Where is garbage recycled? Waste disposal and recycling

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class

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Looking at almost any non-hazardous waste, you can see the secondary raw materials for the production of new products. The task of mankind is to get the maximum benefit from the waste residue. The resources of the planet are limited and are not being replenished at the rate that humanity is wasting them. Some types of resources are generally non-renewable, so they need to be saved. But this is not the only reason why waste materials are recycled.

In order to avoid littering the territories with garbage, it must be recycled. In addition, further processing of secondary raw materials will solve the problem of garbage pollution: air, soil, ground and surface water and the spread of infection in the environment.

Kinds

One of the main goals of waste recycling is to improve the environmental situation. AT modern time the market for waste disposal and recycling is underdeveloped. This is caused not by the lack of recycling technologies, but by the low profitability of this activity, and therefore, it becomes simply unprofitable to process secondary waste.

However, the use household waste becomes a good basis for the production of recyclable materials, which can be recycled, sorted by type using the recycling symbol. The use of secondary raw materials, including household waste, allows the manufacture of many products, such as paper products, glass containers, various metal and plastic products.

Valuable waste components are:

Ferrous and non-ferrous scrap metal
Plastics: PET, HDPE, PVD, PVC
Glass containers and cullet
Waste paper: paper, cardboard, newspapers and textiles
Rubber
Wood
Electronics: boards, batteries, wire, mercury lamps
Petroleum products, asphalt, bitumen, oils

During the recycling process, waste is various materials, in particular - these are building materials, organic fertilizers, thermal energy.

Metal

When recycling waste, an appropriate technology is used for each type of waste. Mixed household waste is separated using various types of separation. For example, metal waste is separated using magnetic separation, and then pressed, packaged and sent to foundries for subsequent remelting.

Recycling scrap metal contributes to significant savings natural resources and environmental protection.

Glass

Glass waste is processed into technical glass, which is subsequently used in construction. The glass recycling process includes the following steps:

Sorting of glass waste according to the sign of recycling when using separation equipment.
Cleaning followed by drying
Grinding
Preparation of raw materials and heating using special equipment.

Recycling of production waste in the form of glass has significant advantages. For example, this process qualitatively affects the unloading of landfills for garbage collection, saving raw materials and energy for glass production.

waste paper

As well as recycling other types of recyclables, paper recycling contributes to the reduction of environmental pollution. In the production of paper environment highly toxic substances are released, and fewer chemical hazards are used when using recycled paper. In addition, when recycling paper waste, part of the wood resources is saved.

As for the process of recycling paper waste, consider the main stages:

After harvesting, the raw materials are first sorted according to special sign processing.
Next, the waste paper mass is obtained and cleaned.
In the future, if necessary, the mass is subjected to discoloration and sent to the production of paper.

The new paper is produced using processed secondary and virgin raw materials. In Russia, most of the waste paper is among household waste, which makes it inaccessible for further use. In this case, it is necessary to stop the simultaneous collection of construction, paper and household waste. Separate waste collection is the best way out of the critical environmental situation in the Russian Federation.

Polymers

Reuse of polymer waste is quite difficult due to the degree of its contamination and the inconsistency of secondary polymers with the quality of the feedstock. This type of activity is very costly and less profitable than the production of polymer raw materials from the latest materials.

However, the recycling of recycled polymers is beneficial for their further use in the production of various concrete products and wood-polymer boards. It is produced only if cleaning and sorting is not particularly important for the production of polymer products.

Recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which has been used in the production of beverage bottles, is used to make an insulating polyester fiber filler for jackets.

After recycling, it is made from:

Carpets
Containers
pallets
Trays for non-food products
door panels
Grilles and bumpers for cars

The cost of recycled polymer is much lower than the original, which attracts large suppliers, so the reprocessing of raw materials can be quite profitable for a recycling plant.

Wood

Wood and waste paper are in great demand in the construction and pulp and paper industries, and their recycling will allow enterprises to significantly save on production costs. In addition, the recycling of waste will save the life of many trees and will have a beneficial effect on the environment.

