on the forums of "survivors" disputes do not subside - what kind of car will be needed in the event of a global catastrophe such as an atomic war ...
What do Hollywood filmmakers think about the Doomsday Machine? Considering that the topic is about a truck capable of performing the functions of a mobile home, we will immediately discard all sorts of crazy-max muscle cars and buggies, as well as jeeps and motorcycles.
Probably the first such cinematic<машиной апокалипсиса>became a car<Ковчег-2>from the classic American TV series (1976) in which a team of research scientists travels around a scorched planet. We must pay tribute to the props and decorators of the series - the car was built in full size and equipped, according to the tasks. Inside the self-propelled ark there was a commander's cabin (there is no way to call IT a driver's cabin), living quarters, a laboratory and even a garage for a small four-wheeled all-terrain vehicle. Unfortunately the exterior<Ковчега>on the contrary, it turned out to be completely absurd - a huge cigar-shaped (Improving aerodynamics for participating in post-apocalyptic races?) silver (Yeah, disguise drives) body was hoisted on the chassis of a decommissioned three-axle truck, resulting in a car with huge aft and bow overhangs, a disproportionately short base, terrible geometry and tiny wheels shod in tires with<лысым>road protector.
The next attempt by filmmakers to create<машину апокалипсиса>became a unique amphibious all-terrain vehicle<Ландмастер>() with a planetary drive from the movie<Долина проклятий () снятого по мотивам классического роуд-муви Роджера Желязны. Специально построенный для съемок вездеход вполне справедливо считается лучшим киноавтомобилем за всю историю кинематографа. Не смотря на то, что <Ландмастер>was built as a set for the film, without any special calculations, quite unexpectedly, the car turned out to be an all-terrain vehicle in the literal sense of the word, easily moving even where even trucks and SUVs of the film crew were skidding, which once again clearly demonstrated the outstanding characteristics of the undeservedly forgotten planetary propulsion unit today. Potential<Ландмастера>turned out to be so high that the models built for filming (on a scale of 1/10) were used only once (in the flood scene), in all other cases the amphibian<отыграла>its role<вживую>, no special effects. Unfortunately, during post-production<Долина проклятий>was seriously re-edited and almost all the scenes in which you could see the interior of a unique car were cut from the film.
Despite the modest box office of Damnation Valley, in the future it was quite possible to expect new blockbusters about road adventures in the PA-entourage from Hollywood, but then disaster struck - in 1981<Воин дороги>.
An immortal classic of PA cinema, the second part of the Mad Max adventure once and for all set the canons of the post-apocalyptic road movie. Now any post-apocala hero was simply obliged to walk in a shabby leather jacket and ride a pumped American muscle car, and his opponents were indispensable bikers with punk hairstyles on buggies and motorcycles decorated with spikes, skulls and sophisticated graffiti. Trucks, if ever met, then in the form of huge mainline tractors with semi-trailers, similar to mobile branches of hell - entangled in barbed wire, with bars on the windows and the same locomotive dump instead of a bumper. (No one really thought about the fact that a huge semi-trailer would completely reduce the minimum cross-country ability of a rear-wheel drive tractor to zero.)
Such an infernal image of the apocalypse truck was replicated in an unmeasurable number of imitations and parodies, and this copy-paste continues to this day. I will give just a few examples, you can find other similar shit trucks yourself on the internet.
Giant movie truck<Вожди 21-го века>1982 (also known as) was a hybrid command and control vehicle, camper and armored personnel carrier, which drove around the post-apocalyptic United States, the commander of a small<Армией Судного Дня>- a motorized gang of thugs who took control of several
villages.
In the zombie apocalypse<Земля мертвых>(, 2005) combat vehicle<Мертвецкий патруль>was nothing more than a good old tractor with a short semi-trailer, armed with heavy machine guns, miniguns and. . . Installation for launching fireworks.
All these monsters are purely for highway purposes, and the highway should be in good-average condition.
The most offensive in this automobile epic is that it was worth the directors, who had gone numb from coke, to show at least a little curiosity, and they would have learned that in reality, cars built a long time ago were much more spectacular and interesting than all their movie creations combined. But more on that next time.
The technical name of the system is "Perimeter", but many called it "Dead Hand". Illustration: Ryan Kelly.
Valery Yarynich casts nervous glances over his shoulder. Dressed in a brown leather jacket, the 72-year-old former Soviet colonel squatted in the back of a dimly lit Iron Gate restaurant in Washington. It's March 2009 - the Berlin Wall fell two decades ago, but the thin and fit Yarynich is nervous, like an informant hiding from the KGB. He begins to speak almost in a whisper, softly but firmly.
“The Perimeter system is very, very good,” he says. “We are removing the greatest responsibility from the top politicians and the military.” He looks around again.
Yarynich talks about the Russian doomsday machine. It is, in fact, a real doomsday mechanism, a functioning perfect weapon that has always been thought to exist only in the fevered fantasy of apocalypse-obsessed science fiction writers and paranoid White House hawks. Historian Lewis Mumford calls it "the central symbol of the scientifically orchestrated nightmare of mass destruction". Yarynich, a 30-year veteran of the Soviet Strategic Missile Forces and the Soviet General Staff, helped build the system.
The point of the system, he explains, was to guarantee an automatic Soviet response to an American nuclear strike. Even if the Kremlin, the Ministry of Defense were destroyed, communications were disrupted, and all the military were killed, ground sensors would detect that a crushing blow had been dealt and launched the Perimeter system.
The technical name of the system was "Perimeter", but some called it "Dead Hand". It was built 30 years ago and remained a mystery with seven seals. With the collapse of the USSR, the very name of the system leaked to the West, but then few people noticed it. Although Yarynich and a former Minuteman missile launcher named Bruce Blair have written about Perimeter since 1993 in numerous books and newspaper articles, the fact of its existence has not penetrated into the public consciousness or into the corridors of power. The Russian side still doesn't discuss it, and Americans at the highest levels, including former senior officials in the State Department and the White House, say they've never heard of it. When former CIA director James Woolsey was told about this, his eyes turned cold.
“God forbid that the Soviets were prudent,” he said.
The Dead Hand remains shrouded in mystery to this day, and Yarinich worries that his continued outspokenness is putting him at risk. His fears are probably justified: One Soviet official who spoke to the Americans about the system died after falling down a flight of stairs. But Yarynich is still taking risks. He believes the world should know about Dead Hand. If only because, after all, it still exists.
The system became operational in 1985, after some of the most dangerous years of the Cold War. Throughout the 1970s, the USSR steadily increased its nuclear power and eventually interrupted the long-term US leadership in this area. At the same time, after the Vietnam War, America seemed weak and depressed. Then Ronald Reagan came to power, with his promises that the recession days were over. It was morning in America, he said, but twilight in the Soviet Union.
Part of the new president's tough approach was to make the Soviets believe that the US was not afraid of nuclear war. Many of his advisers have long advocated the simulation and active planning of nuclear war. These were the followers of Herman Kahn, author of On Thermonuclear War and Thinking the Unthinkable. They believed that the side with the largest arsenal and the strongest willingness to use it would have the leverage in any crisis.
Either you launch first or you convince the enemy that you can strike back even if you are dead. Illustration: Ryan Kelly
The new administration began to actively expand the US nuclear arsenal and put launchers on alert. In a Senate affirmative hearing in 1981, Eugene Rostov, as he took office as head of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, made it clear that the US might just be mad enough to use its weapons. At the same time, he stated that Japan "not only survived, but also prospered after the 1945 nuclear attack." Speaking of a possible US-Soviet nuclear conflict, he said that “according to some estimates, there would be 10 million casualties on one side and 100,000,000 on the other. But that's not the whole population."
Meanwhile, in big and small, US behavior towards the Soviets has taken on a tougher character. Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin was stripped of his reserved parking pass at the State Department. American troops have landed on tiny Grenada to defeat Communism in Operation Fury. American naval exercises were moving ever closer to Soviet waters.
