Goldenrod is a conspicuous and fragrant herb belonging to the Asteraceae family. Prefers a temperate climate, grows throughout Eurasia. Culture attracts attention with magnificent fragrant flowers, has healing properties. In natural and domestic gardens, some space should be left for these wild herbaceous perennials, where they can display their charm without the pressure of other overly tall plantings.

Goldenrod is used in landscape design. Together with shorter or taller ornamental grasses, as well as outdoor ferns, goldenrod forms a harmonious picture. Also grown as a medicinal herb.

Goldenrod is a herb that has many synonymous names: solidago, golden rod, scrofula, ironwort, bone binder.

It is easy to care for, but given that the plant spreads quickly across the territory, a large plot of land is required for cultivation.

Goldenrod is a perennial rhizomatous herbaceous plant. The elongated oblong strong root of the plant thoroughly goes into the ground. On the surface, one can see a slightly branched simple shoot, up to 100 cm high. Atlas bark covers the straight stem of the goldenrod. It can be emerald or crimson.

The bright green leaves of goldenrod grass are oval or ovoid in shape, with small notches along the edges, sawtooth. The lower narrow leaves are more elongated than the upper ones. The narrow leaves of goldenrod resemble willow leaves in shape.

Common goldenrod blooms from May to September. The inflorescences consist of lemon-colored bell-shaped buds. The length of the flowers reaches 8 mm. Bells with lemon-colored petals grow along the edges, and in the center they are distinguished by a chestnut-yellow color. The fruit formed after pollination is an achene, shaped like a cylinder with longitudinal ribs, up to 4 mm long.

Grass goldenrod is an aggressor plant: one specimen produces up to 100 thousand seeds, germination rate is 95%. In a year it can move tens of kilometers, it is a full owner in those territories where it has settled.

Goldenrod is used in many industries. Used in veterinary medicine as an astringent. In an industrial way, yellow and brown paints are extracted from goldenrod. The goldenrod plant is highly valued for its beneficial properties and is used in folk medicine.

Botanical characteristics of goldenrod

Goldenrod is an exceptional perennial plant. It has a straight, strong stem up to 1 m high, longitudinal in shape, of uniform thickness, topped with a chic brush of golden flowers. Lemon-colored flowers have a delicate delicate aroma. Inflorescences - baskets. The leaves of the goldenrod are alternate, branching is strong. Blooms from late summer to October. The goldenrod fruit is a cylindrical achene about 3 mm long. Uninformed people sometimes confuse goldenrod with garden mimosa.

Types and varieties of goldenrod

More than 100 types of culture are known. Tall specimens can reach a height of up to 2 meters. There are dwarf varieties, no larger than 40 centimeters in size. Let's look at a few types in more detail.

common goldenrod

common goldenrod

The common goldenrod or golden rod (Solidago virgaurea) is the best known species.

Perennial herbaceous undersized plant has a shortened thick solid rhizome. Stems erect, up to 1 meter tall, usually unbranched, with leaves. The leaves of the goldenrod are ovoid, pointed, with grooves along the edge. Compared to the narrow lower leaves, the upper ones are smaller. The flowers are tubular, lemon-colored, the inflorescence is in the form of a brush or panicle, consisting of tiny (up to 15 mm) baskets. The fruits are uneven, cylindrical-shaped achenes with a brown tuft, carried by the wind. Flowering occurs at the end of summer.

It lives in the expanses of Eurasia. Prefers illuminated prairies, mountain forests, glades, places near water bodies. The soil composition of goldenrod is medium, consisting of clay, silt, mixed with sand of various grain sizes. In Eastern Siberia and the Far East, related species grow - Daurian goldenrod (Solidago dahurica) and decurrent goldenrod (Solidago decurrens). They are similar to the main species in terms of the chemical combination of components, they are used in the field of medicine. Excellent honey plants.

They harvest not only goldenrod, specially grown on the site, but also wild. The upper part of the branches with inflorescences is cut off, the raw materials are sorted, then dried. Grass is dried both in natural and artificial conditions.

Natural drying is carried out on a clear day in the open air, on pallets. At night, the grass is removed indoors or under the roof.

To dry goldenrod, gauze hammocks are sometimes hung. This method helps to ventilate the raw materials from all sides, which speeds up the drying process. The grass is periodically turned over to dry evenly. The gas stove oven is also great for drying. The only thing you need to control the temperature in the oven is to avoid burning the raw materials. The oven door must be opened.

Special universal dryers are also used. When drying, the rod is protected from bright sunlight, otherwise the raw material may change color, burn out, lose its natural color.

The grass prefers dry places. Neutral soil is optimal for its growth. To independently determine the reaction of the soil, you can purchase test sticks and mini-laboratories, the handling of which does not require knowledge of the science of chemistry.

In addition, there are electronic soil measuring instruments in which the measured value is simply read off the scale. Anyone who wants to have information about the lack or excess of certain nutrients in the soil of his garden can take samples from various areas and send them to a special laboratory. In the garden, too acidic soils can be brought closer to neutral by adding carbonic lime. The high lime content can be reduced by the application of manure or compost, as well as products that replace peat.

If we talk about varieties of goldenrod, then the Josephine (Aelita) variety is popular, growing to a height of up to 70 cm. The conspicuous goldenrod is a dense bush, with tiny lemon-colored flowers in large exquisite inflorescences. The plant is ornamental, blooms for a long time, looks amazing as part of hedges, group ensembles in mixed flower beds.

Cut flowers are great for winter bouquets. Plants planted in large groups create a beautiful warm yellow planting color and smell good. It is important not to let the plants seed freely, otherwise, they begin to grow actively.

Cutler's goldenrod (Solidago cutlieri)

Cutler's goldenrod (Solidago cutlieri)

Many synonyms of Cutler's Goldenrod are known: S. brachystachys, S. virgaurea, var. alpina. The plant lives in the northeastern United States. The culture reaches a height of 25 cm. The leaves are oval, up to 15 cm long, coarse, with small notches along the edges. There are few leaves on the stem, they are small. The inflorescence is very short, amber-yellow, corymbose or racemose.

Pleases with flowering from September, fragrant until frost.

This species was one of the founders in the breeding of low-growing varieties. Varieties are widespread and widely known: "Robusta" (Robusta) up to 30 cm high, "Pyramidalis" (Pyramidalis), growing up to 50 cm. Planted in groups on the lawn, in rockeries, as a border along the paths. Combined in joint plantings with wrestlers, larkspur, various cereals.

goldenrod

goldenrod

The highest or giant goldenrod has shoots up to 2 m in height. They form harmonious elegant thickets, shrouded in bright emerald foliage. Inflorescences of a saffron shade, up to 40 cm long. The beginning of flowering occurs in the first half of August, lasts until October.

Goldenrod hybrid

Goldenrod hybrid became the ancestor of a huge number of ornamental varieties. Plants are small in size and have luxurious foliage. The variety is very interesting for professional flower growers and just lovers of beautiful flowers. The following varieties are known.

Dzintra

"Dzintra" (Dzintra)

The variety was obtained before 1960. It grows in large numbers in temperate regions on the Eurasian continent. It takes a long time from the beginning of the appearance of buds to flowering. Representatives of this variety delight with flowers for about 45 days, starting from the second half of July. All this time, the plant does not lose its beauty and decorativeness.

The bush is strong, up to 60 cm high. The shoots are thick, dark green, with many leaves. The leaves are malachite, glossy, narrow, oval. Inflorescence umbellate, dense, golden hue. When the flowering process comes to an end, the ground part is cut off and colorful shoots grow again until autumn.

Goldjunge

The most fragrant of all known varieties. Height up to 120 cm, the stems are graceful, strong. The leaves are gray on the underside, narrow, the middle part is elongated. The edges are even. The inflorescence is in the form of a panicle up to 40 cm long, golden yellow, quite dense, the branches are gracefully bent. Baskets are tiny, reed flowers are poorly developed. Blooms in late summer. The variety is resistant to powdery mildew.

Goldtann (Goldtanne)

Tall and late variety of goldenrod. The stems reach a height of 2 m, light green, quite dense and strong. The leaves are narrow, pointed, bluish-green, with well-visible veins, there are few small notches along the edges. The inflorescence is a large panicle up to 50 cm long, quite dense, with elegantly curved branches.

At first, the flowers are yellow, straw-colored, since the color of the reed flowers dominates in the basket, later they are amber-yellow, since the color of the tubular flowers prevails. The value of this variety lies in late flowering (second half of September), height and strength of peduncles.

Golden Dwarf (Solidago hybrida Golden Dwarf)

Golden Dwarf (Solidago hybrida Golden Dwarf)

The plant Goldenrod hybrid Golden Dwof is characterized by a bush height of up to 60 cm. The inflorescence is about 17 cm long, the flowers are saffron-colored. Flowering time is August. The variety is successfully grown both in open sunny places and in partial shade. If we talk about the soil, then specimens of this variety feel better on heavy, wet soils. Plants are planted in flower beds in the background or in separate groups. Look great in autumn bouquets.

Perkeo (Perkeo)

An early variety, widely known in culture until 1945. The bush is up to 60 cm high, has the shape of a cone. Shoots are graceful, strong, pistachio. There are quite a lot of leaves, their length reaches 7 cm, width up to 1.3 cm. The leaves are light emerald, narrow, pointed, smooth, there are few small notches along the edges, the underside is covered with villi. Inflorescences up to 17 cm long, up to 20 cm wide. They form narrow bright brushes, small baskets, with well-developed reed golden yellow flowers.

The flowering period begins in July, lasts about 40 days. The variety is actively used by gardeners in creating green plantings, we love florists.

Pillar

Late variety, bush up to 90 cm high, has the shape of a column. Shoots are dense, strong, malachite, with many leaves. The leaves are olive-green, oval-shaped, pointed, there are few small notches along the edges. The inflorescence is a straight, narrow, short panicle, up to 15 cm long, up to 5 cm wide. Reed flowers are poorly developed, golden yellow tubular ones dominate. Blossoms for 40 days, starting from the second half of August.

wrinkled goldenrod

wrinkled goldenrod

Goldenrod wrinkled ‘Fireworks’ is a perennial up to 120 cm high, with densely leafy, straight and strong stems. The leaves are simple oval, with small notches along the edges, pointed. Tiny inflorescences-baskets in long arcuate brushes are collected in a panicle, which has the shape of a pyramid. Blooms from September.

The wrinkled goldenrod grows well in the sun, on slightly acidic, moderately moist or moist, well-drained loams. It is used in group plantings on lawns or as a solo plant in flower beds of various types.

Canadian goldenrod

Canadian goldenrod

The Canadian goldenrod lives in the foothills of North America and Eurasia, resembling the common goldenrod. Usually forms thickets. In Poland, China and other countries, the distribution of goldenrod is considered a national disaster, as it is able to rapidly capture new lands.

The stems are straight, large, up to 150 cm high. The stems branch in the upper part, strong and firm at the base, have many leaves along the entire length. The stems are colored in dark green and light green shades. The upper part of the shoot and leaves are abundantly covered with short villi. The leaves are wide, with jagged edges, up to 15 cm long. The leaves are alternate, having an oblong plate with a pointed apex and base, with noticeable three veins. The lower leaves have small notches along the edges, the petioles are short, up to 12 cm long. The upper leaves are entire, sessile, up to 8 cm long.

It blooms in August-September with narrow inflorescences of a lemon shade. Flower baskets are small, up to 5 mm in diameter. Reed flowers of lemon color are located in one row. The fruit is an uneven achene, shaped like a cylinder, about 15 mm long. Achenes with a brownish tuft, sticking to clothing.

Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is an ornamental plant, but often runs wild. Wild plants are found in all regions of Russia. Goldenrod roots produce inhibitors, substances that inhibit the growth of other plants. There is a variety of garden forms that vary greatly in height and shape of inflorescences.

Canadian goldenrod is not picky about soils, but develops faster on relatively heavy, rich soils with medium moisture. The application of mineral fertilizers (superphosphate and potassium salt) is favorable for the plant. During flowering, abundant watering is needed, but an excess of water will provoke rotting of the roots of the plant and, accordingly, its death.

It develops well and blooms in sunny open areas, but can also tolerate light shading. Very winter hardy. Before winter, pruning of the ground part is necessary at a height of up to 15 cm. It tolerates partial shading, but develops better in sunny areas. The plant is very strong, large, powerful. Based on this, a spacious place should be chosen for its landing.

