Expanding or shrinking? The answer is this: with the advent of winter, water begins its process of expansion. Why is this happening? This property distinguishes water from the list of all other liquids and gases, which, on the contrary, are compressed when cooled. What is the reason for this behavior of this unusual liquid?
Physics Grade 3: Does water expand or contract when it freezes?
Most substances and materials expand when heated and shrink when cooled. Gases show this effect more noticeably, but various liquids and solid metals exhibit the same properties.
One of the most striking examples of gas expansion and contraction is air in a balloon. When we take the balloon outside in minus weather, the balloon immediately decreases in size. If we bring the ball into a heated room, then it immediately increases. But if we bring a balloon into the bath, it will burst.
Water molecules require more space
The reason that these processes of expansion and contraction of various substances occur is molecules. Those that receive more energy (this happens in a warm room) move much faster than molecules in a cold room. Particles that have more energy collide much more actively and more often, they need more space to move. To contain the pressure exerted by the molecules, the material begins to increase in size. And it happens quite quickly. So, does water expand or contract when it freezes? Why is this happening?
Water does not obey these rules. If we start to cool water to four degrees Celsius, then it reduces its volume. But if the temperature continues to fall, then the water suddenly begins to expand! There is such a property as an anomaly in the density of water. This property occurs at a temperature of four degrees Celsius.
Now that we have figured out whether water expands or contracts when it freezes, let's find out how this anomaly occurs in the first place. The reason lies in the particles of which it is composed. The water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen. Everyone knows the formula of water since primary school. The atoms in this molecule attract electrons in different ways. Hydrogen has a positive center of gravity, while oxygen, on the contrary, has a negative one. When water molecules collide with each other, the hydrogen atoms of one molecule are transferred to the oxygen atom of a completely different molecule. This phenomenon is called hydrogen bonding.
Water needs more space as it cools
At the moment when the process of formation of hydrogen bonds begins, places begin to appear in the water where the molecules are in the same order as in the ice crystal. These blanks are called clusters. They are not durable, as in a solid crystal of water. When the temperature rises, they are destroyed and change their location.
During the process, the number of clusters in the liquid begins to rapidly increase. They require more space to spread, which is why water increases in size after reaching its abnormal density.
When the thermometer falls below zero, the clusters begin to turn into tiny ice crystals. They start to go up. As a result of all this, water turns into ice. This is a very unusual ability of water. This phenomenon is essential for a large number processes in nature. We all know, and if we don’t know, then we remember that the density of ice is slightly less than the density of cool or cold water. This allows ice to float on the surface of the water. All reservoirs begin to freeze from top to bottom, which allows aquatic inhabitants to exist at the bottom and not freeze. So, now we know in detail about whether water expands or contracts when it freezes.
Hot water freezes faster than cold water. If we take two identical glasses and pour hot water into one and the same amount of cold water into the other, we will notice that hot water freezes faster than cold. It's not logical, right? Hot water needs to cool down before it starts to freeze, but cold water doesn't. How to explain given fact? Scientists to this day cannot explain this riddle. This phenomenon is called the Mpemba Effect. It was discovered in 1963 by a scientist from Tanzania under an unusual set of circumstances. The student wanted to make himself ice cream and noticed that hot water freezes faster. He shared this with his physics teacher, who at first did not believe him.
This is generally a unique property of the H2O water molecule: freezing and crystallizing, hydrogen and oxygen atoms form a crystal lattice with distances between themselves more distant than in densely packed mixture of water molecules.
Water molecules:
Ice molecules:
As a result, the volume of the same mass of ice increases by about 9% compared to the same mass of water, respectively, the density of ice is lower.
And, thanks to this unique property of water, by the way, life exists on Earth.: lighter ice, forming in winter in rivers, lakes, seas, oceans - floats up, creating a shell and preventing the water from freezing from below.
Otherwise, heavier ice would end up at the bottom of reservoirs, and gradually all the water on Earth - the source of biological life - would simply freeze out, not having time to melt over the summer at the bottom of the World Ocean, you can read about this in detail.
