We found that in the village, the final processing of waste, today, means either their burial in a landfill or incineration, and these two types of final processing have a different, but in both cases negative, impact on environment. In order to study the issue of the impact of household waste on human health, we visited the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of the Boguchansky District.
We found that the maximum accumulation of garbage occurs in autumn, since in autumn the share of garden waste in terms of volume is equal to all other categories of garbage combined. Old landfills contain a large number of hazardous waste and toxic chemicals that have been placed on them for years and seep into the environment. Waste disposal in landfills leads to the release of methane, one of the greenhouse gases and hazardous chemicals that have a harmful effect on the environment.
Waste incineration leads to the release of various gases. These gases contain hazardous chemicals such as cadmium, mercury and lead. It is known that when they enter the body, they can affect the function of hematopoiesis, pose a danger, contributing to the development of carcinogenic, genetic biological effects. In addition, the natural environment is affected by the release of biogas - methane, oxygen, carbon dioxide, the content of which can be tens of percent. These values exceed sanitary norms and can cause human suffocation [see. Appendix 6, tab. 5]. Biochemical decomposition and chemical oxidation of the landfill material may be accompanied by the formation of heat emission centers with an increase in temperatures up to 75°C, i.e. spontaneous combustion of the waste is possible. The rotting of MSW material is accompanied by the spread of odor over a distance of more than 1 km.
Waste electrical appliances and electronics (TVs, refrigerators, etc.) continue to be dumped, although they contain harmful substances. Human exposure to chemicals can occur in a variety of ways: by inhalation, by skin contact, and by ingestion with food. Once ingested, chemicals are distributed to various parts of the body, where they are metabolized, which may be accompanied by the transformation of these substances into toxic [see. Appendix 5, tab. 4].
A person throwing garbage in the wrong place does not think about the consequences of his actions. But this garbage contains the entire bouquet of those substances that are toxic to humans. It's good to know that:
Ø Rotting food waste - a breeding ground for microbes; decomposition time: 1–2 weeks; It is strictly forbidden to throw into fire, as dioxides may be formed.
Ø Waste paper. The paint with which the paper is coated can emit toxic gases, and when decomposed, toxic substances; Decomposition time: 2-3 years;
Ø Tin cans are poisonous to many organisms; decomposition time on earth is several tens of years, fresh water- about 10 years, in salt water - 1-2 years.
Ø Iron compounds are poisonous to many organisms; decomposition rate: on the ground - 1 mm deep in 10-20 years, in fresh water - 1 mm deep in 3-5 years, in salt water - 1 mm deep in 1-2 years.
Ø Foil decomposition time on the ground is several tens of years, in fresh water - several years, in salt water - 1-2 years.
Ø Cans of beer and other drinks decompose on the ground - hundreds of years, in fresh water - several decades, in salt water - several years. The time of decomposition of glass containers on the ground is several hundred years, in water - about 100 years.
Ø Plastic products prevent gas exchange in soils and water bodies; can release toxic substances during decomposition; decomposition time: about 100 years or more.
Ø Batteries are very dangerous waste! Poisonous to humans and many organisms; decomposition time: on land - about 10 years, in water - several years, in salt water - about one year.
Landfills near settlements become the main collection and food places for many birds and mammals. A large number of rats, mice, cats and dogs live here. In landfills, they are attracted to food waste. These animals are simply weaned from chasing live prey, they are completely satisfied with the dregs of the human table. These animals become carriers of various infectious diseases.
It's no secret to anyone that last years The most pressing issue for Russian citizens is the issue of ecology. This is confirmed by a survey of the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM), conducted on behalf of the Ministry of natural resources and ecology of the Russian Federation. During the survey, it was determined that the problems of municipal waste cause the greatest concern among residents - this is 44% of the total volume noted by citizens. environmental issues.