Also, it is a tall plant with yellow shaggy flower panicles that quickly invades territory, so it must be handled with care in small gardens. Once planted and limited by a path dug in with plastic or metal tape, you will always be effortlessly provided with yellow in the garden. It is not for nothing that the popular name of this plant is associated with gold: its color is really quite noble, it gives the bouquet openwork and charm.

A popular variety is Canadian Goldenrod Patio (‘Patio’). The plant is up to 40 cm high, pleases with abundant and long flowering, the flowers are small, lemon yellow.

Goldenrod bicolor

Goldenrod bicolor (Solidago bicolor). Surprises with two-color inflorescences. Grows in North America. Plants 120 cm high, pubescent stems, grayish green. The leaves are lanceolate or elliptical, serrated or serrated, up to 15 cm long, decreasing up the stem.

Flower baskets are collected in a panicle, reed flowers are snow-white or creamy-white, tubular. Little widespread.

Blue-gray goldenrod (Solidago caesia)

Blue-gray goldenrod (Solidago caesia)

It grows mainly in the open spaces of North America. Morphologically, it differs markedly from other species. The stems are dark green or brown, up to 120 cm long, graceful, bare, there are few branches, there are leaves only in the upper part of the stem. The leaves are dark emerald sessile, lanceolate, serrated or serrate, similar to willow leaves. The inflorescences are collected in a rare brush resembling an elegant necklace. It blooms in late autumn and blooms until winter.

medicinal goldenrod

Canadian goldenrod has important, from a medical point of view, healing abilities:

• decontaminate;
• relieve inflammation and pain.

In the field of medicine, the herb is used in many countries. Apply shoots, flowers and root of Canadian goldenrod.

Goldenrod solidago is used to treat diseases of the genitourinary and digestive systems. An extract from the inflorescences of goldenrod is successfully used in the treatment of an inflammatory disease of the prostate gland or prostate, a purely male organ located under the bladder.

The Daurian goldenrod plant is an active component of some drugs, such as Prostanorm, Fitolizin, Marelin. The drug Prostanorm activates the movement of fluid in the cells of the prostate gland, normalizes the volume of urine formed over a certain period of time. Effectively fights against pathogenic microorganisms, having a bactericidal action is active against aerobic bacteria.

Marelin - used in the treatment of nephrolithiasis, relieves spasms, is indicated for infectious and inflammatory diseases. This remedy based on goldenrod extract helps to remove stones from the kidneys, saves with renal colic, and has a diuretic effect.

The drug Phytolysin is productive in infectious and inflammatory diseases that accompany urolithiasis (urolithiasis). The tool has a bactericidal effect, relieves spasms.

Solidago virgaurea is a homeopathic preparation made from fresh flowers. Canadian goldenrod is used in the treatment of pyelonephritis accompanied by edema. In homeopathy, Dahurian goldenrod infusion is used for dropsy, gallstones, joint and tissue diseases caused by metabolic disorders in the body.

A decoction of the herb of the golden rod is advised:

• for gargling;
• with infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract and ENT organs;
• loosening of gums and lotions with purulent wounds;
• bone fractures.

In addition, goldenrod accelerates metabolism, is effective in diseases of the skin and soft tissues, as well as liver diseases. Canadian goldenrod grass, unlike common goldenrod, is not poisonous, does not contain toxic substances.

plant care

Goldenrod is an easy and hardy plant. Planting and caring for goldenrod is simple. He is a rare find for lazy gardeners. Culture prefers bright areas of the garden, so solidago grows more intensively. If the culture grows in a shaded area of ​​​​the garden, then flowering will begin later.

Fertile soils with a neutral or slightly acidic reaction are recommended. Although, the plant will be able to adapt to heavy soils. The goldenrod flower needs proper regular watering. It is important not to forget that plants love one good watering more than a small but frequent one. Additional watering is required only during long periods of summer drought and heat. With insufficient watering, diseases and a decrease in flowering are possible.

Alkali sensitivity should be taken into account when watering and fertilizing. Since our tap water is often too hard, rainwater should be used. Important: in the first 15-30 minutes, depending on the intensity of the rain, water cannot be collected from the gutter near the roof, as this water is overflowing with dirt particles. To do this, the rainwater valve is installed in the downpipe.

On poor soils, goldenrod must be fertilized. Use mullein, compost. You can also fertilize with a mixture of organic nutrients, such as horn flour combined with mineral fertilizers without lime, preferably with a long action.

Fertilizer solutions are added to the soil every month until flowering is complete. It is important to prevent an excess of minerals, which provokes the active growth of stems and a decrease in flowering. Inflorescences are removed after wilting to prevent abundant self-seeding.

High specimens are tied up. The culture is frost-resistant and does not require additional shelter.

Soil for goldenrod

Close attention must be paid to soil care. Good soil in the garden is a condition for the development of a perennial herbaceous plant. Care should be taken to provide sufficient nutrients by using commercially available compost and organic fertilizers.

Goldenrod grows well in moist, fertile soil, and if fertilizers are used, it will also develop in poorer soil. It is necessary to improve the soil, since specimens growing on poor soil have less beautiful flowers. The soil is improved with compost, which ensures the formation of humus, enriches the soil with nutrients, and increases the ability to accumulate moisture.

Diseases and pests

The best protection for a plant is protection provided in advance. Any experienced gardener will attest to how effective proper care works and how much it helps to eliminate diseases and pests. In this regard, care does not only mean proper watering and balanced nutrition, but also includes changing the growing conditions in a given place, the distance between plants, the choice of species and varieties.

Goldenrod can be affected by aster rust and powdery mildew. In hot weather, a favorable environment is created for the appearance of powdery mildew. To prevent the problem, weak shoots are removed. Plants oversaturated with nitrogen fertilizers are susceptible to powdery mildew, and ash fertilizer, on the contrary, will help in the fight against it.

Fungicides are used to control fungal diseases.

Transplant and reproduction

Growing goldenrod

Goldenrod reproduces by seeds, as well as vegetatively - by parts of rhizomes and green cuttings. Any beginner gardener can grow goldenrod from seeds. In the spring, after the last frost, the seeds are sown without pre-treatment in the ground.

Goldenrod breeding methods

Goldenrod propagates by seeds and vegetatively, parts of roots and cuttings. The cuttings take root without any problems. Acceptable landing pattern 20 (30) x70 cm.

seeds

The seeds of the plant may lose their germination, so fresh seeds that are no more than a year old are used for planting. Plant seeds in open ground. Sowing is carried out from March to May. Plants must be covered with a film or cloth in a timely manner to avoid weather damage.

Before sowing, the sowing surface is prepared, the heavy earth is roughly dug up in the fall. In the spring, loosen the place for sowing with a cultivator. Immediately before sowing, the soil is leveled with a rake to a depth of 3 cm. Grooves are made along a cord stretched along the flower bed. Seeds are placed in the groove at a sufficient distance from each other. With the earth taken out when digging the groove, the groove is filled up, using the reverse side of the rake, the earth is compacted.

At the end of the work, the area with plantings is watered from a hose with a fine spray. In small areas, it is best to scatter the seeds widely and evenly; in large flower beds and on discounts, sowing in rows is recommended. With any sowing, it is impossible to allow the drying of the earth during the germination of seeds. As soon as the seedlings sprout, and the seedlings can be captured with your fingers, they are thinned out. Shoots appear in 16-20 days. In the first year after planting, the perennial rarely blooms.

The division of the bush

Division is a simple method of reproduction. A bush is taken out of the ground, cut with a knife or carefully separated by hand. A part of the plant is separated and transplanted to another place. After the first year of growth, basal shoots appear in the goldenrod, but it is recommended to divide the bush only for 4 years. The division into several segments is carried out in spring or summer. When planting between seedlings, leave a distance of at least 40 cm.

Rooting cuttings

Rooting cuttings. An apical cutting 10-15 cm long is cut from the mother plant. The upper parts of the stem without inflorescences are suitable for rooting. The cut is treated with a growth stimulator. Rooting is done in containers or trays with planting soil. The substrate for planting is either bought at the store, or made themselves from equal parts of loose, unfertilized earth and sand.

From above, the tray with the handle is covered with a glass cap, jar or transparent plastic wrap, placed in a well-lit sunny place. Two weeks later, the seedlings grow roots, after another 14-20 days they are transplanted to a permanent place.

Medicinal Uses of Goldenrod

Goldenrod is valued for its medicinal properties, used for medical purposes.:

• the herb has a pronounced diuretic effect, therefore it helps in the treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system, such as inflammation of the prostate gland, inflammation of the bladder and urethra, sexual impotence;
• productively treats patients with urate and oxalate stones. Perennial collections are effective in fungal infections caused by microscopic yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida (primarily Candida albicans);
• in folk medicine, they heal patients suffering from an ailment in which stones form in the gallbladder or bile ducts;
• treat diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, joints and muscles, the cardiovascular system, as well as diseases caused by metabolic disorders in the body;
• the leaves of the culture are used for skin diseases, for example, suppuration in body tissues, abscesses.

The homeopathic trade name for goldenrod is Solidago.

Medicinal properties

Canadian goldenrod is actively used in medicine. It has properties that help to influence bacteria, lead to their death or suppression of their vital activity. Goldenrod also contains substances that relieve inflammation.

Chemical composition

The set of components that make up goldenrod: organic substances that exhibit acidic properties, a group of nitrogen-containing organic compounds, complex nitrogen-free organic compounds, phenolic compounds.

The golden rod contains:

• aromatic organic compounds;
• flavonoids;
• coumarins;
• resins;
• tannins;
• essential oil.

Useful properties and uses of goldenrod

Common goldenrod has a positive effect on the human body, which makes it possible to use it in traditional medicine. The healing properties of the golden rod cannot be overestimated. Fees help in the treatment of various diseases of the skin and soft tissues, inflammation of the gums, destruction or erosion of the tissues lining the gingival sulcus, swelling of the tissues of the subcutaneous tissue.

Goldenrod speeds up the metabolic process, helps to remove harmful toxins from the blood. For medical purposes, decoctions, tinctures, goldenrod teas are used.

Canadian goldenrod is also valued for its medicinal properties. Use the inflorescences of the plant and its rhizomes.

Harvesting of medicinal raw materials is carried out at the beginning of summer, when the perennial blooms. The plant is harvested, carefully washed, dried, sheltering from the sun.

Indications for use

Infusions and decoctions from the medicinal herb of goldenrod are taken when suffering from inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, with pathology of the kidneys and urinary tract, dermatological problems, diseases of the large and small intestines.

Contraindications to the use of goldenrod

Before using drugs, you should consult with your doctor. It is important to know that there are contraindications for the use of goldenrod, as there are strong toxic substances in the composition.

Preparations based on goldenrod are contraindicated in pregnant women, women during breastfeeding, children under 14 years of age.

It is forbidden to drink infusions and decoctions with:

• glomerulonephritis;
• diseases of the circulatory system;
• allergies;
• phosphate stones.

In the event of violations of the functions of the body, it is urgent to refuse to take drugs.

How to use?

Decoction, tea, honey and goldenrod infusions have medicinal properties and affect the body. They ensure the removal of bronchial secretions from the respiratory tract, inhibit growth and even destroy bacteria and other harmful microorganisms. Drugs can reduce the reabsorption of water and salts in the tubules of the kidneys, increase their excretion in the urine, increase the rate of urine formation and, thus, reduce the fluid content in tissues, accelerate the healing process of wounds, relieve inflammation and pain.

Healers claim that with the help of goldenrod, you can get rid of the presence of stones in the urinary system, poisoning of the body and diarrhea, amenorrhea, urinary disorders, sexually transmitted diseases.

Decoction

Decoction recipe, option one: a tablespoon of ground medicinal raw materials is poured into 200 ml of hot water, put in a boiling water bath for five minutes. The broth is insisted for three hours, filtered. Drink ready-made goldenrod extract 30 ml 3 times a day for kidney stones.

Decoction recipe, second option: two tablespoons of ground medicinal raw materials are poured into 500 ml of hot water and insisted for ten minutes in a boiling water bath, then the decoction is filtered, drunk 100 ml 4 times a day for chronic kidney disease.

Infusion

Infusion recipe, option one: a tablespoon of ground medicinal raw materials is poured into 500 ml of hot boiled water, infused for about 7 hours, then the resulting infusion is filtered and drunk 2/3 cup up to 4 times a day.

