Information about the weather and the state of the sea, necessary for deciding whether to choose a course to follow or to carry out work at sea, can be obtained in the form of facsimile transmissions of various charts.
This type of hydrometeorological information is the most informative.
It is characterized by great diversity, efficiency and visibility. Currently, regional hydrometeorological centers compose and broadcast a large number of the most a variety of maps... Below is a list of the charts most commonly used for sailing needs.
Surface weather analysis. The map is compiled on the basis of surface meteorological observations in the main time frame.
Surface weather forecast. Shows the expected weather for a specified area in 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours.
Short lead surface forecast. The expected position of the pressure system (cyclones, anticyclones, fronts) in the surface layer for the next 3-5 days is given.
Analysis of the wave field. This map gives a characteristic of the wave field in the area - the direction of wave propagation, their height and period.
Wave field forecast. Shows the predicted wave field for 24 and 48 hours - the direction of the waves and the height of the prevailing waves.
Ice conditions map. Shows ice conditions in this area (concentration, ice edge, openings and other characteristics) and the position of icebergs.
Nephelometric analysis maps (satellite weather maps).
Surface analysis maps contain data on the actual weather in the lower atmosphere. The baric field on these maps is represented by isobars at sea level.
The main surface maps are at 00.00, 06.00, 12.00 and 18.00 hours of Greenwich Mean Time. Forecast charts are charts of the expected synoptic conditions (l2, 24, 36, 48, 72 hours). On the surface forecast maps, the estimated positions of the centers of cyclones and anticyclones, frontal sections, and baric fields are indicated.
When reading facsimile hydrometeorological maps, the navigator receives the initial information from the title of the map.
The title of the map contains the following information:
card type;
the geographical area covered by the map;
call signs of the hydrometeorological station;
date and time of publication;
additional information.
The type and area of the map is characterized by the first four characters, with the first two describing the type, and the next two - the area of the map. For instance:
ASAS - surface analysis (AS - analysis surface) for the Asian part (AS - Asia);
FWPN - forecast wave (FW - forecast wave) for the North Pacific Ocean (PN - Pacific North). Common abbreviations are listed below:
1. Maps of the analysis of hydrometeorological conditions.
AS - Surface Analysis;
AU - Upper Analysis for different heights (pressures);
AW - Wave / Wind Analysis;
2. Forecast maps (for 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours).
FS - Surface Forecast
FU - Upper Forecast for different heights (pressures).
FW - the forecast of wind / waves (Wave / Wind Forecast)
3. Special cards.
ST - ice forecast (Sea Ice Condition);
WT - Tropical Cyclone Forecast;
CO - Sea Surface Water Temperature map;
SO - Sea Surface Current map.
The following abbreviations are commonly used to denote the area covered by a map:
AS - Asia (Asia);
AE - Southeast Asia
PN - Pacific North;
JP - Japan (Japan);
WX - equatorial belt(Equator zone) etc.
Four alphabetic characters can be followed by 1-2 numeric characters that specify the type of map, for example FSAS24 - surface analysis for 24 hours or AUAS70 - aboveground analysis for 700 hPa pressure.
The type and area of the map are followed by the callsigns of the radio station transmitting the map (for example, JMH - Japan Meteorological and Hydrographic Agency). The second line of the title indicates the date and time the map was drawn.
Date and time are shown in Greenwich Mean Time or UTC. The abbreviations Z (ZULU) and UTC (Universal Coordinated Time) are used to denote the given time, for example, 240600Z JUN 2007 - June 24, 2007, 06.00 GMT.
In the third and fourth lines of the header, the card type is deciphered and additional information is given (Fig. 18.15).
The baric relief on facsimile maps is represented by isobars - lines of constant pressure. On Japanese weather maps, isobars are drawn through 4 hectopascals for pressures that are multiples of 4 (for example, 988, 992, 996 hPa).
Every fifth isobar, i.e. multiple of 20 hPa, drawn by a bold line (980, 1000, 1020 hPa). These isobars are usually (but not always) labeled with pressure. If necessary, intermediate isobars are also carried out after 2 hectopascals. Such isobars are drawn with a dashed line.
Baric formations on Japan's weather maps are represented by cyclones and anticyclones. Cyclones are designated by the letter L (Low), anticyclones by the letter H (High).