There are usually many problems associated with traditional landfills - they are breeding grounds for rodents and birds, pollute water bodies, ignite spontaneously, the wind can blow debris off them, etc. In the 1950s, the so-called "sanitary landfills" began to take root for the first time, where waste is poured over with soil every day.
Based on website articles: http://ztbo.ru/o-tbo/lit/ekologicheskie-problemi-otxodov/zaxoronenie-musora-tbo http://ztbo.ru/poligoni-tbo/rekultivaciya-poligonov-tbo http://news.ners. ru/dom-u-svalki-est-li-opasnost.html an article was written about the mortal danger for residents of the solid waste landfill
The landfill or landfill is a complex system, the detailed study of which has only recently begun.
With a lack of oxygen, organic waste in a landfill undergoes anaerobic fermentation, which leads to the formation of a mixture of methane and carbon monoxide (the so-called "landfill gas"). In the bowels of the landfill, a very toxic liquid (“leachate”) is also formed, the ingress of which into reservoirs or groundwater is highly undesirable.
Requirements for modern landfills include requirements for site selection, design, operation, monitoring, decommissioning and provision of financial guarantees (disaster insurance, etc.)
When choosing a site, it is necessary to avoid the proximity of airports, reservoirs, groundwater outlets, the proximity of wetlands, tectonic faults and seismically hazardous zones.
The safe operation of the landfill involves the following measures:
hazardous waste exclusion procedures and record keeping of all waste received and the exact location of their disposal;
providing daily coverage of dumped waste with soil or special foam to prevent waste from spreading;
control of disease vectors (rats, etc.), which is usually achieved by the use of pesticides;
pumping out explosive gases from the bowels of the landfill (methane can be used to generate electricity, for example, throughout the UK, such installations produce 80 MW);
controlled access of people and animals to the landfill - the perimeter must be fenced and guarded;
hydraulic structures should minimize the ingress of rainwater and surface water into the landfill;
surface runoff from the landfill should be sent for treatment; the liquid that is released from the waste should not enter the groundwater - for this, special drainage and waterproofing systems are created;
regular monitoring of air, ground and surface waters in the vicinity of the landfills should be carried out.
Particular attention should be paid to the decommissioning of the landfill with subsequent reclamation of the landfill. As a rule, the original design of the landfill should include an action plan for reclamation and long-term monitoring of the closed landfill, etc.
Reclamation of waste landfills (MSW)
Each landfill sooner or later closes when it accumulates the maximum allowable amount of waste. And it is quite logical that the land occupied by the landfill must be put back into economic use, or recultivated. Moreover, the costs of this event should be included in the cost even at the stage when the design of solid waste landfills is carried out.
Thus, the reclamation of solid waste landfills is a set of works aimed at restoring the national economic value and productivity of the restored territories. In addition, these works are also aimed at improving the environmental conditions of the environment.
The process of reclamation of solid waste landfills begins immediately after the end of the storage of garbage on it. This procedure is performed in two separate stages: technical and biological.
At the technical stage, the development of technological and construction measures, design solutions for the installation of protective screens for the base and surface of the landfill, the collection, purification and utilization of biogas, the collection and processing of leachate and surface Wastewater. Thus, the technical stage of landfill reclamation includes the following activities:
Stabilization of the landfill body (delivery of soil for backfilling dips and cracks, its layout and creation of slopes with the required angle of inclination, etc.).
Construction of a degassing system to collect landfill gas.
Creation of a system for the collection and removal of leachate and surface runoff.
Creation of a multifunctional reclamation protective screen.
The biological stage of reclamation provides for a complex of agrotechnical and phytomeliorative measures aimed at restoring disturbed lands. This stage is carried out after the engineering and technical stage of reclamation. This stage of landfill reclamation includes the following activities:
Soil preparation.
Selection of planting material.
Sowing plants.
In each case, the choice of design solutions for the reclamation of a closed landfill is carried out on the basis of preliminary engineering surveys.