Infusion recipe, option two: add 200 ml of hot boiled water to a tablespoon of dry perennial, insist for an hour, filter. Goldenrod tincture rinses the mouth with stomatitis, gingivitis, periodontitis.

Tea

Tea recipe, option one: add 400 ml of cold water to two teaspoons of goldenrod, then boil and infuse for two minutes.

Tea recipe, second option: add 400 ml of hot boiled water to two teaspoons of goldenrod and infuse for ten minutes, then strain the tea and drink up to four times a day.

Goldenrod honey

Bees collect goldenrod honey from common goldenrod, which is beautiful as a honey plant. Goldenrod honey crystallizes quickly, stays in liquid form for up to 2 months. Honey is thick, caramel-colored, bitter, not candied.

This honey is an effective natural preparation used in the treatment of pathological processes in the body. Goldenrod honey is mixed with blackcurrant berries, take a mixture of one teaspoon before meals, for the treatment of liver pathologies.

When regulating the functions of the urinary system, one teaspoon of goldenrod honey is dissolved in 100 ml of heated water. Take a mixture of 1/4 cup twice a day before meals.
In the treatment of pyelonephritis, about 120 g of goldenrod honey is mixed with lemon juice and rosehip extract, taken before meals.

Herbaceous perennials are suitable for natural and traditional home gardens, where they can be used to dilute vegetation or as framing a flower bed. Goldenrod always brings something special to the garden with its graceful attractiveness, long stems, bright spikes of flowers.

Goldenrod is actively used in a set of activities and solutions for landscaping the garden. Hybrid varieties of goldenrod bloom next to other crops in flower beds without interfering with neighboring plants. Yellow bushes look great in tandem with conifers, as well as fragrant bright flowers.

Goldenrod is beautiful not only on the garden plot, but also in every home. The bouquet will be fresh for at least two weeks, exuding a pleasant, delicate aroma.

"Pharmacognostic study of Caucasian goldenrod (Solidago caucasica Kem.–Nath.)..."

-- [ Page 1 ] --

Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute -

branch of the state budgetary educational institution of higher

vocational education "Volgograd State

Medical University" of the Ministry of Health

Russian Federation

As a manuscript

FEDOTOV VICTORIA VLADIMIROVNA

Pharmacognostic study

Caucasian goldenrod (Solidago caucasica Kem.–Nath.)

14.04.02 - pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy

THESIS

for the degree of Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences

SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR

D. A. Konovalov

DOCTOR OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES,

PROFESSOR

PYATIGORSK - 201 LIST ABBREVIATIONS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 PHARMACOGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS

Goldenrod

1.1 History and distribution of species of the genus Goldenrod

1.3 Systematic position of the genus Goldenrod

1.4 Chemical composition of the studied species of the genus Goldenrod

1.5 Use of raw materials from species of the genus Goldenrod

Conclusions from the literature review

2.1 Objects of study

2.2 Research methods

2.2.1 Chemical reactions

2.2.2 Chromatographic methods of research

2.2.3 Spectral methods

2.2.4 Titrimetric methods

2.2.5 Gravimetric methods

2.2.6 Resource studies

2.2.7 Pharmacological research methods

2.2.8 Sampling for analysis

2.2.9 Methods of macro- and microscopic analysis of raw materials

2.2.10 Definition of numerical indicators

2.2.11 Validation of the assay procedure

2.2.12 Microbiological purity

2.2.13 Determination of expiration dates

2.2.14 Statistical methods

CHAPTER 3 PRELIMINARY RESOURCE STUDIES

CAUCASIAN GOLDENER AND EXPLORING OPPORTUNITIES

INTRODUCING IT TO CULTURE

3.1 Determination of the yield of Caucasian goldenrod grass

3.2 Calculation of the volume of annual harvests

3.3 Research on the introduction of Caucasian goldenrod into cultivation ............................. 41 Conclusions on the chapter

CHAPTER 4 MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC

A STUDY OF HERBS AND ROOTS WITH GOLDENROOM ROOTS

CAUCASUS

4.1 Morphological characteristics of the "Caucasian goldenrod grass" .......... 46

4.2 Anatomical structure of the leaf

4.2.1 Sheet structure from the surface

4.2.2 Structure of the sheet in cross section

4.3 Anatomical structure of the stem

4.3.1 Stem structure from the surface

4.3.2 The structure of the stem in cross section

4.3.3 The structure of the stem in a longitudinal section

4.4 Anatomical structure of a flower

4.5 Microscopic analysis of crushed "Caucasian goldenrod herb"

4.6 Microscopic analysis of the powder "Caucasian goldenrod herb" ...... 66

4.7 Morphological characteristics of rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod

4.8 The anatomical structure of the rhizomes with the roots of the Caucasian goldenrod .... 69 Conclusions on the chapter

CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF HERBS AND ROOMS

THE ROOTS OF THE CAUCASIAN GOLDENER. DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATIONS

QUALITIES OF THE CAUCASUS HERB

5.1 Analysis of grass and rhizomes with Caucasian goldenrod roots by qualitative reactions

5.2 Study of phenolic compounds of the Caucasian goldenrod herb by the BC method

5.3 Detection of rutin by TLC in "Caucasian goldenrod grass"..... 78

5.4 The study of phenolic compounds of Caucasian goldenrod herb by HPLC

5.5 Quantitative determination of flavonoids in terms of rutin in "Caucasian goldenrod herb" by differential spectrophotometry

5.6 Quantitative determination of phenolcarboxylic acids in grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod by spectrophotometry in terms of caffeic acid

5.7 Quantification of tannins in grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod

5.8 Study of triterpene glycosides of the Caucasian goldenrod herb ........ 95

5.9 Study of polyacetylene compounds of rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod

5.10 Quantification of organic acids in Caucasian goldenrod herb

5.11 The study of organic acids of the Caucasian goldenrod herb by HPLC

5.12 Studying the carbohydrates of the Caucasian goldenrod herb

5.13 Biologically active compounds of the herb Caucasian goldenrod identified by GLC-MS

5.14 Study of the amino acid composition of the Caucasian goldenrod herb....... 1

5.15 Study of the mineral composition of the herb Caucasian goldenrod .............. 1

5.16 Determination of some numerical indicators of grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod

5.17 Microbiological purity of “Caucasian goldenrod grass” .............................. 1

5.18 Establishing the expiration date of the “Caucasian goldenrod herb” .............. 1 Conclusions on the chapter

CHAPTER 6 PRELIMINARY TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES

FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF "GOLDENER CAUCASUS HERB EXTRACT

DRY", STANDARDIZATION OF THE OBTAINED EXTRACT AND

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF ITS PHARMACOLOGICAL

ACTIVITIES

6.1 Obtaining "Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract".................................. 1

6.2 Development of standardization methods for "Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract"

6.2.1 General indicators

6.2.2 Study of phenolic compounds

6.2.3 Quantification of the amount of flavonoids in terms of rutin by differential spectrophotometry

6.2.4 Quantification of phenolcarboxylic acids in terms of caffeic acid by spectrometry

6.3 Establishing the expiration date of "Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract"

6.4 Preliminary study of pharmacological activity

6.4.1 Definition of "acute" toxicity of "Caucasian goldenrod herb". 133 6.4.2 Pathological changes in organs caused by the introduction of an extract from the herb of Caucasian goldenrod at a dose of 10,000 mg/kg

6.4.3 Study of the diuretic activity of "Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract"

6.4.4 Study of the antibacterial action of "Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract"

Chapter Conclusions

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BAS - biologically active compounds BCh - paper chromatography WPPS - water-soluble polysaccharides HPLC - high performance liquid chromatography GLC - gas-liquid chromatography GLC-MS - gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry PS - polysaccharides CO - standard sample CRS - alcohol-soluble sugars TLC - chromatography in a thin layer of sorbent FSP - pharmacopoeial article of the enterprise Ara - arabinose Gal - galactose Glc - glucose Rha - rhamnose UAc - uronic acids Xyl - xylose

INTRODUCTION

Relevance research topics Diseases of the genitourinary sphere in the world, according to the World Health Organization, are in one of the leading places in the overall structure of the incidence of the population. To date, among men over 60 years old, 90% of cases are diagnosed with diseases of the kidneys, bladder and prostate gland. In women older than 50 years, urolithiasis, cystitis, etc. noted in 70% of cases. Synthetic preparations are successfully used as the main means in pharmacotherapy and prevention of kidney diseases. But, despite the high efficiency, they also have an adverse effect on the functional state of the body. Biologically active compounds of medicinal plants have a wide spectrum of action, low toxicity, which allows them to be recommended for long-term therapy. However, the choice of herbal medicines that have a complex nephroprotective effect is limited.

A promising source in terms of obtaining a new type of medicinal plant material (MPR) is a previously unexplored representative of the flora of the Caucasus - Caucasian goldenrod (Solidago caucasica Kem.-Nath.).

Medicines based on some species of the goldenrod genus are widely used in world medical practice. Thus, the Canadian goldenrod herb extract is included in the drug "Marelin" (Ukraine), used as an antispasmodic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment and prevention of oxalate and urate urolithiasis, as well as in the composition of the drug "Prostanorm" (Russia), recommended for prostatitis. The herb extract of the common goldenrod is part of the Fitodolor preparation (Germany), the anti-inflammatory activity of which is comparable to that of indomethacin. The underground part of this type of goldenrod is part of the dietary supplement "Men" with the Prostate Forte formula, and is also used in folk medicine of the Caucasus as a wound healing agent.

In this regard, we considered it expedient to study the Caucasian goldenrod.

The degree of development of the topic Caucasian goldenrod is a representative of the flora of the North Caucasus that has not been studied by scientific medicine.

Purpose and tasks research aim The work was a pharmacognostic study of the Caucasian goldenrod and a scientific justification for the possibility of using it as a source of raw materials for obtaining drugs that affect the urinary system. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks:

To study the data of scientific literature on the distribution, phytochemical and pharmacological study of representatives of the genus Solidago.

To evaluate the resource characteristics of the Caucasian goldenrod in some regions of the North Caucasus and explore the possibility of its cultivation.

Determine the morphological and anatomical features of grass and rhizomes 3.

with Caucasian goldenrod roots.

To study the qualitative composition and quantitative content of the main groups of biologically active compounds (BAS) of grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod.

Conduct a preliminary study of the "acute" toxicity, diuretic and antibacterial activity of the herb and dry extract of Caucasian goldenrod.

To develop a draft pharmacopoeial article of the enterprise for "Caucasian goldenrod grass".

Scientific novelty

As a result of our research, for the first time:

the resources of the Caucasian goldenrod in certain areas of its growth in the North Caucasus were determined and the possibility of its cultivation was studied;

morphological and anatomical-diagnostic features are proposed, allowing to establish the authenticity of the herb and rhizomes with the roots of the Caucasian goldenrod;

It was found by HPLC that the Caucasian goldenrod grass contains 24 phenolic compounds, of which flavonoids (rutin, vicenin, hesperidin), coumarins (umbelliferone, esculetin, dihydrocoumarin), phenolcarboxylic acids (gallic, chicory, chlorogenic and coffee) were identified;

citric, malic, and succinic acids were identified in the composition of organic acids in the herb of Caucasian goldenrod by HPLC;

the carbohydrates of the Caucasian goldenrod herb were studied, the main ones in terms of content are the fractions of pectin substances (PV) and hemicelluloses (HMC);

it was found that the Caucasian goldenrod herb contains triterpene glycosides - derivatives of oleanolic acid;

Fatty acids (dihydroxypropionic, trihydroxybutyric, hydroxybutyric, palmitic, linoleic, linolenic, stearic acids), polyhydric alcohols and their derivatives (glycerol, xylitol, ribitol, inositol, myo-inositol, scylo-inositol, glucitol), etc.;

using liquid chromatography on an automatic amino acid analyzer, 15 amino acids were found for the first time in the herb of Caucasian goldenrod, of which 9 are essential;

it was found that the grass of the Caucasian goldenrod contains 5 macroelements and 16 microelements. Of these, 11 elements are essential, conditionally essential - 6 and conditionally toxic - 4 elements;

the quantitative content of the sum of flavonoids, phenolcarboxylic acids, organic acids, triterpene glycosides, tannins in grass and phenolcarboxylic acids and tannins in rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod was established;

HPLC method determined the content of 18 compounds in a dry extract of Caucasian goldenrod, of which rutin, luteolin-7-glycoside, umbelliferon, vicenin, esculetin, hesperidin, gallic, chicory, chlorogenic and caffeic acids were identified;

HPLC revealed the presence of citric, malic and succinic acids in the dry extract of Caucasian goldenrod, among which citric acid predominates in content;

the content of the sum of flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids in the dry extract of Caucasian goldenrod was established;

the toxicity of "Caucasian goldenrod herb" was studied, the diuretic and antimicrobial activity of the extract obtained from it was determined.

