Along with the relief, the climate influences the formation of natural complexes. Thanks to the climate, the river system, soil and vegetation cover, and wildlife are formed. The climate affects the way of life, human life, the peculiarity of economic activity.
Climate- this is the long-term weather pattern characteristic of the area
The main climatic indicators are the average temperatures of the warmest and coldest months, as well as the annual rainfall.
The climate of any territory is formed under the influence of three groups of climate-forming factors: geographical location, circulation of air masses and the nature of the underlying surface (see fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Main climatic indicators
Geographic latitude plays the biggest role in climate formation. This is explained by the fact that the amount of heat entering the surface of the territory depends on the geographical latitude, or on the angle of incidence of the sun's rays. Russia is located in middle and high latitudes - this explains the small amount of solar energy coming to most of its territory. The latitudinal position determines the placement of Russia in three climatic zones: in the Arctic, subarctic and temperate. (see Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Climatic zones of Russia
At the same time, the main part of the territory is located between 50º and 70º N. sh. and is located in the temperate and arctic zones. Almost 95% of Russia's population lives in the largest belt, the temperate zone.
The position of the territory in relation to the atmospheric centers is very important for climate formation. Areas of high and low atmospheric pressure determine the direction of the prevailing winds, and, consequently, the movement of certain air masses. The influence of pressure highs and lows varies with the seasons (See Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Scheme of air movement in the troposphere, revealing the formation of atmospheric pressure belts and associated precipitation
Atmospheric circulation- the movement of air masses over the surface of the Earth, leading to the transfer of heat and moisture from one area to another.
The climate of Russia is determined by arctic, temperate and, in part, tropical air masses.
Important for the formation of climate in our country is the presence of various forms of relief, vegetation, as well as proximity and remoteness from water bodies. Let us consider in more detail the position of Russia in relation to the oceans. The country has access to three of them - to the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic. The closer to the sea, the milder and more humid the climate, the farther away, the more contrasting and drier it is. In the temperate latitudes, westerly winds prevail, so more than half of the country's territory is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean, despite the fact that it is further away than others. The role of the Pacific Ocean is significant only for the Far East. The Arctic Ocean, the border with which is the longest, affects not only the coastal northern territories. Due to the flat terrain and the openness of our country to the north, its influence is also experienced by the southern regions. The huge size of Russia has influenced the fact that its predominant part lies at a great distance from the oceans. A characteristic feature of territories remote from all oceans is the dominance of a continental climate with little precipitation and sharp differences in temperature in summer and winter. The amplitude here reaches 90ºC, continentality increases here from west to east as you move away from the Atlantic Ocean.
In Russia there are quite a lot of territories whose climate differs from neighboring ones. The reason for such climatic deviations is the relief, the presence of water surfaces and other features of the underlying surface.
underlying surface- the surface above which air is formed and located.
The relief is an important factor in the formation of the Russian climate. There are no mountains in the north and west of the country, which is why air from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans freely penetrates into the inland regions (see Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Influence of relief on the penetration of air masses from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans
In the Far East, the ridges of mountain structures stretch parallel to the coast, preventing air masses from the Pacific Ocean from penetrating deep into the continent, so its impact is limited to a narrow, relatively small area. (See Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. Influence of the Pacific Ocean
The absolute height of the area also has a great influence on the climate. A special mountain climate is formed in the mountains, which changes with height, while the highly dissected relief of mountainous countries leads to a large mosaic of climatic conditions. In the mountains of northeastern and southern Siberia there are many intermountain basins, where cold air flows and stagnates in winter. At the same time, lighter warm air is displaced and rises, therefore, with the rise from the surface into the troposphere, the temperature does not decrease, but rather increases, which prevents precipitation (See Fig. 6).
Rice. 6. Air cooling in intermountain basins
Winters in the basins are not only very cold, but also with little snow. In a large intermountain depression in the north-east of Russia in the village Oymyakon the cold pole of the earth's northern hemisphere is located. In summer, in the basins it is much warmer than on the surrounding mountain slopes, but there is also little rainfall. (See Fig. 7).