This strategy worked. Moscow soon believed that the new US leadership was indeed ready to wage a nuclear war. But the Soviets also became convinced that the US was now ready to start it. “The policies of the Reagan administration must be seen as adventurous and serving the purpose of world domination,” Soviet Marshal Nikolai Ogarkov said at a meeting of the Warsaw Pact Chiefs of Staff in September 1982.
“In 1941, there were also many among us who warned against war and those who did not believe that war was coming. Thus, the situation is not only very serious, but also very dangerous,” Ogarkov said, referring to the Nazi invasion of the USSR.
A few months later, Reagan made one of the most provocative statements of the Cold War. He announced that the US intends to develop a shield of lasers and nuclear weapons in space to protect against Soviet warheads. He called it missile defense. Critics dubbed it "Star Wars".
For Moscow, this was confirmation that the US was planning an attack. It would have been impossible for the shield to stop thousands of incoming Soviet missiles at the same time, so missile defense only made sense as a way to clean up after the initial US strike. First, the United States, by launching thousands of warheads, destroys Soviet cities and missile silos. A certain number of Soviet missiles will survive for a return launch, but the Reagan shield will be able to block many of them. In this way, Star Wars nullified the long-standing doctrines of mutually assured destruction, the principle that ensures neither side starts a nuclear war because neither survives a counterattack.
As we now know, Reagan did not plan the first strike. According to his personal diaries and personal letters, he sincerely believed that he brought lasting peace. (Reagan once told Gorbachev that he might be the reincarnation of the man who invented the first shield.) The system, Reagan insisted, was purely defensive. But according to the logic of the Cold War, if you think the enemy is going to strike, you must do one of two things: either strike first, or convince the enemy that you can strike back even if you are dead.
The Perimeter provides the ability to strike back, but it is not an instant response device. It is in a semi-sleep mode until it is turned on by a high-ranking official in a military crisis. Then the monitoring of the readings of the network of seismic, radiation and air pressure sensors for signs of nuclear explosions begins. Before launching a retaliatory strike, the system must answer four if/then questions: if it was enabled, then it must try to determine whether a nuclear weapon actually hit Soviet soil. Then the system will check if there is a connection with the General Staff. If it is, and if a certain amount of time - only 15 minutes to an hour - has passed without further signs of an attack, the machine will assume that the military is still alive and there is someone to order a counterattack, after which it turns off. But if the line to the General Staff is dead, then the perimeter concludes that the Apocalypse has arrived. Then she immediately transfers launch rights to whoever is on duty at that moment deep inside the protected bunker. At this moment, the opportunity to destroy the world is given to the person on duty: maybe a minister, or maybe a 25-year-old junior officer, fresh out of a military school. And if that person decides to press the button... If/Then. If/then. If/then. If/then.
Once launched, the counterattack is controlled by so-called command missiles. Sheltered in shielded launchers designed for massive blasts and the electromagnetic pulses of a nuclear blast, these missiles would launch first and then transmit a coded order to any surviving arsenal after the first strike. Flying over the smoldering, radioactive ruins of the Motherland, and all the destroyed land, a team of missiles will destroy the United States.
The US also tried to master these technologies, in particular, the deployment of command missiles in the so-called emergency missile interaction system. They also developed seismic and radiation sensors to monitor nuclear testing and explosions around the world. But the US did not combine all this into a system of zombie retribution. They were afraid of accidents and a fatal mistake that could end the whole world.
Instead, US aircrews with retaliatory capabilities and authority patrolled the airspace during the Cold War. Their mission was similar to the Perimeter, but the system was more human-based than machine-based.
And in accordance with the rules of the Cold War game, the United States announced it to the USSR. The first mention of the Doomsday Machine was in an NBC radio broadcast in February 1950, when atomic scientist Leo Szilard described a hypothetical hydrogen bomb system that could turn the world into radioactive dust.
A decade and a half later, the hero of Stanley Kubrick's satirical masterpiece, Dr. Strangelove, tried to introduce this idea into the public consciousness. In the film, an American general sends a bomber to launch a preemptive strike against the USSR. The Soviet ambassador claims that his country has just deployed a device that will automatically respond to any nuclear attack.
“The whole point of the doomsday machine is lost if you keep it a secret!” Dr. Strangelove screams. Why didn't you tell the world?
After all, such a device only works as a deterrent if the enemy is aware of its existence. In the film, the Soviet ambassador only replies, "It should have been announced at the party congress on Monday."
In real life, however, many Mondays and many party conventions have passed since Perimeter was created. So why didn't the USSR tell the world about it, or at least the White House? There is no evidence that senior Reagan administration officials knew anything about the Soviet doomsday plan. George Shultz, Secretary of State for most of Reagan's term, said he had never heard of her.
Indeed, the Soviet military did not even inform its own civilian negotiator to limit nuclear weapons in Europe.
“I was never told about Perimeter,” says Yuli Kvitsinsky, who negotiated with the Soviet side at the time the system was created. And today no one will talk about it. In addition to Yarynich, several other people confirmed the existence of the system, but most questions about this still stumble upon a sharp “no”. At an interview in Moscow in February of this year with Vladimir Dvorkin, another former member of the Strategic Missile Forces, I was escorted out of the room almost as soon as I brought up the topic.
So why didn't the US report the Perimeter? Those savvy on the subject have long noted the Soviet military's extreme penchant for secrecy, but that probably doesn't fully explain the silence.
It may be due in part to fears that the US will be trying to figure out how to disable the system. But the main reason is much deeper. According to Yarynich, the perimeter was never intended only as a traditional doomsday machine. The USSR understood the rules of the game and went one step further than Kubrick, Szilard and all the rest: they built a system to keep themselves.
By ensuring that Moscow could retaliate, Perimeter was effectively designed to keep Soviet military and civilian leaders from making a hasty, hasty, and premature decision to launch. That is, give time to “cool hot heads. No matter what happened, there will still be room for revenge. The attackers will be punished."
"Perimeter" solved this problem. If the Soviet radar received an alarming but ambiguous signal, the leaders could turn on the Perimeter and wait. If the alarm was false, the "Perimeter" turned off.
“That's why we have a system,” Yarynich believes. — To avoid a tragic mistake.
Since Yarynich proudly describes Perimeter, I ask him a question: What to do if the system fails? What to do if something goes wrong? A computer virus, an earthquake, a deliberate act to convince the system that a war has begun?
Yarinich sips beer and dispels my doubts. Even given the unthinkable series of accidents, there will be at least one human hand to keep the Perimeter from destroying the world. Prior to 1985, he said, the Soviets had developed several automatic systems that could launch a counterattack without human intervention at all. But all these devices were rejected by the high command.
Yes, a person could decide, in the end, and not press the button. But this man was a soldier isolated in an underground bunker. And all around is evidence that the enemy has just destroyed his homeland and everyone he knows. The sensors went off, the timers are ticking. This is an instruction, and soldiers are trained to follow instructions. Though…
“I can’t say if I personally would have pressed the button,” Yarynych himself admits.
Of course, it's hardly a button, really. Now it could be some kind of key or other safety switch. He's not entirely sure. After all, he says, Dead Hand is constantly being updated.
Nicholas Thompson
Sourced from wired.com
And in order to finish off the most impenetrable reader to the end, a legendary song in the subject, from a legendary group. Enjoy and think...
Take a look at these amazing photos and then go ahead and try to do the same as this guy. Will you be able to...
Imagine several bunkers located deep underground. Every day at a strictly defined hour, an alarm is activated in these bunkers, and the computer system begins the countdown of the planet's self-destruction.
"Our strategic nuclear forces (SNF) are configured to threaten Russian nuclear and economic facilities. Even as we negotiate with Russian President Vladimir Putin, we keep his Kremlin office at gunpoint. That's the truth of life."