Rubber

Recycling used car tires and rubber will clean up large areas of landfills from this type of waste, avoid the release of harmful carcinogens into the atmosphere that are formed during combustion, and eliminate the risk of spreading infection.

Rubber and car tires are usually crushed into crumbs in specialized factories, after which they are used in many industries. Recycled rubber is subsequently used to produce new car tires and rubber shoes. Recycled rubber is also widely used in construction.

Oil products

Today, modern technologies are used for processing oil waste. As a result of this process, for example, engine oil is obtained. This allows you to significantly reduce the amount of emissions of harmful vapors into the atmosphere, reduce soil and water pollution. Collectively, endanger the environment to a lesser extent.

Electronics

Various chemical elements, including precious metals, can be obtained from electronic waste. When recycling used electronic circuit boards, you can get gold, silver, palladium, as well as nickel, iron, copper, glass and polymers. The sorted metal is then sent to the melting furnace, the rest of the waste is pyrolyzed.

Mercury

Recycling mercury lamps largely eliminates the environmental threat of mercury pollution. Mercury from these products is neutralized using the method of demercurization.

When recycling recyclables, a sorbent is formed, from which eco-friendly paving slabs are then made. Glass bulbs of used mercury lamps are subsequently used in the manufacture of new lamps. Some aluminum and phosphor are also formed.

Recycling sign

Each type of raw material has a recycling sign, this sign indicates what material the product is made of, to simplify future sorting. According to the recommendations of the developers, the signs applied to the packaging should be large enough. The sign was first invented in 1988 for identification. Raw materials to be marked: paper, plastic, metal, glass.

Outcome

Currently, household waste has found application not only as a secondary raw material for the production of new products. They are also used for aesthetic purposes.

Various exhibitions are periodically opened around the world, competitions are held for the manufacture of all kinds of objects, sculptures, interior items from household waste. People started using garbage (cans, bottles, old video cassettes, pipes and more) to make them. Such events aim to draw the attention of the whole world to the problem of disposal and processing of all types of waste.

Primary production and secondary processing of waste subsequently allows to solve many urgent problems. environmental issues and make a huge contribution to caring for the environment. This type of economic activity should definitely acquire a rapid development, as the amount of garbage in landfills is steadily growing.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class

We work with all regions of Russia. Valid license. Full set of closing documents. Individual approach to the client and flexible pricing policy.

Using this form, you can leave a request for the provision of services, request a commercial offer or get a free consultation from our specialists.

Waste management is serious problem which affects not only Russia. Garbage can be useful, one that can be reused, but we rarely think about the fact that the thing we throw away can find a second life. In fact, thanks to waste recycling plants, this is happening, and we are surrounded by Everyday life things that were once the same garbage.

Garbage that can be reused:

Waste paper: various types of paper and cardboard.
Glass bottles and cullet.
aluminum cans.
Textiles and worn clothes.
Different types of plastic, each container has a recycling sign, thanks to which you can find out what material it is made of.

Even food waste can be processed into compost for the production of fertilizers for suburban areas.

The problem of disposal and recycling

Until recently, all over the world, the elimination of household waste was carried out in two ways:

burning in special furnaces or open landfills
burial in burial grounds

With the first option, additional air pollution occurs with combustion products, and with the second option, groundwater pollution, subsidence of the soil, as well as intensive formation of methane gas that can explode at the slightest spark. Thus, landfill fires are a very common event.

Attempts to radically solve the problems of household waste disposal are already being undertaken in Japan, as well as in Western countries with a highly developed industry. They practice high-tech sorting lines at factories and introduce separate collection in different containers. For example, in Sweden, the Netherlands and Belgium the recycling rate is already over 60%. In Russia, the solution to the recycling problem looks completely different, for the worse.

The main methods of disposal of household waste

Disposal of household waste occurs according to various methods. There are several ways to dispose of MSW. Different methods of household waste disposal are suitable for different types of waste and different volumes.