Rice. 7. Oymyakon - the pole of cold of the northern hemisphere
The influence of the relief on the climate is also noticeable on the plains. Highlands and lowlands, river valleys and interfluves differ in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, but these differences are less contrasting than in the mountains. When mountains are located in the path of moist air masses, the amount of precipitation increases sharply on their windward slopes. The mountains are the wettest regions of our country, even in the low Urals on the western slopes, precipitation is almost twice as much as on the surrounding plains.
Geographical latitude plays the main role in climate formation. It is on it that the angle of incidence of the sun's rays depends, and hence the amount of solar radiation that has entered a certain territory.
Solar radiation- is the radiation of the sun, light and heat.
The Earth's surface reaches one two billionth of the solar radiation. Part of solar radiation reaches the earth's surface unchanged - this is direct radiation. The other part is dissipated, passing through the atmosphere, saturated with particles of dust, water vapor, ice crystals, water drops. The greater the cloudiness and dustiness of the atmosphere, the greater the dispersion of radiation.
scattered radiation- solar radiation that has undergone scattering in the atmosphere.
All radiation reaching the Earth's surface forms total solar radiation. Part of the radiation is reflected from the earth's surface. For example, freshly fallen snow reflects up to 90% of the total radiation, sand up to 40%, arable land up to 5%, water about 5%. The remaining part, which received the name, is absorbed by the earth's surface ( absorbed radiation). The heated earth's surface itself becomes a source of thermal radiation, that is, part of the earth's heat goes into outer space (see fig. 8).
Rice. 8. Distribution of solar radiation
The difference between the heat fluxes of solar radiation.
Part of the solar energy is spent on heating the surface layer, on melting snow, and on evaporation. Radiation balance determines the most important climatic indicator - air temperature. The magnitude of the radiation balance is determined by latitude. In the extreme south of Russia, it exceeds 50 kcal/cm/year, in the north it is less than 10 kcal/cm/year. However, there are areas where the radiation balance is less than 5 kcal/cm/yr or even negative. (see fig. 9).
Rice. 9. Radiation balance
Almost throughout the entire territory of our country, with the exception of the regions of the Far North, the radiation balance is positive on average for the year, which means that the earth's surface receives more heat than it radiates.
Bibliography
- Geography of Russia. Nature. Population. 1 hour Grade 8 / V.P. Dronov, I.I. Barinova, V.Ya Rom, A.A. Lobzhanidze.
- V.B. Pyatunin, E.A. Customs. Geography of Russia. Nature. Population. 8th grade.
- Atlas. Geography of Russia. population and economy. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
- V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva. UMK (educational-methodical set) "SPHERES". Textbook “Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". Atlas.
- Climate-forming factors and atmospheric circulation ().
- Lesson presentation "Climate-forming factors" ().
- Dependence of climate on the underlying surface ().
- Solar radiation ().
- Solar radiation (). ).
- Solar radiation ().
Homework
- Why does the earth's surface receive significantly more heat when the sun's rays fall vertically than when they fall obliquely?
- At what time of the year are the differences in total solar radiation between the north and south of our country greater? Why?
- Is it possible to get a tan on a cloudy summer day?
Countries are influenced by the following factors:
The geographical position of the territory.
It is they who determine the main features of the climate. The geographical position is associated with a pronounced change in temperature conditions according to the seasons of the year, varying degrees of humidity, and a wide variety of climates. The distribution of and depends on the geographical location.
Solar radiation.
The emission of light and heat from the Sun is called. Its distribution over the surface of Russia depends on , i.e. from the angle of incidence of the sun's rays. The closer the territory is to the North Pole, the smaller the angle of incidence of the sun's rays, the less heat the surface receives. The Arctic Circle passes through the northern territories of Russia, to the north of which the polar night sets in in winter, during which the influx of solar radiation practically stops. Solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is the total radiation. Not all of the total radiation is involved in climate formation: in summer, part of it is spent on thermal radiation, and in winter, due to snow, more of the sun's rays are reflected. The difference between total radiation and its losses is expressed as a radiation balance. It characterizes that part of solar radiation, which is the source of energy for the main climatic processes. over most of Russia, it is negative in winter and positive in summer.
