Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class
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People are the only inhabitants of the Earth who leave behind a huge amount of waste. The earth is littered with billions of tons of waste, the process of decomposition of which is very harmful environment.
In the West, this problem has long begun to worry environmentalists, and in the civilized countries of the world, separate waste collection has long been introduced.
For improper sorting, or throwing garbage on the sidewalks and in the entrances, people are fined.
Even in developed countries this system took root for a long time. But now most people cannot even imagine that household waste can be simply, without sorting, thrown into a container or to an unauthorized dump, which the ravines and forests of Russia are “famous for”.
Most people do not even think about how many years garbage decomposes, and what irreparable harm it causes to nature. But the terms of waste decomposition reach thousands and millions of years.
By throwing unsorted garbage into a landfill, a person solves his local problem: there is no more garbage in the house. On a human scale, this is turning into a serious threat to the environment.
Construction Materials
After construction and overhaul garbage remains in huge quantities, and few care about its disposal. To find out the decomposition time of construction waste in nature, just look at abandoned houses that have not yet been demolished.
Concrete, bricks, metal parts, glass and even boards - all these types of waste decompose. long time.
Brick and concrete
The decomposition period of brick and concrete waste is over a hundred years. This is a slow and long process in which brick and concrete gradually crumble into crumbs.
iron fittings
Iron fittings, as well as screws, bolts, nails, and other building details, will rust and begin to crumble no earlier than in thirteen years.
Boards
If stored improperly, boards can rot for decades. A lot of insects and pests start up in rotten boards, which speed up the decomposition time, but they are not limited to wood waste and move to residential buildings.
paper waste
Paper decomposition takes a relatively short amount of time. However, clean paper products are rarely considered trash.
Most often, paper waste with typographic printing is thrown away. The paint contains toxic substances that, if released into the ground, harm the environment.
Many people know that paper is made from trees. But few remember that by throwing paper waste into a landfill, and not sending it for recycling, they are directly involved in the deforestation necessary to preserve the ecosystem.
Newspapers, magazines, printing products
The decomposition time of thin newsprint lasts from one month to three or four. Thicker magazine paper takes much longer to decompose, a process that can take up to several years.
Cardboard products
Cardboard packaging from under household appliances, milk, juice and other food cartons and many other cardboard waste take three to four months to decompose.
Paper
The simplest paper for printers will take from two years to decompose.
household waste
Household garbage appears every day in gigantic quantities in all residential buildings and enterprises. Most types of this garbage decompose for a very long time, and the components contained in it greatly pollute the environment.
old shoes
The decay time of old shoes that have turned into garbage is affected by what material they are made of. On average, it takes ten years for one pair of boots to completely decompose.
Plastic bottles, bags, other plastic products
Plastic itself is a dangerous toxic product.
Without recycling, this garbage will decompose for more than two hundred years, while polluting the soil, water and creating a fire hazard.
aluminum cans
The decomposition period of aluminum cans is more than five hundred years. On the this moment This type of waste occupies a leading position on the planet.
Aluminum cans are toxic, and the oxidation that accompanies the decomposition process releases harmful substances.
canned food jars
Cans of stew, condensed milk, sprats and other metal waste from food in natural conditions decomposes from ten to fifty years.
Glass
Glass containers are very easily processed into other glass products, because it is based on environmentally friendly material - sand.
According to some reports, glass waste, lying in landfills by the ton, takes a million years to completely decompose. Other studies claim that glass cannot decompose at all in natural conditions.
clothing
Natural cotton clothing will take the least time to decompose. Garbage made of thin cotton fabric in hot weather will rot in a week.
Woolen things also cannot be called garbage, in the full sense of the word, since the decomposition process lasts about a year, while useful fines get into the soil.
The garbage that unnecessary things from synthetics become is much more dangerous. It can take years to decompose, creating a toxic and flammable environment.
Food waste will decompose for about a month, while exuding a very pungent odor. Throwing food waste not in landfills, but in natural areas ah, humans pose a serious threat to animals, as spoiled and chemically processed foods can cause serious poisoning in wild animals and lead to fatal consequences.