Collection of landfill gas (syngas)
Landfill gas is formed as a result of fermentation of the organic components of the waste that are in the body of the landfill during the processes of biochemical decomposition. In addition, a sufficiently large amount of water vapor also occurs. The gases and vapors arising in the body of the landfill form a wet gas mixture, the main components of which are methane CH and carbon dioxide CO2.
Due to this chemical composition, as well as the presence of other hazardous components in landfill gas, its emission can have a negative impact on the environment, manifested in the form of:
fire and explosion hazards.
interference for the reclamation of the solid waste landfill.
the spread of the corresponding unpleasant odor.
release of components toxic and hazardous to human health.
negative impact on the climate.
Based on this, the landfill gases that form must be collected and subsequently disposed of (treated). To do this, at the stage when the construction of the solid waste landfill is carried out, special gas outlets are provided. Through them, landfill gas enters the storage site, where it undergoes a purification procedure.
The collection of landfill gas is a rather responsible business, since, if its collection is not properly managed, an excess amount of gas accumulates inside the landfill. This leads to an increase in pressure, the accumulated gas is looking for a way out, as a result of which the body of the landfill is destroyed. And this can lead to rather unpleasant consequences, since untreated landfill gas contains a huge amount of harmful and toxic substances that are extremely dangerous for human health.
There is another category of garbage dumps, which appeared as a result of the actions of the shadow business. Waste is accepted and stored on them in violation of all standards. As a result, groundwater, soil, air are polluted - from uncontrolled burning of garbage. “The biggest difficulty here is that often, having “shat” on a certain territory, “merchants” disappear or get off with minor fines for them, while dozens of hectares remain polluted forever,” says Sergei Vinogradov, chairman of the Green Front NGO.
Legal landfills - subject to all technological standards of operation and constant monitoring - theoretically should not harm the city and citizens. In practice, the so-called human factor is often included. “Any landfill is a source of potential danger. The main factor of the negative impact is the ignition of landfill masses as a result of negligence and violation of the rules for the operation of landfills, ”says Gulnara Gudulova, assistant head of the Rosprirodnadzor Department for the Northwestern Federal District. 
Residents of areas located in relative proximity to solid waste landfills feel the results of such negligence on themselves, periodically inhaling smoke or “ambre” carried by the wind. “It can be argued with a high degree of probability that the unpleasant smell from landfills has a negative impact on human health,” says Sergey Vinogradov. In his opinion, when burning plastics, substances such as formaldehyde, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, carbon monoxide, dioxins can be released into the air. The latter have a powerful mutagenic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic effect. When burning foam rubber, which is used to make furniture, toxic gases containing cyanide compounds enter the atmosphere. Burning rubber gives off dense black greasy smoke containing hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. Both gases are hazardous to health. As a result of the decay of garbage left in the ground, Vinogradov continues, dangerous radon gas is formed, which is difficult to detect, since it has no color and smell. But this gas is poisonous, and even radioactive.
The nature of the Novosibirsk region is unusually rich and diverse, but among this diversity there is a place that is close to my heart, this is the place where I was born and live.
Modern man has begun to have a bad attitude towards nature, the forest surrounding him, plants and animals. In the nearby forest, he began to throw out garbage and rubbish that he did not need. These wastes began to increase every day.
The theme for the project was not chosen by chance, it is relevant not only for large cities, but also for our village. Even 5-10 years ago, no one could even think of throwing away or leaving a bag of garbage in the forest.
What happened? What has changed in people's minds? Who gave them the right to form dumps in their yard without fear of punishment? Why does this happen in our forest, on the beach, where people of our village, Novosibirsk, as well as other regions: Kemerovo, Altai, have a rest every year. Can we say that we rest for the sake of garbage? I tried to find answers to these and other questions that concern me.
The PURPOSE of my work is to study the problem of municipal solid waste on the beach of the village of Novy Sharap; identify sources, structure and volume of waste; consider possible options for recycling waste.