Joseph Cirincione, Director of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. December 2001
Doomsday Machine, Apocalypse Machine, Doomsday Machine - these concepts include some hypothetical devices capable of destroying not only Man himself, but in general all life on Earth. Or even the earth itself. In other words, it is the apotheosis of the doctrine of mutually assured destruction, the idea of which was first formulated by the American economist and one of the outstanding futurologists of the last third of the 20th century, Herman Kahn.
The most fantastic option is the so-called "Dead Man's Button". Imagine several bunkers located deep underground, the location of which is known to a very limited circle of people. Every day at a strictly defined hour, an alarm is activated in these bunkers, and the computer system begins the countdown of the planet's self-destruction. The operator on duty must turn off the system within a few minutes by pressing the end call button. If this is not done, all nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons accumulated on Earth will be simultaneously blown up. Where this will lead, everyone can imagine for himself.
The uncontrolled development of nanotechnologies may also become a potential opportunity for the emergence of one of the variants of the Doomsday Machine. (See Doomsday Machines. Gray goo).
Less fantastic options include a thermonuclear (or atomic) "dirty" bomb, consisting of a container with a radioactive isotope (isotopes) and an explosive charge. When the charge is detonated, the container with isotopes is destroyed, and the radioactive substance is sprayed by a shock wave over a sufficiently large area. One option for such a "dirty bomb" could be the deliberate detonation of a civilian installation using radioactive materials, such as a nuclear power plant. But this is, so to speak, the Doomsday Machine of local action. But in order for it to become the Doomsday Machine for all mankind, it will be necessary to explode several dozen atomic bombs in various places on the planet, which will lead to a nuclear winter and complete sterilization of the Earth.
Sometimes the Doomsday Machine is also referred to as an allegedly hypothetical system, which, in the event of the death of the political and military leadership of the country as a result of an unexpected nuclear attack, should automatically launch a nuclear retaliatory strike.
But is it really that hypothetical, this system?
It is authentically known that the Soviet Union possessed it, and now Russia possesses it. And it is called simply to the point of banality - the Perimeter system. But the Americans called it "Dead Hand".
So what is it?
In August 1974, a secret decree of the USSR government was issued, in which Soviet scientists and designers were tasked with creating a system that would guarantee a retaliatory nuclear strike against the enemy even if all command centers and all communication lines were destroyed.
The main reason for the appearance of this document was the development of rocket technology. At the turn of the 60-70s of the last century, the accuracy of hitting strategic targets of a potential enemy with ballistic missile warheads increased significantly. In addition, new delivery vehicles have appeared - sea and air-based cruise missiles. All this led to the emergence in the United States of the "Limited Nuclear War" doctrine, which provided for strikes against the most important targets - launchers, airfields, large transport hubs and industrial enterprises. In accordance with this doctrine, the flywheel of a nuclear conflict was supposed to spin up gradually, moving from the use of tactical nuclear weapons to strategic ones. Ultimately, it was assumed that the damage suffered would force the enemy to enter into peace negotiations in order to avoid complete destruction.
But soon Western strategists thought that was not enough. US Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger was the author of the new "Decapitation Strike" doctrine, designed to ensure victory in a nuclear war. It was based on the use of high-precision munitions - short and medium-range ballistic missiles and cruise missiles with individual computers and laser guidance systems. The result was to be the destruction of the command centers and political leadership of the enemy before he had time to decide to strike.
One of the indirect reasons was the construction by the United States of the Space Shuttle capable of carrying nuclear weapons. (According to the calculations of Soviet scientists from the Institute of Applied Mechanics, the Shuttle, having made a lateral maneuver in the atmosphere, could theoretically deliver the first nuclear strike and disable the combat control system of the strategic missile forces of the USSR).
All this prompted the leadership of the USSR to look for a symmetrical response. Such a response was the creation and deployment of the Perimeter system, which ensured the automatic launch of intercontinental ballistic missiles from the bases of the Strategic Missile Forces and Navy submarines in the event of the destruction of command posts. There is not much reliable information about her. Which is quite understandable. But even what is known is enough to rid the West of illusions about the possibility of inflicting an unpunished strike on Russia. And it is good that the West is aware of the existence of this system, which has no analogues in the world. Because one of the functions of this "Doomsday Machine" is the containment function.
The Perimeter system, with its main component, the Dead Hand, was put into service in 1983. The first information about it became known in the West only in the early 1990s, when some of the developers of this system moved there.
On October 8, 1993, The New York Times published an article by its columnist Bruce Blair, "The Russian Doomsday Machine", in which for the first time information about the control system of the Russian missile forces appeared in the open press. At the same time, for the first time, its top-secret name was reported - "Perimeter", and a new concept entered the English language - "dead hand" ("dead hand").
Some in the West called the Perimeter system immoral, but at the same time, even its most vehement critics were forced to admit that it is, in fact, the only deterrent that gives real guarantees that a potential adversary will refuse to launch a preventive nuclear strike . No wonder they say that fear rules the world.
And as for immorality, then ... what is the "immorality" of a retaliatory strike?
The Perimeter system is a backup command system for all branches of the armed forces armed with nuclear warheads. It is designed to be especially resistant to all the damaging factors of nuclear weapons, and it is almost impossible to disable it. Its task is to decide on a retaliatory strike on its own, without the participation (or with minimal participation) of a person. Only if the key components of the command system "Kazbek" ("nuclear suitcase") and the communication lines of the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN) are destroyed by the first strike in accordance with the "highly moral" concepts of "Limited Nuclear War" and "Decapitation Strike" , developed in the USA.
In peacetime, the main components of the Perimeter system are in standby mode. They assess the situation by processing the data coming from the measuring posts. In the event of a threat of a large-scale attack using nuclear weapons, confirmed by the data of early warning systems for a missile attack, the entire complex is automatically put on alert and begins to monitor the operational situation.
The expert system, which receives information from a variety of sensors, analyzes the intensity of negotiations on military frequencies, telemetry from the posts of the Strategic Missile Forces. But in addition to all this, Perimeter has another unique ability - the system is able to analyze changes in the military and political situation in the world, evaluate commands received over a certain period of time, and in case of force majeure, draw a conclusion about what is happening in the world something is wrong. If the "Perimeter" sensor sensors register characteristic signals of a massive nuclear strike, and the system itself loses contact with the command nodes of the Strategic Missile Forces for a certain time (for example, for one hour), then its main component - the "Dead Hand" - through underground low-frequency antennas gives an order to launch command rockets.
Flying over the territory of Russia, these missiles broadcast through powerful radio transmitters on board the control signal and launch codes for all components of the nuclear triad - silo and mobile launch systems, nuclear submarine missile cruisers and strategic aviation. Having received this signal, the receiving equipment of the command posts of the Strategic Missile Forces and individual launchers begins the process of immediately launching ballistic missiles in a fully automatic mode, thereby ensuring a guaranteed retaliatory strike against the enemy even in the event of the death of all personnel.
But the most important thing is again to the question of morality - the Perimeter system and its main component Dead Hand cannot start active operations in peacetime. Even if there is no communication, and the entire combat crew has left the starting position, there are still many other control parameters that block active actions. But in the case of a sudden and unprovoked attack, the retaliatory strike will be crushing.
What can he be? Let's try to imagine it and even write a script for a fantastic, hopefully, disaster movie ...
"Dead Hand or the Apocalypse Machine"
... Tension in relations between the world's leading powers is increasing every day. Any, the most insignificant local conflict, even between small states, can lead to a nuclear confrontation, because great ones always stand behind the small ones. And somewhere in Africa, Asia, Latin America or even in Europe, such a conflict occurred. It was followed by mutual accusations, which further inflamed the situation. The strategic nuclear forces of the great powers - the so-called nuclear triad - were ordered to be ready to strike, guaranteeing the destruction of the enemy or inflicting unacceptable damage on him. The world is on the brink of a new world war.