Theoretical and practical significance The possibility of using a new type of domestic raw material - "Caucasian goldenrod herb" to obtain a total preparation ("Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract"), which has diuretic and antimicrobial activity, was studied.

Methods have been developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the herb Caucasian goldenrod, based on the detection of phenolic compounds, triterpene glycosides, organic acids and polysaccharides. A technological scheme for the production of a dry extract of the Caucasian goldenrod herb has been developed. Standards have been developed to standardize the Caucasian goldenrod herb and dry extract from it, taking into account modern requirements for the quality of MPC and extracts based on it.

Methodology and research methods In the work, methods were used that made it possible to conduct complex pharmacognostic (macro- and microscopic, phytochemical, commodity and resource studies) studies. Within the framework of separate technological and pharmacological experiments, using appropriate research methods, preliminary data were obtained, which made it possible to substantiate possible directions for the use of a new type of MP. Phytochemical studies were carried out using paper, thin-layer, gas-liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, spectrophotometry in the UV, visible and IR regions.

Provisions for defense:

results of resource studies and introduction studies of Caucasian goldenrod;

results of morphological and anatomical study of grass and rhizomes with bark of the Caucasian goldenrod;

the results of a phytochemical study of the main groups of BAS in grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod;

methods of standardization of "Caucasian goldenrod grass" and dry extract based on it;

results of preliminary pharmacological studies.

The degree of reliability and approbation of the results. The reliability of the results obtained is determined by the volume of the studied information base and the vastness of the study, the use of various modern physical and chemical methods of analysis, and the mathematical and statistical processing of the data obtained.

Key points dissertation work presented at the International Scientific Conference "Rational Use of Natural Biological Resources" (Rome-Florence, 2013); at the II International Scientific and Practical Conference “Cluster Approaches of the Pharmaceutical Union:

education, science and business” (Belgorod, 2012); at the XX Russian National Congress "Man and Medicine" (Moscow, 2013); at regional conferences "Development, research and marketing of new pharmaceutical products" (Pyatigorsk, 2012, 2013, 2014); at the scientific-practical conference of young scientists and students of Volgograd State Medical University "Actual problems of experimental and clinical medicine" (Pyatigorsk, 2014); at the regional preparatory stage of the Competition of youth projects of the All-Caucasian Youth Forum "Mashuk-2013" (Pyatigorsk, 2013); at the North Caucasian Youth Forum "Mashuk-2013" (Pyatigorsk, 2013). Based on the materials of the dissertation, 16 works were published, including 7 articles in journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation.

Personal contribution author The author participated in all stages of experimental work, in obtaining initial data, processing and interpreting them, and preparing a dissertation work. The author carried out a phytochemical analysis of the herb and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod, studied the resources of the herb and studied the possibility of introducing Caucasian goldenrod into the culture, established morphological and anatomical and diagnostic characteristics of the raw material, and carried out preliminary pharmacological studies of the extract from the herb of Caucasian goldenrod.

Scope and structure of the dissertation

The work is presented on 163 pages of computer-typed text and consists of an introduction, a literature review, a description of the objects and methods of research, 4 chapters of own research, a conclusion, a list of cited literature, including 163 sources, of which 86 are in a foreign language, and an appendix. The dissertation is illustrated with 53 figures and 35 tables.

CHAPTER 1 PHARMACOGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIES

RODA GOLDENER

1.1 History and distribution of species of the genus Goldenrod Goldenrod (Solidago L.) has been known since biblical times, according to one version it is Aaron's staff. When the Israelites murmured against the high priest Aaron, Moses, at the command of God, ordered the leaders of the tribes to bring their rods. On them Moses wrote the names of those to whom they belonged. All the rods were placed in the tabernacle of meeting in front of the ark. It turned out that only Aaron's rod miraculously blossomed in one night, thus signifying the chosenness of the priestly class (Bible, Numbers 9:4).

The Russian name goldenrod comes from the word gold. It is given by the golden-yellow flowers of the plant. The name golden rod is given by the shape of the stem and flower. The stem of this plant is straight, grooved and looks like a whip.

The generic name Solidago L. comes from the Latin solidus - strong, healthy and agree - doing. The French name Verge d'or comes from two words verge - rod (whip) and or - gold. The English name Goldenrod has the following origin: golden - gold and rod - rod.

In the dictionary N.I. Annenkov for the common goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.) more than 50 synonyms are given, due to the fact that in each Russian province it had its own interpretation and name: flea beetle, fly (Grave), distiller (Nizheg.), Voronets, hare ears (Bonfire .), St. John's wort (Moscow), yellow color, golden feather (Tversk.), life-giving grass (Perm.), rubella (Psk.), upland down jacket (Vlad.), shooting, forest tobacco (Grodno), wild chicory (Minsk), yellow belly (Kyiv), nawloc glowienki czerwone (Pol.), woolmete rohi (Est.), keltainenkukka (Fin.) .

In Canada, the United States and Mexico, goldenrod is widely distributed as a wild plant, in Europe - as a cultivated ornamental and wild plant.

For the first time as an ornamental introduced plant, goldenrod was registered in the Botanical Gardens of London in 1758. It was soon noted in the gardens and nurseries of continental Europe. Goldenrod became invasive after 100 years due to the high level of variability in morphological characters. At present, the range of the genus in Europe extends from 42 to 63 ° N. sh. and further expansion of its borders to the east is expected.

In addition to Europe, goldenrod also naturalized in Japan, Korea and the Far East of the Russian Federation, New Zealand, Australia, the Azores and Hawaiian Islands, as well as Mexico.

In the USSR, Canadian goldenrod was first introduced into cultivation in 1986 in Ukraine in order to obtain medicinal plant materials for the production of Marelin. After the collapse of the USSR, the culture of Canadian goldenrod was tested in Russia in the conditions of the Stavropol Upland, the non-chernozem zone and the Moscow region.

Distribution of species of the genus Goldenrod in the flora of Russia and neighboring countries (within the former USSR) according to Cherepanov S.K. presented in table 1.1.

Goldenrod is demanding of light, but it can also be found in the shade. It is more common in nitrogen-rich areas, prefers climates with moderate summer and winter temperatures, and has a broad tolerance to soil moisture.

Species of the genus Goldenrod are rhizomatous hemicryptophytes and have a complex life cycle with generations of rhizomes and seeds. The formation of seeds, new shoots and rhizomes occurs every year, and all above-ground shoots die off in autumn. In less favorable conditions and under the influence of frequently repeated damaging factors, more light seeds are produced, which guarantees dispersal over long distances.

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Thus, in the flora of Russia and neighboring states (within the former USSR), there are 26 species of the genus Goldenrod.

1.2 Botanical characteristics of species of the genus Goldenrod

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Caucasian goldenrod (Solidago caucasica Kem.–Nath.) is a perennial herbaceous plant with stems slightly rising at the base or erect, 30-70 cm high, at the base slightly or completely colored with anthocyanin red.

Leaves ovate-oblong, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, serrated, narrowed into a winged petiole, shorter than the leaf blade.

The uppermost leaves are often sessile.

Inflorescence spike-shaped, compressed, dense or loose, usually interrupted. Stalks of flower baskets without bracts or with a few bracts, often strongly pubescent.

Baskets are large, 1-1.5 cm high, 1.5-2 cm in diameter. The wrapper is conically bell-shaped. Basket leaves loosely arranged, few rows, outer lanceolate 1.5-2 times shorter than narrow-linear inner ones, both slightly pubescent, sharp. The tongues of marginal flowers are narrowly oblong, equal in length to the involucre or slightly shorter than it. The flowers are small yellow, the fruit is an achene.

Distinctive morphological features are a 2-, 3-row involucre, baskets 15-20 mm wide, basket legs usually without bracts.

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1.4 Chemical composition of the studied species of the genus Goldenrod S. virgaurea L. – h. ordinary

Polyphenols:

Flavonoids: rutin, quercetin, quercitrin, astragalin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol rhamnoglucoside, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, narcissin, ramnetin glucoramnoside, nicotiflorin, afzelin (kaempferol 3-rhamnoside), quercetin-D-glucoside, kaempferol-D-glucoside, kaempferol-3- O-rutinoside Phenolcarboxylic acids: chlorogenic, caffeic, isochlorogenic hydroxycinnamic, quinic Phenolic compounds: leiocarposide, virgaureoside A Coumarins: esculetin, esculin Tannins Anthocyanins: 3-gentiobioside cyanidin Saponins: virgaureasaponins (virgaureasaponin-3), in the hydrolyzate virgaureagenin A, virgaureagenin A, virgaureagenin A, virgaureagenin A (oleanolic acid), virgaureagenins C, D, E, virgaureagenins G (polygalic acid), H, solidagosaponin 21-30 (Figure 1.

2) , baiogenin Diterpenoids Triterpenoids Polyacetylene compounds: 2,8-cis-cis-matricaria ether, matricaria lactone, lahnophyllum lactone Bromine 0.055% Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 3-8%, in the hydrolyzate galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose Phytoecdysones Fatty oil 14.4% Rubber Essential oil components: limonene, -elemen, -elemen, germacrene B, germacrene D, -cadien, -pinene, -myrcene Solidagosaponin 21 R1=Xyl; R2=H; R3=H; R4=A Solidagosaponin 26 R1=Glc; R2=H; R3=H; R4=A Solidagosaponin 22 R1=Xyl; R2=H; R3=A; R4=H Solidagosaponin 27 R1=H; R2=Glc; R3=H; R4=H Solidagosaponin 23 R1=Xyl; R2=H; R3=Api-Ac; R4=A Solidagosaponin 28 R1=Glc; R2=H; R3=Api; R4=Ac Solidagosaponin 24 R1=Xyl; R2=H; R3=H; R4=B Solidagosaponin 29 R1=H; R2=Glc; R3=Api; R4=Ac Solidagosaponin 25 R1=Xyl; R2=H; R3=H; R4=H Solidagosaponin 30 R1=Glc; R2=H; R3=H; R4=H

Figure 1.2 - Solidagosaponins

Solidago canadensis L. – Canadian goldenrod

Polyphenols:

Flavonoids: kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, astragalin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoramnoside, quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside, rutin, quercetin-3-O-(611-O-acetyl)-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin-3-O- glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (narcissin), ramnetin-3-O-glucoramnoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-(611-O-acetyl)-glucopyranoside Phenolcarboxylic acids: caffeic acid Coumarins: scopoletin, umbelliferone Triterpene saponins: glycosides oleanolic acid, canadiensisaponins 1 – 8, 3–(3R–acetoxyhexadecanoyloxy)–lup–20(29)–ene, 3–(3–ketohexadecanoyloxy)–lup–20(29)–ene, 3–(3R–acetoxyhexadecanoyloxy) )–29–nor–lupan–20–one, 3– (3–hetohexadecanoyloxy)– 29– nor–lupan– 20–one, bayogenin saponins 1–4 Essential oil components: limonene, –elemen, –elemen, germacren B, germacren D , -pinene, -myrcene, 3-epi--cubeben, 3-epi--cubeben Polyacetylene compounds: matrix cariaether, clerodan, colavenolic acid Amino acids, bitterness, polysaccharides S. gigantea Ait. - h. giant

Polyphenols:

Flavonoids: kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol Phenolcarboxylic acids: chlorogenic Essential oil components: -pinene, -myrcene, epi-torylenol, 1,10-seco-eudesma-4(15), 5(10)-diene-1 –al, cis–eudesm–4(10)–en–1–one Saponins: giganteasaponins 1 – 6 S. virgaurea var. gigantean

Polyphenols:

Flavonoids: kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside Triterpenoids: erythrodiol-3-acetate, -amirin acetate Vitamins: -tocopherol-quinone Isoprene derivative: trans-phytol Essential oil components: -dictyopterol

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S. decurrens Lour. - h. descending

Polyphenols:

Phenolic acids: caffeic, chlorogenic Phenolic compounds: leiocarposide Aromatic compounds: 5-benzylmethoxybenzoate, 3-methoxy-4-acetoxycinnamoylangelate, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-acetosicinnamoylangelate, 2-methoxybenzyl-2,3,6-trimethoxybenzoate, 2-methoxybenzyl -2,6-dimethoxybenzoate, benzyl-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzoate, methyl (2E,8Z) -decadiene-4,6-dinoate, benzyl-2,6-dimethoxybenzoate, methyl (2Z,8Z) -decadiene-4 ,6-dinoate Anthocyanins: cyanidin-3-glucosyl-glycoside Steroids: sitosterol Triterpene saponins: Polyacetylenic compounds

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S. rugosa Mill. - h. wrinkled Diterpenoids: (+)-18-tigloximannol, 18-hydroabieta-7,13(14)-diene, 18-tigloxiabieta-7,13(14)-diene, 7-hydro-13,15-dihydroxyabieta-8 (14 )-en-18-oic acid, 15-hydrodehydroabietic acid S. altissima L. - h. Supreme

Polyphenols:

Flavonoids: kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside-7-O--D-apiofuranoside Phenolic carboxylic acids: chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and its derivatives) Phenolic glycosides: trans-tiliroside Acetylene compounds and terpenoids: dehydromatrixaryalactone, E,7-acetoxycollavic acid ( solidagonic acid), colavenol.