The object of the study was the forest and the beach of the village of Novy Sharap. Students of the Novosharapskaya high school, residents of the village of Novy Sharap and employees of the administration of the village council. Work on the project took place in the spring-summer period of 2008.
One cannot but agree with the opinion of Svyatoslav Zabelin, who states in the article “The Ecological Crisis, or the Dead End of the Relations between Man and Nature” that “the most fully described and best known is the ecological crisis, the essence of which boils down to the fact that today humanity is dumping more waste into the atmosphere than it is able to digest to a safe state, and draws from the biosphere more than it is able to produce.
In this regard, the importance and timeliness of the issues raised in my work becomes obvious.
1. Waste in our lives.
The 20th century was a century when the ecological outlook of mankind changed more than once. At the beginning of the century, a technocratic view of the planet and belief in the omnipotence of science were popular, which can solve all problems and allow uncontrolled spending of resources, energy, and increase the population. However, by the middle of the century, the relationship between man and nature became aggravated - resources were quickly depleted, the ocean and atmosphere were polluted, and due to overpopulation, the developing countries were under the threat of starvation. As a result of a reckless attitude towards nature, our Earth is in early XXI century has turned into one big dump.
People tend to quickly buy fashionable new things and throw away old things, in order to save time, use products in disposable packages. On average, each inhabitant of the planet accounts for about 1 ton of garbage per year. If this garbage is not recycled, then a mountain as high as Elbrus would grow every year. Used cars, television and radio equipment, household appliances - all this ends up in landfills, as repairs often cost more than a new product. The amount of waste generated in industrialized and densely populated areas is truly enormous.
Waste generation is an inevitable process that inevitably accompanies human life.
Wastes are types of raw materials unsuitable for the production of these products, their unused residues or substances and energy arising during technological processes that are not subject to utilization in the production under consideration.
According to their origin, wastes are divided into industrial, agricultural and domestic.
Industrial waste is the waste that is generated as a result of industrial and economic activities, and is subject to disposal, processing or disposal. These are waste paper and textiles, scrap of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, cullet, polymer waste, waste oils, oiled sawdust and rags, tires, organics and much more - more than 500 types in total.
Agricultural waste - waste of biogenic or vegetable origin, resulting from the production, collection, storage of agricultural products or their processing.
Household waste - waste generated as a result of human life support.
Hazardous waste - waste that contains harmful substances that have hazardous properties (toxicity, explosiveness, fire hazard, high reactivity, that is, the ability to initiate chemical reactions) or containing pathogens of infectious diseases that may pose a danger to the natural environment and human health on their own or together with other substances.
Garbage is a collection of solid household waste and garbage generated in domestic conditions. Synonym - solid household waste(MSW).
2. Impact of waste on the environment.
Today's population of the Earth is a society of superconsumers. It has been calculated: each of us consumes 20 tons of raw materials per year, and most of it - 97% - goes to waste. Some of this waste can be found on the beach and in the forest, and as a result of their accumulation, landfills are formed.
A landfill is a place where all the waste generated as a result of life activity is dumped.
Unauthorized waste disposal sites are areas not intended for waste disposal (outskirts of streets, woodlands). Many people don't want to pick up their trash (wrapping paper or plastic utensils) and throw it on the beach
In Russia, no one is punished for throwing garbage in the forest and on the beach. In Europe, relevant environmental services have been created that monitor the state of the forest and the beach. In the West, you can't build a fire in the forest wherever you want. For this allotted special places and "pirate" kebabs are severely punished by law. This solves both the problem of garbage and, in many ways, forest fires.
In the USA, you will not find a single plastic bottle in the forest, and you can drink water from small rivers without consequences. We have everything exactly the opposite. Each company considers it their duty to find the cleanest clearing in the forest (which is understandable: no one wants to sit up to their necks in the waste of their colleagues), as it should be noted, and leave behind a pile of garbage. Such a simple national idea, however, will lead to the fact that soon the Russians will have to barbecue on smoking heaps of garbage.