The center of baric education is marked with a “×”. The pressure in the center is indicated next to it. An arrow near the baric formation indicates the direction and speed of its movement.
Rice. 18.15. Surface Weather Analysis Map for Asia Region
There are the following ways to indicate the speed of movement of baric formations:
ALMOST STNR - almost stationary - the rate of pressure formation is less than 5 knots;
SLW - slowly (slowly) - speed of pressure formation from 5 to 10 knots;
10 kT - velocity of pressure formation in knots with an accuracy of 5 knots;
The deepest cyclones are given textual comments, which give the characteristics of the cyclone, the pressure in the center, the coordinates of the center, the direction and speed of movement, the maximum wind speed, as well as the zone of winds with speeds exceeding 30 and 50 knots.
An example of a comment to a cyclone:
DEVELOPING LOW 992 hPa 56.2N 142.6E NNE 06 KT MAX WINDS 55 KT NEAR CENTER OVER 50 KT WITHIN 360 NM OVER 30 KT WITHIN 800 NM SE-SEMICIRCULAR 550 NM ELSEWHERE,
DEVELOPING LOW is a developing cyclone. May also be DEVELOPED LOW - developed cyclone;
pressure in the center of the cyclone - 992 hPa;
coordinates of the cyclone center: latitude - 56.2 ° N, longitude - 142.6 ° E;
the cyclone moves on the NNE at a speed of 6 knots;
the maximum wind speed near the center of the cyclone is 55 knots.
Tropical cyclone (TC) occupies a special place on weather maps. The World Meteorological Organization defines a TC as "a cyclone of tropical origin with a small diameter (several hundred kilometers) with a minimum surface pressure, sometimes less than 900 hPa, very strong winds and heavy rain; sometimes accompanied by thunderstorms. central area, or "hurricane eye", with a diameter of the order of several tens of kilometers, weak wind and more or less insignificant cloud cover.
There are no frontal systems in tropical cyclones. In the Atlantic, shopping centers are called hurricanes, in the Pacific Ocean - typhoons, in the north of the Indian Ocean - cyclones, in the south of the Indian Ocean - lasso, off the coast of Australia - willy-villi.
The duration of the existence of the shopping center is from 3 to 20 days. Atmospheric pressure in the shopping center falls from the periphery to the center and in the center is 950-970 mb. The average wind speed at a distance of 150-200 miles from the center is 10-15 m / s, at 100-150 miles - 15-22 m / s, at 50-100 miles - 22-25 m / s, and at 30-35 miles from the center, the wind speed reaches 30 m / s.
An important sign of an approaching TC at distances up to 1500 miles from the center of the cyclone can be the appearance of cirrus clouds in the form of thin transparent stripes, feathers or flakes, which are clearly visible at sunrise and sunset. When these clouds appear to converge at one point beyond the horizon, then we can assume that the TC center is located at a distance of about 500 miles from the ship in the direction of cloud convergence.
In development, a tropical cyclone goes through 4 main stages:
TD - Tropical Depression - an area of low pressure (cyclone) with a wind speed of up to 17 m / s (33 knots, 7 points on the Beaufort scale) with a pronounced center;
TS - tropical storm (Tropical Storm) - tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 17-23 m / s (34-47 knots, 8-9 points on the Beaufort scale);
STS - strong (severe) tropical storm (Severe Tropical Storm) - tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 24-32 m / s (48-63 knots, 10-11 points on the Beaufort scale);
T - Typhoon (Typhoon) - tropical cyclone with a wind speed of more than 32.7 m / s (64 knots, 12 points on the Beaufort scale).
The direction and speed of a tropical cyclone is indicated by the probable sector of movement and the circles of the probable position after 12 and 24 hours. Beginning with TS (Tropical Storm), a textual commentary on the tropical cyclone is given on the weather charts, and starting with STS (Severe Tropical Storm), the tropical cyclone is assigned a number and name.
An example of a comment on a tropical cyclone:
T 0408 TINGTING (0408) 942 hPa
26.2N 142.6E PSN GOOD NORTH 13 KT
MAX WINDS 75 KT NEAR CENTER EXPECTED MAX WINDS 85
KT NEAR CENTER FOR NEXT 24 HOUR OVER 50 KT WITHIN 80
NM OVER 30 KT WITHIN 180 NM NE-SEMICIRCULAR
270 NM ELSEWHERE,
T (typhoon) - the stage of development of a tropical cyclone;
0408 - national number;
typhoon name - TINGTING;
(0408) - international number (eighth cyclone of 2004);
the pressure at the center is 942 hPa;
the coordinates of the center of the cyclone are 56.2 ° N 142.6 ° E. The coordinates are determined with an accuracy of 30 nautical miles (PSN GOOD).