The Americans were the first to fail. At an emergency meeting of the National Security Council, in an atmosphere of extreme nervousness, the encryption of the Supreme Commander of NATO Forces in Europe was discussed. In it, he reported that in the coming hours Russia could launch a nuclear strike on the United States (the same information was contained in the analytical note of the CIA director). After listening to the views of the military, the US President signed a directive on the implementation of the Freedom plan. This meant a massive nuclear strike on Russia...
He was unexpected and devastating. Thousands of deadly suns burned the sky. Fire tornadoes swept away everything in their path, turning Russian cities into ruins and raising tens of thousands of tons of dust and ash into the sky. As a result of the attack, strategic aviation basing airfields, command posts and ground launchers of intercontinental ballistic missiles were destroyed. All communication lines have been disabled. Tens of millions of people died, the rest were demoralized and could not offer any resistance. There was no one to give the order to retaliate. And those who survived this Apocalypse were supposed to die in the coming days.
Victory!!! Complete and final!!! The Russians have nothing to fight with, and, most importantly, no one.
But the generals rejoiced early and clinked glasses of champagne (whiskey). The Perimeter system quickly dispelled their illusions about the possibility of delivering a nuclear strike on Russia with impunity. Having received confirmation of the early warning systems of a large-scale attack using nuclear weapons, it automatically began to monitor the operational situation. And when the sensor components of the system confirmed the fact of a massive nuclear strike and the loss of communication with the main command nodes of the Strategic Missile Forces, the Dead Hand initiated the launch of command missiles, which, through powerful radio transmitters installed on board, transmitted a control signal and launch codes for all components of the nuclear triad.
Several minutes passed, and in the deep Siberian taiga, in the swamps of central Russia, on submarine cruisers with dead crews, the hatches of silo launchers simultaneously opened, and dozens of intercontinental ballistic missiles rushed into the sky. Thirty minutes later, the fate of Russian cities was shared by the cities of the enemy. There were no winners. Having started unexpectedly, the nuclear war just as suddenly ended, destroying almost all of humanity. Only in some places, in the vast expanses of the tundra, and on distant tropical islands, local natives turned the radio knobs, not understanding why they were silent, and anxiously looked at the stars that went out in the creeping black smoke ...
The end of the film.
Do you think such a scenario of development of events is fiction? Not at all. On January 22, 2008, a group of retired senior officers of NATO countries sent a report to the leadership of the Alliance, in which they proposed to inflict preventive nuclear strikes on the territory of a number of countries in order to prevent the use of weapons of mass destruction by NATO adversaries. What might follow? See our script. "Perimeter" is always in standby mode.
| For your information!
In this article, we describe the doomsday machine itself, and we do not make lists of everything read, played and watched with the mention of the subject. It's here, so all edits with an attempt to play necrophilia will be rolled back, and their authors will be shot on the spot with a jet gunner, for great justice! |
In fact
The Doomsday Device is a high-tech product designed to make the "Apocalypse Now" call come true. Must be developed by someone from the interested parties in the deep laboratories of densely populated planets. It aims to cut the population of the latter to adequate values.
Most often, the Doomsday device is presented in the form of a child prodigy (for example, the Death Star or the Doomsday Machine) or some software and hardware complex that has gone out of control (for example, Skynet from the Terminator films that destroyed the homeland of Superman Brainiac or, in fact, The Doomsday Device from the same "Dr. Strangelove"). However, it has several essential features:
- cuts out the vast majority of participants in the process, and preferably the entire planet or entire star system
- does not distinguish between own and others
- allows you to avoid a long-term survival stage (for example, by cheerfully and cheerfully turning the target audience into shit separate atoms).
Kinds
Although the fantasy of the fathers of DDD is almost limitless, there are several general directions on the issue of global population sawing:
- Nuclear DDDs (the tests were successful), thermonuclear (aka hydrogen) and IRL's dream of ZOG - neutron DDDs, as well as antimatter bombs (so far, fortunately, not implemented in metal) have become developments.
- Psychotronic and metaphysical DDD (all kinds of psi settings, zombies, religious and other insanities, subconscious heroism, suicide, coding, etc.).
- Bacteriological DDDs that infect the entire population with deadly viruses that kill completely or not quite in a few hours.
- Unexplored physical structures (collider).
- Anomaly generators (reversal of the Earth's rotation, change in the Earth's gravitational field, distortion of the emergence of bubbles in beer, etc.).
- DDD of alien origin (evil green men decided to anally punish humanity and launched their alien prodigy, sterilizing the population of this planet).
- Geophysical DDDs: earthquakes, floods, volcanoes, asteroids from space… you get the idea.
- The product of nanotechnologies is self-copying nanorobots, which eventually take over the entire biomass of the Earth (“Grey slime”, as well as a more promising technology).
- Beam DDD: A cute sun that burns entire cities with a directional beam of light.
- OHHR! Thousands of them! .
- Indirect action (mostly - all kinds of time paradoxes, but there are also exotic frills: in the form of a purposeful awakening of all kinds of Cthulhus or a central idealist who dreams of this universe; especially epic is taken out in the epigraph).
- Secret developments of Russian and bourgeois scientists, which no one will ever know about ...
- Chuck Norris : NO_COMMENTS.
IRL
In real life, as our governments, striving for peaceful coexistence, assure us, a working prototype of the doomsday device has not yet been seen. But all this, of course, lies and bullshit. A completely non-illusory operating Doomsday machine was created in the USSR, in America it also exists so that playful hands do not think of using the SUDDENLY formed advantage of a guaranteed retaliatory strike, for example, the science of game theory is engaged in such thoughts, which smoothly brings us to the philanthropy of its founder - Hungarian JERJ Johnny von Neumann, with another of the same, CSH, Hungarian JERJ Edzard Teller, who suggested that G. Truman fuck the USSR with nuclear bombs, while it was possible in the period 1945-1949. So behind these scientists only an eye and an eye.
Perimeter system
Well, these are your Internets, they were also originally designed to convey “We are dying, but we do not give up” where necessary, yes. In fact, this was a network of bunkers, and in the bunkers - computers, with protruding sensors and various communication systems. In the event of a nuclear strike on the Center by the enemy, the epic child prodigy could automatically decide on a global exterminatus. The glorious robots themselves, without the participation of the lieutei-two-viper, monitored various parameters around them, such as the intensity of negotiations on military frequencies, the radiation background around the bunkers, signs of a shock wave, or the fact that the transmission of information from headquarters had stopped. At the same time, the exterminatus was guaranteed even if all communications and headquarters were destroyed: special command missiles, converted from ballistic missiles, flying over the vast expanses of Soviet land, gave a signal to all other missiles to launch - receiving automatic systems were installed in mobile launchers and even on submarines, though , whether these crap could launch gifts to the enemy with a killed crew, no one knows. This chthonic prodigy is called the Perimeter System, but the Yankees quite accurately dubbed it the Dead Hand.
The Perimeter system is a redundant system for delivering orders and transmitting launch codes to military formations (in particular, to the Strategic Missile Forces and submarines). The main part is the so-called. command rocket, which, when flying, broadcasts these orders to the entire territory. The rocket was tested in the "Seven Hour Nuclear War". By itself, this system does not explode anything. They make spare parts for this product, by the way, in St. Petersburg, and in rather large quantities. And the product itself began to be stamped somewhere in the eighties. And you can relax, it stands and buzzes in the bunkers like a pretty one. Moreover, it is clear that we have it, it is difficult to say what the Americans or the Chinese have, but there is no reason to think that the Pindos and the Chinese did not bother with a similar system. There are no proofs either, because pative. So that. And still inspires. So is Kuz'kina's mother.