According to statistics, the waste produced by one person per year is:
90 cans of drinks;
107 glass bottles and jars;
Paper that takes 2 trees;
70 cans;
45 kg of plastic.
According to the constitution Russian Federation everyone has the right to a favorable environment, everyone is obliged to preserve nature, take care of natural wealth(Federal Law "On Environmental Protection"). Despite the law, about 80 billion tons of solid waste alone have been accumulated in Russia, 1.6 billion tons of toxic waste.
A feature of modern waste is the difficulty of their biochemical decay. It must be remembered that the decomposition of various types of garbage requires a huge amount of time:
Paper - 2-2.5 months;
Fruit peel - 6 months;
Cardboard - 5 years;
Cigarette filters - 10-12 years;
Plastic bags - 10 -12 years;
Leather shoes - 25 -40 years;
Tin cans - 100 years;
Aluminum cans - 200-300 years;
Plastic bottle up to 500 years;
Glassware - never;
The accumulation of waste causes changes in the landscape, pollution of the soil, atmosphere, surface and groundwater. Contributes to the spread of stray animals and rodents that are carriers of contagious diseases. The air above landfills is often polluted. Rotting organic matter releases methane, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide and other toxic gases.
Incineration is a method of destruction of household waste that is widespread in world practice and has been used since the end of the 19th century. Its main advantage, in comparison with burial, is the reduction of waste volumes by more than 10 times, and the mass - by 3 times. Of course, this is very convenient. Several decades ago, when there was not so much waste, and plastic packaging and products made from polymeric materials did not make up the vast majority of MSW, waste incineration did not pose such a threat to the environment and human health as it does today. In the 80s of the last century, it was found that in the process of burning solid combustible materials, a variety of toxic products are formed that enter the atmosphere.
When burning various types of garbage, harmful gases are released. When cellulose is burned, irritants appear (from the Latin iritantis - irritating, adopted in foreign countries the name of the group of hazardous substances). From these substances, the eyes become watery and red, coughing attacks begin, and the vessels of the mucous membranes expand. Plastic bottles, plastic bags, plastic utensils emit a very dangerous substance sarin (isopropyl ester of methyl fluorophosphonic acid, used as a chemical warfare nerve agent, discovered in 1938). Burning plastic utensils produces chemical weapons.
When a person burns garbage in bonfires, dangerous substances - dioxins (polychlorinated polycyclic compounds, are cumulative poisons and belong to the group of dangerous xenobiotics) affect a large number of people, especially children, since the poisonous smoke spreads at a low height (up to one and a half meters) and is poorly dispersed . They adversely affect the immune system, reproductive functions and heredity, increase the risk of allergic and other diseases.
3. Exploration of the beach and the adjacent forest area of the village of Novy Sharap.
In the period from May 2008 to June 2008, a study of the beach of Novy Sharap village was carried out and dumps were found in this area. In the study of the beach and the adjacent forest area, traditional methods were used in the work:
Visual observation;
Student survey;
Campaign work;
Involvement of the population in joint activities;
Action for cleaning the beach and the adjacent forest from debris;
Educational work (distribution of booklets)
I found out that more waste is generated during weekends and holidays, when guests come to our village - mostly city residents. After conducting a study of landfills, I determined that paper, various plastic packaging, tin cans, and glassware are most often thrown away.
After studying the contents of the garbage left by vacationers, I realized that the amount of garbage can be reduced through the recycling of waste and the rational use of purchased goods. Recycling of waste is one of the promising and competent approaches to the exploitation of natural resources.
Having studied the literature, I found out the areas of application of waste for various industries.
For example, in Germany, 44% of all paper is produced from waste paper, in Japan - more than half.
In our country, wood shavings are used to produce chipboard, new toilet paper is prepared from waste paper, worn tires are raw materials for crumb rubber used in road construction. In Samara they make slate from plastic bottles.