1.5 Use of raw materials from species of the genus Goldenrod

The use of goldenrod in folk medicine In folk medicine, infusion and decoction of goldenrod herb is used as a diuretic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory agent for diseases of the kidneys and bladder (urolithiasis, cholecystitis, ulcerative cystitis, enuresis), prostate hypertrophy. However, the scope of goldenrod is much wider. It has an astringent, diaphoretic, expectorant, hemostatic effect, is used for cholelithiasis, diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, acute respiratory infections, acute laryngitis, tonsillitis, whooping cough, gout, arthritis, enteritis, colitis, menorrhagia, leucorrhea, eczema, ascites. In Moldova, Belarus, inflorescences are used externally mixed with cream, pork fat or butter for skin tuberculosis, dermatitis, burns, rheumatism.

In the Komi ASSR, in the Caucasus, in Siberia - with scrofula. In Chinese folk medicine, goldenrod seeds are used to thin the blood and eliminate bloating, as well as for menstrual irregularities, cholera, diarrhea, blood in the urine in children. In the Caucasus, tinctures of the underground part of the goldenrod are used as a wound healing agent.

The use of goldenrod in scientific medicine Common goldenrod, h. Canadian and s. giant are included in the European Pharmacopoeia, s. Canadian and s. giant - in the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. In the USSR, the FS "Canadian Goldenrod Grass" was developed.

For species of the genus Goldenrod, a whole spectrum of pharmacological activity has been established.

Diuretic activity The flavonoid fraction of goldenrod at 25 mg/kg showed an 88% increase in urine output in rats after 24 hours compared to the control (NaCl, 5 ml, oral administration), while there was a decrease in nocturnal excretion of potassium and sodium and an increase in excretion calcium.

A significant increase in diuresis in rats with increased excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride ions was observed after oral administration of goldenrod (0.3% flavonoids, 4.64 ml/kg and 10.0 ml/kg). Moreover, the low dose proved to be more effective.

Anti-inflammatory activity The anti-inflammatory activity of goldenrod saponins was tested in a rat edema model. As a result, a significant reduction in edema was observed after intravenous administration of 1.25-2.5 mg/kg of triterpene saponin complex.

Labdan diterpenes isolated from Chilean goldenrod showed gastroprotective activity in mice with chlorine–ethanol induced gastric lesions.

Diterpene solidagogenone, contained in an aqueous extract from the inflorescences of the Chilean goldenrod, also showed gastroprotective activity.

Phytodolor was tested on rats for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. The activity was the same as that of the standard samples of salicylic alcohol and indomethacin.

Saponins, flavonoids and caffeic acid isolated from goldenrod inhibited the activity of leukocyte elastase and protease involved in the progression of inflammation. Saponins stimulated the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids in the adrenal glands.

An aqueous extract of common goldenrod significantly suppressed the X-ray induced inflammatory response in the skin of guinea pigs.

46% hydroalcoholic extract of Chilean goldenrod had anti-inflammatory activity due to inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase.

Leiocarposide, isolated from the Chilean goldenrod, had an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.

Isolated from giant goldenrod, 3,5-di-O-caffeic acid had anti-inflammatory properties without side effects and was therefore being investigated as a potential drug.

Antioxidant activity Water–alcohol extract of common goldenrod as a component of Phytodolor drug inhibited the formation of reactive oxygen species.

Analgesic activity Goldenrod extract showed analgesic activity by acting on bradykinin receptors.

The effectiveness of the liquid extract of Chilean goldenrod in the treatment of lumbago was established: for 15 days, the skin was smeared with a gel containing 5% of the extract of Chilean goldenrod, and a significant analgesic effect was achieved.

Antispasmodic activity The presence of flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol) in goldenrod caused the established vasodilatory effect, depending on the inhibition of protein kinase C, inhibition of phosphodiesterase and cyclic nucleotides, as well as a decrease in the supply of Ca 2 + ions.

Antibacterial activity

Essential oil of common goldenrod and s. Canadian had antibacterial activity against Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dry and liquid aqueous-alcoholic extracts of common goldenrod, h. Canadian, s. giant effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An aqueous extract of Chilean goldenrod rhizomes inhibited the activity of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Antifungal activity

Deacylated triterpene saponins of common goldenrod exhibited antifungal activity against species of the genus Candida (Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. pseudotropicalis, C.

guilliermondi, C. glabrata and Cryptococcus neoformans) is higher than the mixture of saponins. Other experiments have shown the antifungal activity of an alcoholic extract of goldenrod against dermatophytes, especially against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum and M. canin.

Antifungal activity against Candida albicans was very low.

Giant goldenrod also exhibits antimicrobial activity.

Antitumor activity

Triterpene saponins exhibit antitumor activity. Significant antitumor activity of virgaureasaponin E, isolated from common goldenrod, at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day. has been established in an experimental model of sarcoma in mice. In another series of experiments, the antitumor effect of goldenrod polysaccharides on prostate, breast cancer, melanoma, and lung cancer was demonstrated. Tumor growth was suppressed at a dose of 5 mg/kg.

Antitumor activity was observed in hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and 50% aqueous-alcoholic extract of Canadian goldenrod against HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines.

Immunomodulatory activity Immunomodulatory activity (induction of macrophages and activation of NK cells), as well as antitumor activity of the triterpene saponin virgaureasaponin E, has been shown in in vitro experiments.

Antiplatelet activity Diterpenes contained in an aqueous extract of Chilean goldenrod inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation in human blood; and saponins blocked calcium channels, suggesting the antiplatelet activity of Chilean goldenrod.

Goldenrod raw materials are included in 21 names of the world pharmaceutical market, of which 6 are represented in Russia (Table 1.2).

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The common goldenrod is of honey-bearing importance; is a fodder plant for reindeer, Amur goral and beavers. However, this plant is poisonous to sheep.

It was used as a tanning and dyeing plant, from the grass and flowers of which yellow and brown dyes were extracted.

Goldenrod essential oil has an original smell.

Goldenrod leaves are used as an aromatic condiment.

Thus, species of the goldenrod genus are quite common plants containing a rich BAS complex, which have found their application not only in medicine, but also in other areas of activity.

CONCLUSIONS FROM THE LITERATURE REVIEW

1. As a result of the study of literature data, it was established that a phytochemical study of the Caucasian goldenrod was not carried out, but there is evidence that for species of the genus Goldenrod, the presence of such classes of biologically active compounds as flavonoids, phenolcarboxylic acids, coumarins, saponins, polyacetylene compounds, polysaccharides, aromatic connections.

2. Studied to a greater or lesser extent, species of the genus Goldenrod have a wide range of pharmacological activity: diuretic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, etc.

3. The given information about the cultivation of species of the genus Goldenrod testifies to the prospects of studying the possibilities of growing the Caucasian goldenrod.

4. Analysis of literature data showed that the Caucasian goldenrod is a pharmacognostic unstudied plant of the Caucasus.

CHAPTER 2 OBJECTS AND METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

–  –  –

The objects of study were grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod (Figure 2.1). The grass was harvested at the beginning of flowering by cutting off the upper part 25–30 cm long without rough stem bases with discolored leaves in 2009–2013. on the territory of the North Caucasus:

Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia, Karachaevsky district (Gumbashi pass, gorge of the Daut river to the Uchkulan pass, upper reaches of the Daut river at the Epchik pass), Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, Chegemsky district (Chegem town) and Zolsky district (Djily-Su tract), grass harvested from cultivated plants in 2011–2013 was also used. Grass h. Caucasian was dried in the air in the shade under sheds and in well-ventilated rooms. After drying, part of the stems, blackened leaves and foreign impurities were removed from the raw material. Rhizomes with roots were harvested from cultivated Caucasian goldenrod in early spring 2014, dug up by hand. Rhizomes with roots were cleaned from the remnants of aerial parts and earth, washed, dried in a well-ventilated room.

Figure 2.1 - Caucasian goldenrod (Solidago caucasica Kem.

–  –  –

2.2.1 Chemical reactions The presence of biologically active substances in grass and rhizomes with roots h. Kawazian was determined using generally accepted qualitative reactions.

To detect flavonoids, an alcohol extract (ethyl alcohol 70%) was used in a ratio of 1:10, with which a cyanidin test was carried out (reduction by magnesium in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid) and a reaction with aluminum chloride.

To determine the presence of triterpene saponins, a 1:10 aqueous extract was prepared by boiling in a water bath for 10 minutes, cooled, and filtered. 2 ml of the filtrate were placed in 2 test tubes. Hydrochloric acid 0.5 M was added to the first tube, sodium hydroxide 0.5 M was added to the second tube. The tubes were shaken and foam was observed both in acidic and alkaline media (triterpene saponins). To carry out the Lieberman–Burchard reaction, a sample of Caucasian goldenrod herb (10.0 g) was degreased with benzene, and extraction was carried out successively with chloroform and methanol. The methanol extract was evaporated and acetic anhydride and concentrated sulfuric acid were added to the dry residue.

The presence of tannins was determined in the aqueous extract (mass–volume ratio 1:10, extraction duration 5 min) by reaction with a solution of iron ammonium alum.

A lactone test was used to detect coumarins. Extraction of Caucasian goldenrod from raw materials was prepared with ethyl alcohol 95% in a ratio of 1:10 by boiling for 15–20 min in a water bath under reflux. To 5 ml of the prepared extract, 10 drops of an alcoholic solution of sodium hydroxide 10% were added and heated in a water bath.

Then 10 ml of water and 15 drops of hydrochloric acid 10% were added.

Amino acids were identified in acid extract (hydrochloric acid, mass–volume ratio 1:10, temperature 70°C, 10 min) by biuret reaction and reaction with ninhydrin solution.

The detection of carbohydrates was carried out using the Bertrand reaction and with ethyl alcohol 95%.

2.2.2 Chromatographic methods of investigation Chromatographic analysis was carried out using Filtrak chromatographic paper and Sorbfil plates (PTSH–P–V–UV).

Plates for TLC analysis were preliminarily kept in an oven at a temperature of 100–105°C for 1 hour in order to activate them. Detection method: 5 µl or 10 µl, respectively, of herbal extract h. Caucasian. In parallel, 5 μl of solutions of working standard samples were applied. The chromatographic chambers were preliminarily saturated with solvent vapors for 40–60 min in the case of TLC and for 12–16 hours in the case of paper chromatography. Chromatography was carried out in an ascending manner in a hermetically sealed chamber containing the appropriate solvent system.

Chromatogram analysis was performed when the solvent front reached 13 cm for TLC or 40 cm for BC. After chromatography, the plates were dried in air under a fume hood, examined in visible and UV light, and treated with a certain reagent using a spray gun.

HPLC was used to analyze phenolic compounds and organic acids. The analysis was carried out on a Gilston chromatograph, followed by computer processing of the study results using the Multichrome program for Windows.

The identification of the separated substances was carried out by comparing the retention times of the peaks obtained on the chromatogram of the sample with the retention times of solutions of standard samples. The assessment of the quantitative ratio of identified substances was carried out by the area of ​​the peaks using the method of internal normalization.