Currently, the following methods are actively used:

Waste disposal. This method remains the most popular. Garbage is taken to landfills, where it is sorted (if this has not been done before). Modern landfills for solid waste storage are equipped with special water and air purification systems to avoid environmental pollution. The main problem of MSW disposal at landfills is the accelerated accumulation of waste.
Composting. This method is based on the biodegradation of certain materials. Suitable for processing any non-hazardous waste of biological origin. Virtually no harm to the environment. Despite the many advantages, composting has not become widespread in Russia.
Thermal processing. It is considered the most promising method. Allows you to get recyclables, also subject to subsequent disposal. The main difficulty is related to the need for initial investment.
Plasma processing. A modern high-tech method that allows you to get gas during the processing of solid waste with a sufficient amount of an organic component.

The world practice of recycling consists in a combination of all the above methods, depending on the type of waste and the industrial and processing capabilities of the country.

The level of waste disposal in Russia

In Russia, the problem of waste disposal is quite acute. And we are talking primarily about household waste, since industrial waste must be disposed of in the manner prescribed by law and their destruction is controlled. People do not even think that the amount of garbage thrown out reaches 400 kilograms per person per year, according to the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources. In the future, this waste is transported to a landfill, and in rare cases to a waste processing plant that sorts and recycles.

Waste disposal in Russia is a very acute problem, the solution of which is possible only with the right approach to it. According to statistics, 40% of all garbage is a valuable recyclable material that can be recycled into a further product. Unfortunately, only 7-8% of all waste goes to factories, the rest is taken to landfills, then buried or burned.

There are no plants in Russia that would carry out the entire cycle of waste processing, from collection, sorting and ending with the final product. Waste collection and recycling is a very profitable business, today the demand for recyclables is very high. It is also a business with a low level of risk, the tariffs for the disposal of solid waste are very stable and only grow every year.

Methods of waste processing in Russia are very scarce, they consist in pressing and stacking waste at landfills for solid waste. This is the cheapest way. In Europe, due to high environmental requirements, the disposal of solid waste in landfills is the most unprofitable and expensive way of waste disposal.

Unfortunately, waste disposal in Russia is not yet developed, as in Europe, environmental requirements are simpler here, as well as control over compliance with these requirements. The development of the industry is impossible without the involvement of public and private funds. Changes in legislation could have a positive effect on changing this situation.

Ways to solve the problem

An obstacle in solving such an issue as recycling is the mentality of our people. The ongoing experiments on the introduction of a separate waste collection system failed with a crash. This system of separate collection must be systematically practiced for years in order to obtain certain positive results.

Even the establishment of fines for violations did not give the desired effect, since it is impossible to track all the offenders. The solution to this situation can be the recycling of waste. To do this, it is necessary to improve the collection and sorting of waste, as well as to encourage the creation of organizations that start this growing business option.

Part of household, organic waste is recycled by composting. They subsequently serve as fertilizer or a source of energy. When incinerating waste, it is necessary to use special equipment that will act as a filter and control air pollution. In Russia, thermal points are being opened that will provide energy from waste.

The main factor in achieving a 100% level of waste disposal is the creation of a market for processed products. To do this, it is necessary to overcome the psychological factor, a person must learn to use and buy items that were created by recycling from waste.

This problem is becoming more and more serious and threatening every year. environmental situation. Billions of tons of various waste are generated annually, the main part of which is household waste.

Types of household waste

The main types of household waste are food waste, various packaging made from cardboard and paper, plastic, metal cans and glass. In the past, there was no such variety of packaging, so there was much less waste. The problem is that many materials that end up in waste do not decompose at all, or this process continues for tens or even hundreds of years. In addition, the decomposition process significantly pollutes the environment, which negatively affects all living things. the best way get rid of this negative impact is the disposal of household waste. This requires organizing waste sorting.

How to sort garbage at home?

If your management company has taken care of the problem associated with the removal and disposal of waste and has placed containers in front of the house for separate collection of glass, food waste, paper, plastic and metal cans, you will have to sort the waste at home. How to do it? Collect waste separately by type and dispose of it in designated containers. This will make the recycling process much easier. Purchase self-degrading plastic bags for this.