To indicate the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the center of the cyclone, the following designations are used:
PSN GOOD - accuracy up to 30 nautical miles;
PSN FAIR - Accuracy 30-60 nautical miles;
PSN POOR - Accuracy below 60 nautical miles;
moves on NORTH at a speed of 13 knots;
maximum wind speed of 75 knots near the center;
expected maximum wind speed of 85 knots for the next 24 hours.
Weather charts also show dangerous navigation phenomena in the form of hydrometeorological warnings. Types of hydrometeorological warnings:
[W] - warning about the wind (Warning) at a speed of up to 17 m / s (33 knots, 7 points on the Beaufort scale);
- warning about strong wind (Gale Warning) at a speed of 17-23 m / s (34-47 knots, 8-9 points on the Beaufort scale);
- Storm Warning with a speed of 24-32 m / s (48-63 knots, 10-11 points on the Beaufort scale);
- warning about hurricane wind (Typhoon Warning) with a speed of more than 32 m / s (more than 63 knots, 12 points on the Beaufort scale).
FOG [W] - FOG Warning with visibility less than ½ mile. The boundaries of the warning area are indicated by a wavy line. If the warning area is small, its boundaries are not indicated. In this case, the area is considered to occupy the rectangle described around the warning label.
The application of hydrometeorological data on weather maps is carried out according to a certain scheme, conventional signs and numbers, around a circle indicating the location of a hydrometeorological station or a vessel.
An example of information from a hydrometeorological station on a weather map:
In the center there is a circle representing a hydrometeorological station. The hatching of the circle shows the total amount of clouds (N):
dd - wind direction, indicated by an arrow going to the center of the station circle from the side from which the wind is blowing.
ff - wind speed, depicted in the form of an arrow feather with the following symbols:
In the absence of wind (calm), the station symbol is depicted with a double circle.
VV - horizontal visibility, shown by the number of the code according to the following table:
PPP is atmospheric pressure in tenths of a hectopascal. The numbers of thousands and hundreds of hectopascals are omitted. For example, a pressure of 987.4 hPa is plotted as 874 and 1018.7 hPa as 187. An “xxx” indicates that no pressure has been measured.
ТТ - air temperature in degrees. The “xx” sign indicates that the temperature was not measured.
Nh is the number of low-level clouds (CL), and in their absence, the number of mid-level clouds (CM), in points.
CL, CM, CH - the shape of the clouds of the lower (Low), middle (Middle) and upper (High) tiers, respectively.
pp - the value of the pressure trend for the last 3 hours, expressed in tenths of a hectopascal, the “+” or “-” sign in front of pp means, respectively, an increase or decrease in pressure over the last 3 hours.
a - characteristic of the pressure trend for the last 3 hours, indicated by symbols that characterize the course of pressure change.
w - weather between observation dates.
ww - weather at the time of observation.
Atmospheric phenomena have been the subject of research for centuries because of their significance and impact on all areas of life. Cyclone and anticyclone are no exceptions. Geography gives the concept of these weather phenomena at school. After such a short study, cyclones and anticyclones remain a mystery to many. and fronts are key concepts that will help capture the essence of these weather phenomena.
Air masses
It often happens that over many thousands of kilometers in the horizontal direction, air has very similar properties. This mass is called air.
Air masses are divided into cold, warm and local:
A cold mass is called if its temperature is lower than the temperature of the surface over which it is located;
Warm is an air mass whose temperature is higher than the temperature of the surface below it;
The temperature of the local air mass is no different from the surface under it.
Air masses are formed over different parts of the Earth, which leads to peculiarities in their properties. If the mass is formed over the Arctic, then, accordingly, it will be called Arctic. Of course, this air is very cold, it can bring thick fogs or light haze. Polar air considers the temperate latitudes to be its deposit. Its properties can change depending on what time of the year has come. In winter, polar masses are not much different from arctic ones, but in summer such air can bring very poor visibility.