To establish the monosaccharide composition of carbohydrates, their acid hydrolysis was carried out. Neutral sugars were identified by GLC. GLC

– samples were analyzed on a Chrom-5 chromatograph with a flame ionization detector, glass column (1.5 m 0.3 m) 5% Silicone XE

- 60 on NAW chromaton - 0.2000.250 mesh, 210 °C; carrier gas - helium, 30 ml/min in the form of aldononitrile acetates.

Also, for the analysis of BAS of the Caucasian goldenrod herb, an AT-5850/5973 Agillent Technologies chromato-mass spectrometer (USA) was used. Quadrupole mass spectrometer with a mass range of 2 – 950 a.m.u. has a resolution of 0.5 a.m.u. throughout the entire operating range. Ionization by electrons 70 eV. The sensitivity of the instrument is 0.01 ng for methyl stearate.

For chromatographic separation of the sample, a fused silica capillary column 25 m long and 0.25 mm in inner diameter was used. HP–5ms Hewlett–Packard stationary phase with a layer thickness of 0.2 µm. Chromatography was carried out in the temperature programming mode from 135 to 320°C at a rate of 7 deg/min. The temperature of the injector and interface is 280 °C. Data processing was carried out using standard programs of the device. Substances in the chromatographic peaks were identified using library programs with the NIST mass spectra database.

2.2.3 Spectral methods UV spectrophotometry has been used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of flavonoids, phenolcarboxylic acids and triterpene glycosides. UV absorption spectra were recorded on SF-56 and SF-2000 spectrophotometers in cuvettes with a layer thickness of 10 mm in the region from 200 to 600 nm.

IR spectra of carbohydrate samples were taken on a Perkin-Elmer model 2000 spectrophotometer in tablets with KBr in accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph "Spectrometry in the infrared region" .

Determination of the content of macro- and microelements in grass h. Caucasian was carried out using a semi-quantitative spectral method. The analysis was carried out in the central testing laboratory "Kavkazgeolsemka". The elemental composition was studied on a DFS-8-1 diffraction spectrograph by the evaporation method.

2.2.4 Titrimetric methods Quantitative determination of tannins in the herb of the Caucasian goldenrod was carried out by the method of permanganometric titration according to the method of SP XI, vol. one . The content of free organic acids was determined by the alkalimetric titration method according to the method of SP XI, vol. 2, art.

39 "Rosehips" .

2.2.5 Gravimetric methods The study of carbohydrates of the Caucasian goldenrod herb was carried out gravimetrically according to the method described in the monograph by N.K. Kochetkova and M. Sinner.

2.2.6 Resource studies The resource studies were carried out in accordance with the guidelines.

Accounting plots were established with an area of ​​1 m2; on average, 5–6 adult plant specimens were placed on one accounting plot. At the same time, the shape of the site (rectangular, square, rounded) did not play a significant role.

After the laying of the accounting sites, all raw phytomass was collected on each of them. The collected raw materials were weighed after drying.

Calculations were performed using formulas (1, 2, 3, 4):

–  –  –

2.2.7 Pharmacological study methods Acute toxicity studies were carried out using the Kerber method.

"Acute" toxicity was studied on 42 outbred male white mice weighing 22-30 g, quarantined for 10 days. The Caucasian goldenrod extract was administered intragastrically using a probe. The control group of animals received an equivolume of saline. Observation of experimental animals was carried out for 2 weeks, continuously on the first day. The general condition of the animals, the peculiarities of their behavior, the intensity and nature of motor activity, the time of death after the administration of the drug were recorded. All calculations were carried out by the least squares method using probit analysis and processed using the StatPlus 2009 program.

The study of the diuretic activity of the dry extract of Caucasian goldenrod was carried out on 24 white male rats of the Wistar line weighing 300–450 g. Urine was collected in the morning on an empty stomach for 2 hours after 2.5% water load. A dry extract of the Caucasian goldenrod in the form of an aqueous solution was administered one hour before the creation of a water load. The intact group of animals received an equivalent amount of water.

Antibacterial action was studied in accordance with SP XII.

2.2.8 Sampling for analysis Sampling for analysis was carried out in accordance with OFS 42-0013-03 "Rules for acceptance of medicinal plant materials and sampling methods"

2.2.9 Methods of macro- and microscopic analysis of raw materials Macroscopic analysis of medicinal plant materials was carried out visually according to SP XI.

Anatomical studies were performed according to the method of GF XI and G.G.

Fursta. Micropreparations were studied using microscopes "Biolam" and "Biomed". Objectives 4, 8, 10, 40, eyepiece 16 were used. Microphotography was performed using digital cameras Nikon Coolpix and L33.0 mp cmos microscope digital camera eyepiece new.

For microscopic analysis, temporary preparations prepared from dried raw materials were used. Whole raw materials were clarified in the system ethyl alcohol – glycerin – water in the ratio 1:1:1. Sections obtained manually with a blade were stained with a reagent for lignification - an alcoholic solution of phloroglucinum 1% and a solution of sulfuric acid 50%. The anatomical structure is considered in accordance with the Global Fund XI, no. one .

2.2.10 Determination of numerical indicators Determination of humidity, total ash, ash insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid, extractive substances in the herb of Caucasian goldenrod was carried out according to the methods described in the SP XI ed., vol. 1 and 2, as well as GF XII ed. .

2.2.11 Validation of the quantitation method The validation of the method for the quantitation of flavonoids in the Caucasian goldenrod herb was carried out in accordance with the ICH guidelines “Validation of analytical methods. Content and Methodology".

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Golden cattail, solidago - these are all the names of the goldenrod. This perennial is dearly loved by gardeners from different countries. Lush bright yellow flowers decorate the site, instantly attracting the eye. Despite the high decorativeness, goldenrod is considered a weed in some regions. In this article, we will learn how to plant this perennial plant on your site so that it does not interfere with other crops.

plant description

Goldenrod is a perennial rhizomatous herbaceous plant. The elongated oblong strong root of the plant thoroughly goes into the ground. On the surface, one can see a little branched simple shoot, up to 100 cm high. Atlas bark covers the straight stem of the goldenrod. It can be emerald or crimson. The bright green leaves of goldenrod grass are oval or ovoid in shape, with small notches along the edges, sawtooth. The lower narrow leaves are more elongated than the upper ones. The narrow leaves of goldenrod resemble willow leaves in shape.

Common goldenrod blooms from May to September. The inflorescences consist of lemon-colored bell-shaped buds. The length of the flowers reaches 8 mm. Bells with lemon-colored petals grow along the edges, and in the center they are distinguished by a chestnut-yellow color. The fruit formed after pollination is an achene, shaped like a cylinder with longitudinal ribs, up to 4 mm long.

Grass goldenrod is an aggressor plant, one copy gives up to 100 thousand seeds, 95% germination. In a year it can move tens of kilometers, it is a full owner in those territories where it has settled.

Goldenrod is used in many industries. Used in veterinary medicine as an astringent. In an industrial way, yellow and brown paints are extracted from goldenrod. The goldenrod plant is highly valued for its beneficial properties and is used in folk medicine.

A bit of history

Almost all varieties of goldenrod come from the United States, where, even during colonization, Indian tribes used it as a medicine that accelerates wound healing. Given this fact, merchants quickly mastered its shipments across the ocean, and sold it in European countries at a very high price. After some time, it turned out that the goldenrod began to grow on its own in European countries, thereby causing a decline in interest in its person, but now the dense goldenrod plantations have become decorative, decorating the empty land plots of various nobles!

Kinds

The most common types of goldenrod:

Canadian goldenrod

This plant is able to reach colossal sizes for its species, up to one and a half meters in height. The leaves themselves of this variety also have impressive dimensions, reaching 15 cm in length. It was this variety that was one of the few varieties that became the progenitors of modern species of large goldenrod. In all other respects, the Canadian goldenrod is practically no different from its usual counterpart, with the exception of the absence of toxicity, which distinguishes it from other varieties.

bicolor goldenrod

The plant is not widespread in culture, and is a feral species. The stems of this species do not have sufficient rigidity, which provokes sagging of their tops, especially during the flowering period. The inflorescences themselves have a reed shape of white color, and a tubular shape of light yellow color, for which the species itself got its name.

Bluish gray goldenrod

This variety is notable for its flowering period, which begins in late autumn and ends in early winter. This feature makes the plant dependent on warm climatic conditions, which served as its distribution in the United States, especially in states with a hot climate, and excluded its free distribution in the CIS countries.

Cutler's goldenrod

The plant has the smallest dimensions of all its varieties, because the length of its stem rarely exceeds 35 cm, and has practically no leaves, with the exception of the basal part, where there are more leaves than other species. Cutler's goldenrod is the progenitor of modern low-growing goldenrods, which are popular as medicinal and ornamental plants.

Dzintra

This goldenrod is remarkable in that it was bred in Belarus. Plant height reaches 60 cm, and flowering lasts 30-40 days. It is very common as a decorative ornament, and is very fond of florists for its bright inflorescences, contrasting with the rich, dark green color of shiny oval leaves.

The listed goldenrods are only a small part of the vast family of this herb, of which there are more than 16 species in Russia alone. Despite such a variety, almost all of them have yellow flowers, and also love sunny and open places, do not grow well in shady areas, and are practically never found in forests!

• Goldenrod herb is highly valued by folk healers, healers, homeopaths. It is rich in vitamins, organic elements, fatty acids. The value of the medicinal properties of this perennial is recognized even by official medicine. Goldenrod is part of the preparations intended for blood purification, activation of metabolic processes.

• Goldenrod is an excellent honey plant and pergonos. When planting this plant on your site, be prepared for the fact that all the bees from the nearest apiary will fly to visit you.
• Goldenrod is also used to make yellow and brown dyes.
• If you decide to plant goldenrod on your site, you should know that eating this plant by pets in large quantities is very dangerous. Goldenrod is poisonous. There were examples when sheep, after eating this grass, received severe poisoning, paralysis, and death. Goldenrod can also be dangerous for people who are prone to allergic reactions.
• Goldenrod is a perennial, which, despite its decorative effect, also has a negative reputation. In some countries, the plant has led to environmental problems. The fact is that solidago is a very tenacious plant that can quickly spread on its own. Canadian goldenrod, for example, has a creeping root system that gradually crowds out neighboring crops. But modern flower growers can choose to plant other varieties of goldenrod that are not aggressive for planting on their plots.
• On the shelves of the pharmacy, goldenrod can be found under the name golden cattail grass. It has a sweet smell and a specific taste.

Care rules

Goldenrod is an easy, tenacious plant. It will appeal to busy or lazy gardeners. The flower prefers well-lit areas of the garden. Solidago grows better on them and forms more buds. It can also withstand a slight penumbra, but in this case, flowering will begin later.

Fertile soils with a neutral or slightly acidic reaction are suitable for planting. The plant can adapt to poor, heavy soils. Goldenrod needs regular watering, but without standing water in the ground. Frequent droughts lead to disease and reduced flowering.

Goldenrod fertilizer is needed only on poor soils. An excess of minerals leads to a strong pasture of the stems and a decrease in flowering. You can use mullein or mineral universal fertilizers. Solutions are applied to the ground monthly until flowering is completed.

To avoid abundant self-seeding, it is recommended to cut the inflorescences immediately after withering. This will protect the site from complete capture by the goldenrod. Tall bushes should be tied up or supported. In autumn, the shoots are almost completely cut off, leaving only 10-15 cm of shoots above the soil surface. Plants are resistant to frost and do not require additional shelter.