At the same time, as it turned out, a similar cunning plan was also in the minds of the Americans. Quickly realizing that since the Japanese are afraid of tsunamis, whoever manages to cause them will terrify them, the tsunami system was tested in all seriousness off the coast of New Zealand. True, the main difference between this system and the proposal developed in the Soviet Union was the use of a large number of conventional bombs located at regular intervals along the coast, and undermined according to a pre-calculated scheme. This was the fault: according to the Yankees, to create a tsunami comparable to Fukushima, it would take only a few thousand bombs, which, although a difficult task, is quite solvable by the army method. Actually, in this case, the presence of the bombue no longer initiated, but covered up the project: the prudent Yankees decided that the fried Japanese was no worse than the drowned one, and the absence of the need for the sea allows the life-giving experience to be extended to other places on the globe.
in the collective unconscious
There are many DDDs in virtuality, thousands of them. Mainly a cinematograph: mega-villains tirelessly build DDD, but they don’t give a test. The second place is occupied by toys (where, for example, in strategies, the entire game plot can end with the creation of DDD).
In this case, DDD is a useless device by definition (because if everyone cuts out, then there will be no one to use the joy of the Brave New World), but a righteous genius is beyond doubt. However, in the mentioned Strangelove, the following argument is given: a country that has built a DDD and notified everyone about it can be calm about an enemy raid using rockets / bombs, since the enemy will not attack, realizing that in any case wine ≡ fail: the government with its back to the wall will still press the red button. If the system is automated, the situation improves - even a decapitating blow or a cowardly button operator cannot stop the launch of DDD, and a war with such a country becomes futile at all. In that movie (spoiler:fucked up came precisely because the Russians who built the DDD did not have time to notify the Pindos about it, as a result of which the B-52 bombed across the USSR caused a global fucked up.)
In connection with the dominance of humane positions on the issue under consideration, all works where DDD did work (that is, no happy ending) already stand out by design from the gray mass of associates.
Selected Quotes
|
For a few minutes the three of them smoked silently. Then Peter asked, "So that's how you think it ended up breaking out?" After the Russians attacked Washington and London? Osborne and Towers stared at him in amazement. "The Russians didn't even think about bombing Washington," Dwight said. In the end, they proved it. Now Peter looked surprised. - I mean the very first attack. - That's it. The very first attack. Russian long-range bombers IL-626 attacked, but the pilots on them were Egyptians. And they flew from Cairo. |
| Peisatel's copy-paste source. Neville Shute, "On the Shore" |
|
This was already after the Big Mistake, but even before the Earth became uninhabitable. We usually drove into the estate when "remission" came on - this vague term denoted short (from ten to eighteen months) periods of calm between planetary spasms. At this time, the black mini-hole, which the Kiev Group planted in the very center of the Earth, was, as it were, digesting the contents of its womb in anticipation of the next feast. And when the “period of activity” came again, we went “to Uncle Kove”, that is, to a terraformed asteroid located beyond the orbit of the Moon, which was towed there even before the exodus of the Tramps. |
| Dan Simmons, Hyperion. Example of successful use |
|
And when He opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven, as if for half an hour. And I saw seven angels standing before God; and seven trumpets were given to them. And another angel came and stood before the altar, holding a golden censer; and much incense was given to him, that he, with the prayers of all the saints, offered it on the golden altar which was before the throne. And the smoke of incense ascended with the prayers of the saints from the hand of an angel before God. And the angel took the censer, and filled it with fire from the altar, and cast it to the ground: and there were voices, and thunders, and lightnings, and an earthquake. And the seven angels, having seven trumpets, prepared to blow. The first angel blew his trumpet, and there were hail and fire, mingled with blood, and fell to the ground; and a third of the trees were burned up, and all the green grass was burned up. The second angel blew his trumpet, and it was as if a great mountain, burning with fire, fell into the sea; and a third of the sea became blood, and a third of the living creatures that dwell in the sea died, and a third of the ships perished. The third angel blew his trumpet, and a great star fell from heaven, burning like a lamp, and fell on a third of the rivers and on the springs of water. The name of this star is "wormwood"; and a third of the waters became wormwood, and many of the people died from the waters, because they became bitter. The fourth angel sounded, and the third part of the sun and the third part of the moon and the third part of the stars were struck, so that a third part of them was darkened, and the third part of the day was not bright, just like the nights. And I saw and heard one Angel flying in the middle of the sky and saying with a loud voice: Woe, woe, woe to those who dwell on earth from the rest of the trumpet voices of the three Angels who will blow! |
| Apocalypse |
|
Somewhere in the vastness of the Galaxy there is a place where a belt of asteroids circles around the red sun. Several centuries ago, we discovered intelligent arthropods there that called themselves "jeeps." It was not possible to establish contact with them. They refused offers of friendship and cooperation from all known races of sentient beings. In addition, they killed our ambassadors and sent us their bodies dismembered. When we first met them, the jeeps had only interplanetary ships. However, after quite a bit of time, they mastered the secret of interstellar travel. They robbed and killed wherever they appeared, and then hid again in their system. Perhaps the jeeps did not imagine the forces of the intergalactic community then, or they simply did not care about it, but, nevertheless, they correctly judged that it would be a long time before we agreed to act as a united front. In fact, interstellar warfare is extremely rare. Peyantsy - the only race that had an idea about it. And when all our attacks were repulsed, and the remnants of the combined fleet were withdrawn, we began to bombard the planet from afar. However, the jeeps had more advanced technology than we first thought. They had an almost perfect missile defense system. In the end, we retreated, taking them into a blockade ring. But they did not stop their raids. Then the Name-bearers came to the rescue. Three worldformers - Sang-Ring of Creldea, Karf'ting of Mordea, and myself - were chosen by lot to carry out the operation. We had to combine our forces. And so, in the jeep system, far from the orbit of their home planet, the asteroid belt began to gather into something resembling a planetoid. Shard by shard it grew, gradually changing its orbit. We, with our machines, were located outside their solar system, controlling the formation of a new world and its progress towards its intended goal. By the time the jeeps realized what was going on and tried to destroy it, it was already too late. But they did not ask for mercy, and none of them tried to escape. They waited and the day came. The orbits of the two planets crossed, and now only a ring of fragments of the once inhabited world is circling around the red sun ... After that, I drank soundly for a whole week. |
| Roger Zelazny, Isle of the Dead |
Also
- DDD is a graphical frontend for a pair of debuggers.
- DDD is a trinity of brothers - Dagon, Dagnu and Dagan (aka "BLACK BLOOD BROTHERS") - the pit bosses of the Elan location from the online game RF Online - the source of the most epic jewelry in terms of characteristics, as well as no less epic AOE attacks capable of many times block the health reserves of any character of any level, with the exception of especially well-fed and equipped tanks.
- DDD - coding for dual-chamber atrioventricular biocontrolled pacemakers.
- DDD is Domain Based Design, invented by one Eric Evans.
- The subject of the article is devoted to a thematic ballad from the racial Pindos ensemble Devourment, which is called Fifty Ton War Machine.
see also
Links
| The doomsday machine is the key to defeat | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| The Doomsday Machine is flowers. Berries are yet to come. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
Original taken from masterok in "System of guaranteed nuclear retaliation "Perimeter""
An interesting question was raised skytail :
"Tell me about it: Perimeter Guaranteed Nuclear Response System" "
Something vague I heard somehow, but then there was an occasion to understand this in more detail.
"Our strategic nuclear forces (SNF) are configured to threaten Russian nuclear and economic facilities. Even as we negotiate with Russian President Vladimir Putin, we keep his Kremlin office at gunpoint. That's the truth of life- Joseph Cirincione, Director of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. December 2001.
Russia possesses the only weapon in the world that guarantees a retaliatory nuclear strike against the enemy, even in the terrible event that we no longer have anyone to decide on this strike. The unique system counterattacks automatically - and brutally.