Tropical masses that came from the tropics and subtropics have high fever and increased dustiness. They are the culprit behind the haze that engulfs objects when viewed from a distance. Tropical masses formed on the continental tropical belt lead to dust eddies, storms and tornadoes. Equatorial air is very similar to tropical air, but all these properties are more pronounced.
Fronts
If two air masses with different temperatures meet, a new weather phenomenon is formed - a front, or interface.
By the nature of the movement, the fronts are divided into stationary and mobile.
Each existing front separates the air masses. For example, the main polar front is an imaginary intermediary between polar and tropical air, the main arctic front is between the arctic and polar, and so on.
If a warm air mass creeps onto a cold one, a warm front arises. For travelers, entering such a front can portend either pouring rain or snow, which will significantly reduce visibility. When cold air wedges under warm air, the formation of a cold front is observed. Ships entering the cold front area suffer from squalls, showers and thunderstorms.
It so happens that the air masses do not collide, but catch up with one another. In such cases, an occlusion front is formed. If a cold mass plays the role of catch-up, then this phenomenon is called the front of cold occlusion, if, on the contrary, then the front of warm occlusion. These fronts carry heavy rainfall weather with strong gusts of wind.
Cyclones
To understand what an anticyclone is, you need to understand, This is an area in the atmosphere with a minimum index in the center. It is generated by two having different temperatures... Very favorable conditions for their formation are being created in the fronts. In a cyclone, air moves from its edges, where the pressure is higher, to the center with In the center, the air seems to be thrown upwards, which makes it possible to form ascending currents.
By the way the air moves in the cyclone, it is easy to determine in which hemisphere it was formed. If its direction coincides with the movement of the clockwise, then this is definitely the Southern Hemisphere, if against it, it is
Cyclones provoke weather phenomena such as accumulation of cloud masses, heavy rainfall, wind and temperature fluctuations.
Tropical cyclone
Cyclones formed in temperate latitudes are separated from cyclones, which owe their origin to the tropics. They have many names. These are hurricanes (West Indies), and typhoons (east of Asia), and simply cyclones (Indian Ocean), and arcana (south of the Indian Ocean). These vortices range in size from 100 to 300 miles, and their centers range from 20 to 30 miles.
The wind here accelerates to 100 km / h, and this is typical for the entire vortex area, which fundamentally distinguishes them from cyclones formed in temperate latitudes.
Ripples in the water are a sure sign of such a cyclone approaching. Moreover, it goes in the opposite direction to the blowing wind or wind that blew shortly before.
Anticyclone
Region high blood pressure in the atmosphere with a maximum in the center - this is the anticyclone. The pressure at its edges is lower, which allows air to rush from the center to the periphery. The air in the center constantly descends and diverges to the edges of the anticyclone. This is how downdrafts are formed.
An anticyclone is also the opposite of a cyclone because in the Northern Hemisphere it follows the clockwise hand, in the Southern Hemisphere it goes against it.
After rereading all the above information, we can say with confidence what an anticyclone is.
An interesting property of mid-latitude anticyclones is that they seem to pursue cyclones. In this case, the sedentary state fully characterizes the anticyclone. The weather generated by this whirlwind is slightly cloudy and dry. There is practically no wind.
The second name of this phenomenon is the Siberian maximum. Its life span is about 5 months, namely the end of autumn (November) - the beginning of spring (March). This is not one anticyclone, but several, which very rarely give way to cyclones. The height of the winds reaches 3 km.
Because of geographic environment(mountains of Asia) cold air cannot disperse, which leads to its even greater cooling, the temperature near the surface drops to 60 degrees below zero.
Speaking about what an anticyclone is, we can say with confidence that it is a huge atmospheric vortex, bringing clear weather without precipitation.