Conclusion.
1. I compiled a questionnaire and conducted a sociological survey of students of the Novosharap school and village residents.
87 students of 5-10 cells took part in the interview. and 45 villagers. Analyzing the responses, I found that most of children and adults are unanimous in their opinion that the problem of household waste on the beach and in the forest is relevant for our village.
2. When answering the question about solving this problem, the following measures were proposed:
▪ install garbage containers (which was done on the territory adjacent to the recreation center);
▪ organize subbotniks to clean up the beach and adjacent forest area;
▪ recycle household waste
▪ Strengthen control by the Novosharapsky village council over the formation of unauthorized dumps;
3. A petition was sent to the administration to consider this problem. The decision on this issue will be taken at the session of deputies.
4. School students took part in the "Clean Beach" campaign, where two trucks of garbage were collected and taken out.
5. Students of our school from garbage, at the lessons, created devices with their own hands that can be used at home and at school, and also proposed options for the recycling of plastic bottles (in vegetable growing, floriculture, for recreation, for home, for animals, in stores).
6. Based on the results of the research, conversations were held with the students of the school and a memo was created on how to behave on the beach.
7. Among the younger schoolchildren, a drawing competition “Sketch of the most original and practical urn” was held, and the villagers worked to create a poster calling for the protection of nature.
8. Based on the research results, a booklet was published and distributed.
Conclusion: scientists believe that some effective way there is no fight against garbage, and cannot be in principle. Garbage should go where it will cause the least damage to people and nature. Therefore, it is necessary to reuse as much waste as possible, there is simply no other way out, otherwise garbage will destroy us.
Polygon "Yadrovo". Photo: Vsevolod Dmitriev
On March 22, Ekaterina Semenova, Ombudsman for Human Rights in the Moscow Region, said that the release of gas from the Yadrovo landfill did not cause any harm to the residents of Volokolamsk.
Rospotrebnadzor assures that no excess of the maximum permissible norms of toxic substances was found, and the complaints of sixty children who went to the hospital have nothing to do with the landfill.
Parents do not really believe in coincidence, and their distrust is understandable.
And on March 25, new information appears. Deputy Governor of the Moscow Region Alexander Chuprakov, at an operational meeting with the initiative group, reports that the environmental monitoring station recorded an excess of the gas norm by seven times.
However, after a few hours, this message disappeared from the media sites, and the official refuted himself: the recorded excess was short-lived and harmless - “it only begins to smell”.
“We promptly took measures to plug the gap. There was no average daily excess,” he said.
Such inconsistent reports of officials suggest not very cheerful.
However, let's digress from the specific situation in Volokolamsk and see what is in the medical literature on the topic of interest to us.
Difficult story
Research on how landfills affect the health of people living nearby has been ongoing since the seventies of the last century. Their results are inconsistent.
Although many scientific papers have established a link between pollutants emitted into the air by landfills and human health problems, there is a sufficient number of studies that do not find such a link.
Experts note that around the world, landfills are not located in the richest areas, and their inhabitants tend to eat less well and generally care less about their health than residents of areas that are more financially prosperous, and this can shift their health indicators for the worse.
Scientists reviewing the entire body of studies believe that the difference in results can be explained by another obvious reason: not all landfills are equal. They can differ significantly from each other in terms of the type and amount of waste, age, hydrogeological and meteorological conditions, as well as the activities carried out (or not carried out) to detoxify landfills, so the results obtained by researchers in one area cannot always be extrapolated to others. .
But even taking into account the circumstances listed above, the accumulated data is enough to cause serious concern about the problem of landfills.
In autumn 2015, a conference of 24 experts was held in Bonn (Germany) World Organization from 11 countries that published a report Waste and human health: Evidence and needs at its completion.
The authors of the report cite data obtained by researchers different countries. This is mainly about the long-term effect of exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and other harmful substances emitted from landfills on the health of nearby adults and their offspring.