Under natural conditions, goldenrod actively propagates by seeds and shoots. If you want to plant goldenrod in your area, then you can do this by the seed method, dividing the bush and cuttings. Let's take a look at some of the features of each of these methods:

• planting goldenrod by seed method. This method is used very rarely, since the planting material loses its germination very quickly. If you still decide to grow solidago in this way, then choose either November or mid-spring. Before planting goldenrod, the seeds should be held for some time in a damp cloth. After a few hours, simply transfer the seeds to the dug up area. Some gardeners don't even bother with burying goldenrod seeds, as they will germinate anyway. You can also deepen the seeds to a maximum depth of 3-4 mm. if you planted the seeds in the spring, then the first shoots will appear in 14-21 days, and when planted before winter, next spring. After the seedlings get a little stronger, they should be planted. Border varieties of goldenrod are seated at a minimum distance of 40 cm from each other, and tall ones - 80 cm;
• planting goldenrod by cuttings. This method, like the previous one, provides 100% survival of goldenrod. Proceed to harvest cuttings should be before the buds begin to appear. Choose well-formed shoots. It is necessary to separate them with a “heel”. The apical part of the shoot can also act as a cutting. If you prune a perennial during the flowering period, then young shoots will begin to grow intensively from the axils of the leaves, which can also act as planting material. Cuttings are simply buried in open ground, after which they successfully take root;
• planting goldenrod by dividing the bush. To divide the bush, it must be old enough and strong. Usually 4-5-year-old goldenrods become such. Older bushes can be difficult to dig out, as their root system is already too large. Before digging, moisten the soil, carefully dig out the bush and divide it into as many parts as its root system allows. Plant each part of the bush in a pre-dug planting hole. This method of propagation of goldenrod is also good because the plant is thus updated.

Soil for goldenrod

Close attention must be paid to soil care. Good soil in the garden is a condition for the development of a perennial herbaceous plant. Care should be taken to provide sufficient nutrients by using commercially available compost and organic fertilizers. Goldenrod grows well in moist, fertile soil, if fertilizer is used, it will also develop in poorer soil. It is necessary to improve the soil, since specimens growing on poor soil have less beautiful flowers. Soil improvement: The first remedy is compost, which ensures the formation of humus and fertility, enriches the soil with nutrients, increases the ability to accumulate moisture.

Diseases and pests

The best protection for plants is protection provided in advance. At first this seems like a theory, but any experienced gardener will attest to how effective proper care works and to what extent diseases and pests can be eliminated. In this regard, care does not only mean proper watering and sufficient balanced nutrition, but also includes changing the growing conditions at a given place, the distance between plants, as well as the choice of species and varieties.

Goldenrod honey

Bees collect goldenrod honey from common goldenrod, which is beautiful as a honey plant. Goldenrod honey crystallizes quickly, stays in liquid form for up to 2 months. Honey is thick, caramel-colored, bitter, not candied.

This honey is an effective natural preparation used in the treatment of pathological processes in the body. Goldenrod honey is mixed with blackcurrant berries, take a mixture of one teaspoon before meals, for the treatment of liver pathologies.

When regulating the functions of the urinary system, one teaspoon of goldenrod honey is dissolved in 100 ml of heated water. Take a mixture of 1/4 cup twice a day before meals.

In the treatment of pyelonephritis, about 120 g of goldenrod honey is mixed with lemon juice and rosehip extract, taken before meals.

Herbaceous perennials are suitable for natural and traditional home gardens, where they can be used to dilute vegetation or as framing a flower bed and flower bed. Ornamental grasses should be used much more often for decoration, because with their graceful attractiveness, long stems, bright spikes of flowers, they will always bring something special to the garden.

Goldenrod is actively used in a set of activities and solutions for landscaping the garden. Hybrid varieties of goldenrod bloom next to other crops in flower beds without interfering with neighboring plants. Yellow bushes look great in tandem with conifers, as well as fragrant bright flowers.

Goldenrod is beautiful not only on the garden plot, but also in every home. The bouquet will be fresh for at least two weeks, exuding a pleasant, delicate aroma.

Medicinal properties

Despite its toxicity, goldenrod has beneficial properties, the mention of which dates back to the 16th-17th century. In those days, it was used mainly for healing the stomach, with diarrhea, dropsy, and swelling of the kidneys. Later, at the beginning of the 20th century, scientists discovered alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins and terpenoids in the composition of the plant. Despite this, goldenrod did not find its popularity in the scientific community, and began to be used mainly in traditional medicine, where its medicinal properties were appreciated, the list of which is given below:

1. The plant has excellent healing properties, which allows it to be used in the treatment of skin diseases, inflammations and even purulent wounds;
2. Due to its composition, the plant is excellent for treating the kidneys and urinary tract, including uncontrolled urination, which is primarily relevant for the elderly;
3. Goldenrod is suitable for people with impaired metabolism, bringing them back to normal, which is important for emaciated, as well as overweight individuals;
4. The plant has an antibacterial effect, which allows it to be successfully used for diseases and abscesses of the gums, their bleeding, as well as various bacterial lesions of the oral mucosa. Moreover, goldenrod can be used as an aid in scurvy;
5. The herb is used for pain in the stomach, as well as for diarrhea, but here you should be careful about tinctures taken orally so as not to get intoxication;
6. Antimicrobial properties have also found their use in the treatment of acne and furunculosis, which is also relevant for both teenagers and people with oily skin. However, if your acne is hormonal in origin, goldenrod is not effective;
7. Proper use of goldenrod helps to get rid of seasonal allergies, with the exception of allergies to ragweed and daisies;
8. Goldenrod contains saponins, these are special elements that have an antifungal effect, which is especially pronounced in vaginal and oral thrush.

This is only a small part of the useful properties of the plant, a complete and detailed list of which can perhaps fit only in a small book!

Collection and preparation

When collecting, one should take into account the fact that the roots of this plant do not carry any value, and are not used in the main and most popular medicinal recipes. As for the aerial part of this plant, inflorescences are mainly used here, while harvesting begins exclusively during the early flowering period, best of all in the middle of summer, when the flowers are saturated with useful substances to the maximum. In addition, preference should be given to inflorescences that have not fully blossomed, since “mature” flowers, even when cut, can turn into seeds. The stem itself is also suitable for the manufacture of tinctures and powders, however, due to its rigid structure, it requires separate processing, followed by grinding into flour!

Contraindications!

Goldenrod is contraindicated in pregnant women, as it can provoke a miscarriage. It should not be taken by breastfeeding mothers either, as this can harm the baby, whose body is unable to neutralize, albeit small, but still present toxic substances contained in goldenrod. For these reasons, goldenrod tinctures and honey are also not recommended for children under 6-7 years of age. In addition, the use of goldenrod is prohibited for people suffering from glomerulonephritis, as well as people prone to allergic reactions to ragweed and daisies. If you have edema caused by cardiovascular or kidney failure, you should also forget about using this herb!

Other Uses for Goldenrod

During the colonization of the United States, the American Indians used goldenrod in the manufacture of yellow paint, which had a relatively high resistance to environmental conditions. In addition, some varieties of goldenrod contain rubber fibers, the use of which is advisable in the absence of third-party sources of this material. As for official medicine, here goldenrod is added to drugs aimed at preventing the genitourinary system, mainly the male population. There are also some creams and ointments aimed at combating acne, but such ointments are very few in number, or their composition contains goldenrod only as a minor element.

Goldenrod (lat. solidago) is a flower from childhood. One fine day, he appears in your garden as an uninvited guest and modestly begins his life in some abandoned corner. Very little time passes, and its sunny yellow panicles of inflorescences are already visible throughout the site.

But for some reason, the hand does not rise to uproot the arrogant plant, and it remains to live next to you forever. Its dense thickets serve as an excellent refuge for birds, and golden flowers smelling of honey just attract bees and butterflies.

Blooming in late summer and early autumn, goldenrod is an indispensable flower for autumn bouquets, when there are so few bright colors left in nature.

Botanical characteristic

All numerous representatives of the genus are rhizomatous herbaceous perennials with strong erect stems. The height of the stems ranges from half a meter to two. The arrangement of leaves on the stem is alternate, the leaf blade is entire, lanceolate, the edges of the leaf are more or less finely serrated.

The flowers are yellow, small, usually very numerous, more often collected in a loose inflorescence panicle, less often - in a brush or shield. The root system is powerful.

The type of solidago, as a rule, is easily recognizable by their characteristic golden inflorescences, and the goldenrod variety can be identified from the photo.

Classification

Genus Solidago family. Astrov includes 117 species. Most of the species are native to the northern hemisphere: about 80 are native to the prairies and forests of North America, mostly from Canada. And only a few are native species of South America and the temperate zone of Eurasia: 8 in Mexico, 4 in South America, 6-10 in Europe and Asia.

On the territory of the European part of Russia (the Caucasus and the south of Western Siberia), the common goldenrod grows, in the Far East and Eastern Siberia - Daurian and descending goldenrod. In its homeland, the plant is considered a weed, but in Europe it is valued as a beautiful garden flower.

About 20 types of solidago are used in horticulture, but much less are widely used:

Canadian goldenrod (S. сanadensis) is one of the most common species in Russian gardens. It runs wild in the middle lane, and now it can be found on the outskirts of settlements, along roadsides and even near garbage dumps - which, of course, adorns the unsightly landscape.

Many garden forms have been obtained from the Canadian goldenrod, united under the name Hybrid goldenrod (S. x hybrida).

Goldenrod highest (S. altissima) - sometimes considered as a subspecies of the Canadian. In height and shape of the bush, as well as inflorescences, they are really very similar.

Common goldenrod (S. virgаurea), a synonym for the Golden rod. Translated from the Latin species name "virgаurea" - "golden branch". Curiously, in the "Botanical Dictionary" of 1878, 48 common and bookish Russian names of this plant are given, which indicates its great popularity among the population.

Two-color goldenrod (S. bicolor) - not widely distributed in culture. It differs from other species of the genus by two-color inflorescences: reed flowers are white, tubular light yellow.

Blue-gray goldenrod (S. caesia) - a distinctive feature of the species is not flowers, but stems: dark green or brownish in color, sprawling, almost bare, leafy only in the upper part. Leaves resemble willow.

Cutler's goldenrod (S. cutlieri) - this species with unusually low stems (10-30 cm) served as the basis for the development of many modern undersized garden varieties. The height of the tallest of them does not exceed 50 cm.

Wrinkled goldenrod (S. rugosa) - the color of the shoots is characteristic reddish-brown, the stems are smooth, straight, up to 2 m tall. At home in North America, it is called the coarse-stalked goldenrod.

Prefers swampy terrain, damp meadows. As a garden plant, it is valuable in that it does not grow and is not susceptible to LMR - and this is a real scourge for most solidago species.

To a lesser extent, other types are used in floriculture:

• Shorty's goldenrod (S. shortii)
• Riddle's goldenrod (S. Riddellii)
• Hard goldenrod (S. Rigida)

In addition to these species, new excellent varieties of solidago are becoming increasingly popular: reliable, cold-resistant, growing or, on the contrary, practically not growing, resistant to diseases.

Breeders also bred a hybrid between yarrow aster and Canadian solidago - yellow solidaster: a plant undemanding to soils, whose flowers are good for cutting.

Cultivation and care

Goldenrod has a reputation for being quite aggressive, in some countries it is even classified as a so-called invasive species (a dangerous alien plant that invades new territories so actively that it displaces native species of flora).

In addition, most solidago species are susceptible to downy mildew. But this, perhaps, exhausts all the shortcomings of the solar flower, and everything else is just a long list of its advantages.

Cultivated, it is a very simple and undemanding plant that can be successfully grown by the most inexperienced flower lover. Goldenrod is able to survive and grow well even in the shade, although, of course, it will not be able to show its best qualities.

If the garden has a well-lit corner with heavy, moist soil, this place is ideal for goldenrod. It prefers soil with an acid reaction, but as a plant resistant and courageous, it will also live on alkaline soil.

Needs regular watering, but in extreme cases can be content only with rain. Does not need supplements. Shelter for the winter is not required. It will be quite enough to cut off faded stems in late autumn, leaving small stumps 10-15 cm high.

Modern varieties, it should be noted, are not as unpretentious and viable as species plants. But varieties can be selected for every taste: for a small-care garden - slightly growing, for the so-called. "wild border" - resistant to downy mildew, for a garden in a landscape style - species plants, for decorating walls, fences, outbuildings - tall and abundantly flowering.

As part of a hedge and even in an orchard, planting goldenrod is of great benefit. The fact is that goldenrod is a wonderful honey plant, and insects love it very much, incl. and predatory. And the presence of such assistants in the garden, of course, is only to the benefit of both cultivated plants and the gardener himself.

Application in medicine

The medicinal properties of goldenrod are widely used in official and traditional medicine, in homeopathy and veterinary medicine. In herbal medicine for medicinal purposes, the upper, leafy part of the stems with inflorescences is used. The pharmacological spectrum of action of goldenrod is very wide, which is associated with the chemical composition of the plant.

Common goldenrod is included in the British Pharmacopoeia, officially recognized as traditional medicine in Germany, Canadian goldenrod herb is included in some complex medicines produced in Ukraine and Poland.