Cyclones and anticyclones. Similarities and differences
In order to understand better what an anticyclone and a cyclone are, you need to compare them. We have found out the definitions and main aspects of these phenomena. The question remains about how cyclones and anticyclones differ. The table will show this difference more clearly.
| № | Characteristic | Cyclone | Anticyclone |
| 1. | Dimensions (edit) | 300-5000 km in diameter | Can be up to 4000 km in diameter |
| 2. | Travel speed | 30 to 60 km / h | From 20 to 40 km / h (except for sedentary) |
| 3. | Places of origin | Everywhere except the equator | Over the ice sheet and in the tropics |
| 4. | Causes of occurrence | Due to the natural rotation of the Earth (Coliolis force), with a lack of air mass. | Due to the occurrence of a cyclone, with an excess of air mass. |
| 5. | Pressure | Low in the center, high at the edges. | It is elevated in the center, low at the edges. |
| 6. | Direction of rotation | In the Southern Hemisphere - clockwise, in the Northern - against it. | In the South - counterclockwise, in the North - clockwise. |
| 7. | Weather | Cloudy, strong wind, a lot of precipitation. | Clear or little cloudy, no wind or precipitation. |
Thus, we see the difference between cyclones and anticyclones. The table shows that these are not just opposites, the nature of their occurrence is completely different.
Scientists determined the natural phenomenon of cyclone and anticyclone by changes in temperature, humidity and dust content. Air masses have different properties depending on the location. In the snowy regions of the Arctic and Antarctica, the air is cold, transparent and dry. Above the Equator, it gets hot and humid.
After long observations of the atmosphere, scientists have given a clear definition of what a cyclone and an anticyclone are. They came to the conclusion that the layers of the atmosphere are composed of large air avalanches that move freely in space. In the layers of the atmosphere, there is a constant movement of wind gusts. The impermanence of the air made it possible to make discoveries.
What is cyclone and anticyclone definition and highlights are covered in scientific literature from different points of view. But all concepts describe the process of occurrence of atmospheric vortex disturbances.
- Cyclone phenomena are atmospheric vortices of impressive dimensions with reduced air pressure. They bring gusty winds, hurricanes, thunderstorms and other unpleasant weather. Their occurrence occurs due to the rotation of the Earth. Northern hemisphere cyclones move air counterclockwise. In the southern hemisphere, they move in the opposite direction. They are energetic and bring strong gusty winds, heavy rainfall, thunderclouds and lightning.
- Anticyclone phenomena are characterized by increased pressure. In the northern hemisphere, anticyclones rotate clockwise, and vice versa in the southern hemisphere. They bring clear, stable weather, no wind and precipitation. In summer, warm, slightly cloudy weather sets in for a while. In winter, on such days it is clear and cold.
V different corners Earth's air masses are cold and warm due to the fact that the movement of the cyclone and anticyclone air is constantly changing. Streams periodically collide and displace each other. In the layers of the atmosphere, there is a constant movement of wind gusts, from small in size to incredibly huge in area. Cyclones and anticyclones reach 3500-4000 km in diameter and 20 km in height.
Related phenomena
At first glance, these bulk masses should have nothing in common. They are opposite in their essence, have a different nature of occurrence. However, strong interactions with each other show that a cyclone and an anticyclone have in common:
- if in one place there is a reduced atmospheric pressure, then in another region the pressure increases
- inhomogeneous heating of different parts of the surface and the rotation of the Earth is a common mechanism that makes the anticyclone and cyclone move
- both of them only appear in certain places. For example, the wider the surface is covered with ice, the greater the likelihood of excess air masses.
The most powerful anticyclone can be periodically observed over Antarctica, relatively weak over Greenland, and medium power over the Arctic.
Circulation of the atmosphere
Atmospheric eddies clearly characterize what anticyclones and cyclones are. There is a low pressure area in the upper layers of the Earth. In the center, its pressure is always lower than at the periphery. It is in this place that powerful atmospheric air currents are formed, which move to the right side and are called cyclones.
Anticyclones behave quite differently, exactly the opposite. They form in high pressure areas. The highest rates are achieved in the center and slope to the left.
In the northern and southern hemispheres, the phenomena of cyclones and anticyclones create exactly opposite actions. Some of them symbolize destruction and shock. In summer there can be heavy rains, strong winds, hurricanes and thunderstorms. In winter - snowfalls, storms, blizzards. Other phenomena are low mobility and calmness. The change in weather makes it clear what a cyclone and an anticyclone are.
Anticyclones are characterized by weak winds, minimal amount of precipitation or their complete absence. They make the days warm in summer, hot in some areas, sunny and frosty in winter.
Cyclone and anticyclone what is it, and why is it cold on a clear day?
If the air on the ground were always evenly distributed, then the wind as such would not exist in nature. This is not observed in nature.
