in advance that the main parts of this torpedo - devices with photocells - for controlling the torpedo and aiming it at the target, cannot be manufactured by the central laboratory of wire communications23, Korolev, in order to load the institute with unnecessary work, intensively developed the missile part of this torpedo in 2 versions .
As a result of this test, four torpedoes built by Korolev showed their complete unsuitability, which caused damage to the state in the amount of 120,000 rubles and delayed the development of other, more relevant topics (case sheet 250-251).
In 1937, when developing the side compartment of a torpedo (winged), he made a wrecking calculation, as a result of which research work on the creation of torpedoes were thwarted (case files 23-24, 256).
Artificially delayed the production and testing of defense facilities (object 212) (case files 21, 54, 255).
On the basis of the above
accused
Korolev Sergey Pavlovich, born in 1906, born in mountains Zhytomyr, Russian, citizen of the USSR, non-partisan, before arrest - engineer of NII-3 NKB of the USSR,
in that:
Since 1935, he has been a member of the Trotskyist wrecking organization, on whose instructions he carried out criminal work at NII-3 to disrupt the development and commissioning of new types of weapons by the Red Army, i.e. in the crimes of Art.Article. 58-7, 58-11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR.
He pleaded guilty, but subsequently retracted his testimony.
Exposed by the testimony of: Kleymenov, Langemak, Glushko; testimony of witnesses; Smirnov, Rokhmachev, Kosyatov, Shitov, Efremov, Bukin, Dushkin and acts of expert commissions.
Send the case against Korolev to the Prosecutor's Office of the USSR on jurisdiction.
The indictment was drawn up on May 28, 1940 in Moscow.
Investigator of the investigative unit of the GEM NKVD of the USSR ml. lieutenant of state security Ryabov.
Pom. early investigator of the GEM NKVD of the USSR Art. lieutenant of state security Libenson.
"I agree". Beginning Investigator of the GEM NKVD of the USSR, Major of State Security Vlodzimirsky.
"I approve." Deputy early Chief Economic Directorate of the NKVD of the USSR, State Security Major Nasedkin.
May 26, 1940
The son of designer Valentin Glushko does not agree with the version of cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who claimed that Korolyov was arrested on the denunciation of his father.
The repressions at the Reactive Research Institute No. 3 (RNII-3, later - NII-3) began with a statement by the head of one of the departments, Andrei Kostikov, written by him in the spring of 1937 and sent to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks - Nikolai Yezhov, in which he he presented all the mistakes made in the development of new technology as sabotage and waste of public funds, accusing the director of the institute Ivan Kleimenov, his deputy Georgy Langemak, as well as leading engineers Valentin Glushko and Sergey Korolev of mediocrity and incompetence.
The testimonies allegedly signed by Kleimenov and Langemak became the first "facts" confirming the "wrecking activities" of both Glushko and Korolyov. What were these testimonies?
Kleimenov put his signature under a statement in which he admitted that, in addition to him and Langemak, the following were members of the wrecking organization: Glushko, Pobedonostsev, Korolev and Schwartz. Langemak was also forced to admit "concrete facts of sabotage."
Having received the necessary information, the leadership of the NKVD on January 10 and 11, 1938 sentenced Kleymenov and Langemak to death.
In addition to Glushko and Korolev, other employees of NII-3 were also registered as members of the wrecking organization. However, none of them were hurt. This gives reason to believe that only those employees who could interfere with Kostikov's implementation of his plans were dealt with.
Having got rid of the leadership of NII-3, Kostikov launched a vigorous activity to expose the arrested "enemies of the people", demanding from Glushko and Korolev, who were at large, to speak at the meeting with the words of their denunciation. And when they refused, he began to threaten violence.
And he carried out the threat. In the days of the execution of Kleimenov and Langemak (is it by chance?), the party committee received four more statements about Glushko's activities, and his persecution began at the institute. On February 13 and 20, 1938, meetings of the Engineering and Technical Council were held, at which Glushko's activities were assessed as "wrecking". Particular emphasis was placed on writing, together with Langemak, a "wrecking book" "Rockets, their design and use."
In February 1938, the NKVD prepared a warrant for the arrest of Glushko, which was only put into effect in March. It talked about the testimony of Kleimenov and Langemak, signed by them during the investigation, and quoted from them.