A number of studies (for example, this work by British scientists) indicate an increased risk of having babies with organic defects in women living within a radius of 2 km from hazardous waste dumps. These are defects in the structure of the neural tube and abdominal wall, gastroschisis, embryonic hernia, low and very low birth weight.
As for women living near landfills, for them, these risks, based on the results of a British study, are not so obvious, but WHO experts believe that such a relationship cannot be completely excluded, especially since this meta-analysis of Italian scientists characterizes these the risks are very real.
In addition, the authors of the report report an increased risk of cancer (pancreas, larynx, liver, kidneys), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, noted in a number of studies, stipulating, however, that the data obtained need additional verification.
Also, living near the landfill can contribute to respiratory diseases, which is not at all surprising from the point of view of common sense.
Why are landfills dangerous?
They emit hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide. Hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen dioxide are strong irritants, their action can lead to inflammation and bronchospasm. Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride irritate the mucous membranes of the nose and upper respiratory tract, causing coughing and shortness of breath.
In addition, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has been recorded in the landfills evaporation of metals and other substances that are carcinogenic. These are cadmium, lead, formaldehyde, styrene.
Volatile organic compounds such as arsine (convertible in the human body to arsenic) and stibine are also extremely toxic, but they are usually degradation products of industrial rather than household waste.
Harmful substances from landfills get not only into the air, but also into drinking water, if its source is local. In this case, the residents of the area receive an additional toxic load.
New Italian study
The topic of the health of people living near landfills is very relevant for Italian scientists. In 2009-2011, they studied the risks in areas where waste dumps were poorly controlled by government agencies. In Campania, for example, they found a statistically significant increase in mortality compared with the population of areas far from the landfills, as well as more high risks cancer of the liver (in both sexes), stomach and lungs (in men).
In addition, among the birth defects in infants in these populations, anomalies of the urogenital tract significantly exceeded the average level.
The specifics of the organization of production on the territory of the metropolis requires the presence of a large number of repair and construction and related enterprises and organizations of the city's construction complex.
The resulting construction waste consist of heavy and light reinforced concrete, brick, stone materials, insulation, plaster, wood, cardboard, paper, polymeric materials, mortar, bitumen, asphalt, littered pound, etc. For example, in civilized countries such a thing as construction waste, no longer exists. There he is the raw material for useful and necessary products.
Waste management (including construction waste) is one of the main areas of environmental activity of an economic entity, as a factor actively influencing the environment. The following main types of waste are distinguished: industrial waste; construction waste; precipitation from stormwater treatment plants, waterworks and aeration stations; medical waste; biological waste; municipal solid waste (MSW).
Ordinary municipal solid waste of a large modern city contains more than 100 types of toxic compounds. Among them are dyes, pesticides, mercury and its compounds, solvents, lead and its salts, medicines, cadmium, arsenic compounds, formaldehyde, thallium salts, etc. A special place among solid wastes is occupied by plastics and synthetic materials, they are not subject to biological destruction processes. and can be in the environment for a long time (tens of years). When burning plastics and synthetic materials, numerous toxicants are released, including polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxins), fluorine compounds, cadmium, etc.
Industrial waste, like municipal solid waste, is diverse in terms of chemical composition. Particularly dangerous are wastes from the chemical and oil refining industries and biochemical industries that deal with highly toxic chemical elements and compounds, bacteria and viruses. Such chemical elements primarily include heavy metals, due to the fact that they are not subject to biochemical decomposition and easily penetrate into the human body and the food chain.
Liquid industrial effluents, which are characterized by high concentrations of many toxic substances, pose the greatest danger and can penetrate into the hydrographic network and groundwater, polluting them and negatively affecting the soil and vegetation cover. Oil products are one of the most common components of liquid waste.
No less dangerous are sewage and fecal effluents from industrial areas. Reducing the negative impact of such wastewater on the environment is an important problem for all urbanized areas. A particular danger in this case is associated with bacterial contamination of the habitat and the possibility of outbreaks of various epidemic diseases.