Water is one of the few liquids that expands in size when it freezes. Because of this property, cracks appear in many rocks in nature after freezing water.
And all due to the fact that the crystal lattice of ice replaces more space than an ordinary water molecule.
Thank God for water! The Lord has done wonderful things!
This is all interesting, only the mistake of a person lies in the fact that he tries to flatter everywhere with an ax. And the answer may lie in the elementary. If it were my will, I would generally remove H2O from the periodic table or make a living postscript. And here's why: as everyone knows, water consists of two components (oxygen and hydrogen) and being in any state, whether liquid, gaseous or crystalline, is subject to constant synthesis, the elementary water cycle in nature is known to any schoolchild. And now we will analyze the error, more precisely, we will supplement the answer with what happens when water freezes, and water acquires a crystalline form displacing oxygen, which can be seen when voids form in the form of bubbles, for example, they create an imaginary increased volume since a tightly closed bottle does not allow oxygen outflow. As well as with a heated liquid, the bottle will burst. We live in a constant temperature change, in other words, a climate, which means that it can be assumed that water does not have a constant property, and even with minor temperature changes, water regenerates into one form or another. And all the above experiments, whether it be heating or freezing, only accelerate it. If we take such hardening as a given, I will not be surprised that it is water that is the main key to immortality, or at least to longevity, since a person also consists of water for the most part. This is my personal opinion.
The thing is, when water freezes, it crystallizes. And if in the liquid state the water molecules are located more closely, densely, then in the frozen state the oxygen and hydrogen atoms are located at the corners of the crystals, between which, the corners, there is a certain distance. Thus, a single amount of water becomes less dense and increases in volume.
Correctly think super4el. This alone already casts doubt on the fact that when freezing, the particles increase in volume. People would not be able to survive in sub-zero temperatures, since, pardon the expression, they would be torn apart, according to such a statement, already at -20. Try to freeze liquid that does not contain oxygen.
There is another explanation for this expansion of water, which has the right to exist. We are talking about the so-called van der Waals forces. Forces of intermolecular and interatomic interaction. At a temperature of + 4 degrees Celsius under normal conditions, water has a balanced optimal state of intermolecular bonds and dipole rotations.
As the temperature decreases, the vibrations of the molecules decrease. Here it is important to clarify that the molecules are constantly in a state of oscillation, relative to their own axis (the total axis of the dipole). In this case, the dipoles create an ultra-low magnetic field (like a capsule). Due to this field, dipoles in water do not come into direct contact with each other, but under the influence of ultra-low forces of attraction, under certain conditions, they can gather into clusters or structures. These vibrations of molecules create a micro-EMF and under certain conditions, plain water can be a source of energy. So, as the temperature decreases, the oscillations of the molecules decrease, and the magnetic fields weaken to such an extent that it is possible for the dipoles to enter one another (hook). But when the atoms of the dipole approach each other, the repulsive (van der Waals) forces increase. And the dipoles turn towards each other in a completely different way. It turns out like a prickly hedgehog) with hydrogen horns both out and in. Depending on what isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, and what atomic spins they have. The structure of water is changing, and externally and visually you can see the EXPANSION of the volume of water. At the same time, atomic forces are so great that they can, under ENTROPIC compression, break the crystalline bonds of other substances.
But not all water can expand when it freezes. Researchers in St. Petersburg have created water that does not expand when it freezes. The freezing temperature is 10-12 degrees below zero. Water retains the properties of drinking water, at the same time it has many distinctive features. physical properties from the usual. Possessing many positive properties for human physiology, it (water) can also be used in many existing technical and other areas, as well as in new technologies. The world around us is mysterious. We just need to look at it differently.
When frozen, it expands by 10% of the volume occupied by water.
This expansion is sufficient to break pipes and other containers containing water.
Up to 4 degrees at normal pressure, water behaves like all substances - it contracts and reaches its maximum density.