March 23, 1938 Valentin Glushko was arrested. According to the information now available, he held out for two and a half months without confessing or signing the interrogation protocols. The statements signed by him, which allegedly appeared the day after the arrest, are probably backdated. In statements, he admitted that he was involved in a wrecking organization by the former head of the Gas Dynamics Laboratory, Nikolai Ilyin.
It is clear from the text of these statements that Glushko does not say a word about the Queen. Of the accomplices of the organization, he names (or is named for him) only the deceased Tikhomirov, the executed Ilyin, and the already arrested Kleimenov and Langemak.
The first protocol of interrogation of Glushko is dated June 5, 1938. In the typed text, he makes several corrections and additions and signs it. Reading this protocol, one is amazed at how carefully it speaks of those who are still at large. As for Korolev, Glushko presented him as the executor of his will and nothing more, that is, he did everything to save his comrade from the impending arrest.
But on June 27, 1938, the car also takes Korolev, who had just been discharged from the hospital.
From the arrest warrant for S.P. Koroleva, published in the book by Natalia Koroleva "Father", it follows that the name Glushko does not even appear in this document. This fact once again proves his complete non-involvement in the arrest of Korolev. From this we can conclude that any attempt to accuse Valentin Glushko of involvement in the arrest of Korolev has no basis.
Another interesting fact is that on January 24, 1939, Glushko, still unaware of Korolev's conviction, denying everything signed earlier, is trying to pull his comrade out of the swamp into which they fell together.
But it is still unclear why Korolyov was arrested? It is impossible to find an answer to this question in the testimony kept in the materials of the investigation cases of Kleimenov, Langemak, Glushko and Korolev, since none of them actually had anything to do with this arrest.
In connection with these events, the judgment of Yaroslav Golovanov, who writes in his book Korolev: Facts and Myths, is interesting, that Korolev prevented Kostikov from taking the post of director of NII-3.
Another biographer of Korolev Georgy Vetrov in the book “S.P. Korolev and astronautics. First Steps ”writes that Sergey Pavlovich got involved in the organization of RNII-3 because the scale of the Jet Propulsion Study Group (GIRD) no longer suited him, he needed an institute.
These opinions about the Queen only confirm that he was a rival for Kostikov, who was eager for power. It can be assumed with a high degree of certainty that while Korolev was at large, Kostikov understood perfectly well that he would not be the director of NII-3. There is only one way out - plant!
Leonid Dushkin, one of the leading employees of NII-3, in his interview published in the journal "Wings of the Motherland", claimed that one of the reasons for Korolev's arrest was Kostikov's revenge for the fact that Korolev did not design his cruise missile and rocket plane for Kostikov's oxygen engine , and under nitric acid Glushko, for which he was punished.
Thus, we can conclude that it is not Valentin Glushko and the previously arrested Kleimenov and Langemak who are to blame for the arrest of Korolev, but the future false author of the “Katyusha” Kostikov.
REFERENCE
Andrey Kostikov (1899-1950) - a specialist in the field of mechanics. Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Stalin Prize of the first degree.
Since September 15, 1938, Kostikov has been acting deputy director of NII-3.
In July 1941, Kostikov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor "... for the invention of one of the types of weapons that increase the combat capability of the Red Army" ("Katyusha").
In 1957, Kostikov's merits, including the invention of the Katyushas, were called into question.
Valentin Glushko (1908-1989), founder of the Russian liquid rocket engine industry. Since 1974 chief designer space systems, general designer of the Energia-Buran reusable rocket and space complex, twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes.
In 1939, Valentin Glushko was convicted by a Special Meeting of the NKVD of the USSR for a period of 8 years. Until 1940, he worked in the design group of the 4th Special Department of the NKVD (the so-called "sharashka"). Later, Glushko was transferred to Kazan, where he continued to work as chief designer of the Design Bureau of the 4th Special Department of the NKVD.
In 1944, by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was released ahead of schedule with the removal of a criminal record. Rehabilitated in 1956.