The circulation of air masses.
The movement of air masses above the Earth's surface leads to the transfer of heat and moisture from one area to another.
Arctic, temperate and tropical air masses move over the territory of our country.
Most of the territory of Russia is located in, so the western transfer has a great influence on the climate of our country. The role of the western drift is especially great in the summer season, when western and northwestern winds prevail over most of the country's territory.
Reminder:
Air heading from the temperate, due to the rotation of the Earth, is deflected to the east. Therefore, in temperate latitudes, westerly winds dominate - westerly air transport.
In summer, the land warms up faster than the ocean, so the pressure here is lower and air masses move from the oceans to the land. Western transfer leads to the fact that the influence on is more significant than . The territories under the influence of winds from the Atlantic are quite significant. At the same time, the influence significantly affects the climate in winter.
Air masses from the Pacific Ocean, coming in summer, also have a significant impact on the climate of Russia. Territories are under their influence.
In winter, the formation of the climate in Russia is significantly influenced by the area of high pressure (Asian maximum).
The center of the Asian maximum is located in the regions of the Republic of Tuva and the North. From it, areas with increased pressure spread in two directions: to the northeast up to the coast and to the west through Northern Kazakhstan and the south (up to about 50o N). The establishment of dry and frosty weather is associated with the formation of this region.
The northern coast of Russia is under the influence of arctic air masses that form above the surface of the ice and its seas. Arctic air is cold and contains little moisture. It freely penetrates the plains of Russia and lowers the temperature there. Sometimes the arctic air that forms over the non-freezing part brings precipitation mainly in the form of snow.
Continental tropical air from and enters the southern regions in winter and summer. It has high temperatures and low humidity.
It is important to realize that when moving over a particular territory, air masses are able to gradually change their properties under the influence of the underlying surface. This process is called transformation.
For example, when invading the European part of Russia, the Arctic air will gradually warm up and transform into moderate air, and in summer it warms up so much that it contributes to the formation of dry winds in the Ciscaucasia.
From the contact of two air masses with different properties, are formed. Above the territory of Russia there is an arctic front separating the arctic air from the air of temperate latitudes, and a polar front separating the air masses of temperate latitudes and tropical air. The position of the Arctic and Polar fronts changes with the seasons.
In summer, cyclones develop intensively in the west of the Russian Plain and on.
The influence of anticyclones both in winter and summer is most characteristic of the south of the Russian Plain. Stable anticyclones are typical in winter and in.
Influence on the climate of the nature of the underlying surface.
The underlying surface has a huge impact on the properties of air masses, their temperature, humidity and transparency. The ratio of the amount of solar radiation reflected from the surface of the earth and absorbed by it depends on the nature of the underlying surface. Radiation losses are especially great in winter, when almost the entire territory of the country is covered with snow.
The nature of the relief.
Character also has a great influence on the climate of the country. The absence of mountains in the north and west of Russia facilitates the penetration of air masses from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. The presence of mountains in the southern regions of the country prevents deep heating of the surface. The location of mountain systems in the east of Russia prevents the passage of wet masses in summer from the Pacific Ocean into the depths of the mainland. Air masses passing through the mountains change their properties - their temperature and atmospheric pressure decrease. This leads to precipitation on windward slopes. On the leeward slopes, it decreases significantly and there is less precipitation.
The amount of solar radiation directly depends on the latitudinal position of the state. The territory of the Russian Federation covers 77° and 41° north latitude: most of it is located in the temperate subarctic zone, which determines rather large temperature amplitudes depending on the change of season.
The amount of solar radiation increases in the direction south - north, so at the extreme southern point of Russia the annual total radiation level is approximately 120 kcal / cm2, while in the extreme north such figures are half as much.
Impact of geographic location
The volume of solar radiation, as well as the distribution of the circulation of air masses, depends on the position of the state in relation to the nearest oceans. As we know, Russia is washed by two oceans - the Arctic and the Pacific. The proximity to the Pacific Ocean determines cloudy, windy and rather cool weather in the Far East.