Below 4 degrees, the water begins to restructure the molecular structure. The new type of connection has a less dense structure. In this state, water freezes.
When water molecules freeze, they slow down their movement, but up to a temperature of 4 degrees, when water has the highest density. And from 4 to 0 degrees, hydrogen-oxygen bonds are rearranged, water changes its structure, this new type of molecular bond forms a less dense packing of molecules, which causes the volume of water to increase by 9%. That is, the atoms of oxygen and hydrogen begin to stand apart from each other further, roughly speaking, they are not so closely pressed against each other.
This is a unique property of water, although there are still some substances with a negative coefficient of volume expansion, such as scandium fluoride, but unlike water, it is not so widespread in nature and is not so necessary to sustain life. And the unique property of water turning into ice to lose density helped numerous aquatic organisms to survive, because thanks to this, reservoirs do not freeze to the bottom, and the temperature of the deep layers of water remains above zero. That is, physicists explain this process by the peculiarities of the crystalline structure of ice, but isn't it a very remarkable exception for a substance without which life would be impossible? Maybe there is some higher meaning in this behavior of ordinary water.
After freezing, water increases in volume because molecules of a crystal network are formed that bind to each other at large distances and thus increase in size, the reason for this is the reaction of the water molecule H2O, thanks to this reaction, ice looks more than water.
I will not give a bunch of different physical formulas and calculations, I will say that it depends on the density, no matter how strange it sounds, but ice has a lower density than water.
11. Why does water expand when it freezes
The freezing of a water molecule means that it loses the accumulated photons of solar origin from the surface of the chemical elements that form it. Most of these photons accumulate on the surface of hydrogen, since the surface layers of hydrogen contain a large percentage of Yin photons (absorbing aether). The exposure of hydrogen leads to the fact that water molecules begin to turn around relative to each other. The bare hydrogen of neighboring molecules begins to attract each other. In the liquid state of water, hydrogen was "covered" by free particles. They shielded the Yin photons in its composition, and in this way reduced the manifestation of the Attraction Fields of these photons outside. Among the solar particles (emitted by the Sun), Yang particles (emanating ether) predominate. Because of this shielding, the attraction from the hydrogen side of water in the liquid state is not so strong.
When water freezes and the molecules “turn” towards each other with “hydrogen parts”, the “oxygen ends” also turn towards each other. In the liquid state, the molecules are connected like this - "hydrogen-oxygen-hydrogen-oxygen" . And in solid like this: "oxygen-oxygen-hydrogen-hydrogen-oxygen-oxygen-hydrogen-hydrogen" .
More precisely, in the solid state, the connection occurs due to hydrogen bonds. And the elements of oxygen are simply forced to turn towards each other.
Since oxygen elements do not contain as many Yin photons as hydrogen in their surface layers, the process of freezing - the loss of free photons - does not significantly affect the features of the Force Field of the elements. As there was a significant Repulsion Field, so it remains. Therefore, when water molecules turn to each other with oxygen, the elements of oxygen have a transforming effect on each other. Recall that transformation is heating, an increase in temperature. Elements emit ether towards each other (thanks to Yang particles), and. thereby heating (transforming). The ether emitted by each of the elements towards the other prevents it from emitting ether. Because of this opposition, the transformation of the quality of the particles in the composition of the elements takes place. And heating, as you know, is always accompanied by the expansion of matter. This is why water expands when it freezes. But not much. Not the way it will expand if you start boiling it.
The freezing point has been passed, the molecules have turned around, and the oxygen has been transformed (heated up) in the composition of the molecules. But this heating is point, very weak. This is not heating, for example, due to the combustion of fuel or the passage of an electric current, when a huge number of free particles with Repulsive Fields (Yang) accumulate.
In the future, if the cooling of the water continues, no more expansion will occur.
Thus, we have analyzed the reasons for the expansion of water during cooling.
We strongly recommend that you read the articles on particle quality transformation in Part 2 on particle mechanics. Otherwise, the main reason for the expansion of water, and even substances when heated, will remain incomprehensible to you.