We all know that under the krrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrn™ Stalin, the great designer of space technology, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, was convicted - but not everyone knows what exactly he was convicted of. Korolev in 1937-38 developed guided missiles - cruise and anti-aircraft. We know that now cruise and anti-aircraft missiles are a serious fighting force. Naturally, it even looks strange that a person who was engaged in such an important development, according to our concepts, was arrested. But, when Korolev had just begun his work, the developers of autopilots immediately said that they were not able to make a control system capable of operating under the conditions of a rocket flight - if only because there starting overloads are an order of magnitude higher than overloads for any aircraft evolution. They were, unfortunately, right. Even the Germans, who were ahead of us in terms of instrumentation by a couple of generations of instruments, managed to create a flying cruise missile - Fieseler-103, better known as V-1 - only in 1943. Fau - the first letter of the German word Vergeltung - retribution. The Germans proclaimed England's participation in the war against the Germans as a betrayal of her racial origin- accordingly, a weapon capable of reaching England was called "Retribution". And German anti-aircraft missiles did not leave the experimental stage until the very end of the war, although they were vital for Germany to counter the massive raids of British and American bombers on German cities. But it didn’t work out - even the Germans could not create normally flying anti-aircraft missiles. Accordingly, Korolev would certainly not have succeeded in 1938. He was told this. He knew it. In addition, the Germans used an air-jet engine on the Fieseler-103 - it takes an oxidizer from the surrounding air, and only fuel is stored on board. Korolev, on the other hand, was building a cruise missile with a liquid-propellant rocket engine: it had to carry both fuel and an oxidizer on board. It is clear that the total energy reserve is an order of magnitude less than in the German version. Fizeler-103 flew up to three hundred kilometers, and the Korolev rocket, according to the project, was calculated for a flight range of 30 km. The military immediately told him: in principle, we do not need a missile of this range; at such a distance it is easier to send an ordinary plane at low level flight - it will fly unnoticed, hit the target without a miss; and your rocket, firstly, will inevitably hit the wrong target, and, secondly, it costs almost the same as the plane, but the rocket is disposable, and the plane will return; we do not need a rocket with such characteristics. But Korolev was just very interested. He was a highly enthusiastic person, like all rocket scientists of that era (no wonder the abbreviation GIRD - jet propulsion research group - the participants themselves deciphered as "a group of engineers working for nothing"), and really wanted to do at least something. As a result, he built 4 prototypes of a cruise missile. They all flew wherever God sends them. God even sent one of them to the dugout at the missile range, where at that moment there were several generals who came to look at such exotic weapons. Naturally, Korolev was arrested on charges of attempting to assassinate representatives of the command staff of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, misappropriation of state funds and undermining the country's defense capability through misappropriation of funds, since the Rocket Research Institute, where Korolev worked, was financed from the defense part of the state budget . But during the investigation, the charge of assassination immediately fell away: after all, if a rocket flies anywhere, if it is impossible to create an autopilot for it, it means that it is impossible to consciously aim it at a dugout with the generals. Therefore, although Korolev was arrested in the first category, crimes in which were punished death penalty, but this accusation was dropped during the investigation, and they gave him 10 years for the totality of other acts. From which, by the way, it is clear how, under the bloody regime, they attributed to everyone what horrible crimes and punished for what they attributed. It was under Yezhov, but under Beria this accusation was revised and they came to the conclusion that there was misappropriation of funds (when you do something obviously useless, which you have already been told from all sides that it is useless, then this is undoubtedly misuse of funds ), but there was no undermining of the defense capability, because Korolev did not act out of malicious intent, but out of sincere delusion - and, accordingly, his term was reduced from 10 years to 8, which is prescribed by law precisely for the misuse of state funds. True, he spent these years in closed design bureaus- the so-called sharashka - and his talent was used for its intended purpose. But, as you can see, the accusations were, unfortunately, well-founded. I believe that now for such an attitude towards state money, Korolev would receive about the same. Unless, of course, someone bothered to protect the treasury.
This is the thought he expressed: "Journalist, political consultant, erudite. Born in Odessa on 12/12/09/03/30, 1952. A thermal engineer by training. For more than two decades he worked as a programmer (15 years as a system programmer). Multiple winner of intellectual games. The most recognizable face of Runet . Author of the live journal awas1952.livejournal.com", Anatoly Vasserman
It turns out that Koroleva was condemned or because:
1. He spent public money on a missile that the military refused.
2. Instead of a rocket, you can send a plane at a strafing flight, it will fly by, be bombed and return.
3. The military said they did not need a missile with a range of 30 km. V-1 flew at 300.
4. At that time it was impossible to make a control system for a cruise missile. Only the Germans succeeded in 1943, which means that Korolev would not have succeeded even more so.
5. The Germans never managed to make an anti-aircraft missile, no matter what.
6. Korolev was imprisoned, but sent to a closed design bureau, where he worked in his specialty.
1. Any engineer knows that the financing of work takes place according to the plan approved by the management and the money is allocated by this very management. In 1937, Sergei Pavlovich was still only a young 30-year-old engineer, and not a general designer and academician.