Air masses influenced by the Arctic Ocean often determine the weather in most of Russia, up to the Ural Mountains. The climate of the European part of the state depends on the processes taking place in the North Atlantic.
The influence of relief on climate
The relief of the territory of Russia, in particular, several mountain systems, lowlands, plains and uplands, also affect climatic processes. So, for example, in the mountains and in the territories adjacent to them, the impact of cyclones increases significantly.
The degree of distribution of the mountain climate to neighboring territories depends primarily on the height of the mountains themselves. So the high mountains of the Caucasus determine the climatic conditions for more extensive lands than the low mountains of the Urals and Altai. In the flat areas, lowlands and uplands do not give such cardinal differences in climate.
atmospheric fronts
Atmospheric fronts arise due to the contact of various air masses. For Russia, two types of atmospheric fronts are inherent, which determine three types of air masses - these are the polar and arctic fronts. The Arctic front is formed in the northern regions of the state due to the collision of air currents of temperate latitudes and Arctic air.
The polar front migrates in the southern regions of Russia and is a symbiosis of air masses of tropical and temperate latitudes. The reason for the sharp change in temperature, humidity and pressure are cyclones and anticyclones. In winter, anticyclones predominate in the Northeast, Transbaikalia, the Baikal region and Central Siberia. Cyclones dominate at this time in Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and in the Kaliningrad region.
Also, the climate of Russia depends on the general world hydrometeorological changes, in particular, the melting of glaciers due to an increase in the level of solar radiation, transformations in the structure of the earth's crust, and damage to the ozone layer.
climate-forming factors. You already know that the following factors influence the formation of the climate of any territory: geographical location, solar radiation, circulation of air masses, underlying surface, proximity of seas and oceans, sea currents, altitude above sea level, direction of mountain ranges and ridges, anthropogenic influences .
All these climate-forming factors also operate on the territory of our country, forming the peculiar climatic conditions of a particular place (region).
The main climatic indicators are the amount of heat, the amount of precipitation and their distribution over the seasons of the year, evaporation, and the coefficient of moisture.
What climate-forming factors play a leading role in shaping the climate of our country?
Rice. 28. The height of the Sun above the horizon on the day of the summer solstice: a - Cape Chelyuskin; b - Krasnodar
The influence of geographical location on climate. The large length of Russia from north to south determines the position of the country in different climatic zones, causes a different amount of solar heat received by a particular territory.
The radiation of heat and light from the sun is called solar radiation. Radiation is measured by the amount of heat and is expressed in kilocalories per square centimeter (kcal/cm2) of the earth's surface.
The amount of solar radiation that the earth's surface receives depends on the geographical latitude of the place, since latitude determines the angle of incidence of the sun's rays, on the state of the atmosphere, and also on the nature of the underlying surface.
The greatest amount of solar radiation comes to the surface in the southern regions of our country, so it is there that the highest air temperatures are observed.
Rice. 29. Distribution of solar radiation
According to Figure 29, tell how the solar radiation arriving on the lower surface is distributed. What prevents solar radiation from reaching the Earth's surface? Explain how the amount of solar radiation is distributed depending on the geographical latitude of a place.
Rice. 30. The amount of solar heat depending on the height of the sun above the horizon (A 1 - high. A 2 - low)
The total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is called total radiation.
The heated earth's surface radiates heat. The higher the surface temperature and the less cloudiness, the greater the loss of thermal energy. For example, in temperate latitudes, on average, about half of the energy spent on surface heating is spent on thermal radiation.
The nature of the underlying surface greatly affects the reflection or absorption of radiation. Snow on average reflects up to 70-80% of the total solar radiation, sand is two times less than snow, forest and black soil is about five times less.
Air mass circulation. The movement of air masses above the Earth's surface leads to the transfer of heat and moisture from one area to another.
Remember from the course of geography of continents and oceans what the main air masses are called. What air masses can operate in temperate latitudes?