How to properly dispose of garbage

Waste disposal is legally shifted to the shoulders of the authorities. The most common way is to take waste to landfills (landfills). This is where it usually ends. It is not even worth talking about the dangers of this method. The next way is incineration. The damage from it is also significant. When burning plastic, specially processed packaging cardboard releases so many harmful substances into the air that soon all forest plantations will not be able to cope with them. The most acceptable way is recycling with further use of materials. But how many settlements can be named where this is organized?

The editors of the site call for a responsible attitude to the environment and to pay more attention to the materials from which popular consumer products are made.
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Proper disposal of waste is a huge step towards improving the environment.

There is more than one way to recycle waste.

The main task of each of the methods is to complete the task, preventing the spread of harmful bacteria and microorganisms. At the same time, it is necessary to minimize the harmful substances released during the disposal itself.

Consider the options for the destruction of waste and evaluate how effective each of them is.

Waste disposal at landfills

Landfills serve for the collection and processing of waste in a natural way. Many of them practice a very simple and understandable disposal system: as soon as a certain amount of garbage is collected, it is buried. Not only is this method outdated, it is a ticking time bomb, because there are materials that do not decompose for decades.

Those few landfills that have workshops at their disposal work as follows: arriving cars are registered at the checkpoint. The volume of the body is also measured there to determine the cost of disposal; the level of radiation is measured. If it exceeds the allowable limits, the car is not allowed to pass.

From the checkpoint, the car goes to the waste sorting shop. Sorting takes place manually: the machine feeds the garbage onto the conveyor belt, and the workers select bottles, paper, etc. from there. The sorted materials are put into containers without a bottom, from which the garbage immediately enters the cage and under the press. When the process is completed, the remaining waste (not included in any of the categories) is also compressed and taken directly to the landfill. Since long-decomposing materials are sorted out, the remaining garbage can be covered with earth.

Plastic bottles, cardboard and some other waste are bought by enterprises for production. For example, from plastic bottles and containers are made nets for vegetables, from glass bottles and fragments - new products, from cardboard - toilet paper.

Materials accepted at landfills:

Household waste from residential buildings, institutions, enterprises engaged in the trade of industrial and food products.
Waste from construction organizations that can be equated to municipal solid waste.
Industrial waste of the 4th hazard class can be accepted if their amount does not exceed one third of the accepted waste.

Waste, the import of which is prohibited to the landfill:

Construction garbage Hazard class 4, which contains asbestos, ash, slag.
Industrial waste 1, 2, 3 hazard class.
radioactive waste.
Landfills are arranged according to strict sanitary standards and only in those areas where the risk of human infection with bacteria through air or water is minimized. The occupied area is designed for approximately 20 years.

Composting

This processing method is familiar to gardeners who use decayed organic materials to fertilize plants. Waste composting is a disposal method based on the natural decomposition of organic materials.

Today, a method is known for composting even an unsorted stream of household waste.

It is quite possible to get compost from garbage, which could later be used in agriculture. Many factories were built in the USSR, but they stopped functioning due to the large amount of heavy metals in the garbage.

Today, composting technologies in Russia are reduced to the fermentation of unsorted waste in bioreactors.

The resulting product cannot be used in agriculture, so it finds application right there, in landfills - they are covered with waste.

This disposal method is considered effective provided that the plant is equipped with high-tech equipment. Metals, batteries, and plastics are first removed from the waste.

Advantages of incineration:

less unpleasant odors;
the number of harmful bacteria, emissions decreases;
the resulting mass does not attract rodents and birds;
it is possible to obtain energy (thermal and electrical) during combustion.

Disadvantages:

expensive construction and operation of waste incineration plants;
construction takes at least 5 years;
when waste is burned, harmful substances enter the atmosphere;
incineration ash is toxic and cannot be stored in conventional landfills. This requires special storage.

Due to the lack of city budgets, inconsistency with waste processing companies and for other reasons, the production of waste incineration plants has not yet been established in Russia.