In the USSR, money is far from everything, funds, materials, parts, equipment were needed, which still had to be obtained or, as they said then, knocked out.
So I see two scenarios.
First. After the project was closed, and the money had already been spent on it, the missiles were already ready or almost ready, Korolev and his comrades for free (they called themselves "working for nothing") assembled these 4 missiles in secret from the management, and tested them. There was no waste here, so the money has already been spent.
Second. There was no shutdown of the project at all. Otherwise, how would the army leadership come to look at the launches. Someone called them, and obviously not those who made these launches in secret.
And one more thing: what Korolev was doing is called R&D (scientific research and development work), to find in them the wrong use of funds - you need to have too good an imagination.
2. I.e. it is known that generals are always preparing for the last war, but we are not in 1938, but in 2013 and we know very well that in 1941 it was very rarely possible to send an airplane (since most of them were destroyed on the ground ), even if it was possible to send a plane, it very rarely managed to reach the target, even more rarely bombed accurately, and its chances of returning were minimal.
3. About the range and accuracy of shooting.
V-1 was not an army weapon. She couldn't hit her target. It was used to fly to London and explode there, causing at least some damage, mostly moral, if possible.
Those. if the leadership of the Wehrmacht had set a different task for its rocket scientists, then surely the results of their activities and the design of the rocket would have been different.
To obtain such a range, speed had to be sacrificed (V-1s were shot down by English fighters over the sea), so that its air-jet engine was not a brilliant decision of German designers, but a compromise.
The V-1 control system was very primitive. A gyroscope (a rapidly rotating flywheel in a cordan suspension), steering machines and an aerolag (a propeller connected to a counter will measure the path that the aircraft flew). The rocket was fired in the direction of London, the aerolag counted how far it flew, and after counting the given path, the rocket dived down. There were no adjustments for the wind either.
London was too big a target to miss, but still only %40 of the missiles made it to London.
Moreover, % 40 is everything, after the British pilots learned to shoot them down, the number of missiles that flew to London fell sharply.
Imagine that in the USSR in 1941 there would be an analogue of the V-1, where would they shoot?
For what purposes? In the occupied Soviet cities?
4. The missile control system consisted of a gyroscope, servos and electromagnetic amplifiers. Neither cars nor amplifiers are afraid of starting overloads, the only part that can not survive an overload is a gyroscope, but even here there are a dozen purely engineering solutions to overcome this problem: here you can choose more suitable materials and make changes to the design and even set horoscopes at the start on the stoppers, which would be released after the start.
No special technologies not available at that time were required. Those. or the competence of the developer himself was not high - it was most likely not Chertok or Eisenberg. Or, about the impossibility of making such a system, it was already discussed in the office of the investigator, the NKVD. After all, all the data is taken from the preserved criminal case.
By the way, the Germans did not succeed in many things.
They could not create automatic welding, multiple rocket launchers, they could not do something close to the T-34. So, such an argument that if the Germans failed something, then Korolev would not have succeeded, and even more so, should not be taken into account at all.
5. Anti-aircraft missiles.
The group did develop cruise missiles, as well as powder anti-aircraft and ballistic long-range.
Wasserman does not mention the latter. I would have to say that such a V-2 rocket was made by Wernher von Barun, with the same purpose to shoot at London, and it became the foremother of all current LRE rockets.
But then Korolev developed only the concept. Before the implementation of which was still far away.
Then there really was no technology that would allow the missile to be aimed exactly at the target.
Although Korolev proposed a guidance system for a light beam. Those. all technologies were available.
However, at that time there was nothing in this area.
Aircraft control systems engineers don't design a control system for something they don't know. Those. while there is no rocket, i.e. most aircraft, at least its parameters, no one develops a control system for it. Those. something had to be started.
It is clear that hitting a stationary city and hitting a flying plane are two big differences, as they say in the homeland of Comrade Wasserman.
Therefore, anti-aircraft missiles appeared only after the war.
But even here I want to note that the Germans became interested in anti-aircraft missiles only when bombs rained down on Germany, i.e. in 1943.
And it was for them, not the most better time in terms of resources, technological capabilities and time for quiet work.