Arctic, temperate and tropical air masses move over Russia. Basically it is continental air.
Rice. 31. Total solar radiation
Carefully study the map (Fig. 31) and tell us which air masses prevail over the European part of Russia and in Siberia in winter, and which in summer.
Since in temperate latitudes, where most of our country is located, the western transfer of air masses dominates, the Atlantic Ocean has a much greater influence on the climate compared to the Pacific.
The role of western transport is especially great during the warm period of the year, when western and northwestern winds prevail over most of the country.
In winter, the main role is played by a vast area of high pressure, called the Siberian anticyclone or the Asian maximum, the center of which is located in the regions of Transbaikalia, the Republic of Tuva and Northern Mongolia. From it, areas with increased pressure spread in two directions: to the northeast up to the Chukchi coast and to the west through Northern Kazakhstan and the south of the Russian Plain (up to about 50 ° N).
Rice. 32. Atmospheric fronts over the territory of Russia
The movement of air masses of different temperature and humidity determines the nature of the weather. For example, the continental air of temperate latitudes (CLA) prevails all year round in the western regions of Eastern Siberia. Therefore, in winter there is clear frosty weather (Siberian winter), and in summer it is quite warm.
It is important to realize that when air masses move over a particular territory, they are able to gradually change their properties under the influence of the underlying surface. This process is called transformation. For example, Arctic air masses, passing through the entire Russian Plain in summer, warm up to such an extent that they lead to the formation of dry winds in Ciscaucasia.
Rice. 33. Air movement in cold and warm fronts
In the strip separating air masses of different properties, peculiar transition zones are formed - atmospheric fronts.
On the map (Fig. 32), determine which atmospheric fronts pass over the territory of Russia.
The width of the atmospheric front usually reaches several tens of kilometers. In the frontal zone, when two air masses of different properties come into contact, a fairly rapid change in pressure, temperature, and humidity occurs. Therefore, the passage of the front is accompanied by winds, cloudiness, precipitation, that is, a change in weather.
When warm air masses move towards cold air masses, a warm front forms, and when cold air masses move towards warm air masses, a cold front forms.
With the intrusion of warm air, it, as lighter, rises above the cold. As it rises, it cools, so the moisture it contains condenses, which causes precipitation. The weather changes in this way: warming comes, there are prolonged rains.
When cold air invades, it, being heavier, flows under warm air, pushing it up. Warm air quickly cools, followed by heavy rainfall - downpours, often with thunderstorms. After that, it quickly clears up and clear, cool weather sets in.
Cyclones and anticyclones are large atmospheric vortices. Cyclones are vortices with low pressure in the center, anticyclones- with high pressure in the center.
On synoptic and climate maps, it is quite easy to detect cyclones and anticyclones using closed concentric isobars (lines of equal pressure).
Cyclones have very impressive dimensions - 2-3 thousand km in diameter and move at a speed of about 30 km / h. The air in the cyclone moves from the periphery to the center, deviating counterclockwise. In the center, the air rises and spreads to the outskirts. In this case, moisture condensation occurs and precipitation occurs.
On the territory of Russia, cyclones usually move from west to east, since western transfer dominates in temperate latitudes.
Rice. 34. Wind direction in the anticyclone and cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere (LP - low pressure area, HP - high pressure area)
In an anticyclone, air moves from the center to the periphery with a clockwise deviation. The center of the anticyclone constantly receives air from the upper layers of the troposphere. When lowered, this air warms up and is removed from saturation. Therefore, in the anticyclone, the weather is clear, cloudless, with large daily temperature fluctuations.
Compare the climatic and physical maps of Russia and give examples of the influence of the relief on the climate.
The main areas of action of cyclones are associated with the passage of atmospheric fronts. Therefore, intense cyclonic activity develops in winter over the Barents, Kara, and Okhotsk Seas and over the northwestern part of the Russian Plain.
In summer, cyclones develop most intensively in the Far East and in the west of the Russian Plain.
Anticyclones are active in winter in Eastern Siberia, as well as both in winter and in summer in the south of the Russian Plain.