Pyrolysis, its types and advantages

Pyrolysis is the burning of garbage in special chambers that prevent the access of oxygen.. There are two kinds:

High temperature - combustion temperature in the furnace over 900°C.
Low temperature - from 450 to 900°C.

When comparing conventional incineration as a waste disposal method and low-temperature pyrolysis, the following advantages of the second method can be distinguished:

obtaining pyrolysis oils, which are subsequently used in the production of plastics;
the release of pyrolysis gas, which is obtained in sufficient quantities to ensure the production of energy carriers;
the minimum amount of harmful substances is released;
pyrolysis plants process almost all types of household waste, but the waste must first be sorted.

High-temperature pyrolysis, in turn, has advantages over low-temperature pyrolysis:

no need to sort waste;
the mass of the ash residue is much less, and it can be used for industrial and construction purposes;
at a combustion temperature above 900 ° C, hazardous substances decompose without getting into the environment;
the resulting pyrolysis oils do not require purification, as they have a sufficient degree of purity.

Each of the waste recycling methods has advantages, but everything depends on the cost of installations: the more efficient and profitable the disposal method, the more expensive its installation and the longer the payback period. Despite these shortcomings, the state is striving to implement projects for efficient and safe waste processing, realizing that these technologies are the future.

The environment has always been a source of resources for mankind, but for a long time its vital activity did not have a noticeable impact on nature. Only since the end of the last century, under the influence of economic activity, noticeable changes in the Earth's biosphere began to occur. They have now reached alarming proportions.

Scale of the problem

The rapid growth of population and the level of consumption of natural resources, the current pace of material production lead to thoughtless treatment of nature. With such an attitude, a huge part of the resources taken from nature is returned to it in the form of waste, harmful and unsuitable for further use.

Scientists have calculated that 5 tons of garbage are generated daily in the world, while its amount increases annually by 3% in volume. The accumulation of domestic waste on the surface harms the environment, polluting water, soil and atmosphere and threatens the possibility of the existence of all life on the planet in general. Therefore, one of the important issues around the world is the disposal of household waste.

Classification of household waste

Household waste can be classified according to several criteria.

So, according to the composition, household waste is conditionally divided into biological residues and non-biological waste (garbage).

rats;
cockroaches.

Cockroaches can be a peddler different kind diseases

Non-biological waste includes:

paper;
plastic;
metal;
textile;
glass;
rubber.

The process of decomposition of these wastes can last about 2–3 years and in most cases is accompanied by the release of toxic substances that harm the environment and humans.

According to the state of aggregation, waste is divided into:

hard;
liquid;
gaseous;
pastes;
gels;
suspensions;
emulsions.

By origin, waste is divided into:

Industrial - a type of household waste obtained as a result of production.
Construction - are formed during construction and installation work, the production of work on the repair of roads, buildings, as well as during their demolition.
radioactive waste.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in the residential sector, trade enterprises, educational, health and social facilities.

These are goods that have lost their consumer properties over time and turned into garbage, and also include road and yard garbage as MSW.

The most significant part of household waste is MSW. For each type of waste, there are special ways to dispose of waste.

Waste recycling

The process of disposal of solid waste occurs in several stages:

collection;
transportation;
accommodation;
neutralization;
burial;
storage;
processing;
disposal.

First of all, the process of getting rid of garbage involves its careful sorting. The task of pre-sorting waste and their disposal is greatly facilitated by the separate collection of waste, promoted in most European countries.

Methods for the destruction of municipal solid waste

There are various options for its destruction. So, the main way to dispose of solid waste is burial at special sites (landfills).

At landfills, the destruction of irretrievable waste takes place - the processing of household waste, as a result of which they almost completely cease to exist as waste. The disposal method is not suitable for all types of MSW, but only for non-combustible waste or for substances that emit toxic substances during combustion.

The advantage of this method is that it does not require significant financial costs and the availability of large plots of land. But there are also disadvantages in the application of this method - this is the accumulation of gas during underground decay of waste.