6. And they sent Korolev not to the closed SHARAGA design bureau, but first to a prison, where his jaw was broken during interrogations, which later became the cause of his death (during the operation they could not put a tube for ventilation of the lung), and then to a camp in Kolyma. And he got to Sharaga already from the camp, it was lucky that Tupolev, who was sitting in prison, was his head of the graduation project and pulled him out of Kolyma to Sharaga.
Later, when he became the general designer, after greatest victories and achievements, he said in the company of his friends:
“Another time you wake up at night, lie down and think: now they will give a command, and the same guards will brazenly enter and
throw: "Well, bastard, pack your things."
The guards are the ones who guarded his dacha, exactly the same as those who guarded him in prison.
P.S.
Misconceptions of people who are considered great experts in their field:
I think that in the world market we will find demand for five computers. (Thomas Watson - director of IBM, 1943)
No one may need to have a computer in their home. There is no reason for this. (Ken Olson - founder and president of "Digital Equipment Corp." - "DEC", 1977)
A device such as a telephone has too many shortcomings to be considered as a means of communication. Therefore, I believe that this invention has no value. What's the use of this electric toy? (William Orton, president of Western Union, rejecting Alexander Graham Bell's offer in his memo to purchase his breathless telephone company for $100,000, 1876)
$100 million is too high a price to pay for Microsoft. (IBM, 1982)
Who the hell cares what the actors say? (Harry Warner, Warner Brothers' reaction to the use of sound in cinema, 1927)
Flying machines heavier than air are impossible! (Lord Kelvin - President of the Royal Society, 1895)
640 KB should be enough for everyone. (Bill Gates, 1981)
Life proved that they were wrong and now we read them, refuted by life, expert opinions as curiosities.
But the opinion of unknown experts, and even those taken from the protocols of interrogation, you know where, is brought to us not as a curiosity, but as the ultimate truth.
I think it is high time to clarify this matter. S. Korolev himself did not leave any memories. Apparently he didn’t have time to keep diaries, and maybe he didn’t want to. He was the famous "Chief". However, "famous" is conditional. He personally, who he is and what he does, due to the regime of super secrecy, was known to a very narrow circle of people.
In 1938, Korolev was arrested, there was an investigation, and there was a sentence. This topic is still being discussed. Write articles, include in movies. "Empire Queen" for example. There is more, not about the designer himself, but about how the "bloody regime" killed a brilliant designer and almost killed him to death. Korolev worked in spite of - this is clear from the film. And in general, there were progressive bright people, and the NKVD persecuted them, imprisoned, tortured and shot them. So far, he has not exhausted all the passionaries ... And now the country of slaves, dullness and mediocrity.
Korolev was also allegedly tortured there. They beat me with a decanter and broke both jaws. This was the cause of his early death, later, during the surgeon. Operations. Well, yes ... the KGB paws reached out through time and distance, completed their dirty work. Well, they know they are KGB paws, if they have already decided, they will get them outside their homeland.
And why was it necessary to torture Korolev, beat him with a decanter, etc.? Get a statement? But what? We, the executioners from the NKVD, invented them ourselves. How can we knock them out of someone? Force you to sign something? Plead guilty? What is it for? Will the Troika not consider the case without signatures? But you yourself say that these “troikas” of ours passed sentences in batches. Did they not care? Don't want to sign? Don't. We have legal chaos - I myself will sign for you, I will force the escort. I'll call the boss, we'll activate this case. “So-and-so refused to sign,” we both sign and file it into the file. Everything is according to the law and you fly to Kolyma like a white swan. Here's another mess, beat-torture someone. Torture is hard, difficult, exhausting physically and mentally. If anyone does not know.
And for what was S. P. Korolev convicted? I will not languish. Here is the actual document.
“INCUDICATION on the investigative case No. 19908 on charges of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev under Art. 58-7; 58-11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR.
On June 28, 1938, the NKVD of the USSR, for belonging to a Trotskyist, wrecking organization operating at the Scientific Research Institute No. 3 (NKB of the USSR), was arrested and prosecuted by the former engineer of the said institute, Sergey Pavlovich Korolev.
In the course of the investigation, Korolev Pleaded guilty to having been involved in the Trotskyist-sabotage organization in 1935 by the former technical director of Research Institute No. 3 Langemak (convicted).
On the instructions of the anti-Soviet organization, Korolev carried out wrecking work to disrupt the development and commissioning of the Red Army of new types of weapons
(case file 21-35, 53-55; 66-67, 238-239).