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| Cracking of stone. During frost, an ice plug formed on top, clogging the water in the lower part of the gap. |
The expansion of water during freezing is one of the reasons for another important phenomenon in the life of the Earth - the destruction of rocks. During frost, the top layer freezes first; while the deeper layers will be locked. When these layers begin to freeze, they, while increasing in volume, will expand the crack.
The expansion of water during freezing is due to the fact that with an irregular arrangement (or with a regular arrangement only in narrow areas), water molecules occupy a smaller volume than with a completely regular orientation in the case of the formation of a tridymite structure. Due to the expansion of water during freezing (according to the Le Chatelier principle), the freezing point decreases with increasing pressure. However, if after freezing the pressure exceeds a certain value, then other modifications of ice are formed that are denser than usual, even for the most part denser than liquid water. Therefore, the tearing effect that water has, enclosed in iron vessels or accumulating in the cracks of rocks, does not occur if the water is already under a very high pressure before freezing.
The expansion of water during its maturation is quite significant and is taken into account in the operation of steam boilers: boiler firing starts at the lowest water level in the water meters, with TBMI, so that1 by the time the steam pressure in the boiler is brought to working pressure, this level, rising as a result of water expansion, would reach its normal position.
The expansion of water when heated differs from the expansion of other liquids, the volume of which gradually increases with increasing temperature. If a Atmosphere pressure normally, then water occupies the smallest volume at 4 C. As the temperature drops to 0 C (freezing point), the volume of water increases. On fig. 9.4 shows a graph of the dependence of the volume of water on temperature only up to 14 C, but it is already clear that the curve rises steeper towards the boiling point.
The expansion of water during freezing also explains the fact that ice floats on water, and does not fall to the bottom.
From the expansion of water when freezing in box 2 and the impossibility of exiting it into frozen channels 8, a significant pressure is formed in the box, which, acting on piston 3, moves it towards the water jacket, squeezes cover 4 and opens the hole closed by this cover, as a result of which water pours out of the water jacket.
Due to the expansion of water during freezing (according to the Le Chatelier principle), the freezing point decreases with increasing pressure. However, if after freezing the pressure exceeds a certain value, then other modifications of ice are formed, which are denser than usual, even mostly denser than liquid water. Therefore, the tearing effect that water has in iron vessels or the formation of cracks in stones does not occur during freezing if the water is already under a very high pressure before freezing.
Due to the expansion of water during freezing (according to the Le Chatelier principle), the freezing point decreases with increasing pressure. However, if after freezing the pressure exceeds a certain value, then other modifications of ice are formed, which are denser than usual, even mostly denser than liquid water. Therefore, the tearing effect that water has in iron vessels or the formation of cracks in stones does not occur during freezing if the water is already under a very high pressure before freezing.
Features of the expansion of water are of great importance for the Earth's climate. Most (79%) of the Earth's surface is covered with water. The sun's rays, falling on the surface of the water, are partially reflected from it, partially penetrate the water and heat it. If the water temperature is low, then the heated layers (for example, at 2 C) are more solid than the cold layers (for example, at 1 C), and therefore sink down. Their place is occupied by cold layers, which in turn are heated. Thus, there is a continuous change of water layers, which contributes to uniform heating of the entire water column until the temperature corresponding to the maximum density is reached. With further heating, the upper layers become less and less dense, and therefore remain at the top.
Features of the expansion of water are of great importance for the Earth's climate. Most (79%) of the Earth's surface is covered with water. The sun's rays, falling on the surface of the water, are partially reflected from it, partially penetrate the water and heat it. If the water temperature is low, then the heated layers (for example, at 2°C) are denser than the cold layers (for example, at 1°C), and therefore sink down. Their place is occupied by cold layers, which in turn are heated. Thus, there is a continuous change of water layers, which contributes to uniform heating of the entire water column until the temperature corresponding to the maximum density is reached. With further heating, the upper layers become less and less dense, and therefore remain at the top.
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