Briquetting is a new, yet not very widely used in practice, way of getting rid of solid waste. It includes preliminary sorting and packaging of homogeneous waste into separate briquettes, and then their storage at specially designated areas (landfills).

Briquetting of waste makes it possible to significantly save space

The garbage packed in this way is pressed, which greatly facilitates its transportation due to a significant reduction in volume.

Briquetted waste is intended for further processing and possible use for industrial purposes. Along with such a method as the processing of municipal solid waste, when briquetting, they can be transported for disposal or disposal by thermal treatment.

In fact, this method is similar to the burial method, but in practice it has a number of advantages over it. The disadvantages of the method are that the heterogeneity of the emitted waste and the preliminary severe contamination in the garbage containers and the change in some components of the waste creates a great difficulty in briquetting.

And the high abrasiveness of components such as stone, sand and glass interfere with the pressing process.

Since these methods of recycling have a number of disadvantages, despite their cheapness, the best option would be to completely get rid of garbage during its processing into recyclable materials and fuel, and also its possible reuse.

A new way to dispose of waste

Garbage disposal

When recycling garbage (the Latin root utilis is useful), the waste can later be used for various purposes.

Waste to be disposed of includes:

all types of metals;
glass;
polymers;
yarn and fabric products;
paper;
rubber;
organic household and agricultural waste.

The most efficient method of disposal today is recycling.

In other words, recycling is a special case of the concept of "utilization of municipal solid waste".

During recycling, waste is returned to the process of technogenesis. There are two options for recycling waste:

Reuse of waste for its intended purpose after appropriate safe handling and markings. For example, reuse of glass and plastic containers.
Return of waste after processing to the production cycle. For example, tin containers - in the production of steel, waste paper - in the production of paper and cardboard.

Some types of waste that can no longer be used for their intended purpose are recycled, after which it is more expedient to return them to the production cycle as secondary raw materials. So, part of the waste can be used to produce heat and electricity.

In addition to those already listed, recycling solid waste can be done in several other ways. Each of them is applicable to a certain type of waste, and has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Thermal processing of waste

Thermal processing refers to several methods:

burning;
low temperature pyrolysis;
plasma treatment (high temperature pyrolysis).

The simple incineration method is the most common and one of the cheapest methods of waste management. It is during incineration that large volumes of garbage are utilized, and the resulting ash takes up less space, does not undergo decay processes, and does not emit harmful gases into the atmosphere. It is non-toxic and does not require specially equipped places for burial.

The main thing in this method is that when burning garbage, a large number of thermal energy, which recent times learned to use for autonomous operation of enterprises engaged in waste incineration. And its surplus is redirected to city stations, which makes it possible to provide entire areas with electricity and heat.

The disadvantage of this method is that during combustion, in addition to safe components, smoke saturated with toxic substances is formed, which creates a dense curtain over the earth's surface and leads to a significant violation of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, contributing to its thinning and the formation of ozone holes.

High temperature and low temperature pyrolysis

is a waste gasification process that takes place at a melting temperature higher than in a conventional processing plant (over 900°C).

As a result, a vitrified product is formed at the outlet, which is absolutely harmless and does not require further disposal costs. The scheme of this process allows to obtain gas from the organic components of the scrap, which is then used to generate electricity and steam.

The main advantage of this method is that it allows you to successfully solve the problem of environmentally friendly waste disposal without unnecessary costs for preliminary preparation, sorting, drying.

The advantages of low-temperature pyrolysis (temperature from 450 to 900°C) are:

use for processing almost all types of household waste, previously carefully selected;
obtaining pyrolysis oils used in the production of plastics;
release of pyrolysis gas suitable for further use.

In addition, there is such a waste disposal method as composting. As most waste are various organic residues, they are subject to rapid decay in the natural environment.

The composting method is based on this property of organic substances. In the process of composting, not only does a huge part of the garbage that pollute the environment get rid of, but also useful for Agriculture substances are fertilizers.

The presented methods of waste disposal allow waste processing with the least negative impact on the environment.