By the decision of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR of September 27, 1938, Korolev was sentenced to 10 years in prison.
On June 13, 1939, the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR annulled the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, and the investigative case on the charge of Korolev was transferred for a new investigation (see a separate folder of court proceedings).
During the re-investigation, Korolev testified that the testimony given by him during the investigation in 1938 did not correspond to reality and were false (case files 153-156).
However, the materials of the investigation and the documentary data of Korolev available in the case reveal that:
In 1936 he led the development of a powder winged torpedo; knowing in advance that the main parts of this torpedo - devices with photocells - for controlling the torpedo and aiming it at the target, cannot be manufactured by the central wire communication laboratory, Korolev, in order to load the institute with unnecessary work, intensively developed the missile part of this torpedo in 2 versions .
As a result of this test, four torpedoes built by Korolev showed their complete unsuitability, which caused damage to the state in the amount of 120,000 rubles and delayed the development of other, more relevant topics (case sheet 250-251).
In 1937, when developing the side compartment of a torpedo (winged), he made a sabotage calculation, as a result of which research work on the creation of a torpedo was disrupted (case files 23-24, 256).
Artificially delayed the production and testing of defense facilities (object 212) (case files 21, 54, 255).
Based on the foregoing, the accused
KOROLEV SERGEY PAVLOVICH, born in 1906,
harvest mountains Zhytomyr, Russian, citizen of the USSR, non-partisan,
before arrest - engineer NII-3 NKB USSR,
in that:
From 1935, he was a member of the Trotskyist wrecking organization, on whose instructions he carried out criminal work at NII-3 to disrupt the development and commissioning of new types of weapons by the Red Army, i.e. in the crimes of Art.Article. 58-7, 58-11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR.
He pleaded guilty, but subsequently retracted his testimony.
Exposed by the testimony of: Kleymenov, Langemak, Glushko; testimony of witnesses; Smirnov, Rokhmachev, Kostikov, Shitov, Efremov, Bukin, Dushkin and acts of expert commissions.
The case on the charge of Korolev should be sent to the Prosecutor's Office of the USSR for jurisdiction.
This is where everything gets clear. Koroleva was judged not by the “troika”, dear to the heart of the liberal anti-Soviet, but by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. That is the highest court. In addition, she sent the case to the prosecutor's office of the USSR for consideration for the legality of the verdict. Contrary to the general opinion about the "legal lawlessness" of the Stalinist regime. The situation, moreover, has developed at the enterprise is abnormal. The Queen had enough enemies. There were complaints, statements, meetings, etc. The expert commission (it consisted of scientists, of course) came to the conclusion that Korolev's activities are harmful and unpromising. Was it a mistake or malicious intent? Now already, I'm afraid not to find out.
If we discard all the "legal husks" with conspiracies and other "Trotskyisms", then it turns out that Korolev was tried for mating the budget. Damage (120,000 rubles) and the loading of state-owned production capacities with “left” work, which Korolev naturally had no right to. Korolev stayed in the camp for approx. 6 months, after which he was transferred to a closed design bureau, where he continued to work, but already under supervision. Well, what's wrong here? Imagine, the reader, that you are at work, at the expense of the employer and on his equipment, with the involvement of other employees, you decide to do, not what is said, but what you are impatient with there. And what will the owner do when he finds out about this? That's right - he will expel him to hell and recover the damage caused through the court. This is if the owner of the enterprise is a civilized person. And if not, you can use a decanter or an iron with a soldering iron. And then you can declare yourself a “victim of the regime” and say that you “did it better”, and this is what they did.
When a manned flight was being prepared with the first exit of a man into the open space, then Korolev was in a hurry and insisted on reducing the test program of the descent vehicle. General Kamanin forbade and insisted on testing. The tests were carried out. A capsule with dummies dropped from 10,000 m crashed into a cake. Work has been carried out and identified deficiencies have been eliminated.
Landing then, as you know, was successful. It is very good that next to the brilliant Korolev, there was a cautious Kamanin.
Reviews
Geniuses are ambiguous. Sometimes a genius has to be mean to get ahead. To do an act in the Name of Evil. Then Evil will generously reward. And good will never reward good. Respect to the Author!
Do not consider me a bore.
But - which inventions of Bartini have found their embodiment in life? Can I have examples? Yes, S. Korolev is mentioned as a "student" - but no more.
Bartini was still a theoretical physicist.
Sincerely.
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