Command missile 15A11 system "Perimeter"
System Perimeter (index URV Strategic Missile Forces: 15E601)- a complex for automatic control of a massive retaliatory nuclear strike, created in the USSR at the height of the Cold War. Designed to guarantee the launch of silo ICBMs and SLBMs in the event that, as a result of a devastating nuclear strike on the territory of the USSR, all the command units of the Strategic Missile Forces capable of issuing an order for a retaliatory strike are destroyed. The system is a backup communication system used in the event of the destruction of the Kazbek command system and the combat control systems of the Strategic Missile Forces, Navy and Air Force.
The system is the only doomsday machine (weapon of guaranteed retaliation) in existence in the world, the existence of which has been officially confirmed. The system is still classified and may be on alert to this day, so any information about it cannot be confirmed as unambiguously reliable or refuted, and should be viewed with a proper degree of skepticism.
In the mid-1970s, in Leningrad, the development of a control system for strategic missile forces - the Strategic Missile Forces - began. In the documents, she received the name "Perimeter". The system involved the creation of such technical means and software that would make it possible, under any conditions, even the most unfavorable, to bring the order to launch missiles directly to the launch teams. As conceived by the creators of Perimeter, the system could prepare and launch missiles even if everyone died and there would be no one to give the order. This component has become unofficially called the "Dead Hand".
When creating a new command and control system for the Strategic Missile Forces, two important questions had to be answered. First: how to make soulless automation understand that its time has come? Secondly: how to give it the ability to turn on exactly at the moment when it is needed, not earlier and not later? Naturally, there were other issues - perhaps not so important individually, but global in the aggregate.
It is extremely difficult to create a reliable system with such parameters. However, the wizards from the Soviet military-industrial complex were able to come up with such a scheme for Armageddon that they themselves became frightened. But on the other hand, there was also the pride of professionals who did what no one had ever been able to do before them. But how?
Any missile, especially one equipped with a nuclear warhead, can only take off if ordered to do so. In peacetime, when conducting training firing (with a mock warhead instead of a real warhead), this happens to the ordinary simply. The command to launch is transmitted over the command lines, after which all blockages are removed, the engines are ignited, and the rocket is carried away into the distance. However, in a real combat situation, in the event of various kinds of interference, it would be much more difficult to do this. As in the hypothetical surprise nuclear strike scenario we cited at the beginning of the article, communication lines could be disabled and the people who had the authority to issue the decisive order could be destroyed. But you never know what could happen in the chaos that would certainly have arisen after a nuclear strike?
The logic of the "Dead Hand" involved the regular collection and processing of a gigantic amount of information. From all kinds of sensors received a variety of information. For example, about the state of communication lines with a higher command post: there is a connection - there is no connection. About the radiation situation in the surrounding area: the normal level of radiation is an increased level of radiation. About the presence of people at the starting position: there are people - there are no people. About registered nuclear explosions and so on and so forth.
The "dead hand" had the ability to analyze changes in the military and political situation in the world - the system evaluated the commands received over a certain period of time, and on this basis could conclude that something was wrong in the world. In a word, it was a smart thing. When the system believed that its time had come, it activated and launched a command to prepare for the launch of the rockets.
Moreover, the "Dead Hand" could not begin active operations in peacetime. Even if there was no communication, even if the entire combat crew left the starting position, there were still a lot of other parameters that would block the system.
The Perimeter system, with its main component, the Dead Hand, was put into service in 1983. The first information about it became known in the West only in the early 1990s, when some of the developers of this system moved there. On October 8, 1993, The New York Times published an article by its columnist Bruce Blair, "The Russian Doomsday Machine", in which for the first time information about the control system of the Russian missile forces appeared in the open press. At the same time, its top-secret name, "Perimeter", was first reported, and a new concept entered the English language - "dead hand" ("dead hand"). Some in the West called the "Perimeter" system immoral, but at the same time even its most vehement critics were forced to admit that it is, in fact, the only deterrent that gives real guarantees that a potential adversary will refuse to launch a preventive nuclear strike.
mountain "Kosvinsky stone" silo UR-100N UTTH
No wonder they say that fear rules the world. And as for immorality, then ... what is the "immorality" of a retaliatory strike? The Perimeter system is a backup command system for all branches of the armed forces armed with nuclear warheads. It is designed to be especially resistant to all the damaging factors of nuclear weapons, and it is almost impossible to disable it. Its task is to decide on a retaliatory strike on its own, without the participation (or with minimal participation) of a person. Only if the key components of the command system "Kazbek" ("nuclear suitcase") and the communication lines of the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN) are destroyed by the first strike in accordance with the "highly moral" concepts of "Limited Nuclear War" and "Decapitation Strike" , developed in the USA. In peacetime, the main components of the Perimeter system are in standby mode. They assess the situation by processing the data coming from the measuring posts.
In addition to the extreme operation algorithm described above, the "Perimeter" also had intermediate modes. One of them is worth talking about in more detail.
On November 13, 1984, the 15A11 command missile, created in Dnepropetrovsk, was tested at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, all American intelligence facilities worked in a very busy mode. The command rocket was the intermediate option mentioned above. It was planned to be used in the event that communication between the command and missile units scattered throughout the country was completely interrupted. It was then that it was supposed to give an order from the General Staff in the Moscow region or from a reserve command post in Leningrad to launch 15A11. The missile was supposed to launch from the Kapustin Yar test site or from a mobile launcher, fly over those regions of Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan where the missile units were stationed, and give them the command to take off.
On a November day in 1984, this is exactly what happened: the command rocket issued a command to prepare and launch the R-36M (15A14) from Baikonur - which later became the legendary "Satan". Well, then everything happened as usual: "Satan" took off, rose into space, a training warhead separated from it, which hit a training target at the Kura training ground in Kamchatka. (Detailed technical characteristics of the command rocket, if this question is of particular interest to someone, can be found in books that have been published in abundance in Russian and English in recent years.)
In the early 1970s, taking into account the real possibilities of highly effective methods of electronic suppression by a potential adversary of the strategic missile forces combat control means, it became a very urgent task to ensure the delivery of combat orders from the highest levels of command (the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces, the Strategic Missile Forces Directorate) to command posts and individual launchers of strategic missiles standing on combat duty in case of emergency.
The idea arose to use for these purposes, in addition to the existing communication channels, a special command missile equipped with a powerful radio transmitter, launched during a special period and giving commands to launch all missiles on combat duty throughout the USSR.
The development of a special command missile system, called "Perimeter", was assigned to the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau by Decree of the USSR Government N695-227 of August 30, 1974. Initially, it was planned to use the MR-UR100 (15A15) rocket as the base rocket, later they settled on the MR-UR100 UTTKh (15A16) rocket. The rocket, modified in terms of the control system, received the index 15A11.
The cover of the compartment with unattended equipment is impenetrable, which is not known for certain
In December 1975 a draft design of a command rocket was completed. A special warhead was installed on the rocket, which had the index 15B99, which included the original radio engineering system developed by the LPI Design Bureau. To ensure the conditions for its functioning, the warhead during the flight had to have a constant orientation in space. A special system for calming, orienting and stabilizing it was developed using cold compressed gas (taking into account the experience of developing a propulsion system for the Mayak SHS), which significantly reduced the cost and time of its creation and development. The production of SGCh 15B99 was organized at the NPO "Strela" in Orenburg.
After ground testing of new technical solutions in 1979. LCI of the command rocket began. At NIIP-5, and sites 176 and 181, two experimental mine launchers were put into operation. In addition, a special command post was created at site 71, equipped with newly developed unique combat control equipment to ensure remote control and launch of a command missile on orders from the highest command and control levels of the Strategic Missile Forces. A shielded anechoic chamber equipped with equipment for autonomous testing of the radio transmitter was built at a special technical position in the assembly building.