Traditional medicine uses both types of goldenrod with equal success: ordinary and Canadian, but the latter is much more potent.

Native Americans, by the way, chewed goldenrod leaves to relieve sore throats, and the roots to get rid of toothache.

When applying traditional medicine recipes for the treatment of a serious illness, you should always remember first of all: any self-treatment is dangerous, and instead of the expected benefit, it can be harmful!

You can’t unconditionally take on faith and try out recipes read on the Internet - you should find a good doctor and consult with him. However, this applies not only to the treatment of goldenrod (it also contains poisonous substances).

Goldenrod photo

Many of us are familiar with Canadian goldenrod. This is a perennial herbaceous plant, the top of which is decorated with sunny golden inflorescences.

As an ornamental, it is used by many gardeners. Its lush arcuate flower stalks adorn many flowerbeds until late autumn. These plants are pleasing to the eye both in the cut and in the winter bouquet. However, such a cute flower is considered not only decorative. Alternative and traditional medicine uses it as an excellent antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic.

A bit of history

The name of this plant solidago consists of two Latin words. This is solidus, which means "strong", and ago - "to do". In a literal translation - "doing health."

And here it becomes clear that Canadian goldenrod has medicinal properties.
The plant was brought to Europe from North America as an ornamental. After that, it became wild and spread over a large area.

In 1863, Canadian goldenrod was named the national plant of the Confederacy due to its gray and yellow flowers. Since 1895, he has become one of the official symbols of the state of Nebraska. Since 1926, the Canadian goldenrod has been a symbol of the state of Kentucky.

In the people, this plant is called scrofula and life-giving grass, hare down and yellow flower.

Classification

The Canadian goldenrod plant is a perennial. This is one of the many (about 120) species belonging to the genus Goldenrod. The plant belongs to the Compositae or Astrov family.

Botanical description

What is Canadian goldenrod? The photo and description below introduce us to this perennial herbaceous plant.

Canadian goldenrod is quite high. Its stems reach almost two meters in height. At the same time, they are branched, erect, with a large number of leaves along the entire length and woody at the very base. Not surprisingly, supported by a powerful rhizome.

The plant has alternately placed pointed lanceolate leaves, on which three veins can be seen. The lowest green plates have a serrate-toothed shape. These leaves emerge from the stem with short petioles. At the top are sessile entire leaflets.

In the second year of life, starting from mid-summer, the plant begins to bloom. This state continues for one and a half to two months. What can be observed? At the very top of the stems, paniculate inflorescences-baskets begin to form, which consist of small yellow flowers. 5-6 of them are reed, and 6-8 are tubular. They contain five stamens with a lower ovary. By the end of August, Canadian goldenrod begins to form cylindrical achene fruits. They contain small seeds with a small tuft, having

The plant is an excellent honey plant. Its reproduction occurs both with the help of the wind and vegetatively (by cuttings or part of the rhizome).

In Russia, you can find two varieties of goldenrod - Canadian and ordinary (golden rod). The cultivation of the plant is carried out for decorative and medicinal purposes. At the same time, such a species as Canadian goldenrod shows stronger healing properties, affecting the patient's body much more effectively.

The root system of the plant has the ability to grow independently. At the same time, Canadian goldenrod (see photo below) gradually displaces and drowns out a huge number of species of other plants.

For example, in China, this is considered a serious agricultural problem that needs to be addressed in order to save the crops planted in the fields.

Spreading

The Canadian goldenrod is native to North America. To date, the territory of its distribution is quite extensive. You can meet the plant throughout Europe. Huge thickets of goldenrod are also found in America and Asia. At the same time, wild-growing and cultivated species are distinguished.

The plant prefers light sandy soils in well-lit areas. Often, Canadian goldenrod is found on forest edges. It also grows along roads, as well as near houses in the countryside. Gardeners consider it an unpretentious flowering plant.

Procurement of raw materials

Canadian goldenrod, whose medicinal properties are widely used in the treatment of many diseases, is pre-harvested for the production of various drugs.

In this case, the stems of the plant serve as medicinal raw materials. In the field of homeopathy, its fresh flowers are used to produce remedies. Only in its aerial part does the Canadian goldenrod exhibit medicinal properties (photo below).

Harvesting of medicinal herbs begins during its flowering period. In this case, only the inflorescences of the plant, as well as its leaves without hard stems, are considered suitable.
Baskets of flowers collect only drop-down. Already bloomed after cutting them, they fluff up and throw out seeds.

The collected raw materials are placed under a canopy, where direct sunlight does not fall. The temperature should not exceed 40 degrees. It should be noted that the hard tops of the stems are not subject to harvesting. They are simply thrown away.

The dried parts of the plant are packed in paper bags. Raw materials of goldenrod can be stored without losing their medicinal properties for no more than two years.

Chemical composition

What are the medicinal properties of Canadian goldenrod? Its rich chemical composition, which contains a large amount of flavanoids and tannins, alkaloids and essential oils, chlorogenic and caffeic acids, coumarins and saponins, chlorophyll and diterpenes, lipophilic substances and triterpene compounds, as well as resins.

The combination of these useful elements leads to the fact that the plant is able to produce a therapeutic effect to eliminate a large number of pathologies, and therefore it is used not only by folk, but also by official medicine.

Pharmacological properties

What are the benefits of Canadian goldenrod? Official medicine classifies it as a strong diuretic. This action is made possible thanks to the saponins included in its composition. At the same time, in addition to the medicinal properties of Canadian goldenrod, contraindications are also considered. So, the plant is able to increase the pH of urine, and therefore the preparations that contain this medicinal herb are not recommended to patients if they have phosphate stones. Canadian goldenrod is especially effective in other cases. So, it is indicated for urate and oxalate stones, urolithiasis, as well as pathologies of the kidneys and bladder.

Flavonoids, which are part of Canadian goldenrod, can reduce the permeability of capillaries - small vessels. In addition, the plant shows its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect on the body. A positive effect was noted when it was used to eliminate thrush (candidiasis), which is explained by the detrimental effect of the active substances of the medicinal herb on yeast pathogenic fungi candida.

Application area

The beneficial properties of Canadian goldenrod allow it to be used to treat many diseases. After all, the plant has a well-defined anti-inflammatory and choleretic, diuretic and antibacterial, astringent and expectorant, analgesic and sugar-lowering, restorative and wound-healing effect (below, see the photo of Canadian goldenrod).

The medicinal properties of the plant, namely its most powerful antibacterial effect, make it an excellent addition to the drug therapy of a disease such as pulmonary tuberculosis. In addition, the medicinal herb has an expectorant and antitussive effect, helping to clear the lungs of the sputum in them, which provokes coughing fits. Doctors note that after the inclusion of the plant in the course of therapy, the patient's condition improved significantly.

The plant also provides invaluable assistance in the treatment of bronchitis, as well as bronchial asthma. This happens not only due to antitussive, but also due to the most powerful anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antibacterial action.

Preparations, which include Canadian goldenrod, help with inflammatory processes in the bile ducts and in the gallbladder, as well as with bile stasis. Pain syndromes in such cases are removed already on the first day of the course of treatment.

The plant is used to provide a diuretic effect, if necessary, to remove sand from the kidneys, as well as to relieve swelling. Moreover, preparations containing Canadian goldenrod improve the patient's condition even in cases where he has swelling of the internal organs or even the brain. Healing herb actively removes fluid from the body in the shortest possible time, eliminating its excess.

Canadian goldenrod is also used for liver pathologies. In this case, he is also able to show a pronounced therapeutic effect. At the same time, inflammation is removed, the liver is cleansed of toxins, and the processes of self-healing of the affected cells are launched.

Helps Canadian goldenrod from diabetes. At the same time, it speeds up metabolic processes. In turn, this leads to the rapid burning of sugar. It is recommended to take herbal preparations regularly. This will significantly lower the level of sugar in the body. This property of medicinal herbs is used not only for diabetes. Preparations with it are recommended for people with high sugar.

The Canadian goldenrod is also good for diarrhea. He is able not only to stop an unpleasant phenomenon, but also to eliminate the very cause of the disease. This becomes possible due to the fact that pathogenic microorganisms, which, as a rule, cause diarrhea, die when interacting with the substances that make up the medicinal herb.

Canadian goldenrod is also used as a wound healing agent. It prevents infection and accelerates the process of regeneration of the upper layers of the skin. In cases where it is required to heal ulcers or festering wounds, one should also not forget about this amazing herb. She will quickly cleanse the wound of purulent-necrotic secretions and will soon tighten it.

Contraindications

When is Canadian goldenrod not used? Contraindications prohibiting treatment with preparations containing this plant are as follows:

Pregnancy period;
- age up to 12 years;
- the period of breastfeeding;
- allergy;
- acute glomerulonephritis.

In addition, it is worth considering that the plant is poisonous. In this regard, Canadian goldenrod can harm the body. To prevent this from happening, it is simply unacceptable to exceed the permissible dosages when using it.

Application in official medicine

The medicinal properties and contraindications of Canadian goldenrod are well known to pharmacologists in Russia, as well as other countries. They use the plant to create some complex preparations that have hypoazotemic and diuretic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. These are, for example, such means as "Marelin" and "Prostanom", "Fitozilin" and others. Consider the scope of their application.

The composition of the drug "Prostanorm" is a liquid extract obtained from the ground part of the plant. This pharmacological agent is successfully used in the treatment of prostate pathologies (chronic and acute adenomas, prostatitis). The drug improves the circulation of fluid in the prostate, and also normalizes the process of diuresis. Its active substances act on staphylococci, enterococci and streptococci.

The anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic drug "Marelin" is used by physicians for nephrolithiasis. At the heart of the remedy is a dry extract of goldenrod, due to which the excretion of kidney stones occurs, diuresis increases and renal colic is eliminated.

The drug "Fitolysin" is used in the treatment of inflammatory and infectious processes that accompany urolithiasis (urolithiasis). The agent contributes to the creation of a bacteriostatic, bactericidal and antispasmodic effect.

Based on fresh inflorescences of Canadian goldenrod, the homeopathic remedy Sjlidago virgaurea is injected. It is recommended for inflammations of the kidneys of a chronic nature, which are accompanied by catarrhs, rheumatic spasms and edema.

Application by folk healers

Alternative medicine recommends using Canadian goldenrod internally and externally, using tinctures and decoctions. In the first case, the plant is indicated for rheumatism, gout, gallstone disease and indigestion. Regular ingestion of a decoction made from this medicinal herb allows you to remove stones from the kidneys and urinary tract. At the same time, spasmodic renal pain ceases to torment a person. In addition, decoctions are recommended for the treatment of the throat, for getting rid of colds, as well as for eliminating unpleasant odors from the oral cavity.

The same drug is used externally. Canadian goldenrod leaves are boiled for lotions in the treatment of furunculosis, cuts, poorly healing and purulent wounds. There is another excellent external remedy that allows you to save a person from various skin diseases. These are crushed dry leaves of a plant mixed with cream.

Traditional medicine also uses the essential oil of a medicinal plant. Moreover, it can be used both as an independent tool and in combination with other oils intended for aroma lamps, local applications, as well as for massage actions.

honey plant

How else can Canadian goldenrod be used? The plant is distinguished by a high content of nectar in its flowers, which is produced throughout the daylight hours. For the entire period of their flowering, which is about two months, bees are able to collect up to 100-150 kg of honey from one hectare. This product has a tart taste and a bitter aftertaste. Its color is dark brown. Honey in its liquid consistency is stored for no more than 1-2 months. After that, it crystallizes.

Canadian goldenrod honey is also used in traditional medicine. After all, this beekeeping product has many medicinal qualities, which are due to the presence of nutrients in the plant itself. In addition, the nectar processed by bees becomes even more valuable. Goldenrod honey has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Its use helps fight kidney diseases and urinary tract ailments. In addition, this valuable bee product helps with dermatitis and eczema. Its use allows you to strengthen the immune system, as well as have a positive effect on metabolic processes.

Folk healers recommend this honey not only orally. It can also be used as part of ointments and compresses. Such use of it allows you to cure eczema, edema, dermatosis, long-term healing wounds, as well as skin irritations.

Honey also has a beneficial effect on the digestive, cardiac and nervous systems. This product is also considered an excellent remedy for the treatment of tonsillitis, meningitis, rhinitis and sinusitis.