Given the unresolved many basic problems associated with the removal and disposal of all types of waste, it can be said with confidence that at present any metropolis is practically on the verge of biological and bacteriological poisoning with its own waste. And, first of all, any accident on treatment facilities, water and heat supply systems, systematic non-disposal of garbage or its disposal at landfills unsuitable for this lead to the spread of harmful bacteria, leading to a sharp increase in citizens affected by infectious diseases gastrointestinal tract associated with intestinal dysbacteriosis.
In the field of handling solid waste the influence of new political and ideological attitudes has caused radical changes in the last decade. In most European countries and North America Waste management includes a number of mandatory steps. These include: programs to reduce waste generation; widespread introduction of the recycling of waste fractions with consumer properties; use of appropriate waste fractions as raw materials for production processes; extraction and use of the energy potential of waste; disposal of waste residues that do not have any useful properties, at environmentally neutral landfills.
This scheme of waste management in different countries is determined by specific economic, raw materials, demographic and other conditions, depending on which adequate legislative acts are adopted, appropriate organizational and financial mechanisms are launched. In general, these steps are aimed at creating conditions that stimulate the introduction of priority waste treatment methods for a given country.
It should be noted that, as in all waste incineration plants in the world, there is an accumulation of hundreds of tons of toxic ash and thousands of tons of super-toxic dust. The problem of their processing in the world has not been solved. In this regard, the concentration of waste processing in certain areas of the city causes a negative reaction among the population and environmentally oriented organizations and creates additional social tension in the city.
With rare exceptions, suburban landfills produce an overwhelming psychological impression, poison the atmosphere and hydrosphere, destroy vegetation cover, and form an unfavorable living environment.
During storage, all wastes undergo changes caused by both internal physicochemical processes and the influence of external conditions, including colonies of endogenous, in some cases dangerous to human health, microorganisms. As a result, both new environmentally hazardous substances and new types of microorganisms can be formed, which pose a serious threat to the environment and the health of citizens. The biogenic impact makes the waste favorable for the reproduction of insects, birds, rodents, other mammals, and various microorganisms. At the same time, birds and insects are carriers of pathogenic bacteria and viruses over long distances.
The most dangerous is the leachate formed in the body of the landfill when the waste interacts with infiltrating precipitation. The filtrate contains numerous components of the decomposition of organic and mineral substances. As a result of numerous data, it has been established that the time for the release of the leachate, depending on the hydrogeological structure of the site, can vary from 1 (for sandy) to 25 (for clay pounds) years after waste disposal in landfills. The zones of active water exchange confined to the upper part of the section, and first of all groundwater, are especially prone to leachate contamination.
Until recently, in the organization of landfills, factors that take into account momentary interests played the main role, the principle of cost saving was dominant, in connection with this, many objects are located in worked-out quarries and other unused lands. Most of the objects are in a critical or potentially dangerous state.
As a rule, private landfills are not properly equipped; they do not comply with the rules for the operation of these facilities. Savings on holding environmental protection measures allow these commercial firms to reduce tariffs for waste accepted for disposal. Therefore, the financial losses of the official waste management system are very significant, which does not allow full work on the technical arrangement of existing landfills to ensure their complete environmental safety.
The main directions in the field of reducing production volumes and increasing the volume of waste disposal are as follows: increasing the efficiency of control over the formation, placement and disposal of waste; creation of a unified system for accounting for the movement, sorting, placement, disposal, processing of production and consumption waste for the city and region; improvement of the waste management incentive system, including the development of low-waste industries; improving the technology of collection and disposal of garbage and waste; increasing the capacity of the most efficient enterprises for the processing of secondary raw materials, waste processing plants, landfills, waste transfer and waste briquetting stations; increase in the number of well-equipped landfills, reconstruction, liquidation and their subsequent reclamation.
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