Flight tests of the 15A11 rocket (see layout diagram) were carried out under the leadership of the State Commission, headed by Lieutenant General V.V. Korobushin, First Deputy Chief of the Main Staff of the Strategic Missile Forces.
The first launch of the 15A11 command missile with the equivalent of a transmitter was successfully carried out on December 26, 1979. The developed complex algorithms for interfacing all systems involved in the launch, the possibility of providing the missile with a given flight path of the 15B99 warhead (the top of the trajectory at an altitude of about 4000 km, the range of 4500 km), the operation of all service systems of the warhead in the normal mode, the correctness of the adopted technical solutions were confirmed.
10 missiles were assigned for flight tests. In connection with the successful launches and the fulfillment of the assigned tasks, the State Commission considered it possible to be satisfied with seven launches.
During the tests of the "Perimeter" system, real launches of 15A14, 15A16, 15A35 missiles were carried out from combat facilities according to orders transmitted by the SSG 15B99 in flight. Previously, additional antennas were mounted on the launchers of these missiles and new receiving devices were installed. Subsequently, all launchers and command posts of the Strategic Missile Forces underwent these modifications.
Launcher 15P716 - mine, automated, highly protected, type "OS". The key components of this system are the 15A11 command missile and receiving devices that receive orders and codes from command missiles. The 15A11 command missile of the Perimeter system is the only widely known component of the complex. They have the index 15A11, developed by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau on the basis of the MR UR-100U missiles (index 15A16). They are equipped with a special warhead (index 15B99) containing a radio engineering command system developed by OKB LPI. The technical operation of the missiles is identical to the operation of the base rocket 15A16. Launcher - mine, automated, highly protected, most likely, type OS - modernized PU OS-84. The possibility of basing missiles in other types of launch silos is not ruled out.
Along with flight tests, ground testing of the performance of the entire complex was carried out under the influence of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion at the test site of the Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, in the testing laboratories of VNIIEF (Sarov), and at the Novaya Zemlya nuclear test site. The tests carried out confirmed the operability of the CS and SGS equipment at levels of nuclear explosion exposure exceeding those specified in the MO TTT.
Even during flight tests, a government decree set the task of expanding the functions solved by the command missile complex, bringing combat orders not only to the objects of the Strategic Missile Forces, but also to strategic missile submarines, long-range and naval missile-carrying aircraft at airfields and in the air, points management of the Strategic Missile Forces, Air Force and Navy.
LCI of the command missile was completed in March 1982. In January 1985, the complex was put on combat duty. For more than 10 years, the command missile complex has successfully performed its important role in the defense of the state.
Many enterprises and organizations of various ministries and departments took part in the creation of the complex. The main ones are: NPO "Impulse" (V.I. Melnik), NPO AP (n.A. Pilyugin), KBSM (A.F. Utkin), TsKBTM (B.R. Aksyutin), MNIIRS (A.P. Bilenko), VNIIS (B.Ya. Osipov), Central Design Bureau "Geophysics" (G.F. Ignatiev), NII-4 MO (E.B. Volkov).
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
There is no reliable information about the 15E601 "Perimeter" system, however, according to indirect data, it can be assumed that this is a complex expert system equipped with many communication systems and sensors. Probably, the system has the following principle of operation.
The system is located on the database and receives data from tracking systems, including early warning radars. The system has its own stationary and mobile combat control centers. In these centers, the main component of the Perimeter system operates - an autonomous control and command system - a complex software package created on the basis of artificial intelligence, associated with a variety of communication systems and sensors that control the situation.
In peacetime, the main components of the system are in standby mode, monitoring the situation and processing the data coming from the measuring posts.
In the event of a threat of a large-scale attack using nuclear weapons, confirmed by the data of early warning systems for a missile attack, the Perimeter complex is automatically put on alert and begins to monitor the operational situation.
It is believed that the system works like this. "Perimeter" is on constant combat duty, it receives data from tracking systems, including early warning radars for missile attacks. Apparently, the system has its own independent command posts, in no way (outwardly) indistinguishable from many similar points of the Strategic Missile Forces. According to some reports, there are 4 such points, they are spaced a long distance and duplicate each other's functions.
At these points, the most important - and most secret - component of the "Perimeter", an autonomous control and command system, operates. It is believed that this is a complex software package created on the basis of artificial intelligence. Receiving data on negotiations on the air, the radiation field and other radiation at control points, information from early detection systems for launches, seismic activity, it is able to draw conclusions about the fact of a massive nuclear attack.
If the "situation is ripe", the system itself is transferred to a state of full combat readiness. Now she needs the last factor: the absence of regular signals from the usual command posts of the Strategic Missile Forces. If the signals have not been received for some time, the "Perimeter" launches the Apocalypse.
Command missiles 15A11 are released from the mines. Created on the basis of the MR UR-100 intercontinental missiles (launch weight 71 tons, flight range up to 11 thousand km, two stages, liquid-propellant engine), they carry a special warhead. By itself, it is harmless: it is a radio engineering system developed at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic. These rockets, rising high into the atmosphere, flying over the territory of the country, broadcast launch codes for all nuclear missile weapons.
They also work automatically. Imagine a submarine standing at the pier: almost the entire crew on the shore has already died, and only a few confused watch submariners are on board. She suddenly comes to life. Without any outside interference, having received a launch signal from highly secret receiving devices, the nuclear arsenal sets in motion. The same thing happens in immobilized mine installations, and in strategic aviation. A retaliatory strike is inevitable: it is probably unnecessary to add that the Perimeter is designed to be especially resistant to all the damaging factors of nuclear weapons. It is almost impossible to disable it reliably.
antenna radio channel of the combat control system
The system tracks:
. the presence and intensity of negotiations on the air on military frequencies,
. information from the SPRN,
. receiving telemetry signals from the Strategic Missile Forces posts,
. the level of radiation on the surface and in the vicinity,
. regular occurrence of point sources of powerful ionizing and electromagnetic radiation along key coordinates, coinciding with the sources of short-term seismic disturbances in the earth's crust (which corresponds to the pattern of multiple ground-based nuclear strikes),
. the presence of living people at the CP.
Based on the correlation of these factors, the system probably makes the final decision about the fact of a massive nuclear attack and the need for a retaliatory nuclear strike.
Another proposed variant of the system's operation - when receiving information about the first signs of a missile attack from the early warning system, the first persons of the state could put the system into combat mode. After that, if within a certain time the CP of the system does not receive a signal to stop the combat algorithm, then the procedure for delivering a retaliatory nuclear strike is initialized. Thus, the possibility of making a decision on a retaliatory strike in the event of a false alarm was completely excluded and it was guaranteed that even the destruction of all those who had the authority to issue a command to conduct launches would not be able to prevent a nuclear retaliatory strike.
If the sensor components of the system confirm with sufficient certainty the fact of a massive nuclear strike, and the system itself loses contact with the main command nodes of the Strategic Missile Forces for a certain time, the Perimeter system initiates the procedure for delivering a retaliatory nuclear strike, even bypassing the Kazbek system, better known for its the most noticeable element, the Cheget subscriber set, as a "nuclear briefcase".
After receiving an order from the VZU of the Strategic Missile Forces to a special command post, or at the command of an autonomous control and command system that is part of the Perimeter system, command missiles (15A11, and later 15Zh56 and 15Zh75) are launched. The command missiles are equipped with a radio command CMS, which transmits in flight a control signal and launch codes for launching to all carriers of strategic nuclear weapons located on the database.
To receive signals from the command rockets, all KP, PZKP, PKP rp and rdn, as well as APU, except for the complexes of the Pioneer family and 15P020 of all modifications, were equipped with special RBU receivers of the Perimeter system. At the stationary TsKP of the Navy, Air Force, KP fleets and air armies, at the end of the 80s, equipment 15E646-10 of the "Perimeter" system was installed, incl. capable of receiving signals from command rockets. Further, orders for the use of nuclear weapons were brought through their specific means of communication for the Navy and Air Force. The receiving devices are hardware-linked to the control and launch equipment, providing immediate autonomous execution of the launch order in a fully automatic mode, providing a guaranteed retaliatory strike against the enemy even in the event of the death of all personnel.