Foil
Chocolate wrappers, chicken wrappers, meat wrappers and other food wrappers will take over a hundred years to decompose.
Although the foil is very thin, it is very strongly compressed, which makes it much more difficult for the debris to decompose.
Other types of garbage
There are a lot of different types of garbage that people produce. It is almost impossible to list the decomposition time of all of them.
Among them, there are especially dangerous types of waste that require disposal, which are found daily on the streets of Russian cities and ordinary landfills.
car batteries
Used car batteries will take over 100 years to decompose. And although it is much more profitable to hand over this type of garbage for recycling, having received about five hundred rubles for this, people prefer to simply throw it away.
Lithium batteries
The decomposition time of one battery is more than a hundred years. The greatest harm to the environment is caused not by the long decay time itself, but by those substances that the battery releases during the oxidation process.
They are so bad for the environment that many charities are suggesting that people store these batteries at home so they can pick them up from their apartment in bulk.
Also, many electronics stores offer to return batteries at points of sale to reduce the negative human impact on the environment.
Tires
Rubber is another type of waste that will take at least a hundred years to decompose. When replacing tires at repair points, drivers usually leave the old tires in the same place, and the owners of car services take them in for recycling.
natural trash
Not only does man harm the environment, but the environment also harms man.
Litter of animals
The process of decomposition of animal waste products is fast: from ten to fifteen days. However, in major cities streets and parks for dog walking are becoming a tangible problem.
In addition, the feces of animals may contain harmful substances that cause various diseases, including in humans.
Another reason for the frequent pollution of cities with dishonest utilities is the leaves, branches and seeds of trees, which can take up to four months to decompose.
It is clean not where they clean, but where they do not litter.
If every citizen of Russia takes responsibility for sorting and sending for processing their own waste, then the problem of global pollution of urban, natural areas, as well as illegal dumps will disappear with time.
Have you ever wondered how quickly the environment will turn a plastic bottle, an old tire or a banana peel into ashes? The problem of household waste disposal is not limited to the fact that unscrupulous people throw garbage in unspecified places, including during outdoor recreation. Those household waste, which are collected centrally and sent to landfills without sorting, cause no less harm to the planet.
It will take more than one hundred years before the mountains of garbage sprinkled with soil cease to pose a danger to the environment. We offer to see how long it will take for the resulting garbage to become part of nature.
Food waste
This category includes the most rapidly decomposing waste. Food residues rot under the influence of microorganisms within 1 month. The exception is orange peel: it takes the environment much longer to process it - from 4 to 6 months.
Paper and printed matter
Ordinary paper and cardboard decompose in 1-2 months, but books or printed materials can take up to two years. The process of processing beautiful glossy magazines lasts the longest: nature will spend about 5 years to destroy them.
Clothing and footwear
The remains of clothes made of cotton, linen, bamboo fiber or viscose are completely recycled under the influence of moisture and microorganisms in 3 years. At the same time, wool products are less stable, and it will take no more than 1 year for them to decompose. But in order to recycle clothes made of synthetic materials and old shoes, it takes about 50 years.
Wood and boards
Wood thrown into a landfill decomposes in about 3-10 years, but wood products covered with paints and varnishes can rot for up to 13 years.
Chewing gum
Chewing gum thrown on the ground will disappear only after 30 years. Moreover, only territories with a warm tropical climate, where decomposition processes last, fit into this optimistic period. all year round.
Used batteries
Batteries and accumulators for household appliances decompose in nature for about 100 years.
Plastic bags
How quickly they entered our everyday life making it more comfortable and lighter. Meanwhile, the period of decomposition of a plastic bag cannot be compared with its short service life: it will take from 30 to 200 years.
Plastic bottles
Another scourge of modern civilization. the main problem plastic recycling lies in the fact that it is several times cheaper to produce a new batch of bottles than to recycle them. But plastic bottles decompose from 450 to 1000 years, depending on the climate and the composition of the plastic.
aluminum cans
Aluminum is a cheap and available material, which is also used in the manufacture of disposable beverage containers. Unfortunately, aluminum cans will remain a part of the environment for a long time: it will take 80 to 500 years for them to disappear.
iron cans
It takes about 10 years for used cans to decompose completely.
rubber tires
Waste tires are an integral part of the life of any motorist. It takes nature up to 100 years to recycle this type of waste.