There is always a surplus of air in high pressure areas. Low pressure, on the contrary, is distinguished by its disadvantage. Accordingly, air masses are not equally distributed on the earth's surface. From areas of high air pressure, clouds are attracted by a cyclone. Therefore, it is always cloudy inside.
In an anticyclone, on the contrary, the clouds are displaced. The sky is getting clear. In winter, the sun is low, the air does not warm up. There are no clouds, the heat does not linger, it is cold outside. On this basis, the presence of an anticyclone can be determined.
Stages of development
The phenomena of cyclone and anticyclone are closely related. In fact, this is a single long wave process. Cyclone and anticyclone go through several stages of development:
- undulating stage (initial)
- young air mass stage
- achieving maximum development
- period of filling the air mass
The initial stage of the cyclone takes place during the day. It is characterized by a change in surface. Vortexes are not visible at altitude. Warm air begins to move towards cold air. Stratus clouds appear in the sky.
In the second stage, the warm and cold front are connected at the center of the cyclone. An area of warm air mass is formed between them. The rest is filled with cold air. Air masses are also in this state during the day.
The third stage is accompanied by the least pressure in the center. It lasts from 12 to 24 hours. The pressure in the center of the cyclone rises sharply, and the wind speed becomes lower. The warm air flow remains at the bottom. The cold air tries to overcome it. In a certain area, part of the layer is pushed back. The result is a collision of the masses.
Then the air flow rapidly turns into a powerful vortex, the wind speed increases significantly and penetrates into the upper atmosphere. The cyclone captures the adjacent air layers, pulls them in at a speed of up to 50 km / h. More speed is achieved on distant fronts than in the center. During this period, due to low pressure, a sharp change in weather occurs.
The developed cyclone passes into the fourth stage and operates for four days or more. The cloud vortex closes in the center and then moves to the periphery. At this stage, the speed decreases, heavy rainfall falls.
The cyclone phenomenon is characterized by a lack of air. Cold currents are supplied to replenish it. They push warm air upward. It cools down, water condenses. Clouds appear, from which heavy rainfall falls. This is what a cyclone is and why the weather changes dramatically when it occurs.
Types of cyclones
The duration of the vortex is from several days to weeks. In an area of low pressure, it can last up to a year (for example, Icelandic or Aleutian cyclones). By their origin, the types of cyclones differ depending on the place of its origin:
- eddies in temperate latitudes
- tropical vortex
- equatorial
- arctic
The movement of masses is constantly formed in the atmosphere of the Earth. Vortexes of various sizes are constantly destroyed in it. Warm and cold currents of air collide in temperate latitudes and form areas of high and low pressure, which leads to the formation of vortices.
A tropical cyclone poses a great danger. It forms where the ocean surface temperature is at least twenty-six degrees. The increased evaporation increases the moisture content. As a result, vertical air masses rush upward.
With a strong gust, new volumes of air are captured. They have already warmed up enough and become wet above the surface of the ocean. Rotating at high speed, air currents turn into hurricanes of destructive force. Of course, not every tropical cyclone is destructive. When they move to land, they quickly subside.
Movement speed in different stages
- movement not exceeding 17 m / s is characterized as indignation
- at 17-20 m / s, there is some depression
- when the center reaches a speed of 38 m / s, a storm is approaching
- when the forward movement of the cyclone exceeds 39 m / s, a hurricane is observed
An area of calm weather prevails in the center of the cyclone. A warmer temperature is formed inside than in the rest of the air flow, and less humidity is observed. The tropical cyclone is the southernmost, it is smaller and has a higher wind speed.
For convenience, the phenomena of anticyclones and cyclones were first called numbers, letters, etc. Now they got womens and male names... When exchanging information, this does not create confusion and reduces the number of forecast errors. Each name contains specific data.
The anticyclone and cyclone phenomena that form over the ocean differ in their properties from those that arose over the mainland. Marine air masses are warm in winter and cold in summer compared to continental air.
Tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones mainly affect areas of the southeastern coast of Asia, the eastern part of Madagascar, the Antilles, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. More than seventy powerful cyclones are observed per year.
They are called differently, depending on the place of origin:
- North and Central America - hurricane
- The western coast of Mexico in the Pacific Ocean - cordonaso
- East Asia - typhoon
- Philippines - baruyo / baguyo
- Australia - willy-willy
The properties of temperate, tropical, equatorial and arctic air masses are easily identified by name. Each tropical cyclone has its own name, for example, "Sarah", "Flora", "Nancy", etc.