COMPOUND
The main elements of the Perimeter system:
- an autonomous command system, which is part of stationary and mobile combat control centers;
- complexes of command missiles.
Subdivisions that are part of the Perimeter system:
URU GSh - control radio nodes of the GSh VS, presumably:
URU GSh VS:
624th PRRC, military unit 44684.1 US General Staff of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, (56 ° 4 "58.07" N 37 ° 5 "20.68" E)
URU Strategic Missile Forces - control radio centers of the General Staff of the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation, presumably:
URU General Staff Strategic Missile Forces
140th PRRTs, military unit 12407, PRRTs of the General Staff of the Strategic Missile Forces
143562, Moscow region, Istra district, pos. Voskhod (Novopetrovskoye) (55° 56" 18.14"N 36° 27" 19.96"E)
Stationary CBU - stationary combat control center (CBU) of the Perimeter system, 1231 CBU, military unit 20003, object 1335, Sverdlovsk region, pos. Kytlym (mountain Kosvinsky stone);
Mobile CBU - mobile combat control center (PCC) of the Perimeter system, complex 15V206:
1353 CBU, military unit 33220, Sumy region, Glukhov, 43rd RD (military unit 54196, Romny), 43rd RA (military unit 35564, Vinnitsa), 1990 - 1991. In 1991 he was relocated to 59th rd, Kartaly.
1353 CBU, military unit 32188, callsign "Pecker", Kartaly, 1353 CBU was part of the 59th division, but due to its peculiarities and the nature of the tasks performed, it was directly subordinate to the General Staff of the RV, 1991 - 1995;
In 1995, 1353 CBU was included in the 59th district (military unit No. 68547, Kartaly), 31st RA (military unit 29452, Orenburg).
In 2005, 1353 CBU was disbanded along with the 59th division.
1193 CBU, military unit 49494, Nizhny Novgorod region, Dalnee Konstantinovo-5 (Surovatikha), 2005 - ...;
15P011 - 15A11 command missile complex.
510th rp, BRK-6, military unit 52642, 7th RD (military unit 14245, Vypolzovo (Bologoe-4, ZATO Ozerny)) 27th RA (military unit 43176, Vladimir), January 1985 - June 1995;
There is also evidence that earlier the Perimeter system, along with 15A11 missiles, included command missiles based on the Pioneer IRBM. Such a mobile complex with "pioneer" command missiles was called "Gorn". Complex index - 15P656, missiles - 15ZH56. It is known about at least one division of the Strategic Missile Forces, which was armed with the Gorn complex - the 249th missile regiment, stationed in the city of Polotsk, Vitebsk region of the 32nd missile division (Postavy), from March-April 1986 to 1988 was on combat duty with a mobile complex of command missiles.
15P175 "Siren" - a mobile ground missile system of command missiles (PGRK KR).
In December 1990, in the 8th Missile Division (Yurya), a regiment (commanded by Colonel S. I. Arzamastsev) took up combat duty with a modernized command missile system, called "Perimeter-RTs", which includes a command missile , created on the basis of the RT-2PM Topol ICBM.
Mobile ground missile system of command missiles (PGRK KR).
8th RD (military unit 44200, Yurya-2), 27th RA (military unit 43176, Vladimir), 01.10.2005 - ...
76th rp (military unit 49567, BSP-3):
1 and 2 GPP - 1st division
3 GPP and GBU - 2nd division
304th rp (military unit 21649, BSP-31):
4 and 5 GPP - 1st division
6 GPP and GBU - 2nd division
776th RP (military unit 68546, BSP-18):
7th and 8th GPP - 1st division
9 GPP and GBU - 2nd division
After being put on combat duty, the 15E601 "Perimeter" system was periodically used during command and staff exercises.
In November 1984, after the launch of the 15A11 command rocket and the launch of the 15B99 SSG on the passive part of the trajectory, the SGS issued a command to launch the 15A14 missile (R-36M, RS-20A, SS-18 "Satan") from the NIIP-5 test site (Baikonur Cosmodrome) . In the future, everything happened as expected - the launch, the development of all stages of the 15A14 rocket, the separation of the training warhead, hitting the calculated square at the Kura training ground, in Kamchatka.
In December 1990, a modernized system was adopted, called the "Perimeter-RC", which worked until June 1995, when, under the START-1 agreement, the complex was removed from combat duty. It is quite possible that the Perimeter complex should be modernized so that it can quickly respond to a strike by non-nuclear Tomahawk cruise missiles.
According to unverified reports, the system was already returned to combat duty in 2001 or 2003.
And some more evidence on this topic:
« In the USSR, a system was developed that became known as the "Dead Hand". What did it mean? If a nuclear attack was made on a country, and the Commander-in-Chief could not make any decision, among the intercontinental missiles that were at the disposal of the USSR, there were those that could be launched by the radio signal of the system commanding the battle”, - says the doctor of engineering sciences Petr Belov.
Using a complex system of sensors that measure seismic activity, air pressure and radiation to determine if the USSR was under a nuclear attack, Dead Hand provided the ability to launch a nuclear arsenal without anyone pushing the red button. If communication with the Kremlin had been lost and the computers had established the attack, the launch codes would have been set in motion, giving the USSR the opportunity to strike back after being destroyed.
« A system that can be automatically activated on the first hit of an enemy is really necessary. Its very presence makes it clear to the enemies that even if our command centers and decision-making systems are destroyed, we will have the opportunity to launch an automated retaliatory strike.", - said the former head of the Main Directorate of International Military Cooperation of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Colonel-General Leonid Ivashov.During the Cold War, the US had its own "fallback" codenamed "Mirror". The crews were constantly in the air for three decades with the task of controlling the sky if control of the ground was lost due to a surprise attack. The main difference between "Dead Hand" and "Mirror" is that the Americans relied on people to warn them of the attack. After the Cold War, the United States abandoned this system, although it is still not clear whether a Soviet version exists. Those who know about this avoid talking about this topic. " I can't talk about it because I don't know about the current state of affairs.", - says Ivashov.
"Operation Looking Glass" ("Mirror") - air command posts (VKP) of the US Strategic Air Command (SAC) on Boeing EC-135C aircraft (11 units), and later, from July 1989, on E-6B " Mercury" (Boeing 707-320) (16 units). 24 hours a day, for more than 29 years, from February 3, 1961 to June 24, 1990, two Looking Glass planes were constantly in the air - one over the Atlantic, the other over the Pacific Ocean. A total of 281,000 hours spent in the air. The crews of the CPSU, consisting of 15 people, among them at least one general, were in constant readiness to take command of the strategic nuclear forces in the event of the defeat of ground command posts.
The main difference between "Perimeter" and "Mirror" is that the Americans relied on people who would take command and decide on a retaliatory nuclear strike. After the end of the Cold War, the United States abandoned this database carrying system and is currently on duty at 4 air bases in constant readiness for take-off.
Also in the United States there was a complex of command missiles - UNF Emergency Rocket Communications System (ERCS). The system was first delivered to the DB on July 11, 1963 at launch sites at Wiesner, West Point, and Tekama, Nebraska, as part of three MER-6A Blue Scout Junior missiles. The system was on the database until December 01, 1967. Subsequently, the upgraded ERCS was based on the Minuteman series missiles - LEM-70 (based on Minuteman I since 1966) and LEM-70A (based on Minuteman II since 1967) (Project 494L). The upgraded system was delivered to the database on October 10, 1967 at the Whiteman AFB base, Missouri, as part of ten silo launchers. The system was removed from the database at the beginning of 1991.
Loading...