Sponges for dishes
This handy household item is in every home. But we pay too high a price for convenience: foam rubber sponges decompose for about 200 years.
Glass
Despite the fact that glass items are made from natural material, the period of its decomposition in nature can exceed 1000 years. At the same time, experts believe that the glass does not completely decompose.
Details Published: 01/29/2016 09:08The decomposition of plastic has become one of the most pressing problems of our time, as a very real danger looms over the planet to completely “drown” in the mountains. plastic bottles and plastic bags.
In the Pacific Ocean, not far from Indonesia, a whole continent of plastic bottles and other waste has already formed, exceeding the size of the largest island - Greenland. And the production of plastic products and plastic containers is growing and growing - only over the past 10 years in Russia, the volume of its production has increased 10 times.
Classification of additives that accelerate the decomposition of plastic
- Oxo-additives speed up the crushing of bags into small pieces, which no longer harm animals so much. All toxic properties are preserved, and the complete decomposition of these small pieces is not accelerated.
- Additives that accelerate the breakdown of polymer molecular chains under the influence of sunlight, certain air temperature, moisture and other activating factors. The term of decomposition of polyethylene with such additives is accelerated up to 5 years.
- Additives that cause the release of carbon and hydrogen molecules from plastic, which are already freely absorbed by bacteria and fungi.
- Finally, a biopolymer is a plastic made from plant waste, such as corn stalks. It is the most harmless and rapidly degradable polymer option available today.
How long do different types of plastic decompose without additives?
The decomposition of plastic proceeds at different rates depending on its composition. Plastic bags decompose the fastest - about 100 years in the soil. Products made of polypropylene and other types of food and non-food plastics decompose much longer. The period of their complete decomposition in the soil is at least 500 years. For comparison - the period of decomposition of aluminum canisters is 500 years, cans - 100 years, bones - from 10 years. The decomposition time of plastic in water increases many times over and is not even known exactly. Plastic bags floating in the water cause mass death of fish and birds. But that is not all. During the decomposition of plastic, toxic substances are released into the environment that poison the soil and water (styrene, formaldehyde, phenol, chlorprene, urethane, etc.).
What other options are offered to solve the problem?
- Cessation of the production of food plastic containers and plastic bags following the example of China and India.
- Further development of so-called biopolymers, i.e. plastics that decompose quickly in natural conditions without releasing toxic substances.
- Changing the composition of household polymers to reversible ones (those that can be remelted many times).
- breeding special kind bacteria that will process and neutralize plastic residues in special storage facilities. It is supposed to remove such bacteria by the method of genetic modification.
On the Internet you can find a lot of information about the timing of decomposition different types waste, however, as a rule, the official source of information is not indicated and some figures are questionable. The Epoch Times analyzed several specialized sources on English language to clarify the time during which the garbage decomposes. The publication presents infographics for a more visual perception.
According to environmental policy expert Tatyana Tevkun, official landfills alone occupy about 7% of Ukraine's territory. At the same time, the accumulation of waste increases by 5-7% annually.
Although individual residents of the city may take waste to specialized collection points marked on “ Epoch Times”, however, the issue has not been resolved at the state level, and most of population continues to throw all the waste in one box.
Let's see how many years the waste that ends up in the landfill will decompose.
The website of the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services has published a list that gives an idea of the approximate decomposition time of some things that get into the trash.
At the same time, the period of decomposition of plastic bags given in this table is questionable. In many Ukrainian sources, the period of their decomposition is 100-200 years. Some sources give a figure of 500 or even 1000 years. However, it is impossible to establish an exact figure for the reason that plastic bags have been used for a little over 50 years, and scientists determine the decomposition period only experimentally.
At the same time, environmentalists say that even biodegradable bags may never fully decompose. This is due to the fact that when they decompose to the smallest particles, microorganisms do not want to process them. Thus, microparticles of plastic will continue to exist in an unprocessed form, although they are not visible to the naked eye. The influence of these particles on nature has yet to be studied by scientists.