Influence of the underlying surface. Relief has a great influence on the climate. The absence of mountains in the north and west of Russia contributes to the penetration of Arctic and Atlantic air masses into the interior of the country. Mountain ranges in the east of the country limit the influence of the Pacific Ocean on the climate of the hinterland.
Depending on where the air masses are formed, they are divided into marine and continental.
The nature of the surface also affects the amount of incoming radiation, thus preventing deep heating of the surface.
Questions and tasks
- What climate-forming factors influence the climate of our country?
- What is total radiation? Does it depend on him?
- What is air mass transformation?
- What atmospheric fronts operate on the territory of Russia? How do they go in winter and summer?
- What is the difference between a cyclone and an anticyclone? Which regions of the country are characterized by cyclonic, which anticyclonic weather?
- What factors are most important in shaping the climate in your area?
1) Name the climate-forming factors known to you.
Geographical position, solar radiation, circulation of air masses, underlying surface, proximity of seas and oceans, sea currents, height above sea level, direction of mountain ranges and chains, anthropogenic impact.
Questions in a paragraph
*From the figure, tell how the solar radiation entering the earth's surface is distributed. What prevents solar radiation from reaching the Earth's surface? Explain how the amount of solar radiation is distributed depending on the geographical latitude of a place.
Radiation comes from the Sun in the form of direct rays - 100%. Part of the radiation is reflected from the surface of the atmosphere (5%), clouds (22%), earth (3%) - into outer space. 45% reaches the earth's surface in the form of direct rays - this is direct solar radiation. A quarter of the radiation is scattered by the atmosphere (25%). The distribution of solar radiation over the earth's surface depends on the geographical latitude of the place. From the poles to the equator, radiation increases, because the greater the angle at which the sun's rays fall on the surface of the Earth, the more heat it receives per unit area. The length of the day at different times of the year also depends on the latitude of the place, which also determines the amount of solar radiation entering the earth's surface.
* Recall from the course of geography of continents and oceans what the main air masses are called. What air masses can act in temperate latitudes.
The main air masses are equatorial, tropical, temperate, arctic and antarctic. Moderate air masses dominate in temperate latitudes, but arctic and tropical VMs can penetrate.
* Carefully study the map and tell us which air masses prevail over the European part of Russia and in Siberia in winter, and which in summer.
Moderate air masses from the Atlantic Ocean dominate the European part in summer and winter. In winter, arctic air masses can penetrate from the north. Continental air of temperate latitudes dominates over most of Siberia all year round. Continental arctic air masses predominate in the north.
Questions at the end of the paragraph
1. What climate-forming factors influence the climate of our country?
Geographical position, solar radiation, circulation of air masses, underlying surface, proximity of seas and oceans, sea currents, height of terrain above sea level, direction of mountain ranges and ridges, anthropogenic impacts.
2. What is total solar radiation? What does it depend on?
The total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is called total radiation. It depends on the geographic latitude of the area, the state of the atmosphere, the nature of the underlying surface.
3. What is the transformation of air masses?
Transformation of air masses is a gradual change in the properties of air masses under the influence of the underlying surface.
4. What atmospheric fronts operate on the territory of Russia? How do they go in winter and summer?
Arctic and polar fronts operate on the territory of Russia. In summer, the Arctic front touches only the north of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The polar front at this time passes through the south of the Russian Plain, through South Siberia and the south of the Far East. In winter, the Arctic front affects the Arctic islands and the Pacific coast of the country. The polar front leaves Russia in winter and shifts to the south.
5. What is the difference between a cyclone and an anticyclone? Which regions of the country are characterized by cyclonic and which regions are characterized by anticyclonic weather?
Cyclones are eddies with low pressure inside, and anticyclones are high pressure inside. In winter, cyclonic activity is active over the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk, over the northwestern part of the Russian Plain. In summer, cyclones develop in the Far East and in the West of the Russian Plain. Anticyclonic weather in winter is formed in Eastern Siberia. In winter and summer, anticyclones form in the south of the Russian Plain.
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