Conclusion
In vertical-horizontal movements, air masses move in space. The atmosphere is the ocean of the air, the winds are its current. Their boundless energy transfers heat and moisture across all latitudes, from oceans to continents and back. Moisture and heat on the Earth is redistributed due to the constant movement of air masses.
If there were no phenomenon of anticyclones and cyclones, the temperature at the poles would be lower, and at the equator it would be hotter. The phenomenon of anticyclone and cyclone - powerful force, which can destroy, deposit and transfer from one place to another rock particles.
At first, mills worked from the wind, where they grinded grain. On sailing ships, he helped to overcome long distances of the seas and oceans. Later, wind turbines appeared, with the help of which people get electricity.
A cyclone and an anticyclone is a natural "mechanism" that carries air masses and influences weather changes. Deeper and deeper into the secrets of what cyclones and anticyclones are, perhaps people will learn to use these natural phenomena with the maximum benefit and benefit for mankind.
More recently, before the invention of satellites, meteorologists could not even imagine that about 150 cyclones and about 60 anticyclones arise in the earth's atmosphere every year.
Now scientists know not only their number, but also the process of formation, as well as the impact on the Earth. What is this natural phenomena? How do they arise and what role do they play in the earth's climate?
What is a cyclone?
In the troposphere (lower atmospheric layer) atmospheric vortices constantly appear and disappear. Many of them are quite small, but some have huge size and reach a diameter of several thousand kilometers.
If such a vortex moves counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere or clockwise in the southern, and inside there is an area of reduced pressure, then it is called a cyclone. It has a colossal energy reserve and leads to negative weather phenomena such as thunderstorms, strong winds, squalls.
Depending on the place of formation, cyclones are tropical and extratropical. The first ones arise in tropical latitudes and are small in size (several hundred kilometers in diameter). In their center there is usually an area with a diameter of 20-25 km with sunny weather, and storms and winds rage along the edges. 
Extratropical cyclones, formed in polar and temperate latitudes, reach gigantic proportions and simultaneously cover large territories the earth's surface. In different areas they are called differently: in America -, in Asia - typhoon, and in Australia - willy-willy. Each powerful cyclone gets its own name, for example Katrina, Sandy, Nancy.
How does a cyclone come about?
The reason for the occurrence of cyclones lies in the rotation of the globe and is associated with the Coriolis force, according to which, when moving counterclockwise, the vortices deviate to the left, and clockwise go to the right. Cyclone formation occurs when warm equatorial air masses meet dry Arctic currents. When they collide, a barrier appears between them - an atmospheric front.
In an attempt to overcome this boundary, cold streams push back part of the warm layers, and they, in turn, collide with the cold masses following them and begin to rotate along an ellipsoidal trajectory. Gradually, they capture the enclosing air layers, pull them into their motion and move along the surface of the Earth at a speed of up to 50 kilometers per hour.
What is an anticyclone?
Anticyclones, as the name implies, are the complete opposite of cyclones and bring to certain territories good weather.
In their inner part there is an area of increased pressure, and the speed of movement varies from 30 to 40 kilometers per hour, depending on the hemisphere. Often, anticyclones hang in a stationary state, maintaining low cloudiness, calmness and lack of precipitation in a particular region for a long time.
In summer, anticyclones lead to heat, in winter, on the contrary, to severe frosts. They arise in the subpolar or subtropical latitudes, and, when formed over a thick ice cover (for example, in Antarctica), they become more pronounced.
Anticyclones are characterized by sharp temperature changes throughout the day, which explains the absence of precipitation, which, as a rule, affect the temperature and make the difference in degrees less noticeable. Sometimes during their movement over ground surface fogs or stratus clouds appear.
How do anticyclones develop?
Anticyclones have a more complex structure than cyclones. In the northern hemisphere they move clockwise, in the southern - counterclockwise. The intrusion of cold air currents into warmer ones leads to the formation of anticyclones. 
As a result, the pressure in the collision area rises and a so-called high-altitude ridge is formed, under which the center of the vortex begins to form. As they grow, anticyclones reach sizes up to several thousand kilometers in diameter and move from west to east, deviating to lower latitudes.
Loading ...