We also invite you to get acquainted with the data from another Western source dedicated to the recycling of waste -.
The site publishes the average value of the terms of decomposition of various wastes in landfills, taken from Western sources of information.
It takes more than a million years for glass and ceramics to turn into smaller things under the influence of water, but in the earth they can last indefinitely.
The decomposition period of paper is not very long, but lead dyes with effluents enter water bodies, making water unsuitable for drinking, poisoning the soil and everything that grows on it.
Of course, not everything that we throw away is harmful to the environment, organic waste is even useful, as it fertilizes the earth. The decomposition time of organic waste is minimal, but, accumulating in urban landfills, they emit an unpleasant odor and attract insects and rodents that spread various infectious diseases. At the same time, the methane gas emitted by landfill organic waste is believed to contribute to global warming.
Some of the most hazardous waste is batteries and energy-saving lamps containing mercury. One battery is considered to pollute 20 square meters or 400 liters of water.
Much of what we throw in the landfill can get a second life. Sorting garbage that has already ended up in a landfill is a rather complicated and costly task, the only way out is to separate human waste at the level of each family.
When you accidentally drop a ketchup bottle on the floor, you mentally thank the manufacturer for the plastic packaging. Most containers, cups and bottles are made using polyethylene terephthalate, or PET. This is a material that is practically indestructible.
But when it comes time to throw the same bottle in the landfill, you will probably have other thoughts. Now the feeling of gratitude to the producers is replaced by shame for their behavior. We regularly buy plastic packaging and then throw it away. However, petroleum-based materials (such as PET) do not biodegrade.
What is biodegradation?
Relatively quickly, wood, herbs, and food waste completely decompose in the soil. Biodegradation is the name of a process that destroys complex substances as a result of the activity of living organisms (for example, earthworms or bacteria). In practice, microorganisms transform organic materials (paper, cardboard, weeds, vegetable and fruit residues) into other useful compounds suitable for increasing soil fertility. 
Ecology in danger
However, neither bacteria nor worms will want to deal with plastic. You can experiment in a garden compost pit. On one side, load organic materials for these little gluttons, and on the other side, fill them with plastic bags and bottles. Be sure to water well and then cover with soil. When checking the condition of the compost pit during the summer, you will find crumbly humus on one side. On the other hand, your "gifts" will remain intact. The decomposition of plastic at best will occur in 200 years. 
Discovery by Daniel Byrd
Of course, this is not the end of the story. Behind last years several outstanding discoveries have been recorded in scientific circles. So, for example, Daniel Bird, a student at the University of Waterloo, proved that certain types of bacteria can destroy plastic. His research won the top prize at the Canada-wide Science Fair, earning the young scientist $10,000 in cash and $20,000 in incentive scholarships.
Photoaging process
And while other researchers replicate Byrd's experiment and wait for results, let's look for other possible methods of plastic degradation. The only real way to degrade this material is through photoaging, which requires a lot of sunlight, not bacteria. When UV rays penetrate plastic, they break the bonds that hold this long polymer chain together. It will take a long time, but someday a large piece of plastic will fall apart into many small elements. 
Finding a solution to the problem
Garbage dumps are filled with polyethylene terephthalate products, but most of them are safely hidden from sunlight. There is an alternative option for trying to decompose plastic, which is unlikely to please environmentalists. The world's oceans absorb tons of waste, and water contributes to the penetration of ultraviolet rays to the very depths. Researchers from Nihon University (Japan) in 2007 came to the conclusion that plastic, immersed in warm ocean water, begins to lose its structure after a year. 
The oceans are like a garbage dump
You will not notice anything reprehensible in this until you think about marine life. These microscopic bits of decomposing plastic hide toxic substances. When these toxins enter the intestines of animals, they can kill marine life. Well, the tides throw decaying pieces of plastic onto the sea beaches. Vacationers think that they are going to the sea for recovery, but they receive a blow to their health. 
How can this problem be solved?
One way to prevent a biological disaster is to use biodegradable plastic. Food packaging is currently being developed from corn and polylactic acid, which breaks down into carbon dioxide and water over a period of 50 to 90 days.
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